Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets ua ub ud ug uh ui uj uk ul um un uN uñ uŋ up ur uR us uS ut uu uy uz u 28704 5896 Note: AlsoBulio ‘suffix which expresses the genitive’. Probably an allomorph of *nu ‘genitive particle’. Parallel to the distribution of *i and *ni, *u probably followed consonant-final stems, while *nu followed vowel-final stems. 28582 *ua₁exclamation ofsurprise, etc. 5709 PAN *ua₁exclamation ofsurprise, etc. Note: AlsoAtayalwah ‘final particle of mild exclamation and exhortation’,Bikolwaʔ ‘whoa! (said to horses)’,Malaywah ‘why! Well I never! An interjection of surprise; a cry for calling dogs’. The possibility that some of these forms may be convergent products of universal expressive symbolism is not overlooked. However, it is equally likely that universal expressive symbolism would have been operative inPAn itself. 33296 *ua₂parents’eldersibling:FeB,FeZ,MeB,Me 11831 PMP *ua₂parents’eldersibling:FeB,FeZ,MeB,Me [disjunct:*uaq] 28580 5707 PMP *uak₁harshcry,bellow,loudcry [doublet:*wáak 'crow'] Note: AlsoItbayatenhowak ‘bird sp.’,Toba Bataktahuak ‘to crow, of cocks’.Bimaneseoa ‘sound of a carabao lowing’. AlthoughPPh *uak clearly meant ‘crow (Corvus sp.)’, this meaning cannot safely be attributed to any higher level reconstruction on presently available evidence. 28581 5708 Note: AlsoTagalogduwák ‘retching’,Malayluak ‘experience a slight feeling of nausea or disgust’,Malaymuak ‘disgust; nausea; be sick and tired of something’,Tagalogduwál ‘gas expulsion from the stomach’,Tarakandual ‘sick’,Malaymual ‘disgust’.Bahasa Indonesiauak is not cited byPoerwadarminta (1976), but appears inVerheijen (1967-70). This reconstruction may be identical to *uak₁. 33297 *uaqparents’eldersibling:FeB,FeZ,MeB,MeZ 11832 PMP *uaqparents’eldersibling:FeB,FeZ,MeB,MeZ [disjunct: *ua] Note: AlsoMakassareseuaɁ ‘father; uncle, aunt’ 28583 5710 Note: AlsoRejangwoʔ ‘FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ’,Wolioʔua ‘grandparent (esp. as a term of address), term of address used by noblemen for the highest officials’. This term may be related toPAn *tuqaS ‘mature, elder’. 33492 *úbanaked 12214 PPh *úbanaked 28584 5711 PWMP *ubaktreebark [doublet:*upak₁] Note: With root *-bak₃ split off, separate. 28585 *ubalriseto thesurface ofwater 5712 PWMP *ubalriseto thesurface ofwater [doublet:*umbaŋ] Note: AlsoSasakompal ‘float, bob on the surface’,Makassareseumba ‘any object that rises to the surface of water’. 28586 5713 PWMP *ubekimmaturericegrain (?) [doublet:*upek] 28588 5715 Note: With root *-beŋ₂ ‘block, stop, dam’. 28587 5714 Note: AlsoBontokkóbet ‘buttocks’,Bikollubót ‘backside, behind, buttocks, rear end, rump, seat; anus, rectum’,Singhi Land Dayakrubat ‘bottom (anat.)’,Sikaubeŋ ‘backside, posterior’. With possible root *-bet ‘buttocks’. 28589 5716 11901 Note: With root *-buC ‘to weed, pluck, pull out’. 28590 *ubun (ubun)fontanel;crown of thehead 5717 PWMP *ubun (ubun)fontanel;crown of thehead [doublet:*buNbuN] 28591 5718 Note: AlsoNgadhaobo ‘summit, top’. With root *-buŋ ‘roof top’. 31436 9544 PPh *ubustofinish,consume,useup Note: Possibly with a variant of the root*-pus₁ ‘end, finish’ 28592 5719 PWMP *udahikupstreampart of ariver 5720 Note: AlsoIbanpudik ‘go upriver’. 28593 *udaliqdeception 5721 PWMP *udaliqdeception 28595 *udehilast;comeafterorbehind;late,later; 5725 PMP *udehilast;comeafterorbehind;late,later;future;stern of aboat;youngestchild 5726 5727 5728 PMP *kama-udehirearpart,sternorrudder of aboat 5729 PWMP *ka-udehi-anthelast,at therear 5730 5731 PCEMP *m-udilast,comeafterorbehind;late,later;future;stern of aboat;youngestchild;west;young;outside 5732 POC *muriafter,behind; theoutside of anobject;stern of acanoe 5733 POC *m-uri qaqe, m-uri waqeheel 5734 5736 PWMP *udehi-antheonewho isbehind (?) Note: AlsoIsneguddí ‘last, hindmost’,Bontokoddí ‘back legs of an animal; last in a series’,Hanunóouríʔ ‘state or position of being last, final late’,Bulipulī ‘yonder, over there’,Numforpur ‘last, furthest behind’. The reduplication inMaranaoori ori ‘last to come, one at the end of the line’,Samoanmuli muli ‘follow, be done afterwards; last’ and some other languages probably is convergent, as is the assimilation of the last vowel inLoniumuʔu tun ‘stern of a canoe’,Duke of Yorkmuru ‘to follow behind, afterwards; the back; the last’. The number of instances of *h in this form is somewhat unclear.Tagalog,Bikol,Manobo (Western Bukidnon) andTausug appear to reflect *h-, but Bisayan reflexes (which show epenthetic vowels inserted after the regular syncope of shwa) suggest that these forms may involve metathesis of earlier *urhí (>hurí). The presence offinal /h/ is suggested by suffixed forms inAklanon, but is contradicted byItbayaten andCebuano. The most interesting feature of this form undoubtedly is its meaning, which cannot be captured by any single, readily available semantic category of English. Perhaps the most basic and concrete sense of *udehi and its derivatives is ‘behind, coming after or later; be last’. In this sense it (like the demonstrative pronouns *-Cu, *-na, *-ni, etc.) has both a spatial and a temporal reference. In its temporal sense *udehi referred not only to posteriority in sequence, but to future time in general (cf.Malaykemudian hari, and semantically similar reflexes inWolio,Sika,Kei,Tuvaluan andMaori). This usage is striking, since the spatial imagery of the future in Indo-European languages typically places itbefore, not behind the observer. Two other concrete senses of *udehi that are widely reflected are ‘stern/rudder of a boat’ (reflexes inKelabit,Malay,Kambera, various languages of western Melanesia, andHawaiian), and ‘youngest child’ ( = ‘one who comes last’, with reflexes inIsneg,Ifugaw,Kambera,Rotinese,Yamdena andMaori). A number of other meanings appear to be confined toCEMP languages, and it is assumed that these are semantic innovations rather than retentions that have been lost in all non-CEMP languages. These include: 1. the meaning ‘west’, attested inRotinese of the Lesser Sundas, and in suchPolynesian languages asRennellese andAnuta, 2. ‘young’, reflected inRotinese,Selaru,Tongan,Niue,Samoan andHawaiian, 3. ‘outside’, reflected inYamdena,Fordata,Gedaged,Nggela andArosi, and 4. ‘heel’, reflected inLau,Rennellese andKapingamarangi. Of these four innovative meanings the last appears to have arisen inPOc or some descendant thereof. Although it is not attested in strictly cognate forms, it appears safe to infer thatPOc *m-uri qaqe, *m-uri waqe meant ‘heel’. The second semantic innovation evidently is an extension of thePMP sense ‘youngest child’, and requires no further comment. The last two innovated meanings are best treated together, as they appear to reflect a broader symbolism of directionality. Terms for the cardinal directions cannot be reconstructed for any earlyAustronesian proto-language, but the symbolic association of *udehi with the west is understandable through the sense ‘later; the future’. In manyAustronesian-speaking societies (and, indeed, many traditional societies in general) the east is associated with life and the west with death, a transparent symbolism deriving from the daily course of the sun. IfPMP *ma-udehi was used in the sense of ‘west’ it seems likely that this usage was figurative or symbolic (in some ritual sense) rather than literal, given the other, more basic senses of the term. The cultural context of such symbolism remains unclear. Finally, the semantic evolution from ‘behind, later’ to ‘outside’ in a number of languages is puzzling, and can be compared to the development *babaw ‘above’ to ‘outside’ in other languages. Paths of semantic change such as these suggest that the underlying system of spatial relations inAustronesian languages is fundamentally different from that in Indo-European languages, even though one-to-one category matches such as *babaw = ‘above’ can easily be made (cf.Blust (1997)). 33504 *udiptopatch aholein anetormat 12230 PPh *udiptopatch aholein anetormat 28598 *udugrass 5739 PAN *udugrass Note: AlsoSasakurut ‘grass’. 28599 5740 11902 POC *uruŋashelter Note: With root *-duŋ ‘shelter, protect’. 28596 *uduq₁stammer 5737 PMP *uduq₁stammer Note: AlsoOld Javaneseuḍū ‘an exclamation (oh! ah!)’,Chamorroudu ‘dumb, mute, speechless, destitute of the power of speech’.Tae'udu (for expected **udo) shows an irregularity which may be due to the expressive character of this word. 29888 *uduq₂carvedwoodenfigure,charmusedtoprovidemagicalprotection 6551 PMP *uduq₂carvedwoodenfigure,charmusedtoprovidemagicalprotection Note: AlsoKapampanganúlu ‘medicine’,ulu-an ‘to cure, medicate’. Although it is only weakly attested in the available literature, this is an extremely interesting comparison, as it relates to an aspect of traditional culture in the Austronesian world that has all but disappeared. In some communities it is possible that a word still exists for this referent, but due to the influence of major world religions (Islam, Christianity) there is a reluctance to acknowledge that such a cultural practice once existed, or even to speak about it. Some Bornean reflexes suggest that *uduq referred both to a carved wooden figure set up outside a village to ensure supernatural protection, and to a ceremonial dance mask, but this is not confirmed by any witness outside Borneo. In addition, all known reflexes in Borneo show a lowered last-syllable vowel which is irregular, and may reflect a pattern of borrowing. Finally, it is possible that the forms meaning ‘medicine’ belong to a different cognate set. 28601 *ugaliqcustom,manner,way,habit 5742 PWMP *ugaliqcustom,manner,way,habit Note: Through its irregular liquid correspondenceToba Batakugari raises doubts as to whether thePhilippine forms are native or borrowed. AlthoughMalayugahari ‘parity (in weight, rank or power); of a man being of royal blood on both his father's and his mother's side; a friend being one's social equal, etc.’ is a 28600 *ugaqlooselyembedded,wobbly;toshake 5741 PWMP *ugaqlooselyembedded,wobbly;toshake Note: AlsoSasakogah ‘loose; loosen, shake to loosen’,Sasakorah ‘loose (of a rope)’. 33836 *ugbústiporshoot ofgrowingplant 12647 PPh *ugbústiporshoot ofgrowingplant Note: A shorter version of this comparison was first brought to my attention by Jason Lobel (p.c.). Possibly a loan distribution from Central Philippine languages. 29887 *ugəŋspinwithoutwobbling, of atop 6549 PWMP *ugəŋspinwithoutwobbling, of atop 28670 5849 Note: AlsoSambal (Botolan)ogtoy ‘noon’,Sa'auwo ‘be directly overhead, of sun or moon’. 33344 *uhaŋinterveningspace 11903 PWMP *uhaŋintterveningspace Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. 28602 5743 PWMP *uhaqcry of anewborninfant Note: AlsoAklanonuhá ‘cry of a baby’,Cebuanouhá ‘for a newborn child to cry’. The medial consonant inPangasinan andKayan is irregular. I assume that in both cases it is a sporadic retention motivated by the onomatopoetic character of this word. 28603 *uit₁move 5744 PWMP *uit₁move Note: Possibly identical to *uit₂. 28604 5745 5746 5747 PWMP *in-uitbrought by,carried by Note: Possibly identical to *uit₁. 28605 5748 PMP *ujancargo;load acanoe [disjunct:*Rujan] 11904 Note: With the third palatal reflex in Polynesian languages (Blust 1976). 28606 *ujuŋnose 5749 PAN *ujuŋnose [doublet:*ijuŋ] 11905 POC *ucuŋnose Note: AlsoNgaju Dayakuroŋ ‘nose’.Motuudu- may reflect *ŋusu ‘nose, mouth, beak’. 28607 *uka₁bowstring 5750 POC *uka₂bowstring [doublet:*quku] 30253 *uka₂negativeexistential:there isnone 7128 PAN *uka₁negativeexistential:there isnone Note: AlsoSaisiyatokak,Tsouukʔa,Saaroaukaʔa ‘not exist’. 28608 5751 PWMP *ukaŋslowandtentativemovement Note: AlsoIbanbeŋkaŋ ‘slow loris’. 28609 *u(ŋ)kaŋspreadopen, as thelegs 5752 PWMP *u(ŋ)kaŋspreadopen, as thelegs Note: AlsoJavaneseoŋkaŋ-oŋkaŋ ‘sit with the feet dangling’. With root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’. 33487 12208 PPh *ukappulloff,removecovering 28716 *u(ŋ)kaqopen 5910 PMP *u(ŋ)kaqopen Note: AlsoBisaya (Limbang)m-ukeʔ ‘to open, as a parcel, untie’. With root *-kaq₁ ‘open forcibly’. 28611 *ukivulva,vagina;petname forgirls 5756 PWMP *ukivulva,vagina;petname forgirls [doublet:*puki 'vulva, vagina'] Note: Malay (Jakarta)cuki,Munawusi ‘vulva, vagina’. Evidently a shortened form of *puki used as a pet name for young girls (cp.PWMP*butuq ‘penis’, *utuq ‘vocative term for boys’). 28610 5753 5754 5755 PWMP *ukir-ancarving,thingmade bycarvingwood Note: AlsoTae'okiʔ ‘to write’. This term probably applied only to wood carving. It is likely that several of the reflexes cited here, includingBimaneseuki andManggaraiukir, are loans fromMalay. 33601 *úkittoremovesomething from anattachedposition 12341 PPh *úkittoremovesomething from anattachedposition 28612 *ukubcover 5757 PWMP *ukubcover Note: With root *-kub₁ ‘cover’. 28613 *ukukcough;tocough;sound ofcoughing 5758 PMP *ukukcough;tocough;sound ofcoughing Note: With root *-kuk₂ ‘sound of a sob, cackle, etc.’. 28614 *ukupbrood,sitoneggs;covercompletely 5759 PMP *ukupbrood,sitoneggs;covercompletely Note: AlsoPazehmu-kukup ‘to brood eggs’. With root *-kup ‘enclose, cover’. 28615 5760 PWMP *ukuqbentover,hunched [disjunct:*hukuq] Note: With root *-ku(q) ‘bend, curve’. 28717 *u(ŋ)kuqpuppy? 5911 PWMP *u(ŋ)kuqpuppy (?) Note: AlsoPaiwankuku ‘a toy, pet (as a puppy)’,Ilokanoóken ‘puppy, whelp (of a dog)’,Ibanukoi,ukui ‘dog’. Despite the complete semantic agreement of its reflexes, the meaning of this word remains uncertain.PWMP*asu clearly meant ‘dog’, and *uŋkuq thus presumably had some other closely related but distinctive meaning. 28616 5761 PWMP *ulakreel,spool(inweaving) 5762 PWMP *ulak-anreel,spool(inweaving) Note: Possibly a loan distribution produced through borrowing fromMalay. This item is not to be confused withMalayolak ‘eddying motion’,Old Javaneseulek ‘swirling (rushing, eddying) water’,Balineseulek ‘whirl, go round (water)’,ulek-an ‘whirlpool’. 28620 5767 Note: Kamberaulaŋu may be a loan fromMalay/Bahasa Indonesia. 33691 *ulaqulhypersensitive,weepingeasily 12438 PPh *ulaqulhypersensitive,weepingeasily 28617 *ulatscar 5763 PWMP *ulatscar [doublet:*kulad] Note: With root *-lat₂ ‘scar’. 28618 *ulawconfusion,perplexity 5764 PAN *ulawconfusion,perplexity 5765 28619 *ulay₁worm 5766 PWMP *ulay₁worm Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *uDay ‘worm’, but his comparison is unconvincing. 33787 12567 12568 33498 *ulayantree sp. 12224 PPh *ulayantree sp. 28621 *ulepenis 5768 POC *ule₁penis 33602 *ulesblanket 12342 PPh *ulesblanket 28626 5787 28622 *ulilaorphan 5769 PWMP *ulilaorphan Note: AlsoIvatanalilaʔ ‘slave’,Sambal (Botolan)alilaʔ ‘servant’. I assume thatKilivila-ula ‘adopted’ is a product of chance. 28623 *uliq₁returnhome;returnsomething;restore,repair;repeat;motiontoandfro 5770 PMP *uliq₁returnhome;returnsomething;restore,repair;repeat;motiontoandfro [doublet:*suliq] 5771 PCEMP *oliq, uliqreturn 5772 5773 5774 PWMP *maŋ-uliqreturnsomething;restore 5775 5776 5777 PMP *paka-uliqreturnsomethingtosomeone 5778 5779 5780 5781 5782 PMP *uliq uliqrepeatedly 5783 Note: AlsoIsnegullí ‘return, go or come back’,Cebuanohúliʔ ‘go home, return to the place one lives or stays’,Ngaju Dayakbuli ‘return, go back’. The basic sense of this term appears to have been ‘return (X) to its former place or condition’. More specific glosses include ‘return home’, ‘return something to someone’ and ‘restore, repair’. Either singly or reduplicated *uliq also conveyed the notion of repetition (reflexes inItawis,Pangasinan,Hanunóo,Tboli,Karo Batak,Tolai,Nggela), or of motion to and fro (Karo Batak,Makassarese,Yamdena,Rarotongan). In bothKayan of central Borneo and in theBatak languages of northern Sumatra reflexes of *uliq refer to divorce; among the patrilocalKaro Batak the reference is specific to women, since upon divorce it is they who return to their natal family and own kin group.Dempwolff reconstructed ‘Uraustronesisch’ *muliq ‘return home’ (Heimkehren) as a ‘doublet’ of ‘Uraustronesisch’ *uliq ‘go back, return’ (zurückkehren), despite the transparent morphological connection. Finally, as noted inBlust (1983-84a),PMP *uliq developed twoPCEMP variants, *uliq and *oliq. 28624 5784 5785 28843 *ulitrepeat 6074 PWMP *ulitrepeat Note: This item shares many of the same semantic characteristics asPMP *uliq₁ (PPh *ulíq). The primary sense of *uliq appears to have been ‘return, restore’, from which ‘repeat’ is derived. The primary sense of *ulit, on the other hand, appears to have been ‘repeat’, from which the notions of renewal and restoration are derived in turn. 28625 *ulitáubachelor,youngunmarriedman 5786 PPh *ulitáubachelor,youngunmarriedman Note: Bontokolitáo,Ifugawulitáu,Isnegulitág,Ilokanoulitég ‘uncle’ appear to be distinct. 28627 5788 Note: AlsoTagalogúlok ‘coaxing, cajolery, inducement’. 28628 5789 Note: With root *-luR ‘flow’. 28629 5790 Note: With root *-lus ‘slip off’. 28642 *-um-verbalinfixmarkingactorvoice 5805 PAN *<um>verbalinfixmarkingactorvoice 5806 PMP *<um>verbalinfixmarkingactorvoice forintransitiveverbs,and ofinchoatives Note: *-um- is, along with *-in-, one of the two commonest infixes inAustronesian, and was a cornerstone inSchmidt's (1906) Austric hypothesis, since an infix of partially similar shape is found in various Austroasiatic languages. Although no clear reflex is known inCEMP, reflexes of *-um- are widely distributed inFormosan andWMP languages. The syntax and semantics of these reflexes differs significantly across languages, in some cases across closely related languages (e.g.Hiligaynon, where-um- is described as "a verbal affix designating completed action", andTagalog, where-um- marks the actor focus of certain transitive verbs, intransitive verbs that refer to natural actions in topicless sentences, and inchoatives). These differences of meaning are most sharply marked by the boundary betweenFormosan andWMP languages. In the former reflexes of *-um- mark actor focus with no widely-shared semantic restrictions defining verb classes, and no competition with other affixes marking the same syntactic relations. InWMP languages, on the other hand, reflexes of *-um- compete with reflexes ofPMP *maŋ-, and to some extent *maR- as markers of actor focus relationships. As a result there are restrictions on the type of verb to which a reflex of *-um- may attach, and some of these are widely shared withinWMP. Those which are most readily apparent are: 1.intransitive: cp.Ifugaw,Sambal (Botolan),Hanunóo,Murut (Timugon),Kadazan Dusun,Kelabit,Malagasy (affix rare) andToba Batak, References to future time have a more restricted distribution, but include several major Philippine subgroups, andMurut (Timugon) of northern Borneo. It is therefore likely that *-um- carried an inherently future or nonpast sense, and that in past tense constructions it co-occured with *-in-. in the form *-inum- or *-umin-, as suggested byWolff (1973). To date, all morphologically complex lexical reconstructions which contain *-um- on thePAn orPMP level are intransitive or optionally intransitive (PAn *l-um-aŋuy ‘to swim’, *C-um-aŋis ‘to weep’; *k-um-aen ‘to eat’;PMP *l-um-akaw ‘to go/walk’, *um-inum ‘to drink’, etc.). However,Formosan languages show no such restriction, and it is unclear whether the less restricted employment of *-um- inFormosan languages is a retention fromPAn or an innovation. Tentatively I will assume the former, in part because the more complex morphological expression of focus inWMP languages (with prefixes *maŋ- and *maR- in addition to *-um-) cannot be reconstructed forPAn. However, historical inferences of this type suffer from an inherent indeterminacy when a cognate set is restricted to one of two primary branches of the collection of languages for which an ancestor is reconstructed (Blust 1978a:218ff). Finally, it is noteworthy that reflexes of *-um- as anactive affix show a distribution which closely parallels the distribution of languages with focus systems (fossilized in languages such asMalay, modernJavanese andMakassarese, which lack focus systems, but active inFormosan and Philippine languages generally, and inToba Batak andOld Javanese which have/had focus systems). Despite this general correspondence some languages with fully developed focus systems lack a known reflex of *-um- (Rukai andBunun in Taiwan,Isneg,Bikol and some others in the Philippines). 32700 11112 11113 28630 5791 PAN *umaNagain 11906 PMP *umanagain Note: Zorc (n.d.) givesPPh *uman ‘repeat; do again’. 30328 *umaStopickle,preservemeatorfish 7299 PAN *umaStopickle,preservemeatorfish 33499 *umatinquireabout,mentionsomeone 12225 PPh *umatinquireabout,mentionsomeone 34014 12862 PPh *umawmute,dumb [doublet:*umel] Note: AlsoTirurayɁemow ‘dumb, unable to speak’. 28631 *umbak umbakpump,pumpingmotion 5792 PWMP *umbak umbakpump,pumpingmotion Note: Possibly a reduplication of *humbak ‘wave’ (from the up-and-down motion of pumps and the traditional bamboo bellows used in smithing). 28633 5794 PWMP *umbaŋtofloat [doublet:*ubal] 28632 5793 Note: AlsoBikoluŋbáw ‘filed to the brim’. With root *-baw₁ ‘high; top’. 28634 5795 28635 *umelspeechless,dumb,mute 5796 PMP *umelspeechless,dumb,mute 32733 *umpanbait 11168 PWMP *umpanbait [doublet:*paen,*paniŋ] 28636 5797 PMP *umpaŋplug,obstruct [disjunct:*umpeŋ] 28637 5798 PWMP *umpeŋdam,waterbarrier [disjunct:*umpaŋ] Note: With root *-peŋ ‘plug up, dam; cover’. 28638 5799 Note: With root *-pis₁ ‘deflate; empty’. 28640 *umpugrandparent/grandchild (recipr.);ancestor 5802 PMP *umpugrandparent/grandchild (recipr.);ancestor [doublet:*ampu,*empu, *impu] 5803 PMP *ta-umpugrandparent/grandchild (referentialtermused reciprocally) 10811 POC *tubu₂grandparent/grandchild;ancestor Note: AlsoHanunóoumpút ‘great-grandparent/great-grandchild (recipr.)’,Manggaraiompu ‘grandmother’,Samoantupuŋa ‘ancestor’,Maoritipuna ‘ancestor, grandparent’. For a justification of the prefix *ta- cf.Blust (1979). 28639 *umpukheap,pile,collection 5800 PWMP *umpukheap,pile,collection 5801 PWMP *umpuk-anheap,pile,collection Note: With root *-puk₃ ‘gather, flock together’. 28641 5804 PAN *umuRholdin themouth [disjunct:*qumuR] Note: With root *-muR ‘gargle, rinse the mouth’. 33500 *unabtowashriceorplantspreparatorytocooking 12226 PPh *unabtowashriceorplantspreparatorytocooking 28643 *unahprecede,goorbefirst;earlier,former 5807 PMP *unahprecede,goorbefirst;earlier,former 5808 5809 PPh *unah-anfirst 5810 PPh *unah-unahprecede,gobefore Note: AlsoIsnegonna ‘first, former’,Manobo (Western Bukidnon)huna ‘go or be first; be first in relation to someone else’.Wetanona shows semantic contamination (or perhaps simply parallel semantic evolution) withPMP*puqun ‘base of a tree; beginning, origin’. 33501 12227 PWMP *unduDretreat,movebackward [disjunct:*undur] 28645 5812 Note: AlsoToba Batakudur ‘march in procession, single-file’;undur ‘go together’. Possibly aMalay loanword spread through western Indonesia within the past several centuries. 28646 5813 PWMP *untay₁hangingdown,dangling 28647 5814 PMP *untay₂citrusfruit [doublet:*muntay] Note: AlsoMalagasylamóty ‘small thorny tree with edible fruit similar in appearance and taste to a crab-apple’.Zorc (1971) givesPPh *-utay ‘fruit’. 28648 5815 28649 *unumdrink 5816 PCEMP *unumdrink [doublet:*inum] 5817 POC *unum-unumdrinking (progressive) 33603 *unuŋfixed,constant,steady;forever 12343 PPh *unuŋfixed,constant,steady;forever 28651 5819 28652 *unzetstartled,make astartledmovement 5820 PWMP *unzetstartled,make astartledmovement [doublet: *kezut] 28653 5821 PWMP *unzurshove,thrustforward Note: With root *-zur ‘thrust out, extend’. 28644 *uNaysliver,splinter,foreignbodyembeddedin 5811 PAN *uNaysliver,splinter,foreignbodyembeddedin theflesh 11907 Note: AlsoSikauna (expected **une) ‘splinter, foreign body embedded in the flesh’, possibly a loan from neighboringLi'o. 28650 5818 PAN *uNuqbeads,necklace [doublet:*SiNuq] 11908 28707 5899 PPh *uñattostretch,straightenout [disjunct:*huñat] 5900 PPh *ma-uñatstretched,straightened 5901 PPh *uñat-enbestretched,bestraightenedout Note: With root *-ñat ‘stretch’. 28705 5897 Note: AlsoRovianauŋa ‘asthma’. With root *-ŋap ‘open, of the mouth’. 28706 *uŋaqchild 5898 PWMP *uŋaqchild Note: AlsoTirurayeŋaʔ ‘child’,Tboliŋaʔ ‘offspring’. This term clearly coexisted withPPh *anák ‘child’; it may have referred more particularly to babies. 30355 *uŋayrituallysacrificedmonkey? 7348 PAN *uŋayrituallysacrificedmonkey? Note: This is an intriguing comparison.PAn *luCuŋ clearly referred to the Formosan rock monkey, the only species of monkey on the island, leaving *uŋay without a clear referent. SincePuyuma has reflexes of both terms, and distinguishesuŋay as a monkey killed at an annual (headhunting) festival, it seems likely that some such distinction between the ordinary term for the animal and a ritual term for monkeys that perhaps were ritually sacrificed in connection with headhunting was made inPAn. The initial palatal glide inAtayal andTaokas is initially puzzling, but manyTaokas nouns have a non-etymologicaly- oryV- (usuallyya-), as inyabali< *bali ‘wind’, yabatu< *batu ‘stone’,yatiat< *tiaN ‘belly, abdomen’, oryautat ~yottat< *quzaN ‘rain’, and this may have been an article. The palatal onset of theAtayal form is more difficult to explain, but this word could be a loan from the now-extinctTaokas. 28708 *uŋetanger 5902 PWMP *uŋetanger Note: With root *-ŋeC angry; gnash the teeth. 28709 5903 Note: With rootPAn *-ŋiC ‘anger, irritation’. 28710 *uŋkatrecallordragupdisagreeablepast 5904 PWMP *uŋkatrecallordragupdisagreeablepastexperiences 28711 *uŋkirdeny,refusetoacknowledge 5905 PWMP *uŋkirdeny,refusetoacknowledge 28873 6106 Note: With root *-ŋur ‘low-pitched sound’. 28714 5908 Note: AlsoPuyuma (Tamalakaw)uduŋ ‘mouth’,Yamiusuŋ ‘tooth, fang’,SCHuuŋ ‘snout, beak’,Banggaisuuŋ ‘mouth, snout, lips’. With root *-ŋus ‘snout’. 28715 5909 PWMP *uŋutmumbleangrily,grumble Note: Malayroŋot,be-roŋot,me-roŋot ‘mumble angrily to oneself’ may be a back-formation from earlier *ber-uŋut. With root *-ŋut ‘mumble, murmur, mutter’. 34066 *úŋutcoconutshelldrinkingcupordipper 12921 PPh *úŋutcoconutshelldrinkingcupordipper 28654 *upak₁bark,rind,sheath;topeeloffbark 5822 PWMP *upak₁bark,rind,sheath;topeeloffbark [doublet:*ubak] 28655 5823 Note: With root *-pak₁ slap, clap. For a parallel ofl-infixation inToba Batak cf. *pajay ‘riceplant, rice in the field’ >pa-l-ge ‘select larger and finer rice grains’. 28656 *upaqcompensation,reward 5824 PMP *upaqcompensation,reward 5825 PWMP *maŋ-upaqpay for theuse ofsomething 5826 Note: AlsoKapampanganupah-an ‘fare, rent, compensation’,Tagalogúpa ‘remuneration, payment for work done; rent’,Kayanupah ‘wages, remuneration’,Malagasyhofa ‘rent, money paid for the use of rice-ground’,Ngadhaopa ‘wages, payment; reward’,Rotineseupa ‘to pay, hire’. Much of this distribution appears to be a product of borrowing fromMalay, and it is possible that the comparison should be discarded. However, reflexes of *upaq evidently are native in such languages asRejang andSasak. *upaq probably was a relatively late innovation in the common ancestor of some of the languages of western Indonesia, and its meaning must have referred to payment in goods rather than to monetary compensation. 28657 5827 PMP *upas₁poison,venom of asnake 33657 12400 33503 *upawbald 12229 PPh *upawbald Note: AlsoTirurayufaw ‘bald head’.Dempwolff (1938) compared theTagalog form given here withMalagasyófo ‘scaling off’,mi-ófo ‘to scale off, to cast the skin or lough; to lose its color, as a garment’, but the lack of close semantic agreement raises questions about cognation, and until better evidence is found for external cognates, the present comparison is best treated as aProto-Philippine innovation. 28659 *upeend oftuberthat iskept forplanting 5829 PEMP *upeend oftuberthat iskept forplanting 28658 5828 PWMP *upekpiecebrokenoff,husk [doublet:*ubek] Note: With root *-pek decay, crumble; sound of breaking; powder. 28663 5833 5834 Note: AlsoArosiuhu ‘to blow’,Rotumanui ‘to blow (with the mouth, or on a nose flute)’. 28660 5830 28661 5831 28662 5832 PWMP *upitpress,squeezetogether Note: AlsoIfugawukpít ‘hold by pressing something between the knees, between the elbow (or the upper arm) and the side of the body, etc.’ With root *-pit ‘press, squeeze together; narrow’. 28667 *upugerminatingcoconut ? 5838 PEMP *upugerminatingcoconut (?) 5839 Note: AlthoughPOc *upu evidently referred to a young coconut, the meaning ofProto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *upu is less certain.'Āre'āreuhu ‘to shoot, sprout’ is attributed toPMP *tubuq. 28664 5835 Note: With root *-puk₁ throb, thud, clap, break. 28665 5836 PMP *upun₁gatherinmasses, assmoke Note: With root *-pun ‘assemble, collect, gather’. 33973 *upupbullfrog 12814 PAN *upupbullfrog Note: AlsoPaiwanqubqub ‘large bullfrog’. This is clearly an onomatopoetic formation, from the sound of its call at night. However, given the close agreement of theThao andPuyuma forms it appears likely that this word has a long history, since other onomatopoetic formations are equally possible (cf.Proto-Philippines *bakbak ‘frog’). Given its imitative form I assume that each syllable began with a glottal stop that was otherwise not phonemic inPAn. 28666 *upusend,finish;usedup,finished 5837 PMP *upusend,finish;usedup,finished Note: AlsoNgadhaopu ‘perish, die out, become extinct’. With root*-pus₁ ‘end, finish’. 34049 12903 PPh *uragsexualindulgence,orgy Note: Possibly a Central Philippine innovation that has been borrowed intoHanunóo and various languages of Palawan. 32616 11004 28671 *urubflame 5850 PWMP *urubflame Note: AlsoItbayatenoxob ‘have smoke-like exhaust or emission or mass overhead’,Malagasyóro ‘burning’,Ibanuru ‘singe, set fire or smoke to’,Malaym-urup ‘brilliant or fiery (of colour)’,Anutauro ‘be aflame, glow’. 28669 *uRemholdin themouth,holdwith themouth 5848 PWMP *uRemholdin themouth,holdwith themouth Note: AlsoTontemboanurem ‘hold in the mouth, hold with the mouth’. 32528 10877 Note: The Bashiic forms are irregular, but contain what appear to be substratum reflexes of*R (Pick, to appear). 33354 11957 PPh *uRisalbino,unnaturallywhite 28713 *uRsadeer 5907 PWMP *uRsadeer Note: Probably the sambhur deer. This term was replaced by a reflex of *payaw over much of central and western Borneo. 28672 *uRuphelp,assistance;tohelp,assist 5851 PWMP *uRuphelp,assistance;tohelp,assist Note: AlsoNgaju Dayakdohop ‘help, assistance’.Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *u(r)up ‘exchange, alternate; help’. 33505 *usauRtogodownstream,gowith thecurrent 12231 PPh *usauRtogodownstream,gowith thecurrent Note: Thanks to Jason Lobel for the data fromPonosakan andLolak, for drawing my attention to the related forms inDunnebier (1951) forMongondow, and for noting that a similar contraction of *-au- is found in e.g.Tagalogmanaog ‘to go downstairs’,Ponosakanmonah,Mongondowmonag, andLolakmonog ‘downwards’ 33692 *usaytoexplain,elucidate,talkthrough aproblem 12439 PPh *usaytoexplain,elucidate,talkthrough aproblem 28712 5906 PMP *u(n)sekpressinto [doublet:*usuk] 11909 Note: With root *-sek₂ insert, stick into a soft surface. 28675 *usirelative of thethirdascendingordescending 5856 PCMP *usirelative of thethirdascendingordescendinggeneration [doublet: *nusi] Note: Probably a reciprocal term. 28673 5852 Note: AlsoGorontalowusiʔo (expected **wutiʔo) ‘disturb, be disturbed’. This item may be a loan from one of the other 33650 *usiŋcharcoal 12393 PPh *usiŋcharcoal [doublet:*qujiŋ] 28676 5857 Note: Reflexes of this item and ofPOc *quto ‘pith of a tree’ are easily confused. Although the most widespread agreements suggest that *uso referred to the cores of fruits and *quto to the pith of trees, some languages reflect *uso with the meaning ‘pith of a tree’. 28680 5864 28677 *usukpressinto,penetrate;entercrouching 5859 PMP *usukpressinto,penetrate;entercrouching;driveinstakes [doublet:*u(n)sek] 5860 PWMP *usuk-andrivein(stakes, etc.) Note: With root *-suk insert, penetrate, enter. 28678 5861 5862 32897 11356 11357 Note: This comparison was first proposed byRoss and Osmond (2016e:565). 29971 *uSago 6655 PAN *uSago 6656 6657 28682 *utachaff 5874 PCMP *utachaff 33534 12266 28683 5875 PMP *utañaask,inquire [doublet:*kutaña] Note: AlsoIbantañaʔ ‘question, ask, inquire, be on speaking terms’,Makassaresekutaʔnaŋ ‘ask about’. 28681 *utaqvomit 5865 PAN *utaqvomit 5866 PWMP *ka-utaq(glossuncertain) 5867 5868 5869 5870 5871 5872 PAN *utaq-anvomit(imperative) 5873 PAN *utaq-enbevomitedup;vomit(command) Note: AlsoOld Javanesewutah ‘spit out, vomit up’,Laumo-moa ‘to vomit’,Kwaiomoa ‘to vomit’,'Āre'āremoa ‘to vomit’,Sa'amoa ‘to vomit’,Bauromoa ‘to vomit’. The apocopation of initial *u and loss of the morpheme boundary in *um-utaq is characteristic of allCEMP languages. InPOc the reanalyzed form *mutaq was then partially reduplicated to produce a partial paradigm *mutaq : *mu-mutaq. The semantic distinctions associated with these forms remain unclear. 33703 *útastokeepondoingsomething,continuein one’sways 12451 PPh *útastokeepondoingsomething,continuein one’sways 32768 *uteŋaqwobble,comeloose, ofsomethingattached 11207 PWMP *uteŋaqwobble,comeloose, ofsomethingattached Note: AlsoCebuanoútŋa ‘come off, let go of something firmly attached to something else (as a leech letting go)’. 28685 5878 PMP *utikmarinefishwiththornyskin Note: AlsoMalayikan oték-oték ‘a catfish:Arius utik’,ikan duri oték ‘a catfish:Arius utik’. The latter name clearly indicates a fish with thorn-like projections (duri), hence comparable in this respect to the porcupine fish. 28686 5879 Note: AlsoItbayatenotaŋ ‘handle ofwasay (axe)’,Ifugawutóŋ ‘tang beneath the blade of a spear or knife, driven into the shaft or handle’,Malayputiŋ ‘head of blade; shank; helve; (fig.) clitoris’. 28684 5876 Note: AlsoBwaidoga/Bwaidokautoga ‘the float of a fish-net’,Buliutam ‘floats of a fish net’. 28691 *utuŋextremity,tip 5884 PWMP *utuŋextremity,tip Note: AlsoKapampanganutaŋ ‘nipple of breast’. InPPh this item evidently replacedPMP *mata ni susu in the meaning ‘nipple, tip of the breast’.Casiguran Dumagatutúŋ ‘nipple (of a baby bottle), pacifier (for a baby) probably is aTagalog loan, since it refers to a commercial nipple rather than a natural one. 28687 5880 PWMP *utuqvocativeterm forboys 28688 *utuRastring ofsomething;tostring 5881 PCMP *utuRastring ofsomething;tostring [doublet:*CuSuR] 28689 *utus₁breakundertension, as arope 5882 PMP *utus₁breakundertension, as arope Note: With root *-tus ‘break under tension’. 28690 *utus₂sendon amission,commandsomeonetodo 5883 PWMP *utus₂sendon amission,commandsomeonetodosomething Note: Both the forms cited here from Philippine languages and some of the forms cited from western Indonesia (asToba Batakutus-an) may be loans fromMalay. If so, the entire comparison reduces to a relatively late innovation in western Indonesia. 28693 5886 Note: AlsoBare'euou ‘sound of the wild dove’,Burueseoo ‘an exclamation of disdain’. 28700 *uyexclamationtoexpresssurprise,call 5893 PMP *uyexclamationtoexpresssurprise,callattention, etc. [disjunct:*huy] 33506 *úyaŋpoliteterm ofaddressto anolderwoman (?) 12232 PPh *úyaŋpoliteterm ofaddressto anolderwoman (?) 12233 PPh *uyáŋ-entoaddress ayoungerwomanpolitely 33507 12234 PPh *uyawtomock,ridicule,jeerat 12235 PPh *uyaw-entomock,ridicule,jeerat Note: TheAgutaynen term cited here shows a connection with the widespread ‘thunder complex’ in insular Southeast Asia and the western Pacific (Blust 1981, 1991a). 28694 5887 PWMP *uyegshake,sway,stagger [disjunct:*huyug,*uyug,*uyuR] 28695 5888 PWMP *uyugshake,sway,stagger [disjunct:*huyug,*uyeg,*uyuR] 28696 *uyun₁bunch,bundle(probably oflongobjects) 5889 PWMP *uyun₁bunch,bundle(probably oflongobjects) 33508 12236 28697 5890 PMP *uyuRshake,sway,stagger [disjunct:*huyug,*uyeg,*uyug] 28698 *uyut₁carryingpouchorsmallbasket 5891 PWMP *uyut₁carryingpouchorsmallbasket 28699 5892 28701 *uzegdrivein,erect, as apiling 5894 PMP *uzegdrivein,erect, as apiling Note: With root *-zeg ‘stand erect’. 28702 5895 Note: AlsoKapampanganúriʔ ‘class, category, kind’,paːman-uriʔ ‘examination, investigation’,Tagalogúriʔ ‘kind, class, classification; karat (applied to gold, platinum, silver and precious stones)’,Old Javaneseudi ‘test, check, assay’,Munaudhi ‘test, try’,Sikaʔuji ‘brideprice; to demand’,Burueseuji-h ‘test’. Many of these irregular forms appear to be loans fromMalay, and it is possible that the evidence forPWMP *uzi is entirely an artifact of still undetected borrowing. a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*u
WMP Karo Batak u genitive marker Sangir u genitive particle Formosan Seediq wa final particle of exclamation Paiwan ua exclamation of pain or surprise WMP Kapampangan wa yes Tagalog wa shoo! (to drive off pigs, etc.) Cebuano wa expression of mild disappointment Toba Batak ua exclamation Mandar wa expression of surprise, etc. OC Tolai ua interjection expressing mild surprise Gedaged ua interjection: see! behold! aha! WMP Melanau Dalat ua FB, MB (add.) Singhi Land Dayak wa younger sibling of a parent Jarai wa uncle, aunt Malay ua elder (in certain local terms of relationship) Sundanese ua elder sibling of a parent: FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ Old Javanese ua uncle, aunt (older than father or mother, also used to address an older person who is not a relative) Balinese ua uncle, aunt Bare'e ua grandfather, grandmother Palauan ua-dám old man (term of reference for older male in-law) CMP Bimanese ua FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ Manggarai ua father (much used by Moslems, hence probably a loan) Proto-Ambon *ua aunt Buruese ua aunt OC Lakalai e-ua-gu parent-in-law (woman speaking); daughter-in-law Proto-South-Huon-Gulf *wa mother’s brother (and also father’s sister?) Arosi ua grandfather, grandchild WMP Itbayaten owak black crow:Corvus macrorhynchus philippinus Pangasinan owák crow (bird species) Tagalog uwák crow, raven Bikol uwák crow, raven; the cawing sound made by these birds mag-uwák to caw Hanunóo ʔuwák the common crow,Corvus macrorhynchus Aklanon uwák crow Cebuano uwák crow kaŋ-uwak-án place where crows abound Manobo (Western Bukidnon) uwak a crow Tiruray ʔuwak a crow,Corvus macrorhynchus Wagler Tboli wak a bird similar to the crow Ngaju Dayak uak sound of a gibbon's call Malay meŋ-uak to bellow, of buffaloes and crocodiles uak-uak the cry of the gibbon buroŋ uak-uak white-breasted water-hen Tondano uak bird with large body and beak: hornbill Tontemboan uwak a bird: the hornbill, named from its cry Mongondow uak a cry, shriek, shout CMP Manggarai uak shout from a distance, call loudly WMP Bahasa Indonesia uak retching; physical nausea Tae' uaʔ sound of belching, sound of one about to vomit CMP Manggarai oak nausea, disgust, retching Kambera ua sound of retching when vomiting WMP Palawan Batak ʔuaʔ elder sibling Rejang waʔ ~ woʔ father’s or mother’s elder brother or sister, uncle, aunt Sasak uaʔ parents’ elder sibling: FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ OC Arosi ua grandfather, grandchild WMP Melanau Dalat ua FB, MB (add.) Jarai wa uncle, aunt Malay ua elder (in certain local terms of relationship) Rejang waʔ FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ Sundanese ua FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ Old Javanese ua uncle, aunt (older than father or mother; also used to address an older person who is not a relative) Balinese ua uncle, aunt Sasak uaʔ FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ Bare'e ua grandfather, grandmother Makassarese uaʔ father; uncle, aunt CMP Bimanese ua FeB, FeZ, MeB, MeZ Manggarai ua father (much used by Moslems, hence probably a loan) Proto-Ambon *ua aunt Buruese ua aunt OC Lakalai e-ua-gu parent-in-law (woman speaking); daughter-in-law Proto-South-Huon-Gulf *wa mother's brother (and also father's sister?) Arosi ua grandfather, grandchild WMP Casiguran Dumagat úba naked; to get undressed Hanunóo ʔúba naked; specifically, stripped from the waist down Aklanon óba(h) undressed, naked, bare; to take off one’s clothes Hiligaynon mag-úba to take off, especially clothing, to denude WMP Kankanaey ubák sheath of the banana leaf Pangasinan obák bark or skin of tree Sambal (Botolan) óbak bark of tree Tagalog úbak bark of tree Bikol úbak tree bark Cebuano úbak trunk of a banana or abaca tree; separate layers of the banana trunk Malagasy óvaka a chip of wood (Prov.) mi-òvaka skinned, peeled, stripped ovàh-ana be peeled or stripped Sasak ombak to peel, shell, hull WMP Sundanese ubal tie pieces of banana stalk or other buoyant material to a sunken object in order to make it float to the surface Sasak ubal-ubal float of a fishing-line Bare'e umba rise to the surface of water, appear on the surface WMP Tboli ubek rice husks Kayan ubek soft immature rice grain, prepared by early reaping, then drying over fire, and then pounding WMP Kayan ubeŋ fish trap fixed in a dam wall CMP Manggarai ubeŋ to cork, to plug or stop up WMP Ilokano úbet buttocks, rump, bottom (of men, animals, jars, etc.) Isneg úbat buttocks, seat, gluteal region; anus; bottom (of a basket, etc.) Itawis úbat anus, buttocks Kankanaey úbet extremity of the rectum Kallahan (Kayapa) ubɨt buttocks Casiguran Dumagat ubét female genitalia Ibaloy obet bottom, rear, base; buttocks CMP Sika ubet backside, posterior Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) -uvuT pull out without much effort one by one, something small and rooted WMP Ayta Abellan obot to pull out something that is deeply embedded Malagasy ombotra plucked up by the roots, plucked out, as thorns in the flesh, etc. Malay umbut pull out gently; raise the line slightly in fishing WMP Maranao ombon-ombon-an fontanel Malay ubun-ubun fontanel Alas ubun fontanel Makassarese ubuŋ fontanel, crown WMP Tausug ubuŋ ridgepole Kenyah umboŋ apex CMP Ngadha ubu ridge, roof Sika ubuŋ summit, top of trees, mountains and fingers Soboyo ubu end, point (as of a knife), tip, top (as of a coconut tree) WMP Itawis maŋ-úfut to exhaust, to consume Casiguran Dumagat ubus to finish, to consume, be consumed; after Ayta Maganchi ubuh to use up, finish something Tagalog úbos act of using up or consuming by eating, drinking, spending, etc. maŋ-úbos to eat, consume or use up all without leaving anything for others Bikol úbos consumed, exhausted, finished mag-úbos to empty something out Maranao obos finish, consume, liquidate WMP Casiguran Dumagat udék go upstream, to travel going upriver Manobo (Western Bukidnon) urahik to go in the direction of upstream Kayan udik upriver Ngaju Dayak urik travel upstream Malagasy mi-òrika ascend, go up against the stream orìh-ina be gone against, of a current Malay udék upstream Old Javanese uḍik upstream Javanese uḍik upstream part of a river Mongondow uik go upriver Bare'e ure go upstream, follow the river in an upstream direction Mandar daiʔ climb, ascend; go Buginese uraiʔ west WMP Kayan m-udik ascend a river, go upstream Malay m-udék progress upstream; going back against the current, in contrast to drifting downward with the current Old Javanese m-uḍik to rise; to proceed upstream Mongondow muik upstream, eastward WMP Tagalog uráliʔ deceptive incitement, intrigue Malay daléh subterfuge; equivocation ber-daleh to evade the issue WMP Itbayaten mana-wdi to be last pana-wdi posterior, behind, hind leg, hind part, rear Ilokano údi last, latest, rear, hindmost Isneg údi last, hindmost Kankanaey udí-di hind leg maŋ-ud-udí-di last, hindmost Ifugaw udí, udí-di last, the last Tagalog hulí<M late, tardy; last; tail-end; position behind Bikol hurí<M last; late, overdue, retarded, tardy Aklanon ulíhi(h) be late, tardy; behind; later on Kalamian Tagbanwa uri late, behind time Cebuano ulhí, ulahí last in a group to do something; late Maranao ori behind, late ori-ori last to come, one at the end of the line; hindmost, rearmost Tausug huli<M last, end, rear Kelabit udʰih rudder; stern of a boat; rear Iban udi after, later; follow after Malay udi posterior; hindward; subsequent kem-udi-an hari the future Simalur uri backside, back; afterwards, later Balinese uri back; come after, be behind, walk behind Tae' undi follow from behind; after, later CMP Nuaulu muni behind CMP Sika odi expression of future time; shall, will, must OC Gedaged uzi to follow, pursue; come after, succeed; go to the rear WMP Ilokano kama-údi hind leg, hind foot Malay kem-udi rudder (of a boat) CMP Kambera kam-uri rear part; stern of a boat, rudder; lag behind, come later ana ka-muri youngest child WMP Cebuano ka-ulahí-an the last k<in>a-ulahí-an the last one in the group Tausug ka-hulih-an<M behind, as of a person that follows in a line; at the last, as of a series of things; rear Minangkabau k-udi-an afterwards WMP Yami ma-udi stern of a boat Itbayaten ma-wdi stern of a boat Isneg m-ūdi last, hindmost Ifugaw ma-údi it will be made last Bikol ma-hurí be last, be late Kelabit m-udʰih behind, last Wolio m-uri m-uri future, later, coming afterwards; finally, eventually, ultimately CMP Manggarai m-usi behind; later, late Rotinese m-uli west; youngest child, last-born m-uli-k young, of people, animals and plants Selaru m-ur young, of fruits Yamdena fa-mudi youngest child m-udi only when used strictly as an adjective: posterior; otherwise always =mud the rear part; outside, the outside of m-udi-n térik the boundary between reef and deep sea Fordata m-uri outside, the outside of; behind, at the back; stern of a boat; rear of a house mar-m-uri later Kei m-ur rear part; later; following entaha m-ur hold the till or rudder wahan m-ur m-ur later; in the future Dobel muri younger Alune m-uli after, behind; to follow Boano₂ muli back OC Loniu muʔu tun stern of a canoe Likum con e muh stern of a canoe Wuvulu muxi stern of a canoe Aua muki stern of a canoe Duke of York muru to follow; behind, afterwards; the back; the last Kove muhi back; later Gedaged muzik behind, in the rear; back part muzin the rear, the back part, posterior, stern, after-part, the reverse, hind quarters, the outside (if one is inside a house, etc.) Gitua mur behind, after (posterior time) Bunama muli follow Motu muri behind, after (posterior time) Dobuan muria after, behind Petats mamur behind Nggela muri after, behind; the back; the outside of an object, box house, village; the after-birth; posterity Arosi muri behind; the back; the outside of egg, bottle, etc., opposed toraro; after, afterwards; to follow; left hand, facing an object Fijian muri after, following e muri behind, later ki muri to the rear Tongan mui place or space behind or further back; rear; background; end, extremity, tip; back, rear, hind; later; young, immature, only partly grown or developed (as yet) Niue mui the last; be last, follow; unripe, immature Samoan muli come last, be last; young, new Tuvaluan muli behind; the future; rear of a canoe, etc.; tomuli late fakamuli afterwards, later on Rennellese mugi follow, be or go behind or after; rear end, esp. lower or western end Anuta muri back; the rear portion of something; behind; a village just to the west (i.e. "behind") Mua Maori muri the rear, the hind part; the sequel, the time to come, the future; behind, afterwards, backwards; youngest child Hawaiian muli after, behind, afterward; last, following behind; younger, youngest; stern of a canoe OC [Lau buri ʔae heel] Kapingamarangi muli wae heel Rennellese mugi baʔe heel WMP Cebuano pa-ulahí be the last, do something as the last thing; allow oneself to be left behind Toba Batak p-udi back, behind; after WMP Isneg udi-ān youngest brother or sister Ifugaw udi-dí-an the youngest of the family Bikol hurih-án the hindmost part, posterior Maranao ori-an rear; behind; last; later; result Manobo (Western Bukidnon) huzi-an following all the rest; final; the final one Tausug (h)ulih-an behind, as of a person that follows in a line Malagasy a-orí-ana back, behind, backward, passed WMP Ilokano udíp-en to mend, patch (mats, baskets, etc.) Isneg ikki-uríp a netting needle max-uríp to repair a casting net when one or more meshes are torn Agutaynen mag-orip to repair woven material such as nipa palm shingles on a root, a mat, or a basket Maranao orip reweave, patch up, repair a mat Binukid hulip to cover, patch up a small hole in something Mansaka orip to mend (as a mat) Formosan Siraya (Gravius) uru ~ uro weed, grass Siraya (Utrecht ms.) usu weed Proto-Siraya *udu weed, grass WMP Kelabit uduh grass (generic) Berawan (Long Terawan) uroh grass Kenyah udu grass, weeds m-udu overgrown with grass, weedy Kayan uroʔ grass, weeds; general term for jungle; vegetables (generic) Kayan (Uma Juman) uruʔ grass m-uruʔ grassy Bintulu urəw grass, weeds məŋ-urəw pull up grass, pull weeds Bukat uru grass Lahanan urow grass Kapuas uruʔ grass CMP Kédang uru sword grass:Imperata cylindrica Yamdena uru weeds Ujir ur grass Dobel kwuru grass WMP Bikol údoŋ a hunter's shelter or hut Kalamian Tagbanwa úloŋ shade, shadow Toba Batak unduŋ-unduŋ primitive hut, built as overnight lodging in transit, or for lepers Minangkabau undoŋ-undoŋ screen or veil thrown over the head as a protection against rain CMP Ngadha udhu small field hut; cover over, cover with a towel, etc. Buruese urun a forest booth or shelter OC Tongan ū be sheltered (esp. from wind or rain) WMP Old Javanese uḍuh an exclamation (oh! ah!) Tae' udu an exclamation of grief CMP Ngadha udu to coo WMP Itawis urú medicine Ilongot udu medicine Rungus Dusun uru medicine Kelabit udoʔ ghost; carved wooden figure kept to ward off misfortune or disease; ghost (Amster 1995) Kenyah (Lepu Tau) udoʔ a carving; a patron (Galvin 1967) Kenyah (Lebu’ Kulit) udoʔ mask, mask dance (Soriente 2006) Kayan udoʔ an image, formerly an idol (now used for a doll); a wooden mask used in entertainment; formerly used in pagan ceremonies Nias uru idol, kept for protection maŋ-uru erect a protective image in front of the village to ward off pestilence Minangkabau uduah incantation; kind of basket with cooked rice, sugar and grated coconut, set in the field during rice-planting to guard against calamity ma-uduah-kan place a taboo sign as proof of ownership (usually accompanied by a spoken formula intended to bring sickness or misfortune to anyone who steals what is so marked) Sangir uro charm, spell (against thieves of fruit in plantations) Tontemboan uruʔ charm, spell concealed on a fruit tree to prevent the theft of fruit Mongondow uyuʔ charm used to safeguard one's property, but also used to inflict harm on others Bare'e uru taboo sign or charm used to protect fruit trees, temporary shelters, etc. from thieves CMP Ngadha uru evil spirit WMP Ilokano ugáli custom, habit, character, nature, temperament, disposition Bontok ʔugáli custom; manner; way; practice; habit Casiguran Dumagat ugáli habit, custom, tradition, way, manners, inclination, style, mode, character, behavior Pangasinan ogáli custom; character (of a person) Kapampangan ugáliʔ character, habits, custom, demeanor Tagalog ugáliʔ personal conduct or behavior; habit; custom; tradition Bikol ugáliʔ character, manner, personality, temperament; characteristic, idiosyncrasy, trait; custom, habit, tradition Hanunóo ʔugáliʔ custom; superstition Aklanon ugáliʔ custom, tradition; habit Toba Batak ugari custom, manner, way (expected **/ugali/) WMP Tagalog ugáʔ act of shaking (a tree, house or some structure) Malay meŋ-ogah to shake, esp. of shaking for the purpose of loosening. Of working a pile or stake backwards and forwards so as to open out the soil around it; of shaking a tooth to make its extraction easier, etc. Old Javanese ugah shaking; to shake Madurese oga wobbly because it is not firmly embedded (of tooth, housepost, stake, etc.) ŋ-oga to shake, make something shake or wobble Balinese ogah shake, move to and fro, be loose (a tooth) WMP Casiguran Dumagat ógbus sprout (of a tree, plant, vine); to sprout Manide ugbís tip of plant, shoot, young leaves Aklanon úgbos young leaves or foliage; young frond (of fern) Waray-Waray ugbós sprout; shoot; seedling Hiligaynon úgbus (of plants) bud Cebuano ugbús young and unopened palm frond; to remove young fronds Central Tagbanwa ugbot leaf Mansaka ogbos new tender leaves just coming out; to prolong life Tausug ugbus sprout (of a plant) ugbus-an to remove the new shoots from a plant WMP Cebuano úguŋ spin a top; be steady and without a wobble Kelabit ugʰeŋ spinning without wobbling, as a top WMP Pangasinan ogtó noon Ayta Abellan ogto midday, lunchtime; directly over or under Kapampangan ugtú noon Tagalog udtó noon, noontime, midday Bikol udtó noon, noontime, mid-day Hanunóo ʔudtú mid-point of a vizualized celestial arch; more specifically, noon ʔudtuh-an noontime Aklanon údto about directly overhead (in the sky) ugto at the zenith, directly overhead; half moon (waxing or waning) pa-udtoh-ón gibbous (waning); 3rd quarter Hiligaynon úgtu noon Cebuano udtú twelve o'clock, for the sun to be overhead; for the moon or something else to be in the heavens at the noon position udtúh-an zenith Maranao oto lunch; eat noon meal oto-n eat during lunch time, lunch on Binukid ma-udtu noon udtu-an zenith, the point in the sky which is directly overhead Manobo (Western Bukidnon) udtu action (of the earth's rotation) upon celestial bodies which causes them to rise to the zenith Tiruray ʔutuh to go on top of something ge-utuh noontime Blaan (Koronadal) ltu du noon Tausug ugtu noontime, mid-day, whe the sun is at its zenith Mongondow utu zenith, point in the heavens directly overhead utu-an the uppermost atmosphere WMP Cebuano uháŋ space between two things which are supposed to be touching or fitting each other Kenyah uaŋ empty WMP Pangasinan uhá cry of newborn baby Tagalog uháʔ cry of the new-born infant Bikol úhaʔ to cry (infants) Hanunóo ʔuháʔ cry of a newborn baby Kayan uha the crying of an infant WMP Karo Batak uit stir, move a little Sasak uit move something WMP Maranao oit take over, bring, carry Subanen/Subanun g-oit to carry Manobo (Western Bukidnon) uwit take, carry in the hand Tiruray ʔuwit take something, bring something Kelabit uit way of bringing Tontemboan uwit carrying away of something; transport rice from field to house WMP Kelabit m-uit to bring Tontemboan m-uwit carry something away WMP Maranao in-oit brought or carried by Kelabit n-uit brought by WMP Kayan udan cargo on a boat OC Motu uda-uda load, of pots inlagatoi (cited only in the English index sub 'load') uda-ia to place in box, canoe, etc. Dobuan ʔe-usana load Chuukese woos load, burden, thing carried wosa-n his load Puluwat wútán cargo, load; to be loaded Woleaian iutal(a) load, burden, pack, cargo, freight Fijian usa carry a cargo by boat Tongan uta to carry or convey by boat or vehicle or on horseback; carrying or conveying in this manner, or goods (or load) so carried Niue uta to load (as a canoe or truck); a load Futunan uta cargo (as on a boat) faka-uta to load cargo on a boat Samoan uta load, cargo Tuvaluan uta a canoe load Kapingamarangi uda to transport (cargo) Nukuoro uda to board (a ship or canoe) Rennellese uta to put aboard a canoe or ship, to go or have aboard; to bear nuts, as a coconut; to assume a role haa-uta to take aboard or into a car; to yield well, as a harvest Anuta uta supplies or cargo lying in the hold of a boat or canoe Rarotongan uta to convey; to carry, as from one place to another; to load, to burden; to load up, as a canoe uta-uta conveying, carrying, loading up uta-uta-ŋia to overburden over-much; to be heavily weighed down, to be followed by different events in succession, etc. Maori uta put persons or goods on board a canoe, etc. uta-ŋa burden, freight Hawaiian hoʔo-ūka to load, as cargo or freight; to put on, as gear on a horse; to send, as a letter uka-na baggage, luggage, freight, cargo, supplies Formosan Kavalan unuŋ nose WMP Buhid uyóŋ nose Inati oroŋ nose Kalamian Tagbanwa uruŋ nose Palawan Batak ʔuruŋ nose Samal uuŋ nose Kayan uruŋ nose Bintulu uruŋ nose Melanau (Mukah) uduŋ nose Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh) uduəŋ nose Bukat uruŋ nose Bekatan uruŋ nose Kejaman uruəŋ nose Lahanan uroŋ nose Paku uruŋ nose Malagasy órona nose CMP Kambera uru nose OC Watut su- nose Motu udu- mouth; nose; beak Mele-Fila usu- nose Fijian ucu- nose OC Mota uka draw the bow uka-g let fly, release an arrow Rotuman uka thick, strong string, cord, esp. thick fishing-line Tongan uka bowstring (obsolescent) Tuvaluan uka fishing line Kapingamarangi uga fishing line Rennellese uka cord, line, rope Anuta uka thin line or cord Formosan Saisiyat ʔoka empty Seediq uka not exist Thao uka negative existential: not have, not exist; so as not to maka-uka lose something one cannot find m-uka have nothing mut-uka be less, be reduced in amount Bunun uka don’t have, without WMP Tagalog úkaŋ slow movements peculiar to the aged and the infirm Iban ukaŋ slow loris:Nycticebus coucang borneanus Lyon WMP Ilokano ukkáŋ to open (a razor, pocketknife, calipers, the legs, etc.) Banjarese ukaŋ to bite (with the mouth wide) Malay oŋkaŋ sit with legs dangling Simalur um-uŋkaŋ-uŋkaŋ squat with the legs spread wide Sichule ukaŋ ukaŋ to squat and thereby spread the legs Javanese uŋkaŋ-uŋkaŋ sit with the feet dangling WMP Ibaloy okap-en to remove something that is tightly in place, requiring considerable force to remove it (as floorboards) Central Tagbanwa ukap vegetable or fruit peel ukap-an to peel something Mansaka okap to remove bark, to husk WMP Tiruray ʔuŋkaʔ to open Kiput m-ukaːʔ to open Ma'anyan uka to open (Ray 1913) Mongondow uŋkaʔ come loose, as a fingernail or a frond from a palm tree CMP Manggarai uka pry up, open WMP Ilokano úki vagina; cave at the base of two adjoining hills ukinnam common profane phrase from [uki ni inam] ‘your mother’s vagina!’ Isneg óki the vulva Itawis úki vagina Bontok ʔukí female genitals, used only in the expletiveokin inam ('your mother's vulva!') Maranao oki pet name for girls Kenyah (Long Wat) uki-n vulva, vagina Banggai uki female pudendum; young girl WMP Ilokano ókir groove, furrow Maranao okir designs usually carved and painted; carve elaborately Manobo (Western Bukidnon) ukir to carve out a bas-relief design on something Tausug ukkil native sculpture, carving Ngaju Dayak ukir carving, carved figures (on wood) Iban ukir carve, engrave; hence: draw designs, write; design or pattern carved or drawn Malay ukir graving; wood-carving; incising fine designs on the surface of wood or metal Simalur ukil to carve out Karo Batak ukir carve figures and designs in wood Toba Batak uhir cut or carve out figures or ornaments Old Javanese ukir carve, chisel (out), sculpture, provide (adorn) with carvings (sculptures, reliefs) Javanese ukir carved design Balinese ukir carve, engrave, decorate with carving (wood, stone or metal) Sasak ukir carve wood Uma mo-ʔukiʔ to write Bare'e mo-ʔuki engrave, carve, draw Tae' ukiʔ engrave, draw, write Mandar ukir write Makassarese ukiriʔ writing; write, engrave, put figures on (as a gravestone) CMP Bimanese uki to carve Manggarai ukir carve, make designs (on cloth, wood, stone, etc.) WMP Malay meŋ-ukir work as a carver Toba Batak maŋ-uhir cut or carve out figures or ornaments Javanese ŋ-ukir carve decoratively Sasak ŋ-ukir carve wood Mandar maŋ-ukir to write WMP Ilokano okír-an carve, engrave (metal, wood, etc.) Malay ukir-an carving, what has been made by carving Balinese ukir-an carved work; carving-tool Sasak ukir-an wood carving Mandar ukir-an writing WMP Bontok ʔúkit to remove anaggong snail from its shell by using the fingers (other snails are sucked from their shells) Ibaloy okit to remove, extract something from a fixed position that requires some degree of effort or digging (as dried nasal discharge from the nose, something from a cleft in a wall) Cebuano (dialectal) úkit peel off something with the front teeth (as watermelon seeds) or take little things off or apart with the fingers WMP Cebuano úkub cling or hold firmly to; for two convex things to fit together at their brims Simalungun Batak uhub cover with a blanket Bare'e uŋkub-i cover of a pot or pan, made of coconut shell or earthware WMP Pangasinan okók cough; to cough Palawano ukuk cough CMP Manggarai okok, okuk sound of coughing OC Gedaged uk name of the sound made when afflicted with asthma or whooping cough WMP Ilokano okóp sitting hen, brooder Isneg okúp to brood, sit on eggs Bontok ʔúkup to cover, as a sore; to line, as a rusty container before putting in the contents; to wrap, as a roll of tobacco Maranao okop airtight; protect from evaporation, as in perfume okop-aʔ airtight bottle for perfume Iban ukup guard the ends of line of deer nets Tondano ukup cover with a blanket, etc. CMP Manggarai ukup to brood, sit on eggs; guard eggs before they begin to hatch WMP Tagalog ukóʔ with head bowed low in decrepitude Malay oŋkoh-oŋkoh walking about with a stoop Balinese uŋkuh walk in a bent posture, walk bowed down WMP Murut (Tagol) ukuʔ dog Kelabit ukuʔ dog Mongondow uŋkuʔ dog mog-uŋkuʔ hunt with dogs WMP Tagalog úlak reel, spool Malay olak a wooden revolving spindle used in weaving Sundanese ŋ-ulak to wind thread in weaving Balinese ulak wind, wind up (yarn) WMP Tausug ulak-an shuttle, as in weaving Malay (Java) ulak-an a wooden revolving spindle used in weaving Balinese ulak-an reel, spool (of thread, yarn) Sasak ulak-an part of the loom Formosan Seediq (Truku) ulaŋ to repeat; periodic, habitual WMP Ngaju Dayak ulaŋ to repeat, reiterate Iban ulaŋ repeat; (of paths) well-trodden, much used Malay ulaŋ repetition; keep doing CMP Kambera ulaŋu repeat WMP Ilokano uláol hurt, wounded, injured Pangasinan olaol (of a person) very sensitive, weeping easily Maranao olaʔol to wail, weep, cry WMP Aklanon ueát scab, scar; miscolored skin (left by a wound); to heal, form a scar (said of a wound) Kalamian Tagbanwa ulat scar Cebuano ulát, úlat scar; form a scar Kalagan ulat scar Kayan ulat the scar of a wound in a person, or the scar on a tree) Kayan (Uma Juman) ulat scar Formosan Paiwan ulaw countless; a boundless number m-ulaw lose sight of paka-ulaw fail to recognize (someone whom one knows) WMP Ilokano úlaw feel dizzy, giddy, vertiginous, faint, inclined to swoon Isneg úlaw feel dizzy, faint, inclined to vomit; be surfeited, disgusted by excess Bontok ʔúlaw feel faint; giddy; nauseated; travel sick Kankanaey úlaw dizzy, giddy, vertiginous Ifugaw úlaw dizziness Ibaloy olaw state of disorientation, dizziness (as in vertigo, slightly drunken state) Tagalog úlaw disturbed movement of upset stomach or intestines due to dizziness (seasickness or the like) or to unfavorable climate Kadazan Dusun uhau become mad Iban ulau unable to see clearly, dazed ulau manok night-blindness, nyctalopia ŋ-ulau cause dim sight Formosan Paiwan ma-ulaw evade, get out of sight; lose way WMP Ilokano ma-úlaw feel dizzy; be confused, perplexed, muddled, flustered, flurried Isneg m-ólaw feel dizzy, faint, inclined to vomit Kankanaey ma-úlaw dizzy, giddy, vertiginous Ifugaw ma-úlaw dizzy Dumpas mo-ulaw crazy WMP Tagalog úlay intestinal worm, tapeworm Banjarese luai<M worm WMP Malay (Jakarta) ulay to stir up, e.g. rice in a saucepan OC Nggela ule to stir, stir up; stir in, as powder into a liquid WMP Isneg uláyan a forest tree whose white flowers are much frequented by bees; its bark is used in the brewing of sugarcane rum Tagalog ulayan a tree:Lithocarpus spp. (Madulid 2001) Cebuano ulayan a tree:Bischofia javanica Bl. (Madulid 2001) Maranao olayan a tree used for lumber and firewood Binukid ulayan a tree:Lithocarpus spp. (Madulid 2001) OC Marshallese wōl penis wūle penis of Mokilese wil penis wile-n penis of (construct form) Tongan ule penis Samoan ule (not in decent use) penis Rennellese uge penis Anuta ure penis Rarotongan ure membrum virile; used figuratively to denote a man or a male Maori ure membrum virile; man, male; courage Hawaiian ule penis; tenon for a mortise: pointed end of a post which enters the crotch of a rafter WMP Atta (Pamplona) ulaʔ blanket Itawis úlat blanket Casiguran Dumagat uləs blanket; to cover up with a blanket Ayta Abellan oweh blanket; sheet; any kind of cover Kapampangan úlas blanket Maranao oles together, of two using the samemalong (sarong) Manobo (Tigwa) ulɨs-ɨn blanket Proto-East Gorontalic *(w)uloso blanket (used for sleeping) CMP Bimanese uli pry up with a bar Buruese uli-h pry, prise up, roll WMP Ilokano ulíla orphan Tagalog ulíla orphan Hanunóo ʔulíla orphan, i.e. only if the father is dead and the mother still living Kenyah ula slave Kayan ulaʔ orphan Tontemboan ula orphan, a child that has lost one of its parents WMP Itbayaten oli idea of going homeward or to town Isneg ūli return, go or come back Itawis ulí again; repetition Pangasinan olí return; become resurrected Kapampangan uliʔ go home Tagalog ulíʔ again, once more uwíʔ return home; to turn (a process, conversation or the like) into something unexpected Bikol ulíʔ return home; return something, give something back; be reconciled; change, the balance of money returned; rebate; be reversed in its flow (water in a stream, food after eating); regurgitate Hanunóo ʔúliʔ again, i.e., repetition; going home, returning (to a certain place) Aklanon úliʔ return, bring/give (something) back ulíʔ go home, return (to one's place, country) Kalamian Tagbanwa ulik return home; return to normal Cebuano úliʔ return something to someone Manobo (Western Bukidnon) uliʔ return to the place of origin or to one's original state; to cure Manobo (Tigwa) uliʔ to return home Tiruray ʔuléʔ return home Kalagan uliʔ to return home Tboli ulék return; repetition; regrowth Tausug uwiʔ come or go home Kadazan Dusun uhi go home Kenyah uliʔ return home Murik uli go home Kayan uli return home; return an article to the owner; divorce a wife or husband uli kenep to repent Javanese ulih act of returning home or to one's place of origin; to return (a borrowed item) Balinese ulih return, coming back, homecoming; through, because of Sasak uléʔ go home, return home Mongondow uliʔ repair, mend; return something to its original condition; quenching of thirst, hunger Banggai ulé return, go back Bare'e uli correct a mistake, restore to a previous condition Makassarese ulé to and fro, roll round and round on the ground CMP Manggarai olé restore, repair Lamaholot oli-n return Selaru r-oli-k go back, return Yamdena n-ol move to and fro Masiwang uli return, go back Buruese oli return (intr.) pi-oli-k return (trans.) OC Bugotu oli change oli-hi exchange Nggela oli back, again; come back, return Kwaio oli return, come back to; commit incest 'Āre'āre ori return; come back, go back (home) Sa'a oli(oli) return, relieve, replace oli-si change, alter Arosi ori return; stroll about Rarotongan uri turn round or turn about; to translate, as one language into another WMP Itbayaten i-oli bring to town/home Tagalog i-uwíʔ take something home; turn ( a processs, conversation or the like) into something not expected Bikol i-ulíʔ return something, give something back; give change, refund WMP [Isneg maka-ulli able to return] Tagalog maka-uwiʔ able to go home WMP Itawis maŋ-ulí repeat Kayan ŋ-uli return an article; return to its former shape (as a bent board that has been straightened) Old Javanese aŋ-ulih-i go home or come back to Javanese ŋ-ulih return someone to his home or place of origin; return a borrowed item Mongondow moŋ-uliq restore, cure WMP [Isneg max-ullí return, go or come back] Tagalog mag-ulíʔ revert to a former state Bikol mag-ulíʔ return something, give something back Hanunóo mag-ulíʔ go home Mongondow mog-uliʔ quitting of thirst, hunger or desire WMP Pangasinan pa-olí leave (something) for awhile Tagalog pa-uwíʔ homeward bound Aklanon pa-úliʔ have (something) returned; ask to return Cebuano pa-ulíʔ bring someone back home; go back to the place one started Tiruray fe-ʔuléʔ return something Samal p-oléʔ return home Kadazan Dusun po-po-uhi bring home, let one go home Kayan p-uli to divorce; divorced Melanau (Mukah) puliɁ to return Malagasy f-ody returned, sent back; withdraw from a bargain, retract Malay p-uléh return; revival; renewal puléh-kan restore or bring back [Toba Batak pa-muli send home, dispatch home] Nias fa-uli(fa-uli) happen repeatedly fa-uli-ta new moon OC Roviana p-ule again, once more; to return Bugotu va-oli exchange; in turn WMP Kayan pek-uli return an object to its former possessor; reverse or rewind pek-uli kenep repent; experience a change of mind OC Kwaio faʔa-oli-a cause to return, send back; return something to a person WMP Itbayaten om-oli go or return to town, go to town from the fields Tagalog um-uwíʔ go home Hanunóo ʔum-ulíʔ live, dwell (in a certain place) Subanun (Sindangan) m-uliʔ return home Kadazan Dusun m-uhi go home, return home Kelabit m-uliʔ return home Kenyah m-uléʔ return Kayan m-uli return an article -- borrowed or bought; to divorce Malagasy m-ody go home, return home; pretend to be what one is not Karo Batak m-ulih go homeward, return to her family (term for divorce from the standpoint of the woman) Toba Batak m-uli return home; of a girl: to marry pa-muli-hon marry a girl out Old Javanese m-ulih reach (go to) one's destination; go (come) home, go (come) back Balinese m-ulih return home Sangir m-ule return to a former state (as of health); ask back what has been borrowed Sangir (Siau) maŋ-ule restore, repair CMP Dobel ʔa-m-ul come back Geser m-uli return, go back OC Tolai m-ule again, afresh, more, yet; come back, return, of persons or things Manam m-ule return Gedaged m-ul turn back, return, come (go) back, come again, turn around, return home, revert, relapse, recoil, react Gitua m-ule return, back, again Eddystone/Mandegusu m-ule return; go back, come back; again, once again WMP [Isneg ulliy-ān be wandering about after having lost one's way] Tagalog uwi-án go home to (a place or someone); take (something) home to uli-án eccentric (at dotage) Bikol uliʔ-án senile Hanunóo ʔuliʔ-án home, dwelling; room Cebuano uliʔ-án be home from time to time Malagasy odì-ana go home, return home; pretend to be what one is not Sasak ulé-aŋ bring home, take home; return (a borrowed object) WMP Cebuano uliʔ-un-ún something that is to be returned Rungus Dusun uliʔ-Un home Kadazan Dusun uhi-on go home, return home WMP Pangasinan olí-olí once more; mention something repeatedly Tagalog ulíʔ-ulíʔ next time (when the next opportunity comes round again) Karo Batak ulih-ulih every time, whenever, repeatedly; to and fro; off and on Old Javanese ulih-ulih that which one brings back (home), esp. for those left behind OC Nggela oli-oli go and return, go somewhere and come back Rarotongan ori-ori go about here and there, move about, walk about; ramble, stroll; wave, flutter in the wind WMP Ngaju Dayak ulih profit, benefit, what is acquired, earned or received; property Iban ulih by, because of; get, catch, obtain Malay oléh by; by reason of; by means of; owing to; because Karo Batak ulih what one receives Old Javanese ulih that which one obtains, attains or achieves; result, product, consequence, effect, fruit, achievement; prey, victim Balinese olih get, acquire, attain to Sangir uḷe that which one receives; that which one earns Mongondow uliʔ obtain, acquire, gain, get; put in order Bare'e uli get, obtain, take possession of WMP Old Javanese mak-olih obtain, get, overpower, defeat, catch Mongondow moko-ulih able to get WMP Ilokano úlit repeat, reiterate Pangasinan ólit repeat; again Ayta Maganchi ulit repeat Kapampangan úlit repeat Tagalog úlit repetition, renewal of action Bikol ulít repeat something, do something again, redo Mongondow (g)ulit restore something to its original condition Gorontalo wulito repeat, mention again Totoli ulit repeat Dampelas ulit repeat WMP Casiguran Dumagat ulitö́ young unmarried man, bachelor, lad; to reach the age of puberty (of a boy) Aklanon olitáwo master, sire; bachelor, young man Cebuano ulitáwu bachelor, unmarried man; young man old enough to be married WMP Bikol ulóg-ulóg to scorn, disdain; take someone's name in vain Cebuano ulug-úlug flatter someone to make him feel good or to get something out of him Maranao olog-olog ridicule, mock Malay olok-olok joking; chaff; a jester ber-olok-olok speak jestingly Bahasa Indonesia olok-olok words intended to tease or ridicule, or just to have fun WMP Sasak oloh, olor brook, stream, waterway oloh-oloh gutter Tontemboan ulu flow together, as the waters of a river in its lower course WMP Bontok ʔúlus slide down a slope Ifugaw úlu(h) slide, glide out, slip Kadazan Dusun uhus glide down Formosan Saisiyat -om- marker of actor focus Atayal -m- infix forming an active indicative corresponding to active negatable indicative without affixes Seediq (Truku) -m- prefix or infix in verbs of state or action Thao -m- marker of actor focus Kanakanabu -um- marker of actor focus Saaroa -um- marker of actor focus Puyuma (Tamalakaw) -em- marker of actor focus Paiwan -m- marker of actor focus WMP Ilokano -um- active 'casual' verbal infix Ifugaw -um- verbal infix used with intransitive bases, and to mark inchoatives or futures Sambal (Botolan) -om- infix used with intransitive and semitransitive verbs, and to mark inchoatives Tagalog -um- verbal infix "used to express simple, single or general acts. (a) simple or single performance:bumása, to read;sumúlat, to write. (b) general acts, like the functions of nature and the natural acts of the human body:umulán, to rain;bumagyó, to storm;umáraw, (the sun) to shine; ortumiŋín, to look;sumakít, to become painful;tumakbó, to run;lumákad, to walk, to go." (Panganiban 1966). "verbs likebumagyó, formed with bases that designate natural conditions (cf.bagyó 'storm'), occur in topicless sentences ... Many of the bases that occur in intransitive-um- verbs also occur as the bases ofma- adjectives and the verbs, which may be called-um- VERBS OF 'BECOMING,' denote the acquisition of the quality expressed by the adjective." (Schachter and Otanes 1972:310). Hanunóo -um- active verb infix, generally intransitive, and often with a future meaning (e.g.l-um-aŋúy 'to swim; will swim',t-um-índas 'to kick; will kick') Aklanon -um- verbal infix used on command or conditioned forms Hiligaynon -um- verbal affix designating completed action Bilaan (Sarangani) -om- subject focus, future tense Kadazan Dusun -um- verbal infix used with intransitive bases and to form inchoatives Murut (Timugon) -um- intransitive, subject focus, future temporal Kelabit -em- active verb infix used with intransitive bases (e.g. Snurun O = 'S lowers O', St-em-urun O = 'S descends O') Malagasy -om- rare infix used with intransitive bases, and to form adjectives (Richardson 1885:xviiff) Malay -em- rare fossilized infix in a few reduplicated forms that refer to natural actions:gilaŋ g-em-ilaŋ 'scintillating',guroh g-em-uroh 'to thunder', etc. Toba Batak -um- verbal infix which "when it occurs intransitively, is both active and passive in meaning. When it is active it represents, often in contrast to the verb ... (withpa-), an action that does not result from the will of the thing carrying it out." The passive meaning occurs in constructions relating to: 1. the performing or satisfying of a natural need (eating, drinking, sleeping, urinating), 2. a movement that makes a marked impression on any of the sense organs, 3. a higher degree of some quality (g-um-abe 'be richer',um-balga 'be larger', etc.). Transitive verbs with the infix-um- "are simply variants of those with the prefixmaŋ-, and they are used more in the elaboratepoda language, in stories, laws, and aphorisms in verse form (uppama), than in daily life." (van der Tuuk 1971:117ff). Enggano bu- verb prefix Old Javanese -um- verbal infix used primarily in intransitive bases, including those that refer to natural conditions (e.g.kilat 'lightning',k-um-ilat 'flashing';guruh 'thunder',g-um-uruh 'thundering, roaring') Proto-South Sulawesi *-um- verbal infix which "parallels //maN// to a considerable extent: as an "infinitive" or "participial" marker, or to mark transitive verbs with indefinite or implicit objects. In all of these the focus seems to be less on the agent than on the action itself, and in this respect it is noteworthy that /um/, unlike /maN/ can co-occur with clearly intransitive verbs (at least in the Sa'dan group) like 'sit', 'go' and 'walk'." (Mills 1975:1:145ff). Makassarese -um- unproductive infix found in verbs that designate a certain state or movement Chamorro -um- "Almost any noun can be converted to a verb-like word -- a word that can function as a predicate -- by adding the verbalizing infix-um-." Contrasts withman-, used with plural subjects. (Topping, Ogo, and Dungca 1975:226).
2.natural conditions (probably a subset of the preceding, including such meanings as ‘to rain’, ‘to thunder’, ‘to lighten’, ‘to eat’, ‘to drink’, ‘to vomit’, ‘to urinate’ and ‘to defecate’):Tagalog,Kelabit,Malay (fossilized in a few forms),Toba Batak,Old Javanese,
3.verbs of motion (another subset of intransitives, including ‘to go/walk’, ‘to swim’, ‘to fly’, etc.):Ilokano,Sama-Bajaw,Toba Batak,Makassarese,
4.inchoatives:Ilokano,Sambal (Botolan),Tagalog,Kadazan Dusun,
5.future:Ifugaw,Hanunóo,Bilaan (Sarangani),Murut (Timugon).
Collectively these conditions suggest that inPMP *-um- marked active verbs that were intransitive, but not stative.WMP Itbayaten omah kiss, osculation maŋ-omah to kiss Ayta Abellan oma to kiss Kapampangan uma to kiss WMP Itbayaten omah-an to kiss someone Ayta Abellan in-oma-an was kissed by Kapampangan uma-n to kiss Formosan Trobiawan uman again Kavalan uman again, once more; to repeat m-uman to repeat Paiwan m-umalʸ do again WMP Ayta Abellan oman to repeat; again Hanunóo ʔumán again Aklanon umán next time; to repeat, do again, do over Maranao oman add, include, frequent, repeatedly Manobo (Western Bukidnon) uman repeat something Tiruray ʔuman add to one's amount of something Malay uman "keep harping on one string" uman-uman long-winded, a bore Formosan Kavalan umas to preserve (meat) m-umas to preserve (meat) ni-umas-an pickled meat or fish Pazeh in-umas pickled; pickles ma-umas to pickle; to rub and crumble WMP Ibaloy omat-an to speak about, mention someone Bikol maki-umát to inquire about something Cebuano (dialectal) úmat to go over a series of events or genealogies to recall them WMP Palawano umew mute, dumb Maranao omaw simple-minded, innocent person, dullard Tboli umew mute, dumb Tausug umaw dumb, unable to speak WMP Maranao ombak-ombak artesian well; water pump; pump Dairi-Pakpak Batak umbak-umbak bellows, instrument for fanning the fire WMP Malay umbaŋ make a trip (of a ship), travel over the sea Toba Batak umbaŋ float on the water, drift Old Javanese umbaŋ to float Makassarese umbaŋ lift up, raise by placing something underneath, as a pregnant woman stretched out over cushions; boat raised by wooden floats for repair at a wharf WMP Bikol umbáw filled to the brim mag-umbáw be full to the top Cebuano umbáw overlook, tower over; look down from a height over the edge of something Maranao ombaw exceed, go higher than another Manobo (Western Bukidnon) umbew grow taller than someone CMP Buruese uba upper part WMP Nias umbu spring, well, fountain Old Javanese umbul arise, come up, well up Balinese umbul fountain, spring; bubble up, well up (water) WMP Ilokano úmel dumb, mute Isneg úmal dumb, mute Ayta Abellan omel not able to speak, make no sound Tagalog umí speechless due to shyness or embarrassment, shame, fear, etc. SHWNG Buli umal blockhead, stupid person WMP Malay umpan bait umpan-kan to use as bait, to bait Boano umpan bait Balaesang upaŋ bait Petapa Taje upa bait WMP Maloh umpaŋ dam; barrage CMP Manggarai umpaŋ caulk, patch, plug WMP Maloh umpaŋ dam; barrage Javanese umpeŋ narrow water channel WMP Tagalog umpís deflated (said of balloons or air-filled sacs) Kayan upéh empty ears or husks of padi grain WMP Cebuano umpu-ʔ grandparent or a grandparent's sibling or cousin of the same generation; term of address for a relation of the grandparent's generation Moken opo the Lord Makassarese (Salayar) opu Sir, Madam; title of traditional community leader CMP Komodo umpu grandfather/grandchild (reciprocal); forefather Manggarai umpu grandmother Ngadha upu kin group, lineage Kambera umbu Sir, lord, title of address for a man of high origin; grandfather Rotinese upu grandchild Erai upu-n lord, master; spiritual chief and representative of a class of beings or things in Nature upun hahata grandmother upun mamane grandfather Fordata ubu grandparent/grandchild Kei ubu-n grandparent/grandchild Alune upu grandparent/grandchild Proto-Ambon *ubu ancestor Wakasihu upo grandchild Buruese upu grandparent/grandchild; ancestor, lord Soboyo uhu grandchild WMP Kadazan Dusun t-umpu wealthy man (any of the nobility) Malagasy tumpu master, owner; sir Balantak tumpu grandchild OC Lou t-upu ancestors Nali tubru grandparent/grandchild; ancestors Tolai t-ubu-na grandparent/grandchild; the relationship between them Kove tuvu grandparent Watut rumbu- grandparent/grandchild (recipr.) Motu t-ubu grandparent/grandchild; posterity; ancestors Nehan tubu- grandparent/grandchild (recip.); ancestor of Nggela t-umbu mother's brother/sister's child Mota t-upu-i grandparent/grandchild Niue t-upu-na ancestor tupuna tane grandfather tupuna fifine grandmother Tuvaluan t-upu-na grandparent Nukuoro d-ubu-na grandparent/ancestor Rennellese t-upu-na classificatory grandfather or grandmother; term of address used by classificatory grandchild Anuta t-upu-na grandparent/ancestor Rarotongan t-upu-na ancestor; grandparent Maori t-upu-na ancestor/grandparent Hawaiian k-upu-na grandparent, ancestor, relative of the grandparents' generation WMP Tagalog umpók small group of persons, usually engaged in conversation Kalamian Tagbanwa umpuk to pile up Malay umpuk heap, mound, pile Javanese umpuk (to heap) in a pile ŋ-umpuk to pile WMP Kapampangan umpúk-an a talking group Tagalog umpúk-an small group of persons, usually engaged in conversation Javanese umpuk-an (to heap) in a pile Formosan Seediq (Truku) umul suck and hold in the mouth CMP Sika umur have the mouth full Buruese umu-k stuff the mouth (as with food) WMP Ilokano y-únab to put yams in a running stream unab-an to shake after soaking (maguey fibers) Isneg max-unáb to wash rice thoroughly before putting it into the cooking jar Maranao onab to wash onab-aʔ washbowl, wash vessel WMP Ilokano oná first, foremost; sooner Isneg oná the first inagk-óna ancestors, elder brothers Bontok ʔuná go ahead of, be first Ifugaw uná be first, foremost; go ahead; do something first; accomplish something before anybody else Pangasinan oná first, do first Ayta Abellan ona to go first; to go ahead Kapampangan una first, go first, be first Tagalog úna first, prior; earliest Bikol úna first Hanunóo ʔúna first, i.e. before something or someone else Aklanon úna first; go first, go ahead, precede gin-unáh-an went ahead of Cebuano úna ahead, earlier; the one that is first in position Maranao ona ahead; lead; first Tausug una go ahead or before Narum unéah ancient times Kayan unaʔ go ahead, go first; start first; formerly, before ŋ-unaʔ forestall another, precede someone Mongondow una go before, go in front CMP Wetan ona tree-trunk (esp. the lower part); piece, lump in general; origin; chief, leader WMP Ilokano um-oná first, foremost; sooner Bontok ʔ<um>uná go ahead of, be first Kapampangan m-uná first, go first Mongondow um-una proceed, go forward; go first m-una first; ancient m-una mai earlier, formerly OC Tolai m-un first, firstly, formerly; go first, lead WMP Pangasinan oná-an first in order Hanunóo ʔún-ʔan first, i.e., before others Tausug unah-an front; forward WMP Kankanaey on-oná first; precede, go before Kapampangan m-una m-una first, go first Hanunóo ʔuna-ʔuná going on ahead Cebuano una-úna do something ahead of others when it is not proper or usual Maranao ona-ona go ahead; priority; first to come or go WMP Binukid undud to go, move backwards; to back something up; to move something back Malay undur retirement, retreat; falling back WMP Kadazan Dusun undul go backwards, retreat, retire, recoil, recede Malay undur retirement; retreat; falling back Simalungun Batak undur ebb, retreat Old Javanese undur retiring, retreating Javanese undur backward motion, withdrawal Balinese undur retreat, yield Makassarese unduruʔ slacken, decrease, as anger; not remaining by, given up WMP Ilokano ontáy hanging, suspended, dangling Malay untai hanging down loosely; dangling WMP Toba Batak unte citrus fruit: lemon, orange CMP Ngadha uté tree sp., kind of orange WMP Bikol untól bounce, rebound Cebuano untúl bounce, cause something to do so; rebound, fail to register or to take a firm hold on Toba Batak untul rebound, bounce back CMP Kambera ŋ-unuŋu to drink maŋ-unuŋu drenched, saturated W.Tarangan (Ngaibor) n-un to drink Paulohi unu to drink SHWNG Windesi unum to drink Pom unu to drink Ansus unu(ŋ) to drink Papuma unuŋ to drink Munggui unu(n) to drink Woi unuŋ to drink Serui-Laut unuŋ to drink OC Titan un to drink Lindrou un to drink Seimat un to drink Kove unu to drink Magori unu to drink Chuukese wunum-i drink; smoke (tobacco); take (medicine); eat (honey); ingest (something) without chewing Puluwat wúnúm- drink, beverage, smoke; possessive classifier for anything drunk, tobacco smoked, medicine taken; to drink, smoke, take medicine Woleaian iul to drink, smoke a cigarette iulium-i drink it, smoke it (a cigarette) Mota un to drink unu-v sink in, be absorbed, of a fluid Central Maewo unu to drink Fijian (dialectal) unu to drink Nukuoro unu drink unum-ia drink (trans.) Maori unu drink unum-ia drink (trans.) OC Seimat unu-un drinking Woleaian iul-iul be drinking (progressive) WMP Yami mi-onoŋ forever Itbayaten onoŋ notion of constancy, permanency of nature, size, thickness Casiguran Dumagat unóŋ to be a long time in doing something or at a place Ibaloy onoŋ to remain, stay in the same place or condition Cebuano únuŋ stick to someone loyally, through thick and thin Binukid unuŋ to stick with someone loyally; to take along, include a loved one in death WMP Maranao ondan in addition, furthermore Balinese unjan increase, add to; rise, as a price (Panitia 1978) WMP Tagalog undót act of falling back suddenly in surprise or fear Minangkabau unjat to start; to spring up with a start WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon) undur shove a stick of wood farther into the fire Malay unjur to thrust out, as one stretches out a leg Formosan Paiwan ulʸay something broken off inside something else (as thorn in flesh) WMP Cebuano unáy a deeply embedded sliver or foreign body Formosan Amis ʔuɬuq beads (Tsuchida 1976) WMP Tiruray ʔonoʔ necklace WMP Ilokano unnát stretch, strain, make tense, draw tight, extend, straighten out, lay out at full length; draw out, distend Bontok ʔúnat draw out, stretch, pull, as cotton from a reel or string from a ball Pangasinan onát to spread (e.g. spread out a mat), stretch Ayta Abellan onat to stretch, as a rubber band or elastic Kapampangan uñat stretch; yawn Tagalog únat straighten, smooth out, stretch out (something) Bikol unát stretch something; straighten something out Aklanon únat stretch, straighten out; unbend, unkink WMP Bontok ma-ʔúnat become tall and thin, of growing children Bikol ma-unát get stretched or straightened WMP Ilokano unnát-en stretched Bontok ʔunát-ən be drawn out, stretched out Tagalog unat-ín straightened, stretched out Bikol unat-ón stretched, straightened out WMP Banjarese uŋap open (of the mouth) Malay uŋap gasping for breath, as a dying fish Old Javanese uŋap with wide-open mouth CMP Manggarai uŋap yawn; to yawn WMP Bontok ʔuŋá child; baby ʔuŋ-ʔuŋá young one; a person who has not reached the age of puberty; child Ifugaw úŋa child; boy or girl Aklanon uŋáʔ child; son/daughter; give birth (humans) Dondo uŋa child Tialo uŋa child Lauje uŋa child Formosan Taokas yuŋay monkey Atayal yuŋay monkey; substitute for girl whose real name is tabooed; to become a monkey Puyuma uŋay the monkey-friend (the monkey killed at the annual festivalmaŋayaw is calleduŋay. Everyday term isɭuʈung); cf.Kaʈipul dialectuŋay ‘monkey’ Paiwan p-uŋay-an monkey’s lair WMP Ilokano uŋét angry, irate, incensed Kalinga (Guinaang) uŋót strong anger Kayan uŋet anger, wrath, bad temper WMP Ilokano uŋít avenge oneself on (an innocent person) Karo Batak uŋit-uŋit-en naughty, mischievous, fond of teasing, unable to keep one's hands off someone else (said of children) Simalungun Batak uŋit grumble, complain WMP Tagalog uŋkát act of recalling or bring up again Bikol uŋkát recall, bring up or bring to mind the subject of something bad (such as a shameful or terrifying experience); reopen an old topic better forgotten Cebuano uŋkát revive, bring back to one's consciousness something which has long been forgotten Iban uŋkat repetition uŋkat uŋkat repeatedly; reiterate be-uŋkat-uŋkat intermittently; do or carry little by little ng-uŋkat (of illness) recur or relapse Javanese uŋkat dwell on disagreeable past experiences WMP Maranao oŋkir disbelieve, disregard, oppose Javanese uŋkir deny, disavow; refuse to acknowledge something WMP Ilokano úŋor to moan with closed mouth (when hurt or dying); also: the sound of swollen streams, rought breakers, etc. Bontok ʔúŋul to moan, groan; the sound of distant motors as trucks or airplanes Tagalog úŋol grumble, growl WMP Tagalog uŋós upper lip; proboscis Bikol uŋós the snout or nose of animals Kayan usuŋ<M beak of a bird Kayan (Uma Juman) usuŋ<M upper lip; beak of a bird WMP Tagalog uŋót mumbling Banjarese uŋut meditate on uŋut-uŋut wrapped up in one's thoughts Toba Batak uŋut-uŋut grumbling, grouching WMP Ilokano úŋot scoop, made of a coconut shell sa-ŋa-úŋot one coconut scoopful Bontok ʔúŋut a coconut shell bowl; a piece of coconut shell; to place in such a container Casiguran Dumagat uŋót hollow coconut shell (with a small hole in the top); used for a drinking container Ibaloy oŋot bowl made from a half coconut shell (today theoŋot bowl is mainly used ceremonially in rituals) Sambal (Botolan) óŋot coconut Ayta Abellan oŋót the fruit of the coconut, the meat of the coconut, the juice of the coconut Kapampangan úŋut coconut uŋút-an coconut grove, coconut plantation Hanunóo ʔúŋut three-fourths of an empty coconut shell, used as a water dipper and drinking cup Agutaynen oŋot drinking cup or dipper made from a coconut shell WMP Atta (Pamplona) upaːʔ bark of tree Kallahan (Kayapa) upak bark of tree Ifugaw upák dry leaf of a betel nut tree; usually it hangs down along the stem of the tree Tagalog úpak husk, bark (of trees); sheathing (of banana plant) Bikol úpak the bark of a particular tree used to put the finishing touches on boats; also used as a container for baking bread and referring as well to the bread baked in this way mag-upak to remove such bark from the tree Aklanon úpak skin, peeling (of fruits, vegetables); rind; to peel, take off (the skin or peeling) Hiligaynon úpak peeling, skin of fruits Cebuano úpak bark of trees; peel off, get peeled off Ngaju Dayak upak bark, rind; bast (of trees) that is stripped off Lawangan upak skin Taboyan upak skin Malagasy ófaka scaling off, peeling off, as blistered skin; to scale, peel off Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong) upak an outer skin (as of human being, animal, plant, etc.); sheath; rind; bark Boano umpak skin (of a person) WMP Bikol upak applaud for, clap for; hit or strike someone Toba Batak u-l-pak beat, hit, chop WMP Ilokano úpa work by the day, for daily wages Itawis úpa rent, wage Casiguran Dumagat úpa pay, payment for work; wages, salary; to pay wages Kapampangan úpa fare, rent, compensation Kadazan Dusun upa to bribe Ngaju Dayak (h)upah wages, payment; rent Iban upah reward, prize, wage (esp. for piecework) Malay upah payment for services rendered; tip; wage; salary Simalur upa wages, payment Toba Batak upa wages, payment Rejang upeaʔ remuneration, wages, fee Old Javanese upah pay Balinese upah wages, pay, hire Sasak upaʔ salary, wages; to rent CMP Bimanese ufa loan, salary Ngadha upa wages, payment; reward WMP Itawis maŋ-úpa to rent Kadazan Dusun moŋ-upa to bribe [Malagasy man-òfa pay rent for, hire anything] Old Javanese aŋ-upah pay a wage, give a reward WMP Ilokano upá-an to rent, to hold under a lease; to hire Kadazan Dusun upaʔ-an be bribed by Old Javanese upah-an pay, reward Balinese upah-ang be paid for for someone upah-upah-an hireling, one who is paid WMP Iban upas poisonous latex of IPOH tree:Antiaria sp. Malay upas poison, esp. dart-poison or blood-poison Old Javanese upas (vegetable) poison; also figuratively of love, etc. Javanese upas poison, poisonous Madurese opas poison, venom of a snake Balinese upas poison (snake, etc.) Sasak opas poison, poisonous Sangir upaseʔ a sickness causing splitting headaches Mongondow opa-upat kind of snake Banggai bindana upas poisonous snake CMP Manggarai upas poisonous Kambera upahu poison, venom of a snake WMP Sambal (Botolan) ópah banana fiber used for walling, roofing, and window shutters (can also be used for a mat) Tagalog pag-úpas removing leaves of plants (esp. sugarcane) Bikol úpas abaca plant maŋ-úpas to collect abaca from such a plant Hanunóo ʔúpas sheathing of banana, plantain and/or similar plants Cebuano úpas banana leaf stalk Maranao opas stalk of banana Manobo (Western Bukidnon) upas the heart of a banana stalk, which is eaten as a vegetable Mongondow upat damp banana fiber WMP Tagalog úpaw baldness upáw bald Bikol upáw bald; shaved to baldness Aklanon úpaw to fall out (said of hair); to be flat broke Agutaynen opaw bald Maranao opaw shave hair; bald head Manobo (Western Bukidnon) upew bald; to be bald Mansaka opaw bald Tiruray ʔufaw bald head Tausug upaw bald on the crown of the head; bald pate SHWNG Buli uf the young tip of a plant shoot OC Gitua uve sprout for planting Motu uhe the end of the yam which is kept for planting; any seed for planting Bugotu ufe taro tops for planting WMP Bontok ʔupə́k rice bran, esp. of the bran which results from pounding roasted green rice in the preparation of thedoom confection Kankanaey opék husk (of corn) Ifugaw upók chaff of rice ears, husks of winnowed rice grain Toba Batak upok broken to pieces maŋ-upok-hon break something off upoh-upok splinter, fragment CMP Bimanese ufi to blow Buruese upi-h to blow SHWNG Buli uf to blow (person or wind) Irarutu uf to blow Numfor uf to blow OC Mono-Alu ihu<M to blow Nggela uvi-uvi blow with the breath, play pipes Kwaio ufi play panpipes Lau ufi blow with the mouth; blow a conch or panpipes Sa'a uhi blow with the mouth upon an object, breathe upon Arosi uhi to blow, breathe on (ʔau) uhi-uhi panpipes Mota uw to blow with the mouth, or of wind Marino uvi to blow Northeast Ambae ufi to blow Naman -up to blow Avava up (person) blow, blow on Axamb -uv to blow Tongan ifi<A blow with the mouth, blow into, blow up, inflate; to play a tune (on a bugle, etc.) OC Seimat uhi blow on the fire Marovo ivu-a<M to blow Kwaio ufi-a blow on (e.g. a flute); to sniff, of a dog 'Āre'āre ūhi-a blow, breathe from the mouth Fijian uvu-ca<A blow with the mouth WMP Toba Batak upik broken off Tontemboan upiʔ tear off, pull off (as fruit or branches from a tree, the meat of a chicken or pig from the body) WMP Ilongot (Kakiduge:n) upit bark of tree; skin; shell; outer surface of fruits, etc. Maranao opis bark, peeling, skin; fade, peel off Manobo (Ilianen) upis husk of rice Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong) upis the husk at the lower end of a palm branch WMP Ilokano ópit to compress, to compact, to consolidate, to harden, to press Kelabit upit tweezers Totoli upit carry under the arm Boano upit carry under the arm Uma upiʔ carry under the arm Bare'e upi press, clip, pinch, squeeze, carry under the arm SHWNG Numfor uf round, yellow germination in a coconut OC Seimat up coconut Wuvulu upu mature coconut with meat Aua upu young coconut Kosraean uf young coconut Pohnpeian uhpw drinking coconut Mokilese upw unripe coconut, younger thanpen (drinking coconut) WMP Tboli ufuk to flap (as wings), clap Melanau (Mukah) upuk to wash clothes (by pounding) WMP Bontok ʔúpun place in one pile; gather in one place; form a group Kankanaey úpon together Sasak umpun smoke ŋ-umpun form masses (as clouds of smoke, ants) CMP Yamdena upun hang in the air, of smoke in an enclosed area Formosan Thao upup large edible bullfrog with smooth green skin Puyuma (Tamalakaw) upʔup bullfrog (which cries [ɁupɁup] WMP Kankanaey upús up; spent; consumed; empty; finished Ifugaw upú(h) empty; consume all the things that are available, or have been gathered Tagalog upós consumed down to the butt (as candles, cigarettes, cigars, or the like); down to the bottom; butt or stub (of candle, cigar, cigarette or the like) Aklanon upós consumed, used up; cigarette butt Cebuano upús something long used up until only a stub is left; wear something down Punan Tuvu' upuh youngest (last) child; finally, at last Mongondow uput end, termination, conclusion; to complete Tae' upuʔ at an end, used up, finished CMP Ngadha opo end, finish, conclusion; out of, used up, come to an end; kill, last, later WMP Bikol ma-úrag virile urág-on lascivious, licentious; hot (sexually) Hanunóo pa-ʔúrag adultery ʔurág-in whore, prostitute Masbatenyo úrag lascivious, lewd, obscene, licentious, erotic urág-on flirt Palawan Batak ʔúrag semen Palawano urag lewd demeanor, playing at making love, acting sensuously, flirting Cebuano (dialectal) úlag for animals to copulate; be in heat, crave intercourse Central Tagbanwa urag honeymoon WMP Itbayaten orit stripe, streak, line (vertical) Ilokano urít line, stripe, streak y-urít to underline; write; mark urit-án striped, marked, streaked WMP Tagalog úlob flame that reaches up high Old Javanese urub to burn; flare, flame, blaze, glow Javanese urub flash, flare, flame WMP Bikol ugóm suck on something (as a lollipop); carry something in the mouth Cebuano úgum hold or keep something inside the mouth Kayan uhem to suck in the mouth (as candy) Formosan Seediq uruŋ horn (Ferrell 1969:136) Pazeh uxuŋ horn of deer, cow or goat WMP Yami (Imorod) ozoŋ horn (as of a goat) mi-ozoŋ to have horns Itbayaten oroŋ horn Ibatan oloŋ the horns of an animal Berawan (Long Terawan) uguŋ horn of an animal Kenyah (Long Anap) uəŋ horn of an animal WMP Bikol ugís albino ugis-ón to be totally white Cebuano (dialectal) ugís having completely white feathers; fair of complexion Maranao ogis albino Sangir uhisəʔ white WMP Ilokano ugsá deer; venison Isneg ugtá the deer Itawis útta deer maŋ-útta to hunt deer Bontok ʔugsá deer Kankanaey ugsá deer Ifugaw ulhá deer, stag Gaddang utta doe, female deer Casiguran Dumagat ógsa deer Sambal (Botolan) oyha deer Kapampangan usá deer Tagalog usá deer, stag Bikol usá deer Aklanon usá(h) deer Cebuano usá doe Subanun (Sindangan) gusa<M deer Iban rusaʔ<M Sambhur:Cervus unicolor Kerr. Malay rusa<M deer, specifically the sambhur,Cervus equinus Toba Batak ursa deer WMP Pangasinan olóp accompany, go together Maranao ogop help, serve Manobo (Western Bukidnon) uɣup to help; aid in physical labor Dairi-Pakpak Batak urup to help, support Toba Batak urup to help; help or assistance Balinese ohop help, stand by, support WMP Ilokano um-usáor to sail upstream; to ascend a hill along the riverbank Ifugaw uhául downstream; to move or walk in the direction of the flow of a stream Binukid usaug to go downriver,downstream; to go with the current (in a body of water) Mansaka osaog to go with the current; to go downstream Lolak munsog seaward, downstream Mongondow untag Go downstream! m-untag downstream, westward Ponosakan musah seaward, downstream WMP Ilokano usay-en to settle differences by talking y-usay-usay to explain in detail Maranao osay to explain, elucidate; preface Mansaka osay to investigate; to unravel; to settle (as a controversy) WMP Aklanon usók pole (of a fence) Cebuano úsuk drive stakes into the ground Banggai usok enter, go in Uma uncoʔ insert, put on clothes CMP Manggarai ucek push through a crowd OC Fijian uso thrust a stick into, pierce CMP Komodo usi great grandchild (CCC) Buruese osi great grandfather (FFF) Soboyo use great grandfather (FFF) WMP Malay usik disturbance meŋ-usik to disturb Balinese usik annoy, vex OC Arosi udi annoy, disturb usi to worry, annoy WMP Kalinga (Guinaang) usiŋ charcoal Itneg (Binongan) osiŋ charcoal Tboli usiŋ dirt, charcoal OC Kwaio uto-na center of breadfruit Lau uto core of fruit Sa'a uto pith Arosi uto pithy core of breadfruit Tongan uho pith (lit. or fig.); central thick root of kava plant; core or core-like center (of plantain, pineapple, apple, etc., but not of breadfruit) Niue uho core, center Samoan uso pith Tuvaluan uho pith of tree Rennellese uso heart, seat of affections, soul; inside, center, middle, interior Maori uho heart of a tree, pith OC Sa'a usu push, shove; launch a boat Tuvaluan uhu push Rennellese usu to push, as a canoe into water WMP Ilokano y-ósok insert, etc. from below um-ósok pass under something stooping or crouching; insert, etc. from below Aklanon usok pole (of a fence), fencepole Cebuano úsuk drive stakes into the ground; put stakes around Maranao osok stick with a sharp point Tiruray ʔohok to plant in general, specifically to dibble Tae' osok implant, drive in, as a grave post into the ground; also: erect a hut or house (that is not on houseposts) CMP Manggarai ucuk hide, enter crouching Proto-Ambon *usu enter Buruese oso-k enter; put into OC Fijian usu thread through, as a rope through a hole Samoan usu-i (of spear, etc.) stick, thrust WMP Cebuano usúk-an put (drive) stakes around something Tae' osok-an baruŋ-baruŋ the erection of a hut or house (that is not on houseposts) WMP Kenyah (Long Wat) m-usuʔ rub Penan (Long Labid) m-oso rub, wipe Kayan (Long Atip) m-usu rub Siang ŋ-usu rub, wipe OC Motu udu rub a stick to make fire Lau usu rub, wipe, rub off 'Āre'āre usu rub, grate, wipe Sa'a usu rub, daub, wipe, grate OC Motu udu-a rub a stick to make fire Lau usu-a rub, wipe, rub off OC Longgu gere-usuli copy writing Lau usuli to follow along, beside usuli-a to copy; to take after, resemble 'Āre'āre usuri-a to follow, copy, imitate Arosi usuri hand on a tale; transplant; to copy Bauro usur-ia handed on, passed on (as a tale) Mota usur to pass on, relate OC Patpatar ha-usur to teach 'Āre'āre haʔa-usuri-a to teach, instruct Arosi haʔa-usuri to teach, cause to copy; a teacher; a model, copy, pattern Formosan Atayal usa go Seediq usa go Pazeh usa go! ma-usa-y to go, to leave muk-usa to leave Amis osa approach mi-osa to approach a person Favorlang/Babuza usa go, leave Thao usha go mapa-usha leave, go (of many at once) Hoanya usa go, leave Puyuma ua go Formosan Seediq p-usa to send, dispatch; dismiss Amis pa-osa take food to someone, as to workers in a field Thao p-usha to let go; send away Formosan Taokas m-uha to go, leave Atayal m-usa to go Seediq m-usa to go Favorlang/Babuza mosa<M to walk m-usa to go, leave Thao m-usha to go, walk away CMP Kambera uta chaff Selaru ut chaff Formosan Bunun utan taro WMP Tausug utan taro when the leaves are not yet open (eaten as a vegetable) WMP Malagasy ontany enquiry, question, interrogation, examination Malay taña interrogation ber-taña-kan to enquire about Tialo utaña to ask Lauje utaña to ask Dampelas taña to ask CMP Rembong tana ask, inquire; request Palu'e tana ask Li'o ale tana ask Kambera ka-tana ask about, inquire SHWNG Buli utan to ask Formosan Seediq utaq vomit Amis otaʔ vomit Tsou tra-vto vomit Saaroa taar-uta vomit Puyuma (Tamalakaw) -utaH vomit (from the stomach) Paiwan utjaq vomit WMP Itbayaten ota vomitus, what an adult vomits, matter that is vomited Ilokano úta vomit; spew violently Isneg óta vomit, spew Itawis utá vomit Bontok ʔúta vomit Kankanaey úta vomit, throw up Ifugaw úta what is vomited; act of vomiting Casiguran Dumagat óta vomit; to vomit Pangasinan otá vomit Maranao otaʔ regurgitate, spit, disgorge Manobo (Western Bukidnon) utaʔ vomit; to vomit Kelabit utaʔ vomit Sa'ban toəʔ vomit Kayan uta vomit Wahau n-tuə̯ʔ to vomit Gaai tuʔ vomit, vomitus Kelai tuʔ vomit, vomitus Mei Lan Modang əntuə̯ʔ to vomit Woq Helaq Modang tuə̯ʔ vomit, vomitus Long Gelat Modang əntuʔ to vomit Bintulu utaʔ vomit Melanau (Mukah) utaʔ vomit Bukat n-utaʔ to vomit Lahanan n-utaʔ to vomit Ngaju Dayak uta what is vomited up: vomitus Alas utah vomit Simalur uta vomit Toba Batak uta-uta what is thrown up, what is vomited Simalungun Batak utah vomit Nias uta-ʔuta what is vomited Sundanese utah vomit; to vomit Old Javanese utah spit out, vomit up Javanese utah spill out Madurese ota vomit Balinese utah vomit Sasak utaʔ vomit WMP Itbayaten ka-wta act of vomiting; state/condition of vomiting Isneg ka-k-ota vomiting [Old Javanese ka-wutah throw up, vomit out] WMP Kelabit ŋ-utaʔ to vomit Lawangan ŋ-uta to vomit Simalur maŋ-uta-n vomit something up Toba Batak maŋ-uta-hon vomit something out Nias maŋ-uta to spew out, to vomit Sundanese ŋ-utah-kɨn to vomit, throw up Madurese ŋ-otaʔ to vomit Balinese ŋ-utah to vomit Sasak ŋ-utaʔ to vomit OC Lou mu-mut to vomit Wuvulu mu-muʔa to vomit Aua mu-muʔa to vomit Motu mu-muta vomit; to vomit Nggela mu-muta to vomit Gilbertese mu-muta regurgitation; to vomit, to regurgitate Marshallese ṃṃōj vomit; spit; saliva Pohnpeian mmwus vomit; to vomit Chuukese mwmwus to vomit, to throw up Puluwat mmwuh to vomit Formosan Atayal p-utaq to vomit; to emit semen; semen Paiwan pa-utjaq cause vomiting WMP Itbayaten pa-wta-en cause to vomit Bintulu p-utaʔ to vomit Melanau (Mukah) p-utaʔ to vomit (involuntarily) Formosan Kavalan m-uti to vomit Saisiyat m-om-otæ to vomit Seediq (Truku) m-utaq to vomit Pazeh m-utaʔ to vomit Sakizaya mutaʔ to vomit Paiwan m-utjaq to vomit WMP Itbayaten om-ota to vomit Bontok ʔ<um>úta to vomit Ifugaw um-úta he/she will vomit Ngaju Dayak m-uta to vomit Moken m-otak to vomit Malay m-untah to vomit Simalur um-uta to vomit Toba Batak m-uta-uta to vomit Minangkabau m-utah to vomit Old Javanese m-utah to vomit CMP Adonara m-uta to vomit Tugun muta to vomit Luang na-motə to vomit W.Tarangan (Ngaibor) mota to vomit CMP Komodo muta to vomit Manggarai munta to vomit Rembong mutaʔ to vomit Ngadha muta to vomit Sika muta to vomit Anakalangu muta vomit Kambera muta to vomit Hawu madu<M to vomit Rotinese muta to vomit muta-s vomitus Tetun muta to vomit Roma na-muta to vomit Leti muta to vomit Wetan mota to vomit Selaru mut to vomit Yamdena mute to vomit; semen Fordata muta to vomit Ujir a-ma-muta to vomit Hitu ma-muta to vomit Buruese muta regurgitate, vomit OC Loniu a-mut to vomit Nali ulo-mut to vomit ulo-mura-y vomitus Andra ro-mut vomit Bipi xa-muta-y vomitus Seimat mut vomitus mutu-mut to vomit Mendak mura to vomit Piva vi-muta to vomit Marovo muta to vomit Proto-Micronesian *mʷumʷuta to vomit Pohnpeian mmʷus to vomit; vomitus Mokilese umʷwuj to vomit Chuukese mʷmʷus(a) to vomit, throw up Woleaian mmʷut(a) to vomit, throw up, disgorge contents of the stomach Iaai hmita to vomit Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) utaH-an vomit (imperative) WMP Itbayaten otaʔ-an independent imperative form: vomit (it) out Bontok ʔuta-ʔán to vomit (object form) Sundanese utah-utah-an vomit continuously Javanese utah-an vomitus Formosan Amis otaʔ-en vomit (a command) WMP Ifugaw utá-on be vomited up Nias utaʔ-õ vomit up WMP Agta (Eastern) útas to continue Cebuano útas to do something always or constantly; keep doing s.t. WMP Cebuano útŋaʔ come off, let go of something firmly attached to something else (as a leech letting go) Malay uŋah to be shaking loose (as a tooth, or insecure stake) WMP Cebuano utík porcupine fish:Diodon spp. Malay ikan oték a catfish:Arius utik Sundanese utik kind of marine fish SHWNG Numfor us pufferfish (both spiny and spineless types) WMP Tontemboan utiŋ tang of a knife Tae' otiŋ pointed extremity at the base of a knife or machete which is stuck into the hilt Makassarese otiŋ iron pin at the base of the blade of akris used to bind blade and hilt together CMP Manggarai utiŋ handle or hilt of a knife, etc. Rembong utiŋ hilt, as of a sword Hawu udi that part of a knife blade which is in the haft; the binding of haft and blade OC Wuvulu uʔo tree, the wood of which is used to make fishnet floats and headrests Gitua uton fish net float Motu uto float of a fishing-net Lau uo the float for a net 'Āre'āre uwo a piece of skinned soft wood used as a float for fishing nets Sa'a uwo flying-fish float Arosi uwo a float Gilbertese ito very light wood found on beaches and used as cork Marshallese wūj cork; balsa driftwood Pohnpeian uhs float, as for a fishing net Mokilese uj-pei float for a net Mota uto to come above the surface in water Tongan uto floaters of fish-net uton-i provide a net with floaters Samoan uto float (in a fish-net); bait (tied to a float, esp. in shark-hunting) WMP Itbayaten otoŋ nipple, tip of teat, protuberance of breast Tagalog utóŋ teat (of breast); nipple (of milk bottle) Bikol utóŋ nipple Hanunóo ʔútuŋ protuberance, nipple Melanau (Mukah) utuŋ end, tip Bare'e untu the highest point or extremity of something; the beginning of a river WMP Bikol utóʔ term used when calling small children mag-utóʔ to call small children using such a term Maranao otoʔ boy Tontemboan utuʔ name for boys Uma utoʔ boy! (used in calling) CMP Kambera utu row, string; to string beads Selaru utur row, string of something; to string WMP Kayan utuh a billet of wood cut from a log Chamorro gutos break off (rubber band, string, etc.), snap off (neck of chicken, root) OC Lakalai utu to cut, as with a knife, cut off Mbula -ut cut with an axe Motu utu-a cut off, sever Kilivila -utu- to cut (sticks) Bugotu utu-utu clip, crop, cut short utuh-i sever, cut off, cut in two, finish building a house Nggela utu-utu break, be severed, of a rope; pull and break, as a string utuh-i break, be severed, of a rope Mota ut to cut or break across Rotuman ufu pull apart, pull in two, sever (lit. and fig.), esp to break (string, rope, net, etc.) or to divorce WMP Casiguran Dumagat utús order, command; command someone to do some menial task Tagalog útos command; order; mandate; edict; ordinance; law Maranao otos cajole Malay utus sending on a mission or embassy meŋ-utus to send on a mission utus-an representative Toba Batak utus-an representative Sundanese utus send someone Old Javanese utus order, command Balinese utus send (a person) WMP Bare'e uu sound of the wood-pigeon CMP Ngadha uu sob, sigh, moan Rotinese uu sound of a pig while rooting for food Fordata uu howling of dogs OC Tolai uu moaning sound of the wind or surf Mono-Alu uu noise or cry by a creature Samoan ū make a hollow sound, such as is made by waves, hornets, pigeons, engines, etc. Rarotongan ū noisy expulsion of wind, fart Maori ū an inarticulate sound WMP Tagalog uy say! (an expression of admiration) Bikol uy an expression of surprise or admiration; also used in calling people who are nearby Cebuano uy an impolite way of attracting attention; exclamation of surprise upon noticing something Ngaju Dayak oi yo! (answer when one is called) CMP Tetun oi hoy! (an exclamation to attract attention) WMP Ilokano úyaŋ a polite term of address given to a woman by an older woman WMP Cebuano úyaŋ title for one’s grandmother or a grandparent’s sister, or a female cousin of the grandparent’s generation WMP Ilokano uyáw to criticize; jeer; ridicule; mock; scorn na-uyáw despising, critical Bontok ʔuyáw to criticize; to laugh at another person’s misfortune or physical disability Agutaynen oyaw to laugh at something concerning an animal, and then be struck by lightning, as if it is revenge by the animal WMP Ilokano uyaw-en to criticize; jeer; ridicule; mock; scorn Ibaloy oyaw-en to dislike something a lot, detest something Agutaynen oyaw-en to laugh at something concerning an animal, and then be struck by lightning WMP Cebuano úyug shake back and forth in any direction with quick motions; cause something to do so (as a house in an earthquake, a person to wake him up, etc.) Kadazan Dusun uzog to shake WMP Cebuano úyug shake back and forth in any direction with quick motions; cause something to do so (as a house in an earthquake, a person to wake him up, etc.) Javanese uyug unsteady (as someone who staggers along) WMP Ilokano úyon tenbaár ofpalay (rice). This measurement differs from district to district: it may mean twenty, one hundred, two hundred, etc. up to six hundred bundles Isneg úyon one hundred bundles of rice uyón-an tie into bundles Bontok ʔúyun a bundle of tobacco containing about twentymános (onemános = one to five sticks) Kankanaey úyon band, anything used to bind a load of wood Ifugaw úyun bundle of firewood, grass, etc., but not of rice, since a bundle of rice is calledbotok Casiguran Dumagat uyón to bundle, tie in a bundle; a bundle Bare'e uju bunch, bundle Tae' uyun gather long objects into a bundle Buginese ujuŋ bundle, as of firewood Makassarese uyuŋ bundle of long objects, as sugarcane stalks WMP Agutaynen ma-oyon to like the taste of something; to like, to find something agreeable mag-oyon-an to agree together about something; for a group of people to be agreed, united, unified in a decision pa-oyon to agree to something; to consent Binukid uyun to agree, go along with (a decision, etc.) Tausug mag-uyun to agree with (another’s opinion); for two or more opinions to agree WMP Cebuano úyug shake back and forth in any direction with quick motions; cause something to do so (as a house in an earthquake, a person to wake him up, etc.) CMP Sika ojor move to and fro WMP Maranao oiot pouch, pocket Kelabit uyut small carrying basket worn on the back Kayan uyut the gourd receptacle, or bamboo container which is carried at the side of one's head when fishing with alawaʔ net Bintulu uzut small carrying container used mostly by women to hold fish or small prawns while fishing in the river Iban uyut deep, narrow rattan basket carried slung on shoulder or back WMP Tagalog uyót disequilibrium Iban uyut swing or hammock Sasak oyot dilapidated, rickety WMP Iban ujak drive in, plant, stick upright CMP Manggarai udek drive in, as a piling or stake WMP Iban uji test, try, attempt Malay uji testing; trying with a touchstone Simalur uji test, try Karo Batak uji test, try Toba Batak uji test, try, attempt; test oneself in combat, endure an ordeal Sundanese uji testing of metals Javanese uji test, examination Balinese uji test, inspect, examine Tae' udi test, examine Mandar uji test, try Makassarese uji test, examine
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email:Blust (content) –Trussel (production)
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