Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets pa 30948 *pa₁still,yet,tilnow,first(beforedoingsomethingelse) 8812 PAN *pa₁still,yet,tilnow,first(beforedoingsomethingelse) Note: ThePAn status of this reconstruction was first established byWolff (2010, 2:919). I am indebted to Daniel Kaufman for drawing my attention to this fact. 27358 *pa-₁numeralprefix,divideintox(x =numeral) 3888 PMP *pa-₁numeralprefix,divideintox(x =numeral) 31374 9461 9462 PWMP *p<in>a-caused(somethingtohappen) 9463 PAN *pa-ka-causative ofstativeverbs 9464 Note: AlsoYakanpeke-,peki- ‘causative affix in transitive or antipassive clauses’. 32874 11332 11333 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed byRoss (2016:427), who reconstructed *pa, *pa-i ‘get, take, bring’ with no indication of the function of *-i. 27232 *pacekwoodennail,dowel;drivein, as awoodennailordowel 3733 PAN *pacekwoodennail,dowel;drivein, as awoodennailordowel [doublet:*pasek] Note: With root *-cek ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’. [cf root *-sek₂ insert, stick into a soft surface]Blust (1970:134) reconstructs *pacek ‘place upright in the earth’, but cites onlyWMP cognates.Makassaresepasoʔ ‘nail, pin, peg’ is assumed to reflect *pasuk. 27231 *paCakspotted,speckled, as theskin of ananimal 3732 PAN *paCakspotted,speckled, as theskin of ananimal 32515 10855 10856 10857 PWMP *pada padaequally,withoutdistinction 32516 *padaŋuncultivatedfield,opengrassland;fieldcoveredwithswordgrass(Imperatacylindrica) 10858 PWMP *padaŋuncultivatedfield,opengrassland;fieldcoveredwithswordgrass(Imperatacylindrica) Note: Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *pa(n)daŋ ‘Grasfläche, Steppe, Ebene’ (grassy plain, steppe, level ground’. However this characterization misrepresents the nature of tropical grasslands, which in most cases are secondary products of human deforestation for swidden agriculture.PWMP *padaŋ appears to contrast withPAn *CaluN ‘fallow land, secondary forest’. While *CaluN referred to land that has been cultivated and is being held for further use, *padaŋ evidently referred to open areas of deforested land that had lost its value for cultivation as a result of the irreversible incursion ofImperata cylindrica. In a number of languages the name for a previously cultivated area that had gone over to sword grass was transferred to the invasive grass itself (cp.PAn *eRiq, *Riaq, *Remeja, all of which mean ‘sword grass:Imperata cylindrica’, and never refer to fields or represent any other meaning. 27233 3734 PWMP *padawkind ofsailboat [doublet: *parahu] Note: Bintulua before an implosive stop indicates a loanword.Wilkinson (1959) subperahu ‘undecked native ship’ adds "Etym. thepadao orparao of the Malabar coast, in contr. to the deckedkapal." I have been unable to determine a 27234 3735 Note: AlsoKadazan Dusunpaok ‘chaff, husks’. 27372 3905 32517 *pademtoextinguish,douse afire 10859 PWMP *pademtoextinguish,douse afire [doublet:*padeŋ,*pideŋ] Note: Based onTagalogpáram ‘to disappear, vanish’,Toba Batakpidom ‘destroyed’,Javaneseparem ‘a mixture of dried ground herbs and water, used as a liniment’ (pain destroyer), andMalaypadam,Dempwolff (1938) posited *padem ‘to extinguish’, a form which is far better supported by the data given here . 32518 *padeŋtoextinguish,douse afire 10860 PAN *padeŋtoextinguish,douse afire [doublet:*padem,*pideŋ] Note: AlsoBinukidpedeŋ ‘to extinguish, put out (a fire); to turn off (a light),Tausugpūŋ ‘put off, extinguished, shut off (as fire, radio, flow of electricity, a water tap, an engine)’,mag-pūŋ ‘to put off, shut off, extinguish (something)’,Melanau (Mukah)pajəm ‘closed, of the eyes; extinguished, of a fire’,Manggarai (Tjibal)pegem ‘to extinguish, as a fire’. 32800 *pa(n)detcompact,compressed,packedintightly 11243 PWMP *pa(n)detcompact,compressed,packedintightly Note: Tagalogpandát is assumed to show assimilation of the last-syllable vowel to the vowel of the penult. Although theKayan form is almost certainly native, the extension of this comparsion behind western Indoneisa may be due to borrowing fromMalay. 32522 *padpádbecastadrift,castashoreaftergoingadrift 10868 PPh *padpádbecastadrift,castashoreaftergoingadrift 27373 3906 30815 *paenbait 8565 PAN *paenbait 8566 8567 PPh *paen-antobait atrap,set thebait for Note: It is very likely that this form is related to *kaen ‘eat’, but no clear morphological relationship can be established 27235 *pagalneckshackletoprevent ananimal frompassingthroughfences 3736 PMP *pagalneckshackletoprevent ananimal frompassingthroughfences Note: Possibly a chance resemblance (since it is so weakly attested). The perfect phonological correspondences and highly distinctive semantics, however, suggest a historical connection. 32774 *pagashoarse,husky (of thevoice) 11215 PPh *pagashoarse,husky (of thevoice) 27236 3737 Note: AlsoCasiguran Dumagatpagél ‘tired, exhausted’,Makassaresepaʔgalaʔ ‘slow, languid; stiff from exhaustion’. 27237 3738 Note: Karo Batakpaguh showsu for expectede. I assume that it has been reshaped under the influence of the semantically similarteguh ‘firm, strong; tough, of someone's constitution’. 27240 3741 27238 *pagerenclosure;palisadearound avillage;fencearound aplantedtreeorcultivatedfield 3739 PMP *pagerenclosure;palisadearound avillage;fencearound aplantedtreeorcultivatedfield Note: AlsoMalohpakar ‘fence’,Dairi-Pakpak Batakpagar ‘village stockade; fence of wood or bamboo’,Eraipapa ‘enclosure’,Buruesepagar ‘fence’. Reflexes of *pager in Sarawak generally appear to be borrowed fromMalay.This word evidently referred to a constructed enclosure that was intended to keep somethingout as opposed to one that was intended to keep somethingin (cp. *bala₂, *bara, or *baRa ‘pen, enclosure for domesticated animals’). The recurrent references to palisades suggests thatPMP villages were stockaded. 27239 *pagilater,tomorrow,in thefuture 3740 PWMP *pagilater,tomorrow,in thefuture Note: This item is not simply a widely distributedMalay loan, since theChamic languages and theBatak languages agree in indicating an original meaning that is not attested in theMalay reflex. Its antiquity depends crucially on the subgrouping relationship of theBatak languages to theMalayo-Chamic languages, a subject that required further investigation. 32529 *pagpágbrushorshakeoffdustordirt 10879 PPh *pagpágbrushorshakeoffdustordirt 10880 PPh *i-pagpágtobrushorshakeoffdustordirt Note: AlsoPangasinani-wagwág ‘shake out a sack, empty a container’. Possibly aBikol loanword inCasiguran Dumagat. 32530 10881 PWMP *pagpagtoslapsomethinghard Note: Possibly identical with *pagpág 27242 3743 Note: It is unclear precisely howPWMP *pagu and *paRa ‘storage shelf; attic (?)’ differed in meaning. The former may have referred to a loft or attic near the roof and the latter exclusively to a shelf or system of shelves over the hearth, but reflexes of *paRa so often include the meaning ‘loft, attic, ceiling’ that the semantic distinction between the two has been considerably blurred. 27241 3742 PWMP *pagutsnapatwith themouth Note: Sundanesepagut ‘knock against’,Javanesepagut ‘strike together’ may also be connected. The semantics of this comparison leave something to be desired. NonethelessHiligaynonpágut,Aklanonpágot appear to contain a reflex of the root *-gut ‘gnaw’ (q.v.), and the range of meanings found in other reflexes of this root includes biting, snapping, and nibbling at. Alternatively, *pagut may contain the root *-gut₂ ‘pull with a jerk’. 30012 *pahekubracken,ediblefernthat grows byrivers:Athyriumesculentum 6706 PAN *pahekubracken,ediblefernthat grows byrivers:Athyriumesculentum 7163 PWMP *pakufern Note: AlsoTagalogpakóʔ ‘fern; river fern’,Bikolpakóʔ,Manobo (Western Bukidnon)pakuʔ,Tbolihokuʔ ‘edible fern found growing along streams:Athyrium esculentum’,Ibanpakuʔ ‘fern’,daun pakuʔ ‘fern frond, edible fern tips’. 32782 11223 PWMP *pahidwipeoff [doublet: *paRhid] 33962 *pahpahflower (?) 12802 PAN *pahpahflower (?) Note: This comparison was first proposed byLi (1994:252) 29918 *pahuq₁mangotreeand itsfruit,probablyMangiferaaltissima 11007 PMP *pahuq₁mangotreeand itsfruit,probablyMangiferaaltissima Note: AlsoMaranaopahoɁ ‘mango --- giant’. Most forms in Sulawesi appear to beMalay loans, but this cannot easily be argued for reflexes in Philippine languages. 32617 11008 27243 *pai₁where? 3744 PMP *pai₁where? Note: Pawley (1972) reconstructsPEOc *pai ‘where?, locative interrogative’. This item probably was preceded by a generic marker of location *i. 32841 *pai₂toweave,plait (as abasket,door,fence) 11296 POC *pai₂toweave,plait (as abasket,door,fence) Note: A slightly longer version of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond and Ross (1998:82). 30258 *paidfan 7140 PAN *paidfan 32875 11334 POC *pajalewalkabout,take awalk Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed byRoss (2016a:395). 30474 *pajayricein thefield;riceplant 7675 PAN *pajayricein thefield;riceplant 7676 PAN *ka-pajay-an(glossuncertain) Note: AlsoIfugaw (Batad)pāguy ‘rice plant,Oryza sativa before or after harvesting, i.e. a rice panicle and stalk’,Bikolpároy ‘rice still growing in the fields; rice before milling’,pag-paroy-an ‘to pay a portion of one’s debts with rice’,Toba Batakpalge ‘large, select rice grains’,Buginesease (expected **pase) ‘rice in the field’. 29945 *pajiSenemy 6625 PAN *pajiSenemy Note: AlsoFavorlang/Babuzaazjies ‘enemy.’ 30073 *pajueyebrow 6779 POC *pajueyebrow Note: Possibly connected withPAn *pasu ‘cheekbone’, although this seems semantically strained. 32523 10869 Note: A free-standing instance of the monosyllabic root*-pak₁ 'slap, clap'. 32604 10992 32655 11055 PMP *pakantheweftthreadinweaving Note: PWMP *pakan clearly referred to the cross threads at right angles to the sitting weaver’s body that are woven into the already established warp threads on a loom. Since this can be seen metaphorically as ‘feeding’ the warp, it is possible that this word reflects *pa-kaen ‘to feed’ in a specialized sense that ultimately acquired a lexical existence independent of that from which it sprang. 32640 11038 PWMP *pakawhandle of animplement 32641 *pakáwbow-legged 11039 PPh *pakáwbow-legged 30396 *pakpak₁toclap,flap thewings;sound ofclappingorflapping 7507 PAN *pakpak₁toclap,flap thewings;sound ofclappingorflapping 12637 7508 PWMP *ma-makpaktoslap,flap thewings 7527 PPh *p<al>akpakclap Note: AlsoMaranaoparapak ‘flap wings’. With root *-pak₁ ‘slap, clap’. 32539 *pakpak₂bark of atree;peeloffbark 10898 PWMP *pakpak₂bark of atree;peeloffbark [doublet:*bakbak₁] 33815 *pakulafish:triggerfish sp.(?) 12608 PMP *pakulafish:triggerfish sp.(?) 12609 POC *bakul₂afish:triggerfish sp.(?) Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. 32816 11268 Note: This comparison was first identified byPeekel (1984), and considerably expanded byRoss (2008:331). TheLou form is cited from my own fieldnotes (Ross haspɔk ‘pandanus’, but this does not correspond to any of the pandanus terms I collected). 33759 12521 Note: Possibly a product of chance. 27261 *palaplatform 3764 POC *pala₁platform [disjunct: *paRa 'firewood shelf above the hearth'] 27247 *pala pala₁scaffolding,support 3749 PWMP *pala pala₁scaffolding,support [doublet:*paraq paraq] Note: AlsoBontokbala-bála ‘arch’.Dempwolff (1934-38) conflated several distinct cognate sets under an apparently nonexistent form *para ‘rack, stand, frame’.Tagalogpala-pala was compared (1) withToba Batak,Malaypara-para,Ngaju Dayakpahe, andMalagasyfara-fara, all of which evidently reflectPMP *paRa ‘storage shelf’; (2) withSa'apara, which reflectsPMP *bara ‘pen, enclosure for domesticated animals’; and (3) withFijianvara ‘scaffolding, platform, stage’, which does not appear to be related to either of the foregoing.Rotumanhara ‘frame, framework, stand’ may be cognate with theWMP forms cited here, but if so has lost its original reduplicative character. 27248 3750 Note: AlsoCebuanopalaʔ-palaʔ ‘temporary shed without walls, with a flat roof’. 27249 *palaj₁palm ofhand,sole offoot 3751 PMP *palaj₁palm ofhand,sole offoot Note: AlsoBikolpárad ‘palm of the hand, sole of the foot’,Sangirpalédeʔ ‘palm of hand, sole of foot’. InPPh, *palaj evidently referred not only to the palm of the hand and sole of the foot, but also to one's fate or destiny as inferred from the reading of the lines in one's palm. 27250 3752 Note: Probably identical to *palaj ‘palm of the hand, lines in the palm’.Malaypalar ‘counting on, expecting’ is assumed to be a loan from Javanese. 32842 *palajarabbitfish:Siganus sp. 11297 POC *palajarabbitfish:Siganus sp. Note: AlsoWayanvolaca ‘spinefoot:Siganus vermiculatus lineatus. A longer version of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond (2011:109-110). 27252 3754 27253 3755 Note: Puluwatpal is assumed to show syllable reduction by haplology. A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond and Ross (2016a:95), who proposedPOc *pwalala ‘bald’, with the initial labiovelar presumably based onMussauvāla ‘bald’. However, the latter form contains several problems, and is perhaps best treated with caution. 27254 *palantikcurved 3756 PWMP *palantikcurved Note: With root *-tik ‘curved’. 27262 *palaŋ₁thwart,crosspiece 3765 PMP *palaŋ₁thwart,crosspiece Note: AlsoRembongpaleŋ ‘lie athwart’,Ngadhapale ‘crossbeam, crossbar, girder’,Molimabala-bala ‘put crosswise’ (see *bara₂),Eddystone/Mandegusupala-pala ‘horizontal supports of a roof’. 27263 *palaŋ₂spotted 3766 PWMP *palaŋ₂spotted Note: With root *laŋ₂ ‘striped’. 27255 *palapaqspices,condiments 3757 PWMP *palapaqspices,condiments Note: Tirurayfalaʔfa may show metathesis of the final glottal stop. However, this word clearly is a loan, and could preserve a preconsonantal glottal stop that was regularly lost in the other languages. If so, this reconstruction should be *palaqpaq. 27257 3760 Note: AlsoKamberapara ‘female genitalia’.Maloh (and the otherMalayic languages) may share an immediate common ancestor withMalagasy (and the otherBarito languages). If so the form reconstructed here is properly assigned to that lower-level proto-language rather than toPWMP. On the other hand, if the similarity ofKamberapara (which does not show recurrent phonological correspondences with theMaloh andMalagasy forms) is ultimately due to genetic relationship this form must have existed inPMP. 27256 3758 PMP *palaqpaqmidrib ofcoconutleaf [doublet:*paqpaq₂] 3759 POC *balapaqmid-rib ofcoconutleaf Note: AlsoIbanpelepah ‘stalk or rib of palm leaf’,Malaypelepah ‘frond, palm leaf’,Tonganpalalafa ‘stalk (or stalk and midrib) of a coconut leaf’. This item may have been morphologically complex (*p-al-aqpaq), and inPWMP may have referred both to the midrib of palm and banana leaves and to the leaves themselves. 27259 *palatafish sp. 3762 PMP *palatafish sp. 27260 3763 Note: AlsoHanunóopaláwun (< *palaw + suffix?) ‘freshwater fish with reddish sides’. 33895 12721 PWMP *palawanatree:Tristania spp. Note: TheBikol form in this comparison is fromMadulid (2001). 27264 *paleCukshoot,sound ofshooting 3767 PAN *paleCukshoot,sound ofshooting Note: AlsoItbayatenpaltug ‘gun, revolver, pistol’,Pangasinanpaltóg ‘sound of or like gunfire; to shoot’,Malaypelatok ‘trigger of a firearm’,Javaneseplatuk platuk ‘trigger, hammer for cocking a gun’. Possibly with root *-Cuk ‘knock, pound, beat’. 27265 *paletikspring-spear,spring-gun 3768 PWMP *paletikspring-spear,spring-gun Note: With root *-tik₁ ‘spring up, flicking motion’. TheCasiguran Dumagat andBikol terms for outrigger connecting beams may be related through reference to a common curving shape, or may be convergent developments which contain the root *-tik ‘curved’. 27266 *pale(n)tikspring-setspeartrap 3769 PWMP *pale(n)tikspring-setspeartrap [doublet:*pilantik] 27276 3780 PCEMP *pali₁side,half [disjunct:*baliw] Note: InBlust (1981b) theOceanic members of this comparison, along with certain other forms, were assigned to *baliw. 32817 *paliaRuaavine:Merremiapeltata 11269 POC *paliaRuaavine:Merremiapeltata Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first presented byRoss (2008:234). Although all the forms cited here appear to be related, they do not permit a straightforward reconstruction, and better evidence for this form is desirable. 27267 3770 PWMP *palijblownaway by thewind [doublet:*palis₁] Note: AlsoAgutaynenpalied ‘for something to be blown away, carried away by the wind’. This word may indicate that the proto-form was *palied, although I reserve judgement on this issue until independent evidence is found for reconstructing a trisyllable. 27277 *paliŋturn (as theprow of aboat) 3781 PMP *paliŋturn (as theprow of aboat) 27269 *paliq₁aninternalorgan,probablyspleenorpancreas 3772 PAN *paliq₁aninternalorgan,probablyspleenorpancreas Note: AlsoMalaypeléh, pelih ‘liver’. 27270 *paliq₂wound 3773 PWMP *paliq₂wound Note: AlsoAklanonpálʔit ‘scar, bald spot (on head)’. 27272 3776 PWMP *palis₁blownaway by thewind [doublet:*palij] 27273 3777 Note: AlsoMentawai (southern dialect)palit ‘bad luck’. 27274 3778 27271 *paliSitaboo,ritualrestriction;purifyingrite 3774 PAN *paliSitaboo,ritualrestriction;purifyingrite 7308 POC *pali₂taboo 3775 12715 PAN *paliSi-antaboo Note: Manobo (Western Bukidnon)lihiy-an ,Kelabitalih both suggest that *paliSi is morphologically complex, but they point to different stems *liSi and *aliSi respectively). Both forms probably represent secondary developments through analogical backformation. AmongPCMP languagesKamberapalili ‘forbidden, taboo’ (with partial rightward reduplication?) may be cognate, butBimanesepamali ‘taboo’ probably is a loan fromMalay. 27275 *palitexchange 3779 PPh *palitexchange Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) included theTagalog form, together withToba Batakpalit (ma-malit boru) ‘accept a virgin as payment for a debt because the creditor wishes to make her a daughter-in-law’ andMalagasyfaditra ‘any offering to avert evil, a piaculum’ under an etymon *palit ‘return gift’. However, the description ofToba Batakpalit inWarneck (1977 [1906]), the similar description ofDairi-Pakpak Batakalit inManik (1977), and the gloss ofMalagasyfaditra suggest that neither of these items is related toPhilippine reflexes of *palit. Moreover, within the Philippines both theCasiguran Dumagat and thePangasinan forms could be loans fromTagalog. 27278 3782 27279 3783 32605 10993 PWMP *palpal₂flat,even,level [disjunct:*parpar] 32531 *palpál₁hit,beatwithhandorclubinordertokill 10882 PPh *palpál₁hit,beatwithhandorclubinordertokill 32532 *palpál₂tetheringstake;drive astakeinto theground 10883 PPh *palpál₂tetheringstake;drive astakeinto theground 32540 10899 PWMP *palpal₁trimmedshort, asgrass;bare (of afield) Note: AlsoOld Javanesepapal ‘breaking in two, snapping’,Javanesedi-papal ‘be cut or hacked off ‘. Based on theToba Batak andJavanese forms given hereDempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *palpal ‘remove the hair; be bald’. 32818 11270 27281 3785 27282 *palu₂adze 3786 PWMP *palu₂adze Note: Possibly connected with *palu₁ if the principal use of this adze was the working of sago trunks. 30376 7422 7423 PMP *palutohammer,tohitwith ahardimplement 7424 PAN *palu-paluhammer,mallet,instrument forpoundingorhammering Note: AlsoIfugawpallú ‘heavy stick to beat somebody with, as a recalcitrant slave or servant, or an animal (e.g. a water buffalo, a pig, a cow for causing damage in one’s plantation or field)’,Tagalogpáloʔ ‘beating or striking with a stick or the hand, usually by way of punishment; swipe, a hard blow; batting, hitting a ball with a bat’,Cebuanopáluʔ ‘hit, slap in punishment’,Tausugpáluʔ ‘to hit, strike (something) with a stick’,Sasakpalu ‘hammer’ (<Malay),Kédangpaluq ‘beat, hit, strike’. Some writers, asEnglish (1986) treat this as a borrowing of Spanishpalo ‘stick, cudgel’, but cognates outside the Philippines, and the occasional use of this word as a verb meaning ‘hit with the fists’ suggest that the similarity between Spanishpalo and forms in Philippine languages is due to chance.Dempwolff (1938) also includedFijianvalu ‘to make war on, be at war with’, but the connection of this form to the others cited here is more doubtful. The other question that arises in connection with this comparison is whyIban and several Central Philippine languages reflect a final glottal stop. Initially this appears to support the proposal ofZorc (1996) thatPAn and various of its descendant proto-languages had a glottal stop distinct from *q. However, it is clear that word-final glottal stop is often historically secondary inIban, and it therefore seems best to treatIbanpaluʔ as equivalent topalu. 32801 11244 POC *palu₄tomakewaron,fightwith Note: Possibly identical toPAn *palu₃ ‘to hammer, pound, hit’. 32627 *páluŋcockscomb;cutoff a cock’scomb 11022 PPh *páluŋcockscomb;cutoff a cock’scomb 27284 3790 9415 9416 32628 11023 Note: Isnegpalóŋ is a likelyIlokano loanword, but this seems highly unlikely forItbayaten. 27280 3784 32541 *pampámprostitute 10900 PPh *pampámprostitute Note: Possibly a loan distribution, but if so the source is unclear. 27292 3805 Note: In many languages reflexes of this form are indistinguishable from reflexes of the far more commonPAn *paNaw,POc *pano ‘go away, depart, leave on a journey’.Labelhan is assumed to reflectPOc *pana rather than *pano since its closest relatives which have preserved the final vowel point to *-a. 27285 *panahikclimb 3791 PMP *panahikclimb 3792 POC *panekclimb Note: AlsoSamoanfānaʔe ‘(of moon and tide) rise’.Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *nahik ‘climb, ascend’, but the evidence for his reconstruction is far less persuasive than the evidence for *panahik. Apart from the Javanese form cited here, Dempwolff comparedNgaju Dayaknaik ‘rise, climb (as the price of something), increase’,Malaynaik ‘motion up. Of mounting or rising, either literally or figuratively’, andToba Bataknaek,naik ‘ascend, climb, rise in esteem’. TheMalay form could be a back-formation from **memenaik-i (reduced to attestedmenaik-i by haplology, then interpreted as deriving from a prefixed basenaik). Both theNgaju Dayak andToba Batak words, as well asBimaneseneʔe ‘climb’ appear to beMalay loans, and so do not constitute independent evidence for the disyllable. More serious as evidence for *nahik areIsneguneʔ ‘enter a house, mount the ladder, climb a tree’,Casiguran Dumagatunek ‘climb up a tree’. However, these and similar forms in other languages of northern Luzon contain an unexplained initial syllable that would have to reflect *u-.Mongondowonik ‘go upward!’,mo-onik ‘high’,monik ‘upwards; sometimes: northwards’ points to *anahik rather than *unahik, whileBare'enae ‘rise slightly (as a trail)’,ma-nai ‘rise, esp. of water in larger rivers (Poso, Puna) and the sea’ probably is a chance resemblance (cf.Bare'epone for the true cognate). Finally, if Dempwolff's *nahik is accepted it is difficult on both formal and semantic grounds to establish a regular morphological relationship between it and *panahik. 27286 *panapaneedlefish sp. 3793 POC *panapaneedlefish sp. Note: AlsoPalauanuláɁ ‘needlefish’. 29847 *panaqthrowsomethingat atarget;shootwithbowandarrow 6474 PAN *panaqthrowsomethingat atarget;shootwithbowandarrow 6476 6477 6475 Note: AlsoPalauanbáləɁ ‘slingshot; any material used as a slingshot; arrow; action of shooting with a slingshot’. Despite widespread reflexes in this meaning,PAn *panaq almost certainly did not mean ‘bow’, since this can be reconstructed confidently as *busuR. Instead, *panaq was a verb meaning something like ‘shoot at a target, try to hit with a projectile.’ In many daughter languages it became a noun, enough so that languages such asMalay andKambera use the terms ‘mother of shooting’ for ‘bow’ and ‘child of shooting’ for ‘arrow’. Whether these complex expressions already existed inPMP, or are products of convergence remains unclear. The actor voice of this verb was formed with *-um- inPAn, but apparently this construction was replaced inPMP by prefixation with *maŋ-. 27287 3794 PMP *panas₁warm,hot [doublet:*panes] 11259 3795 3796 PCEMP *panas-panassomewhatwarmverywarm (?) 3797 3798 Note: Despite its wide distribution reflexes of this item are unknown in Taiwan, the Philippines, northern Borneo, and much of Melanesia.PMP *panas clearly was a stative verb (marked by *ma-. It evidently referred to the heat of the sun, the heat of fever, and to the heating of food, drink, and other material objects. Judging from the wide distribution of figurative senses, it apparently also referred to the emotions, particularly anger, and possibly to ‘pungent, hot-tasting’.Karo Batakpanas-en ‘to sweat’,Balinesepanes-in (cf. *panes) be ‘worried, made hot’ support a suffixed form *panas-en inPWMP or a descendant language. (4) *panas-panas may be a product of convergence. 27288 3799 Note: AlsoMalaypanas-en ‘a tree:Homalium longifolium W.’. Probably the same morpheme as *panas₁ ‘hot’. Not to be confused with the 27289 *panawfungusinfectionwhich produceslightpatcheson theskin:TineaflavaorPityriasis 3800 PMP *panaw₁fungusinfectionwhich produceslightpatcheson theskin:TineaflavaorPityriasis 3801 PWMP *panaw-enbeaffected bytinea Note: AlsoPalauanbáləɁ ‘slingshot; any material used as a slingshot; arrow; action of shooting with a slingshot’,Old Javanesepanu ‘a white spot (of powder?) on the skin (made deliberately as a mark?)’,Javanesepanu ‘skin disease causing light-colored blemishes’. I assume thatRejangpanau ‘tinea’ is a loan fromMalay. 27291 *panaydish,bowl (ofclayorwood) 3804 PMP *panaydish,bowl (ofclayorwood) Note: AlsoMakassaresepanne ‘porcelain plate’,Buruesepane ‘saucepan’.Gonda (1973 [1952]:80) attributes theOld Javanese andSasak forms to borrowing from South Dravidian languages (cf. 31256 *pandakshortinheight,squatandcompactinbuild, of aperson 9306 PMP *pandakshortinheight,squatandcompactinbuild, of aperson Note: AlsoIlokanopandáka ‘dwarf; dwarfish’,Malayandak ‘short, but limited to a few expressions, likeandak-kan layar ‘to shorten sail, to reef’; also a familiar name for a fourth or fifth child in a family if a girl;andak-andak ‘at times’;péndék ‘short’,Tae'pandaɁ ‘very short, very small’,Komodopanda ‘low, short’. 32819 11271 Note: Possibly aTagalog loan distribution. With root*-duŋ ‘shelter, protect’ 27293 3806 PWMP *paneswarm,hot [doublet:*panas₁] 27297 *pani₁give 3811 POC *pani₁give Note: In transitive constructions this verb stem required the object suffix *-a. 32820 *pani₂applyoilorpaintto thebody 11272 POC *pani₂applyoilorpaintto thebody Note: This comparison was first noted byChowning (1991:47), and expanded byOsmond and Ross (1998:101). 27295 *panikifruitbat,flyingfox:Pteropus spp. 3809 PMP *panikifruitbat,flyingfox:Pteropus spp. Note: AlsoKapampanganpaníkiʔ ‘a bat, the largest variety’,Tagalogpánikiʔ ‘large herbivorous bat’,Bare'epaneki,Manggarainéki ‘flying fox’,Sikanii ‘bat’.Mills (1975:796) considers the nasal ambiguous, butKapampangan,Bare'e, andChamorro all point to *n,Makassaresepañiki evidently showing a sporadic palatalization. The consonant gemination in several of the Cordilleran languages of northern Luzon remains unexplained. This widely distributed term was replaced by *mpekʷa inPOc, and by a variety of terms in Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Lombok. In some languages of the Lesser Sundas, reflexes of *paniki refer both to the large tree-roosting fruit bat (Pteropus sp.) and to the smaller insectivorous cave bats. These two are lexically distinguished in so many languages that an original distinction seems likely, but no good reconstruction is yet available for the latter. It is possible that the greater diachronic stability of *paniki is due to its economic importance, since the flying fox is regarded as a delicacy among manyAustronesian-speaking peoples. 27298 *paniŋbait 3814 PCEMP *paniŋbait;fodder;tofeedanimals 3815 POC *baniŋbait Note: AlsoYamdenafane ‘feed, give food to’;fa-fane ‘bait’,Cheke Holobai-na ‘bait, primarily for fishing’. 27296 3810 PWMP *panittoskin,flay [doublet:*baNiC] 27299 *pantadsandbank,sandbar;shore,beach 3816 PWMP *pantadsandbank,sandbar;shore,beach 33550 12283 Note: This comparison was first proposed schematically byZorc (1986:164). 27300 3817 PWMP *pantayflat,level (ofground) [doublet:*pa(n)tar₁] 27301 3818 PWMP *pantekspotted,dappled [disjunct:*paCak] Note: With rootPAn *-Cek,PMP *-tek ‘mottled pattern’. 32823 11275 Note: With root*-tuk₄ ‘top, summit, crown’. 27303 3820 Note: AlsoTagalogpanís ‘stale and spoiled (said of cooked left-over or neglected foods).Casiguran Dumagatpanís ‘spoiled (of cooked food, rice, fish, meat, etc.) is assumed to be a loan from Tagalog. 27290 3802 7929 3803 POC *panogo Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *pa(n)aw ‘go, walk’. However, a number ofPhilippine languages,Nias of Western Indonesia,Buli of Eastern Indonesia and suchOceanic languages asArosi of the Southeast Solomons justify the reconstruction of a meaning more like ‘depart (on foot), leave on a journey’. This interpretation appears to be supported by the probably independent development of the metaphorical sense ‘die; death’ inIlokano,Tagalog, andSamoan. The generalization of this meaning to ‘go, walk’ (or its similar misconstrual by the compilers of some dictionaries) is readily comprehensible. PWMP *panaw may have taken the infix *-um-, but the available evidence is indeterminate:Isnegp-um-ánaw ‘go away, depart, withdraw’,Ilokanop-um-ánaw ‘go away, leave, quit, depart’,Bisaya (Limbang)manaw ‘go, walk’ (from *p-um-anaw with loss of the first syllable, or from *panaw with homorganic nasal substitution?). Similarly,POc may have had both *pano ‘depart’ and *pano-ŋa ‘journey’:Motavano-ŋa ‘journey; coming, going’,Niuefano-ŋa ‘journey; company of travellers’, possiblyBugotuvano-ña ‘a journey, a going’ (if Ivens’vano-gna is a typographical error forvano-ŋa). The agreement of reduplication inRejangpaneuw-paneuw ‘go for a walk’ and suchOC forms asTuvaluanfano-fano ‘until’,Rennellesehano-hano ‘genealogy’, on the other hand, is almost certainly due to chance. For a thorough discussion of the extended meanings of *panaw inOceanic languages cf.Lichtenberk (1991). 30995 *paNidwing 8898 PAN *paNidwing 8899 PMP *panidwing [doublet: *panij] Note: AlsoThaopali ‘wing’. This form either underwent an irregular change ofPAn *-d toPMP *-j, or a doublet *panij ‘wing’ arose inPMP next to inherited *panid. 27294 *paNijwing 3807 PAN *paNijwing [doublet:*paNid] 3808 POC *banicwing Note: AlsoBuginesepanniʔ ‘wing’. 30538 *paNiŋdoor 7822 PAN *paNiŋdoor 27360 3892 27381 3918 32899 *paŋ-nominalprefixmarkinginstruments,or products of anaction 11360 PWMP *paŋ-nominalprefixmarkinginstruments,or products of anaction 27362 *paŋa₁fork of abranch;anyforkedstructure;bifurcation 3894 PAN *paŋa₁fork of abranch;anyforkedstructure;bifurcation Note: AlsoIbanpaŋaʔ ‘angle; forked, branching’,Bahasa Indonesiapaŋah ‘gaping, wide open (mouth, beak)’. With root *-ŋa(q) ‘gape, open the mouth wide’.Dempwolff (1934-38) compared theTagalog form withNgaju Dayakpaŋa ‘wooden restraining block in which the feet of criminals are placed’,Fijianvaŋa ‘the leech of a canoe sail’ and various reflexes ofPPn *faŋa ‘bay’, all of which are excluded here. The semantic unity of the forms included in the present comparison is confirmed by the recurrent association of such variable meanings with the root *-ŋa(q) in other morphemes (cf.Roots). 32843 11298 Note: Possibly identical toPAn * ‘fork of a branch’. A longer version of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:46). 32656 11056 27359 11176 3890 PMP *p<in>aŋanfood;tofeed,nourish 3891 PWMP *paŋan-an(glossuncertain) 11208 11740 POC *paŋan-ipetanimal,animalthat istamed by humansfeedingit 32900 *paŋánayfirst-bornchild,eldestchild 11361 PPh *paŋánayfirst-bornchild,eldestchild Note: Possibly aTagalog loan distribution. 32876 *paŋaŋapgape,open themouthwide 11335 POC *paŋaŋapgape,open themouthwide Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was proposed byRoss and Osmond (2016c:300), who reconstructedPMP *paŋaŋap ‘gape, open the mouth wide’ without citing any non-Oceanic evidence other than the claim that *paŋ- ‘actor voice’ could combine with *qaŋa(p,b) ‘gape’. However, *paŋ- was a formative for instrumental nouns (Blust 2013, Table 6.5), not a marker of actor voice, and without actual data this higher-level proposal remains speculative. 27363 3895 PAN *paŋaqforked,pronged [disjunct:*paŋa₁ 'bifurcation'] Note: With root*-ŋa(q) ‘gape, open the mouth wide’. 27361 3893 Note: Judging from the ethnographic record *paŋasih probably was prepared and stored in a large earthenware jar. On social or ceremonial occasions it was communally consumed by sipping through long flexible tubes. 32533 *paŋattocookfishin arich,spicysauce 10884 PWMP *paŋattocookfishin arich,spicysauce Note: Possibly aMalay loan distribution. 33866 *paŋelstupid,unthinking 12685 PPh *paŋelstupid,unthinking [disjunct:*paŋeR] 33867 *paŋeRstupid,unthinking 12686 PPh *paŋeRstupid,unthinking [disjunct:*paŋel] Note: AlsoCebuanopaŋu ‘stupid, tending to do the wrong thing unthinkingly’. 27364 *paŋgagaacreepingplant:Hydrocotyleasiatica 3896 PWMP *paŋgagaacreepingplant:Hydrocotyleasiatica Note: AlsoMakassaresepaʔgagaʔ ‘kind of stemless vegetable that grows in damp places (cooked as a vegetable):Centella asiatica’. 27365 3897 PWMP *paŋgaŋroastover afire,toast 32802 11245 27366 *paŋguŋheap,pile;elevatedplatformused as alook-out 3898 PWMP *paŋguŋheap,pile;elevatedplatformused as alook-out 3899 Note: AlsoIbanpaŋgoŋ ‘theatre, theatrical stage’,Makassaresepaŋgoŋ ‘raised theatre stage’, forms which are clearly borrowed fromMalay. 27368 3901 27367 *paŋilankle 3900 PWMP *paŋilankle Note: AlsoAtta (Pamplona)biŋil,Ilokanopiŋíl ‘ankle’,Hanunóobíŋul ‘heel’,Aborlan Tagbanwabɨŋɨlbɨŋɨl,Lun Dayeh,Kelabitbeŋil ‘ankle’.Warren (1959) givesPalawan Batakpaŋi-páŋil ‘foot’. 32657 *paŋkalvisibletreerootsabove theground 11057 PWMP *paŋkalvisibletreerootsabove theground Note: The semantics of this form are very similar to those ofPMP *puqun ‘base of a tree; cause, source, origin; beginning.’ It is unclear how they differed in meaning. 27369 3902 32754 *paŋkucarryinfront ofone;holdin thelap 11190 PWMP *paŋkucarryinfront ofone;holdin thelap Note: Possibly aMalay loan distribution, since a cognate is yet to be found in any Philippine language other thanTagalog. 32844 *paŋodahunt forshellfishon thereef 11299 POC *paŋodahunt forshellfishon thereef Note: AlsoBugotuvagoda ‘to hunt for shellfish on the reef’. A longer version of this comparison was first pointed out byOsmond, Pawley, and Ross (2003:106). 27379 *paŋpaŋsteepslope (as ofriverbankormountain) 3912 PWMP *paŋpaŋsteepslope (as ofriverbankormountain) 3913 PWMP *paŋpaŋ-anembankment,cliff 3914 PPh *ka-paŋpaŋ-anriverbank Note: AlsoMunapimpi ‘cliff, steep slope (as seen from below)’.Dempwolff (1934-38) included theTagalog andMalagasy forms together withNgaju Dayakpampaŋ ‘the ends of the antlers of deer; the tips of anything similar’,Malaypampaŋ (not inWilkinson 1959) ‘broad surface’ under a reconstruction *paŋpaŋ ‘stand apart’. 27380 *paŋudaNpandanus 3915 PAN *paŋudaNpandanus 3916 PMP *paŋedanpandanus 3917 POC *padranpandanus Note: AlsoSaisiyat (Tungho)maːpaŋraŋ ‘pandanus’,Sangirpondaŋ ‘Pandanus latifolius’,Tontemboan,Mongondowpondaŋ ‘pandanus’,Bare'epondani ‘Pandanus fasicularis (a littoral pandanus the leaves of which serve as plaiting material)’,Tae'pondan ‘pineapple (the fibers of the leaves are used as thread in weaving clothes and these fibers are also calledpondan)’,Mandarpandeŋ ‘pineapple’,Rembongpandaŋ ‘sisal:Agave sisalana’,Sikapedaŋ ‘cactus’,pedaŋ eaŋ ‘pineapple’,Kamberapàndaŋu ‘pandanus tree (the leaves are used in the plaiting of baskets and mats)’,Rotinesehenak ‘pandanus; pineapple’,Tetunhedan ‘a plant )of the pineapple orBromeliaceous family) used for making baskets and other artifacts’,Letiedna ‘pineapple’,Moaedna ‘pandanus’,edna melaj-e ‘pineapple’.Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *panDan, butFormosan witnesses attest directly and Philippine witnesses indirectly (through the cluster-ŋd-) to an original tri-syllable. The sporadic loss of the medial vowel everywhere outside Taiwan can be taken as one small piece of evidence for theMP subgroup. Irregular reflexes are so common throughout Sulawesi that they can be taken to support a variant *pondan (with borrowing into some languages). Similarly, reflexes with first-syllable shwa are pervasive in the Lesser Sundas, and suggest aPCMP variant *pendan. Although theP. odoratissimus andP. tectorius are the species most commonly noted in dictionary glosses, the term *paŋudaN evidently referred to allPandanaceae. Varieties of this economically important plant were widely used in the plaiting of mats and baskets. As noted byMills (1975:793), the frequent lexical equation between the native pandanus and the introduced (South American) pineapple may be due to similarities in the thorny leaves (cf. alsoSikapedaŋ ‘cactus’). As a basis for this equation one could, however, point equally to the clustered (and edible) pandanus fruits, which collectively resemble the shape and external texture of the pineapple. 32877 11336 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed byRoss and Osmond (2016c:304), who reconstructPOc *paŋus, *paŋus-i. Howver, their derivation ofLouaŋus from *paŋus is impossible, sinceLou lostPOc *-V(C). It is conceivable that theLou word reflects *paŋus-i, but the evidence for suffixation in this form is weak to begin with, and I prefer to treat it as an original trisyllable. 27370 3903 PMP *pa(m)paatree:Vitexpubescens Note: AlsoNumforbaf (anticipated **faf) ‘good timber tree:Vitex cofassus’. This comparison was first noted in print byVerheijen (1984), who has identified its referent as theVitex pubescens in severalWMP languages for which my sources provide insufficient botanical information. 32542 *papafather 10901 PMP *papa₂father Note: Presumably an affectionate term in child language for *ama. 32845 *papabaslipperlobster;crayfish 11300 POC *papabaslipperlobster;crayfish Note: A much longer version of this comparison was first proposed byPawley (2011:167). 32901 11362 PPh *papagbambooplatform,shelf Note: Part of this comparison may be due to borrowing fromTagalog. 32803 11246 11247 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. 30642 *papanplank,board;floor boards ofhouse 8152 PMP *papanplank,board;floor boards ofhouse 8153 POC *babanboard,plank,side ofcanoe Note: AlsoIda'an Begakpepan ‘planks’,Sasakbanban ‘thick plank; plank above the corpse in a grave’,Rembongpapan ‘writing board’ (<Malay),Rotinesepapa ‘plank, board’ (probably <Malay),Eddystone/Mandegusupapene ‘board, plank of a canoe’,Toqabaqitaaba ‘board, plank, strip, lath of something’. Although this term referred specifically to hewn planks used in the construction of houses or canoes, it also appears to have had the more general sense of ‘flat, hard surface’ or just ‘flat, of a surface’, as shown by the reflexes inWaray-Waray,Cebuano,Ngaju Dayak,Malagasy,Iban,Sundanese,Manam,Lau,Arosi,Samoan,Anuta,Maori, andHawaiian. The shape of thePOc reconstruction is unclear.Bugotu andFijian agree in reflectingPOc *bapan, andSa'a,'Āre'āre,Arosihapa appear to be metathesized products of the same form. On the other hand,Palauanwlawl andhapa ‘plank’ in the Southeast Solomons could be used to support aPMP variant *panpan, in which case the expectedPOc continuation would be *paban. However, most Oceanic languages show identical reflexes of both consonants, and suggestPOc *baba. Tentatively I adopt the reconstruction given here, and assume that the pan-Austronesian avoidance of dissimilar labials as the onsets of successive syllables caused most Oceanic languages to level the distinction between the first two consonants in this base. 27304 3821 Note: AlsoAmispapah ‘leaf’.Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *papaq, but cross-referenced it to *p-al-apaq and cited supporting evidence only for the latter reconstruction. 27305 *papaRcheek 3822 PCEMP *papaRcheek 3823 POC *babaRside of theface,cheek;side planks of acanoe Note: AlsoSoboyopopa ‘cheek’.Stresemann (1927:52) givesSUBM*papa- ‘cheek’, but supports his reconstruction with a single reflex (Wolufafa-). It is possible that theMolima,Lau, andFijian words that refer to the sideboards of a canoe actually reflectPMP *papan ‘plank, board’. 27371 3904 Note: With root *pet ‘plugged, stopped, closed off’. 27307 3825 27308 3826 30397 *paqa₁thigh 7509 PAN *paqa₁thigh Note: AlsoTirurayfoʔoʔ,Ibanpah,Balinesepehe ‘thigh’.Dempwolff (1938) also includedFijianyava- ‘the leg below the knee, including the foot’, but it is not at all clear that this form reflectsPAn *paqa. 30398 7510 PMP *paqa₂stalkorstem of aplant Note: Possibly the same morpheme asPMP *paqa ‘thigh’.Dempwolff (1938) united both meanings under a single form, but presented very little evidence for *paqa in the meaning ‘stalk, stem’. 32878 11337 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed byRoss (2016a:467). 32879 11338 Note: This variant is confined to Formosan languages, but these belong to several geographically separated primary branches of the family, so its antiquity is guaranteed. It appears likely thatPAn had both *paqeju and *qapeju, and that only the latter survived inPMP. This comparison was first noted in print byTsuchida (1976:224). 27310 *paq(e)liŋvisibledefect of theeyes 3828 PPh *paq(e)liŋvisibledefect of theeyes Note: With root *-liŋ₂ ‘cross-eyed’. 30131 6870 PMP *paqetwood-workingtool:chisel 8600 POC *paqotwood-workingtool:chisel Note: AlsoCasiguran Dumagatpait ‘chisel (carpenter’s tool); to chisel’ (<Tagalog),Ifugaw (Batad)paʔut ‘wood chisel’,Tombulupaat ‘chisel’ (<Malay),Lun Dayehfaat ‘a knife for tapping rubber’ (<Malay),Dairi-Pakpak Batakpahat ‘chisel’,me-mahat ‘to chisel’ (<Malay),Old Javanesea-mahat ‘tap palm sap by notching’,pahat-an ‘areca palm’,pahat ‘sculpture’,p<in>ahat ‘shape by cutting or sculpturing (gold, stone)’ (probably<Malay),Manggaraipaʔak ‘chisel; to chisel’,Rotinesepaʔa-bela ‘flat or level chisel’ (<Malay). 30132 *paqiChotness oftaste,spiciness;bitterness 6871 PAN *paqiChotness oftaste,spiciness;bitterness 6872 PMP *paqit₂bitter(ness) 6874 PAN *ma-paqiCbitter 6875 PMP *ma-paqitbitter 6876 PPh *paqit-anaplant:Lunasiaamara Note: AlsoPazehpazit ‘bitter’,Bunun (Takituduh)ma-paʔic ‘bitter’,Tsoupaʔici ‘bitter cucumber’,Saaroapaʔis ‘spicy’,Balantakpáket,Kayan (Uma Juman)paʔi,Toba Batakpaet,Chamma-laʔ et ‘bitter, caustic’. Despite Dyen’s (Dyen 1965) attempt to present a unified comparison, the Formosan evidence is unhelpful, as it points to several distinct forms, with onlyKanakanabu agreeing in shape (but not in meaning) with Malayo-Polynesian comparata.Pazehpazit can reflect *pasis or *pasit,Bunun forms reflect an etymon with medial glottal stop rather than *q, and as noted byTsuchida (1976:259), the vocalism of theTsou form is unexpected, suggesting possible borrowing fromBunun. Although reflexes ofPMP *paqit are most commonly glossed ‘bitter’, various glosses suggest that the meaning of this term did not correspond precisely to any English word, as seen in the recurrent references to the taste of fermented drinks (Kanakanabu,Ifugaw (Batad),Ibaloy,Tae'), to the acrid sensation of smoke entering the nostrils (Ifugaw (Batad)), and various references to the taste of salt or saltwater (Ifugaw (Batad),Ibaloy,Tboli,Yakan,Malagasy,Old Javanese,Kambera). Taken as a whole this range of meanings suggests thatPMP *paqit referred to a strong, somewhat objectionable taste in food. Given the semantic agreement ofSaisiyatpæʔis ‘hot (taste)’ withItawispet ‘hotness, pungency, spiciness’ a similar meaning appears to be supported forPAn, but the various phonologically irregular forms in Formosan languages suggest that ‘bitterness’ should not be excluded from the gloss. 30899 8731 8732 30370 *paqiscookfishormeatwrappedinbananaleaves 7412 PWMP *paqiscookfishormeatwrappedinbananaleaves 7413 PWMP *p<in>aqisfishwrappedinbananaleafandcookedoverhotcoals 27309 *paqitkind offreshwaterfish 3827 PWMP *paqit₁kind offreshwaterfish Note: Undoubtedly = *paqit ‘bitter’, but the semantic extension to various fish apparently is old. 32824 11276 POC *paqoaplant:Heliconia spp. Note: A longer version of this comparison was first noted byRoss (2008:421). 27311 *paqpaq₁chew 3829 PAN *paqpaq₁chew 10892 PMP *paqpaq₁premasticatefood forinfant Note: AlsoLun DayehfafaaɁ ‘chewing; ask someone to chew’. 29986 6675 PMP *paqpaq₂midrib ofcoconutfrond [doublet:*palaqpaq] Note: AlsoMarshallesepāp ‘coconut frond; midrib of coconut frond’. 32804 *paqudpullinwardortowardsoneself 11248 PWMP *paqudpullinwardortowardsoneself 32825 11277 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed byRoss (2008:292). 27323 3843 27322 *para-₁prefix ofrepeatedaction 3842 PWMP *para-prefix ofrepeatedaction Note: AlsoAklanonpagá- future verb prefix referring to a continuing or repeated action in the future or to an action which will be in process at a given time in the future, in the object or oblique focuses, occurring in the formspaga---on (OF#1) andpaga---an (OF#3). 27315 *paraq paraqtrellis forplantstogrowup 3835 PWMP *paraq paraqtrellis forplantstogrowup [doublet:*pala pala₁] Note: AlsoAcehnesepara ‘trellis’. 27316 *paraquboat 3836 PMP *paraquboat Note: Wilkinson (1959) apparently regardsMalayperahu as a 27318 *pararathunder 3838 POC *pararathunder Note: The finall inNauna and the mediall inMokilese are assumed to be products of lexically specific dissimilation. This item may have meant ‘thunderclap’ in contrast to other types of thundering sound. 27319 3839 PWMP *paras₁shavedoff,madesmooth Note: Tagalogpalás may be aMalay loan.Dempwolff (1934-38) comparedMalagasyfarana ‘made even, as the edges of anything’ rather than the form cited here.Sa'ahara ‘to rub; rubbed, used of ceremonial purification’, which he also included in the present comparison, is best treated as a chance resemblance. 32755 *paras₂face,looks,appearance 11191 PWMP *paras₂face,looks,appearance Note: Possibly aMalay loan inMaranao that was then spread locally into other languages of Mindanao. 32756 *parásanrattan sp. 11192 PPh *parásanrattan sp. 32805 11249 32706 *parekmurky, aswaterorotherliquid 11125 PPh *parekmurky, aswaterorotherliquid 11126 PPh *ma-parekmurky,full ofsediment 27328 3850 Note: Mills (1981) compares theSSul forms withOld Malay,Old Balineseparlak,Angkola-Mandailing Batakporlak under a reconstruction "PInd" ‘garden’. This item evidently referred to an enclosed or clearly demarcated area of cultivation, perhaps primarily of fruit groves.Cense (1979) suggests thatMakassareseparallakken derives from a stemallaʔ, but this almost certainly is an error. 30105 6834 Note: AlsoToqabaqitafai ‘scrape the ground with hands, feet, paws (as a crab burrowing in)’. 30420 *pari₂todivide,shareout (as aninheritance?) 7554 POC *pari₂todivide,shareout (as aninheritance?) 27333 *pariabittermelon:MomordicacharantiaL. 3855 PWMP *pariabittermelon:MomordicacharantiaL. [doublet:*pariaq] Note: AlsoItbayatenpariak ‘balsam apple (Momordica balsamina L.)’. Cf.Zorc (n.d.)PPh *-pareya ‘(bitter melon)Momordica charantia L.’. 27331 *pariamaaconstellation: theSevenSisters,Pleiades 3853 PWMP *pariamaaconstellation: theSevenSisters,Pleiades Note: AlsoSoboyopariama ‘the Seven Sisters, Pleiades’.Fortgens (1921) marks this as aTernate loan, but theTernate form in turn must have been borrowed from a language of Sulawesi or the southern Philippines. Although it is no longer analyzable, I assume that this term (a quadrisyllable) was originally polymorphemic. 27332 *pariaqthebittermelon:Momordicacharantia 3854 PWMP *pariaqthebittermelon:Momordicacharantia [doublet: *pariaʔ] Note: AlsoItbayatenpariak ‘an edible plant:Momordica charantia’.Zorc (1971) reconstructsPPh *-pareya ‘(bitter melon)Momordica charantia L.’. 27335 3857 PWMP *parijditch,canal [disjunct:*parik] Note: Tolaibaret ‘gutter’,paret ‘trench’ appears to be aMalay loanword. AlthoughMalay loans are almost unheard of inOceanic languages, this item may have been introduced during the colonial period. 32769 11209 PWMP *parikditch,canal [disjunct:*parij] Note: TheMaloh andToba Batak forms could regularly reflect *parij, butKaro Batakparik could not -- hence the disjunct. 27338 *pariukearthenwarecookingpot 3864 PAN *pariukearthenwarecookingpot Note: The reference to "metal" cooking pots inPaiwan and the languages of northern Luzon suggests borrowing. However, a source is unknown, and the glosses forTagalog andMalay suggest an earthenware pot which may have given its name to metal cooking utensils that were subsequently introduced.Lambrecht (1978:405) states thatIfugawpalyúk ‘broad iron pot’ is an imitation of 27341 3867 Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assignedFijianvaro to *parut ‘rasp’, but was forced by this decision to accept an irregular change.Cebuanopalut ‘peel skin off (as from an apple); for the skin to get chafed; shave the head bald’ may be related through aPMP etymon *palet. 32606 10994 PWMP *parparflat,even,level [disjunct: *palpal] 32757 11193 Note: AlsoKayan (Uma Juman))parut ‘grater’ (<Malay).Dempwolff (1938) compared theNgaju Dayak andMalay terms cited here withJavaneseparut ‘rasp, grater’, andFijiani varo ‘a saw’,varo-ta ‘to file, saw, or rasp’, and posited Uraustronesisch *parut ‘rasp, grater’. However, bothPigeaud (1938) andHorne (1974) giveJavaneseparud rather thanparut, and theFijian form is better assigned toPOc *paro ‘to scrape’. 27345 *paR-₁derivationalprefix,usedtoformdeverbalnouns 3871 PWMP *paR-derivationalprefix,usedtoformdeverbalnouns 3872 PWMP *paR- ... -anderivationalcircumfix,probablyusedtoformdeverbal nouns oflocation Note: Wolff (1981) considers the form and meaning of *paR- within the context of a larger comparison of the morphology ofTagalog andBahasa Indonesia. He concludes (p. 87, fn. 14): "The meanings ofpag- andper- are elusive and range widely. We doubt that they can be profitably compared." It is quite possible that *paR- had multiple functions inPWMP, and that the meaning reconstructed here is only one of several glosses that may eventually be associated with this etymon. 27346 3874 PAN *paR-₂divideintox(x =numeral) Note: Probably identical to *paR-₁. 27326 *paRa₂collectiveparticle 3848 PMP *paRa₂collectiveparticle Note: This item almost certainly was a particle rather than a prefix, since prefixal vowels, like other vowels in prepenultimate syllables, would merge ase inMalay. 27325 3845 PAN *paRa₁storageshelf;attic,loft 3846 POC *paRa, baRastorageshelfabove thehearth 3847 PMP *paRa paRastorageshelf;attic,loft Note: AlsoRejangpalai ‘a ceiling’.Lister-Turner and Clark (1930) listMotuhara as a 27324 *paRa-₂reciprocalprefix 3844 PCEMP *paRa-reciprocalprefix Note: AlsoKayanpala- ‘prefix of mutual or reciprocal action’. The relationship of this item to the much better-attestedProto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian*paRi- ‘reciprocal prefix’ is unclear, thoughLanyon-Orgill's (1962) gloss forTolai suggests that the two may have been allomorphs of a single morpheme. 27313 3831 PMP *paRadahandle of anaxeoradze 3832 POC *paRarahandle of anaxeoradze Note: The second and third consonants of this form are disambiguated byBontok andKankanaey of northern Luzon, and byPuluwat andWoleaian of western Micronesia. The latter forms reflectPOc *b, together with loss of *R and haplologyPuluwatpaar< *bara,Woleaianpash< *bada)." Nggelavalala (expected **valara) andSa'ahalala (expected **halara) show assimilation ofPOc *r to *R. Since all other witnesses have mergedPMP *R and *r, it is possible that thePOc form itself contained this assimilation (hencePOc *paRaRa). This is, indeed whatMilke (1968) reconstructed, though on the basis of no diagnostic evidence for distinguishingPOc *R from *r.Palauanordóm-el ‘handle’,merédem ‘put a handle on (knife, spear, etc.)’ may point to a variant *paRedem. 27314 *paRaekhoarse 3833 PMP *paRaekhoarse 3834 POC *paRakhoarse Note: AlsoPangasinanpagás ‘hoarse; speak hoarsely’. 27317 3837 POC *paRaq₁toswell,boil [doublet: *mpaRoq] Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assignedSamoanmata-fā toPAn *baReq, but could not easily reconcile either the oral grade reflex ofPOc *p or the irregular development of the last vowel with the development inFijian (bo). The final consonant in this form is posited only to satisfy the Regularity Hypothesis, on the assumption that *paRaq is a doublet ofPOc *mpaRoq which differs in no feature other than the consonant grade of *p and the quality of the last vowel. 32880 11339 POC *paRastostep,treadonsomething Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed byRoss (2016b:473-474). 27320 *paRatpatatreefoundinmangroveswamps:Sonneratia sp. 3840 PWMP *paRatpatatreefoundinmangroveswamps:Sonneratia sp. [doublet:*paRepat] Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) comparedTagalogpagátpat withToba Batakparapat ‘kind of bamboo’,Malayperepat ‘rhizophore’ under an etymon *p-aR-atpat ‘name of a plant’. However, theBatak word appears to be unrelated and theMalay word appears to reflect a doublet *paRepat (q.v.). 27321 *paRawhoarse 3841 PAN *paRawhoarse Note: AlsoPazehpuhaw ‘hoarse’,Niasfaru,Makassareseparro ‘hoarse’. +Malay (Ambon)paru léhér 27327 *paR(e)buone of thefourprincipalrafters 3849 PPh *paR(e)buone of thefourprincipalrafters 27329 *paRepatatreefoundinmangroveswamps:Sonneratia sp. 3851 PWMP *paRepatatreefoundinmangroveswamps:Sonneratia sp. [doublet:*paRatpat] 27340 3866 Note: AlsoLakalaivale ‘to cut, as wood or a leaf, from a tree’. 27339 *paRi-prefix ofreciprocalorcollectiveaction 3865 PEMP *paRi-prefix ofreciprocalorcollectiveaction Note: AlsoKelabitpere- ‘reflexive prefix’. Although this affix is commonly glossed ‘reciprocal prefix’, such a description clearly oversimplifies the facts.Dempwolff (1920) positedPAn *baRi- ‘Sozialprafix’. His supporting evidence from non-Oceanic languages consisted of theMalay prefixber- and putative fossilized affixes inToba Batak (bor-),Sundanese(bar-),Ngaju Dayak(/bar-/), andMakassarese(/ba-/).Malayber-, however, evidently derives from *maR- (Teeuw 1965), and the reality of the "fossilized affixes" in the other languages is open to question. Despite these problems a number ofOceanic languages clearly reflect *paRi-, andBulifa-,fai- evidently is cognate with these forms, thus indicatingProto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *paRi-. The following additional observations are noteworthy: (1) the data inPawley (1972:45) show that *R has irregularly disappeared in a number of reflexes in the Solomons. Some languages have doublets with and without the regular reflex of *R, which may differ in meaning:Bugotuvari- ‘prefix denoting reciprocity’,vei- ‘prefix denoting reciprocity; the suffixgi is generally added to the compound word (which may be used as a noun)’;Arosihai- ‘reciprocal, showing mutual action;hai- differs fromhari- in that the former usually shows mutual assisting or conflicting action andhari- merely combined action, but there are exceptions in both cases’. Together withMotuhe- ‘prefix, with verbs indicating the reflexive, reciprocal, and state or condition’ these forms raise the possibility thatPOc distinguished *pai- and *paRi-. As argued inBlust (1977), however, grammatical morphemes tend to undergo sporadic compressions. The probability that this is the correct explanation in the present case is strengthened by the fact that attention to sound correspondences alone would require the reconstruction of threePOc variants: *paRi-, *pai-, and *pe-. Sporadic contraction offers a more economical explanation of the correspondences, since both the loss of *R and the contraction of derived *-ai can be seen as realizations of a single tendency. (2) It appears from the agreement ofBugotu withFijian and variousPolynesian languages that *paRi- co-occurred with *-qaki under circumstances still to be determined. (3)Ujir (Kayan)pe- ‘reciprocal prefix’ is superficially comparable to reflexes of *paRi-, since this is the shape that a reflex of *paRi- would have before consonant-initial stems. However, before vowel-initial stems we would expectUjirpeh-, not the attestedpe-; for the present this resemblance is treated as a product of convergence. (4) Finally, it is clear that reciprocal action was only a part of the meaning of *paRi-, which more generally appears to have marked actions performed by multiple experiencers. If the somewhat tenuous reconstructionPOc *paRa- ‘reciprocal prefix’ is valid, it suggests that *paRa- and *paRi- divided up the semantic space involving multiple experiencers in ways yet to be precisely determined. 27334 *paRigiartificiallyenclosedcatchment forwater:well,ditch 3856 PWMP *paRigiartificiallyenclosedcatchment forwater:well,ditch Note: AlsoTirurayfaligiʔ ‘a well for water’,Mongondowparigiʔ ‘well for water’,Burueseparigi ‘well’, all of which appear to beMalay loans, andBalineseparigi ‘stone steps, stairway’, which may be a loan fromOld Javanese. The essence of this comparison was first noted in print bySneddon (1984).Zoetmulder (1982) suggests thatOld Javaneseparigi may be a 27337 *paRiSstingray 3859 PAN *paRiSstingray 3860 PMP *paRihskate,stingray(generic); aconstellation 3861 PCEMP *paRistingray 3862 POC *paRistingray 3863 PMP *paRih manuklargerayfish,probablymantaoreagleray Note: AlsoBare'epagi ‘file, consisting of a block of wood wrapped in stingray skin’,Woliopagi ‘ray (fish); file, grater, rasp’,Manggarai,Kamberapai ‘stingray’, all of which may be loans, though source languages are difficult to find for at least the first three words. This fish was valued for its rough skin, which was used like sandpaper. PMP *paRih evidently described all skates and rays, and also referred to a constellation which was conceived as resembling a skate or ray. ThreeCMP languages which are either closely related or geographically contiguous agree in indicating Scorpio as the constellation in question, whileMalaybintaŋ pari,Maorite whai a titipa both refer to the Southern Cross or to some feature that is visually near it. The reference to a string figure used in Cat's-cradle in Fiji and parts of Polynesia may derive historically from the constellation. Finally, reflexes ofPMP *paRih manuk vividly illustrate the value of loanwords in reconstruction. In a number of languages the larger manta or eagle rays are lexically identified with eagles or bats:Loniumenuay,Ahusmenwa,Pak,Leiponmenwey ‘sea eagle; spotted eagle ray’,Wuvulu,Auamanua ‘sea eagle’,Gapapaiwamanu-manua ‘small (=large?) sting ray’,Chamorrofanihen tasi (lit. ‘bat of the sea’) ‘manta ray, sting ray, leopard ray’. Reflexes such asKwaiofali-manu,Tonganfai-manu thus apparently derive fromPOc *paRi manuk ‘manta ray, spotted eagle ray’ (lit. ‘bird ray’). This inference is confirmed by a single known non-Oceanic reflex, which is clearly a loan:Tagalogpali-manók. Given the larger pattern of known borrowing inTagalog, one would naturally suspectMalay as the source of this term, butpari manok apparently does not occur inMalay. Despite the difficulty of identifying a source, however,Tagalogpalimanók must derive from aWMP language and the inference toPMP *paRih manuk is inescapable. 27342 *paRo₁drillthrough,pierce,perforate 3868 POC *paRo₁drillthrough,pierce,perforate Note: Maoriwhao, given as a single dictionary entry with the meanings ‘perforate, chisel out’, probably reflects two etyma,POc *paRo₁ andPOc *paqot ‘chisel’ (q.v.). 27343 3869 27344 3870 Note: The resemblance of the isolatedKwaio form to the corresponding term inWMP languages may be a product of chance. If so, this etymology is reduced to aPPh innovation. 32846 *pasaswamp 11301 POC *pasaswamp Note: This comparison was first proposed byOsmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:55). However, they compare the Oceanic forms withDempwolff’s *paja (= *paya) ‘swamp’ on the mistaken assumption that Dempwolff’s *j was ancestral toPOc *c rather than toPOc *y. 30934 8791 Note: Dempwolff (1938) also includedSa'ahata ‘to go together, to accompany one another; to set well, to be easy, comfortable’,Tonganmāhaŋa ‘born together, to be twins, triplets; (in marks, score, winning a race, etc.) equal, tie; (of two bananas, etc.) growing together, joined’Futunan,Samoanmāsaŋa ‘twins’ under*pasaŋ. However,Sa'ahata is best treated as a chance resemblance without a known etymology, and the Polynesian forms appear to reflect *ma-saŋa ‘bifurcated, forked, as a branch’. 30935 *pasaŋ₂insert,wedgein;preparesomething foruse 8792 PWMP *pasaŋ₂insert,wedgein;preparesomething foruse Note: AlsoGayōpasuŋ ‘insert (as peg in hole)’. 32771 11211 PWMP *pasaŋ₃stake abetingambling 32772 11212 Note: Possibly aMalay loan, since languages such asToba Batak andTae’ are spoken in inland areas far from the sea. 27347 *pasaqaNshoulderpole;carrywith ashoulderpole 3875 PAN *pasaqaNshoulderpole;carrywith ashoulderpole [disjunct: *pesan] 3876 PMP *pasaqancarryon theshoulders Note: AlsoToba Batakma-morsan,Sangirma-masaəŋ ‘carry on the shoulder’ 32827 *pasa(rR)awoodyplantortree:Vitexcofassus 11279 POC *pasa(rR)awoodyplantortree:Vitexcofassus Note: This comparison was first proposed byMilke (1961), but considerably expanded byRoss (2008:206). The current version is an abbreviation of the latter. 30666 *pasekwoodennail,dowel;drivein, as awoodennail,dowel,orfencepost 8184 PAN *pasekwoodennail,dowel;drivein, as awoodennail,dowel,orfencepost [doublet:*pacek] 8185 PCEMP *pasekₐdrivein, as astake;toplant(crops) 8186 Note: AlsoMbulapaaza ‘to plant, put into ground’.Ross (1988:88) reconstructedPOc *pasoq ‘plant (tuber+)’, but this form appears to contain the monosyllabic root *-sek ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’ (Blust 1988), thus forcing an interpretation that the final consonant, which is ambiguous in nearly all languages he considered, is *k, not *q. 32828 11280 Note: A variant of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond (1998:132), who assigned it to ‘Proto-Eastern Oceanic’, although no such proto-language has been clearly established as distinct fromProto-Oceanic. 30936 *pasiRsandbank,shoalinriverorsea 8793 PWMP *pasiRsandbank,shoalinriverorsea 8794 PWMP *pasiR-ansandbar,shoalinriverorsea Note: AlsoOld Javanesepasir ‘sea; beach, shore, river-bank’,a-masir ‘to go to the beach (the sea); like the sea’,pasir wukir ‘sea and mountains, also: rocky (mountainous) coast?’,pasir-pasir ‘lake; beach of lake; artificial lake or pond’,pasir-an ‘strand animal’ (<Malay?),Sundanesepasir ‘sand’ (<Malay). 27348 3877 32524 10870 PWMP *paspas₂tobrushawaydustordirt 10871 PPh *paspas-an₁(glossuncertain) 32525 *paspas₃ditch,rainchannelcaused bywaterdripping from ahouseroof 10872 PWMP *paspas₃ditch,rainchannelcaused bywaterdripping from ahouseroof 10873 PWMP *papas-an(glossuncertain) 32526 *paspás₄dosomethingquickly,in ahurry 10874 PPh *paspás₄dosomethingquickly,in ahurry 10875 PPh *paspas-an₂tospeedup,increase thepace ofsomething Note: AlsoTirurayfasfas ‘to hurry something; quick; speedy’,Mapunpaspas ‘speedily (in contrast to the usual pace)’, andYakanpaspas ‘to do something fast (without stopping)’,maspas ‘to exert effort or be fast in doing something’,pa-paspas to ‘exert effort or be fast in doing something’, are assumed to be loans from a Greater Central Philippines source that is yet to be identified. 27349 3878 PAN *pasu₁cheekbone [doublet:*pasuŋ] Note: AlsoThaopatuk ‘cheek’. 32881 11340 Note: Osmond and Ross (2016a:119-120) connect this withPMP *pasu/pasuŋ ‘cheekbone’, but given the consistent semantic differences between Oceanic and non-Oceanic witnesses I favor two distinct comparisons for now. 32882 11341 POC *pasu₃givebirthto,have achild Note: A longer version of this comparison which suggests contamination with*pa-susu ‘to nurse, suckle a child’ was proposed byRoss and Osmond (2016c:221). 32773 *pasukenter 11213 PAN *pasukenter 11214 Note: With root*-suk ‘insert, penetrate, enter’.PPh *suquk ‘enter’ suggests that this root may have been *-suquk rather than *-suk. 27350 3879 PMP *pasuŋcheekbone [doublet: *pasu] 32707 *pásuqtoroast,broil;scald,sear,burn 11127 PPh *pásuqtoroast,broil;scald,sear,burn 11128 PPh *ma-pásuqbescorched,scalded 11129 PPh *ka-pasuq-anaffected byheat (?) 11130 PPh *pasúq-entoroast;singe,cauterize Note: AlsoCasiguran Dumagat pasi ‘heat’,ma-pasi ‘to burn oneself’,me-pasi ‘hot’,Hanunóopásu ‘ritual scarification by burning, done most frequently by unmarried men’. 32534 *patániqlimabean:Phaseoluslunatus 10885 PPh *patániqlimabean:Phaseoluslunatus 27351 3880 PMP *pataqbreak,broken,cutthrough 27374 3907 PMP *pa(n)tar₁level,flat [disjunct: *paCaR, *pataR] 27375 *pa(n)tar₂shelf;bedframe ofwoodenorbamboolaths 3908 PMP *pa(n)tar₂shelf;bedframe ofwoodenorbamboolaths [disjunct: *pataR] Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assignedToba Batakpantar to *pa(n)tar ‘elevation’, andFijianvata,Samoanfata to *bataŋ ‘stalk, trunk’. 29868 *pataR₁shelf 6517 PMP *pataR₁shelf [doublet:*pa(n)tar₂] 32527 10876 PWMP *pataR₂levelground;plain [doublet:*pa(n)tar₁] 12807 PWMP *pataR-anplain,flatground Note: AlsoIlokanopátag ‘plain, level ground’,patág-en ‘to level’. 29917 *pataStattoo 6590 PAN *pataStattoo 11005 PAN *p<um>ataStotattoo,makedesigns 11006 PAN *pataS-ananinstrument fortattooing 32535 *patáwbuoy 10886 PPh *patáwbuoy Note: With root*-taw ‘float’. 32902 11363 11364 27352 3881 Note: With root *-tek₁ ‘clicking or light knocking sound’. 32607 *patelaŋstriped,in bands ofdifferentcolor 10995 PWMP *patelaŋstriped,in bands ofdifferentcolor Note: With root*-laŋ₂ ‘striped’. Possibly a chance resemblance. 32903 11365 Note: Possibly aTagalog loan distribution outside the Central Philippine subgroup. This is explicitly indicated forAgutaynen, and may well be the case forCasiguran Dumagat,Pangasinan,Kapampangan andHanunóo as well. 32829 11281 Note: This comparison was first noted byRoss, Clark and Osmond (1998:279). 27353 3882 PWMP *patikmottledpattern [doublet:*beCik 'tattoo'] 27376 *pa(n)tiksound ofticking,flipping,lighttapping 3909 PWMP *pa(n)tiksound ofticking,flipping,lighttapping [doublet:*pa(n)tuk₂ 'sound of knocking'] Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) assignedMalaypanték to *pa(n)tik ‘pointed’. I assume that this form contains the root *-tik₂ ‘sound of light tapping’. 32904 11366 Note: AlsoMongondowpasukan ‘bee, wasp’. 30730 *patotosticksthatconnect thefloatto thebooms of anoutriggercanoe 8336 PEMP *patotosticksthatconnect thefloatto thebooms of anoutriggercanoe Note: AlsoMbulapetete ‘outrigger pegs (connect the outrigger of a canoe to the outrigger boom that joins with the hull of a canoe)’,Gilbertesetoto ‘a forked piece of wood joining floater to rest of outrigger’,Fijianvātoto ‘the sticks driven into the outrigger of the camakau (single-hulled outrigger canoe), lashed at the top to the extremities of the kaso (crossbeam fastening together the outrigger and the hull of a canoe)’. This comparison was first proposed byMilke (1968), who cited words from a number of still poorly-attested languages (Mukawa,Arifama,Kilenge,Siassi,Tobadi,Ingrau,Entsau,Yenbi, etc.), and included forms from the two Polynesian Outliers in Micronesia which do not appear in more recent publications, and are phonologically impossible in these languages (viz.Kapingamarangifatoto,Nukuoroatoto, where neither of these languages has an /f/ or a short /t/). TheProto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian form is ambiguous for *patotaw or *patotək (Blust 1981: 215). 32543 *patpatcutting,slashing, asinclearingland 10902 PWMP *patpatcutting,slashing, asinclearingland 10903 PPh *patpát-entocut,slash, asinclearingland 29987 6676 Note: An apparent synonym ofPOc *puku; the semantic distinction between these terms remains to be worked out. 32883 11342 Note: A slightly longer version of this comparison was presented byRoss and Osmond (2016a:572), who proposedPOc *[p(w)atu]p(w)atu ‘hard, strong, firm’. 27377 3910 Note: With root *-tuk ‘top, summit, crown’. InBlust (1988) the initial consonant of this root was ambiguous, and was written *t. 27378 *pa(n)tuk₂toknock,strikeagainst 3911 PAN *pa(n)tuk₂toknock,strikeagainst Note: Mokenmatok is assumed to reflect verb-forming nasal substitution. With root*-tuk₂ ‘knock, pound, beat’. 27354 3883 PWMP *patuŋlarge,thick,bamboo sp. [doublet:*betuŋ₁] Note: AlsoMalay (Jakarta)awi biguŋ ‘large bamboo:Dendrocalamus spp.’,pering pituŋ ‘id’,Balinesepetuŋ ‘very thick bamboo, sections of which are used for storing water’. 32830 11282 PMP *patuRuacycad:Cycasrumphii Note: This comparison was first identified byRoss (2008:290). It is barely reconstructible, as 10 of the 13 forms that he cites as support show basic phonological irregularities. The WMP forms cited here can be derived non-problematically from *patuRu, butMussauotou (expected **atuu) is assumed to show assimilation of the first vowel to the roundness of the second, and full assimilation of the second vowel to the first. 32831 11283 POC *pauaplant:Kleinhoviahospita Note: Ross (2008:214) has reconstructedPOc *paqu for this form, citingRovianapaɣo, andLakonvUɣ-vUɣKleinhovia hospita’ as evidence for the medial consonant. However, all data onRoviana available to me shows *q > zero, and the same is true forLakon (akaLakona) inTryon (1976). Given this uncertainty I withhold reconstruction of a medial *q until firmer evidence is available. 27355 *pauqatree:Ochrosiaoppositifolia 3884 PMP *pauqatree:Ochrosiaoppositifolia 3885 POC *paoq (ʔ)atree:Ochrosiaoppositifolia Note: The sporadic lowering of high vowels is a recurrent phenomenon inOceanic languages. Where theOceanic witnesses are confined to a single close-knit subgroup, as in the present case, it cannot be determined whether such a change took place inPOc itself, or in some lower-order proto-language. 30223 7081 Note: AlsoPalawan Batakpayukan ‘turtle’,Tirurayfuwikon ‘a large marine turtle’,Tausugpayukan ‘sea turtle’ (with reversal of syllabicity in the glide-vowel sequence, and reordering to preserve a CV- syllable shape). This word is a clear replacement innovation forPMP *peñu ‘green turtle’, which is widespread elsewhere, and is thus part of the lexical evidence for a Philippine group ofAustronesian languages. 27356 *payakind ofsmallfish,probablysardineoranchovy 3886 PMP *payakind ofsmallfish,probablysardineoranchovy Note: This etymon may have ended in *d, *D, or *k. 30083 *payanbait 6797 PCEMP *payanbait [disjunct: *bayan₁] 6798 POC *bayan₃bait 30260 7142 PPh *payapaytowave,flap [doublet:*paypáy] Note: AlsoCasiguran Dumagatpəyapəy ‘soldier crab,Ditilla mictyroides (not edible); waves his front claw in a beckoning motion. This dried claw is used as a good luck charm; kept in a box with money it is said to cause the money to increase with its beckoning motion’,Casiguran Dumagatpəypəy ‘to signal to someone with your hands to be quiet’. 32737 *payaqdifficult,taxing (ofwork);serious (ofillness) 11172 PWMP *payaqdifficult,taxing (ofwork);serious (ofillness) Note: AlsoMapunpaya ‘really hurting; in hardship or a difficult situation; sometimes it means deathly sick when describing a sickness’Tausugpaya ‘lacking physical strength, weak (as from hunger, sickness or exhaustion)’,Bolaang Mongondowmo-paya ‘serious, of an illness’, all of which are evidently loans fromMalay. This leaves thePWMP status of this form dependent entirely onTirurayfayaɁ, a form that is completely regular as a native term, but which may also be borrowed. 30259 *paypáytowave thehand, asinbeckoningsomeoneorinfanningoneself 7141 PPh *paypáytowave thehand, asinbeckoningsomeoneorinfanningoneself [doublet:*payapay] Note: Mapunmappay ‘to remove something by means of hitting it with a cloth (as foreign matter on a bed); to shoo something away (by means of hitting it with a cloth, or hitting it with one’s waving hand)’ is assumed to be a Greater Central Philippines loan. 32738 *payuagreement,consensus;harmony (especiallyinmaterialexchanges) 11173 PWMP *payuagreement,consensus;harmony (especiallyinmaterialexchanges) Note: AlsoAklanonpáyoɁ ‘to advise, give advice to’,MaranaopayoɁ ‘agree, consent, OK’,Old Javanesemāyu,pāyu ‘to be in harmony, to be agreed upon, to be matched’,aŋ-ayu,in-ayu to do something together, be partners in’. This may be aJavanese loanword spread through the medium ofMalay. 32758 11194 11196 PWMP *ma-mayuŋtouse anumbrellaorparasol 11197 PWMP *payuŋ-antohold anumbrellaorparasoloversomeone Note: AlsoYamipayoŋ ‘umbrella’,mi-payoŋ ‘bring an umbrella’,Palauanbáioŋ ‘umbrella’,Lamaholotmajõ ‘umbrella (modern)’,Wetanpajona ‘oil-paper umbrella’ (<Malay). It is clear that the use of of parasols came to be associated with high social rank after the Indianization of insular Southeast Asia, and that the distribution of this term is partly due to borrowing fromMalay. At the same time, however, the word appears to be native in many languages, and therefore presumably referred originally to parasols or umbrellas made of leaves. 27357 *payupassweep 3887 PWMP *payupassweep pe 30412 *peawhere? 7545 POC *peawhere? [doublet:*pia] 30451 7620 PWMP *pecelsqueezewith thehand 30449 *peceqbreakintoseverallargepieces 7615 PAN *peceq₁breakintoseverallargepieces 7616 PMP *peceq₂breakintoseverallargepieces;tohatch, of anegg 7617 POC *posaqbreakintoseverallargepieces;tohatch, of anegg 7618 POC *ma-posaqbroken Note: AlsoKapingamarangibaa to burst; to hatch. Since most languages show merger of *e and *a before a final *q, the reconstruction of the last-syllable vowel of this form depends critically onPaiwan andPuyuma in Taiwan, and onBare'e in central Sulawesi. 31375 *pecutawhip 9465 PWMP *pecutawhip 27382 *peCiksnap, as the fingersor aslingshot 3919 PAN *peCiksnap, as the fingersor aslingshot [doublet: *pitik] Note: With root *-Cik ‘spring up, flicking motion’. Based on the comparisonMalaypetik ‘plucking at; picking (flowers)’,Javanesepetik ‘that which is picked; act of picking’,Fijianveti ‘to pluck fruit’Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *peTik ‘pluck off’. However, theFijian form is irregular, and Dempwolff's comparison is otherwise restricted to two languages with a long history of mutual borrowing. 27383 3920 Note: AlsoKayanpejep ‘flickering, blinking, of a light’.Zorc (1971) positsPPh *peDek ‘wink’. 30309 *pedeltowringout, aswater fromwetclothes 7257 PAN *pedeltowringout, aswater fromwetclothes 27384 3921 Note: AlsoMalaypadat ‘crushed into the least possible space; well packed; compact’. With root *-det ‘packed in, compressed’. 27385 *pedped₁presstogether,packsolid 3922 PAN *pedped₁presstogether,packsolid 32544 10904 27386 3923 PWMP *pegeŋholdfirmly,concentrate [doublet: *pegaŋ,*pigeŋ] 30798 *pegettriggerfish 8542 PWMP *pegettriggerfish Note: Despite its limited distribution this form is not likely to be a loanword in either language, andMapun, like other Samalan languages, appears to subgroup with the Barito languages of southeast Kalimantan rather than with their neighbors in the Philippines. 27387 3924 PWMP *pegpeg₁tobox,give ablow [disjunct:*peRpeR] Note: AlsoJavanesepeg ‘sound of a hard blow on the side of the head, as when one's ears are boxed’. 33911 *pegpeg₂totremble, aswithchills 12740 PPh *pegpeg₂totremble, aswithchills 27391 *pekaseparate,disconnect 3928 PMP *pekaseparate,disconnect Note: Mills (1975:807) proposes "Proto-Indonesian" ?*p(uɨ)ka(qo) ‘split, break apart’, but, of the material he presents, onlyMaduresepekka ‘split in two’ appears to belong to the present cognate set. 27388 *pekaktocackle, as ahenthat haslaid anegg 3925 PWMP *pekaktocackle [doublet:*tekak] Note: With root*-kak₁ ‘cackle, laugh loudly’. 27415 3953 PMP *pekaŋstretchopenorapart [disjunct:*peka 'separate, disconnect'] Note: Mills (1975:803) positsProto-South Sulawesi *pe(ŋ)ka ‘branching off; hooklike’. Presumably with root *-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’. 27389 *pekaqsplit 3926 PWMP *pekaqsplit Note: With root *-kaq₂ ‘split’. 27390 3927 32572 10937 PPh *pekelsqueeze,presstogether 32573 10938 Note: AlsoKapampanganpékat ‘paste, sticky substance’. With root*-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’. 27392 3929 10893 10894 PAN *p<um>ekpek(glossuncertain) 10895 PWMP *p<um>ekpekthingusedtoknockorpound Note: AlsoRotumanpōpō ‘to slap gently, pat, esp. a baby in order to put it off to sleep’,Niuepōpō ‘to pat, slap’,Rennellesepoopoo ‘to pat, as a dog or to comfort; to soothe, placate’. With root *-pek ‘beat, hit’. 27393 3930 27394 3931 PMP *pekuq₁bend,curve [doublet: *teku] Note: AlsoMakassaresepekkoʔ ‘bent, curved’. 27395 3932 Note: Possibly identical to *pekuq₁ ‘bend, curve’. 27396 3933 32783 *pelaqamsufferinsilence,conceal anillness 11224 PWMP *pelaqamsufferinsilence,conceal anillness 31485 *peledastringenttaste, as ofunripebananas 9599 PWMP *peledastringenttaste, as ofunripebananas [doublet:*sapela,*sapeled] 32806 11250 PWMP *peletacridorbittertaste [disjunct:*peled] 32545 *pelpelcrammed,forcedinto anopening,stufffull 10905 PWMP *pelpelcrammed,forcedinto anopening,stufffull 32776 11217 Note: AlsoNgaju Dayakpalok ‘an embrace; to embrace’ (<Banjarese Malay). With root*-luk ‘bend, curve’. 27397 3934 Note: With root *-lus ‘slip off’. 32777 11218 11797 Note: Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *pened ‘to stuff, stop up’ based on a wide range of semantically divergent and phonologically irregular forms, includingMalagasyféni ‘fence, hedge, enclosure’,Malaypənat ‘weariness; tiredness; exhaustion’,Toba Batakponot ‘tube, pipe (as of bamboo)’,Javanesepenet ‘pressed down, oppressed, overcome, silent (with amazement, awe, dismay, sorrow)’,Fijianbono-ta ‘to block or dam up’ (pointing to *-t, not *-d), andTonganmono ‘to mend a hole, put a patch on’ (pointing to *m-, not *p-). Although a reconstruction with this shape and meaning appears to be justified on the basis of a cognate set known so far only from the Philippines and western Indonesia, it cannot be justified on the basis of the evidence he presented. 32807 *pened₂formalgathering, as ofchiefs 11251 PMP *pened₂formalgathering, as ofchiefs 11252 POC *ponorformalgathering, as ofchiefs,withpossibleconnectionstoannouncingtemporarytaboos Note: While this comparison is well-supported forProto-Polynesian, the resemblance of Polynesian forms toMaranaopened may be due to chance. The semantics ofRotumanfono (apparently a Polynesian loan), together with the meanings of theNiue,Samoan,Rennellese, andHawaiian words, suggests that such formal gatherings may have been held for the express purpose of announcing temporary taboos to the community at large. 27398 *penpen₁toprovision,fillup 3935 PWMP *penpen₁toprovision,fillup 32546 *penpen₂covernoseandmouthwithhand 10906 PWMP *penpen₂covernoseandmouthwithhand Note: AlsoBikolmag-pupón ‘to cover the nose and mouth with the hand’. 30186 6986 6987 6988 PMP *ma-penuqfull 6989 6990 PPh *na-penuqfilled 6991 PMP *pa-penuqtofill,causetobecomefull 6992 POC *pa-ponuqtofill,causetobecomefull 6993 PWMP *ka-penuq-anact offilling? 6994 PWMP *p<in>enuqfilled 6995 PWMP *p<um>enuqtofill,makecomplete 6996 6997 6998 PMP *penuq sakayoverwheminnumbers? 6999 Note: AlsoYamdenaféni ‘full (as with water)’. This is one of the most basic stative verbs/adjectives inAustronesian languages. It is thus surprising that reflexes of *ma-penuq are completely unknown in the Oceanic group, despite the fact that this prefix was so tightly bound in other stems (as *ma-sakit ‘painful, sick’, or *ma-takut ‘afraid’) that it became fossilized in many of the modern languages, and possibly in Proto-Oceanic itself.PMP *penuq evidently referred to fullness and filling of containers with liquid or solid material; however, in many of the reflexes is also used in a somewhat more abstract sense, as with people filling a room or graves filling a village. Finally, the glosses forIbanMokenAsiluluSa'aRennellese andNukuoro show clearly that this word also figured in expressions relating to periods of high tide, the point at which the sea’s expanse reaches its ‘fullest’. 30187 7000 7001 PMP *peñuthegreenturtle,Cheloniamydas 7002 POC *poñuthegreenturtle,Cheloniamydas Note: AlsoMelanau (Mukah)pañu ‘turtle’ (<Brunei Malay ),Malagasyfanu ‘a kind of beetle; the sea turtle; kind of fish’,Balinesepañu ‘turtle, tortoise’,Rotumanhoi ‘turtle’. SinceKavalanpənu is the sole known Formosan reflex of this word, and since inKavalanpənu refers to all marine turtles without distinction, it is unclear whether there was a more specific referent of *peñu inPAn. ByPMP times, however, it is clear that *peñu referred distinctively to the green turtle,Chelonia mydas, valued for both its meat and its eggs, as contrasted with the hawksbill turtle,Chelonia imbricata (PCEMP *keRa(nŋ)), which was valued for its colorful shell (in part because of international trade demand from a very early date). Although the evidence is tenuous, the extended glosses inMalagasyNggela andTongan suggest that a reflex ofPMP *peñu may also have designated a turtle-shaped water beetle or a similar insect (also cf.Malaypeñu-peñu-an ‘ant-lion). 27414 3952 27410 3947 Note: With root *-ŋa(q) ‘gaping’. 32778 11219 Note: Although this comparison is restricted to languages of western Indonesia it is not found inMalay, and has a very low likelihood of being a loan. Tentatively, then, it is accepted as a directly inherited form in languages that probably have been separated since the initial Austronesian settlement of Sumatra and Java. 27400 *periŋbamboo sp. 3937 PMP *periŋbamboo sp. Note: AlsoIbanperin ‘kind of bamboo’.Soboyopeliŋ ‘kind of bamboo:Bambusa vulgaris Schrad.’ may be a loan from Banggai.Mills (1975:799) proposes "PInd" ?*pɨriŋ, but bases his comparison entirely onWMP languages. 32547 *perper₁complete anactivity,seethroughtocompletion 10907 PPh *perper₁complete anactivity,seethroughtocompletion 32548 *perper₂tourge,pressoninsistently 10908 PWMP *perper₂tourge,pressoninsistently 27401 3938 Note: With root *-rus₂ ‘slip or slide off’. 32779 *peRawhoarse,husky, of thevoice 11220 PWMP *peRawhoarse,husky, of thevoice [doublet:*paRaw] 27399 3936 Note: With root *-cik ‘splash, spatter, fly out’. For the same semantic range, cp.Malayrecék ‘fine speckles, very small spots. Of being sprinkled with rosewater; cloth speckled with gold; garments slightly bespattered by water thrown up by a car passing, etc.’. 27412 3949 PMP *pe(R)citsqueeze,squirtout 3950 30399 *peReqsqueezeoutjuice,wringoutwater 7511 PAN *peReqsqueezeoutjuice,wringoutwater 7512 PWMP *ma-meReqtosqueezeoutjuice,wringoutwater Note: AlsoAgutaynenmag-pega ‘to squeeze the liquid out of something; to wring something out’,Mapunpaggaʔ ‘to press or squeeze a liquid (out of something, as juice from fruit)’,Yakanmag-peggaʔ ‘to squeeze (liquid from something with the hand, especially from grated coconut’),Sasakperen ‘to press, squeeze’,Manggaraiperaŋ ‘to squeeze, wring out’. 30400 *peRessqueezeoutjuice,extractliquid bysqueezing 7513 PAN *peRessqueezeoutjuice,extractliquid bysqueezing 7514 POC *poRossqueezeoutjuice,extractliquid bysqueezing 7515 PWMP *ma-meRestosqueezeoutjuice,wringoutwater Note: AlsoMapunpaggos ‘to force someone to do something’ (< Bisayan),Tiruraykeres ‘to squeeze out juice by pressing or twisting something’,Yakanpegges ‘to press (sugarcane)’,pegges-an ‘a sugarcane press,Javaneseperes ‘squeezed, wrung’ (<Malay).Gituaporo could reflect eitherPMP *peReq orPMP *peRes; its assignment to the latter is arbitrary, but is based on the richer attestation of *peRes. 31337 9417 PWMP *peRpeRtobox,give ablow [disjunct: *pegpeg] 33626 12367 PPh *peRsaboil,abscess [doublet: *pi(R)sa)] Note: AlsoIfugaw (Batad)pogha ‘a boil, a localized suppuration of the skin’,Maranaopese ‘boil, carbuncle’. 27413 3951 Note: With root *-tak₂ ‘sound of cracking, splitting, knocking’. 27405 3942 PMP *pessound ofescapingair, etc. Note: AlsoPuyuma (Tamalakaw)ves ‘whizzing sound, as of flying bird or of wind’. Presumably the simple root found in *ke(m)pes ‘deflate’. 27402 *pesakbreakintoseverallargepieces;hatch 3939 PMP *pesakbreakintoseverallargepieces;hatch [doublet:*peceq₁] Note: Possibly *pecak. AlsoMalaypécak ‘crushed or driven in at one point, of a rotting fruit, a dented ball, etc.’,Balineseencak ‘crush, break by pressure’. Part of this comparison was first noted in print byVerheijen (1967-70). 32832 *pesicoastaltree,perhapsPongamiapinnata 11284 POC *pesicoastaltree,perhapsPongamiapinnata Note: A closely similar version of this comparison was first proposed byRoss (2008:170). 27403 *pesitblind 3940 PWMP *pesitblind 27404 3941 7234 11291 7235 10889 10890 PAN *p<in>espeswasmassaged bysomeone 10891 PAN *pespes-imassage(imperative) Note: AlthoughPazeh usually reflects CVCCVC reduplications as CV1CV1CV1C, parallels to the reduction found in this form are also attested in *daŋdaŋ >dadaŋ ‘to warm (body); broil’, and *sepsep >zezep ‘to suck’. 32728 11161 11241 POC *posuhave ahole;beperforated 32884 11343 Note: AlsoSeimatpes ‘to break wind, fart’. 32808 *pesukhave ahole;beperforated 11253 PMP *pesukhave ahole;beperforated [doublet: *pesu] 11254 POC *posukhave ahole;beperforated 29946 *peSiqsqueezeoutjuice;squirtout 6626 PAN *peSiqsqueezeoutjuice;squirtout 27407 3944 PMP *petashatter,break [disjunct: *betak₁ 'cleave, split'] 27406 *petaksquawk 3943 PWMP *petaksquawk [doublet:*pekak 'cackle'] 32780 *peteŋdusky,twilight, asnear theend ofday 11221 PWMP *peteŋdusky,twilight, asnear theend ofday Note: AlsoToba Batakpotaŋ ‘evening, from mid-afternoon on’ (<Malay). Based onMalay,Toba Batak andJavaneseDempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *petaŋ ‘darkness’, regarding theToba Batak form as regular, and theJavanese form as showing an irregular last-syllable vowel. However, all other languages, includingKaro Batakk, support the reconstruction of *peteŋ, making it far more likely that theToba Batak form is aMalay loan. 27411 3948 PWMP *pe(n)tikspot,dot [doublet:*beCik 'tattoo'] Note: AlsoCasiguran Dumagatputek putek ‘polka dots (on fish or cloth)’,Cebuanobatuk ‘small area different in color or texture from the background’,pátik ‘tattoo, mark with a brand’,Ibanpantak ‘spot of a different color, as on an animal's head’,Rovianakoti ‘spot or dot’. 29869 *petpet₁flatten;pressdowninordertosqueezein 6518 PWMP *petpet₁flatten;pressdowninordertosqueezein Note: AlsoIfugaw (Batad)bitbit ‘flatten something, as in patting out dough, hammering out metal’. The term evidently referred both to flattening maleable objects on a planar surface, and to pressing the contents of a container down to make them fit the available space. 32784 *petpet₂stuffed,crowded;blocked,clogged 11225 PWMP *petpet₂stuffed,crowded;blocked,clogged 33735 *petpet₃piece ofsomethingthat hasbeencut 12491 PPh *petpet₃piece ofsomethingthat hasbeencut 27408 3945 Note: With root *-tuk₂ ‘knock, pound, beat’. 30512 7741 PCMP *peutobindtogetherin asheaf Note: AlsoYamdenambéu ‘to bind in a bundle, of maize’. 32618 11009 PWMP *pezemclose theeyes [doublet:*pezeŋ] 27409 3946 PMP *pezeŋclose theeyes [doublet:*pezem] pi 32263 10554 27417 *pia₁where? 3955 POC *piawhere? [doublet:*pea] 30833 *pia₂goodness 8639 PMP *pia₂goodness 8640 PMP *ma-piagood Note: AlsoManobo (Western Bukidnon)upiya ‘to do good’,me-ʔupiya ‘good’,Siangpiyo ‘good’,Mongondowpira ‘good’, the latter with analogical back-formation (Blust 1983). 32785 11226 PMP *pia₃towant,desire [doublet:*pian] 30265 7147 Note: Possibly a loan distribution. 32488 *piakbabychick;peeping ofchick 10827 PAN *piakbabychick;peeping ofchick [doublet:*piuk-piuk] 27416 *pianwant,desire,wishorlong for 3954 PMP *pianwant,desire,wishorlong for [disjunct:*pia] 32629 *piaŋaatree:Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.),Sapotaceae 11024 PPh *piaŋaatree:Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.),Sapotaceae Note: This comparison is taken fromMadulid (2001), and could not be confirmed by independent lexicographic sources. 33823 *piaykind offern:Acrostichumaureum 12622 PWMP *piaykind offern:Acrostichumaureum Note: TheManobo form is taken fromMadulid (2001:2:6), who does not further specify its provenance. 27418 3956 30450 7619 32619 *picek₂dented, having anindentation 11010 PWMP *picek₂dented, having anindentation Note: AlsoMalaypichak ‘crushed or driven in at one point’. 27419 3957 PMP *piciksplash,spray,sprinkle Note: AlsoCebuanolagsík ‘for small things to fly off, splatter’,Malaylecék ‘blow the nose, e.g. with the fingers’,Malay (Jakarta)bécék ‘puddle, slush on road’ andPMP *recik ‘speckled, stained’, hence the assumption of a root *cik ‘fly out, splatter’. This comparison is of particular interest, as it provides the only knownPMP etymology for an instance ofpʷ inOC languages. It is noteworthy that *p normally becameRotineseh. 27420 3958 Note: With root *-cit ‘squirt out’. 27421 3959 Note: AlsoMalaypécak ‘crushed or driven in at one point’. 27422 3960 Note: AlsoMaranaopideŋ ‘close the eye’,Tirurayfireŋ ‘have a drooping eyelid’,DampelasmpidaɁ ’wink of an eye’,Bare'epida ‘wink, blink’,Tae'ka-pidi-pidi ‘regularly blink the eyes’,Munapidu ‘blink the eyes’. 32929 *pidek₂eyelash 11397 PPh *pidek₂eyelash Note: Possibly identical toPWMP *pidek₁ ‘blink, wink’. 32786 11227 Note: With root*-dem₁ ‘dark; overcast’. 32519 *pideŋtoextinguish,douse afire 10861 PWMP *pideŋtoextinguish,douse afire [doublet:*padem,*padeŋ] 27423 3961 3962 PWMP *p<al>idpidborder,side,edge 32630 *piduttopinch,holdbetween thefingers 11025 PPh *piduttopinch,holdbetween thefingers Note: AlsoMansakapindit ‘a pinch, as of powder’. 33331 11869 PMP *piekpeep,cheep [doublet:*piak] 11870 32787 11228 Note: AlsoCebuanopigɁut ‘narrow, not affording enough space’. 32608 10996 PWMP *pigeŋtogrip,grasptightly Note: AlsoMalaypəgaŋ ‘grasp; hand-hold; control’,p<əm>əgaŋ ‘handrail; balustrade’. 30822 8588 PWMP *pihakoneside,onehalf [doublet:*biqak] [disjunct:*piqak] 8589 PWMP *pihak-an(glossuncertain) Note: Dempwolff (1938) posited *piak, based on a comparison ofTagalogpiak ‘divided, distributed’,Javanesepiyak ‘severed, separated’,Ngaju Dayakpahariʔ sapak piak ‘half sister from the same mother’, andMalagasypiaka ‘broken, snapped’, andDyen (1953:10) converted this to *piqak, based only on theTagalog,Malay, andJavanese forms. However, modern dictionaries do not giveTagalogpiak, theHiligaynon andAklanon forms cited here conflict with *piqak, and theMalagasy form is irregular in showingp- rather thanf-.Richards (1981) citesIbanpiak, andWilkinson (1959:901) citesMalaypihak as a borrowing of Arabicfihak ‘side’, but this is surely wrong, given its presence both inOld Javanese, which preceded sustained Arabic influence, and in languages of the central Philippine which are unlikely to have borrowed it. NonethelessMalaypihak andOld Javanesepihak-an are regular only under a derivation from *piqak, leaving several unanswered questions about this comparison. 30605 *pijaxinterrogative ofquantity:howmuch?,howmany?;adjective ofindefinitequantity:some,several, afew 8047 PAN *pijaxinterrogative ofquantity:howmuch?,howmany?;adjective ofindefinitequantity:some,several, afew 8048 8049 PPh *ika-pijawhichnumber isit? 8050 PWMP *ka-pija(glossuncertain) 8051 8052 PAN *maka-pija(for)howmanydays? 8053 PAN *pa-pijahowmany? (ofpeople) Note: This prefixed form clearly parallels the use ofCa- reduplication in the formation of numerals with human referents, although it is unclear whether all forms that appear to be traceable to *pa-pija have the same history (e.g.Fordatafa-fira ‘how often?’, or even theProto-Bungku-Tolaki form cited above). 8054 PMP *paka-pija(glossuncertain) 8055 8056 8057 POC *pica picaafew,several (?) Note: AlsoBununpiaq ‘how many?’,Itbayatenpirah how many?,pa-pirah ‘how many (in units or number, not in time)’,Ilongotpigi ‘how many?’,Tagalogilán ‘how many?; a few; more than two or three, but not many; several; some’,Agutaynenpirapa ‘amount; how much?, how many?’,Tirurayfiroy ‘how much?, how many?,Engganoʔa-píaha ‘how much?, how many?’,Kilivilavila ‘how many?’,Sa’a(e)-nite,Ulawa(e)-nita ‘how many?, so many; a few’,Rotumanhisi ‘how many? Used indefinitely (several, I don’t know how many), as well as interrogatively’. The endings in several of these irregular forms are puzzling. WhileBunun–q is at odds with all other languages that retain final consonants,Itbayaten–h, which could reflectPAn *S or *h, presents more subtle problems. If it reflected *S we would expect a final sibilant in all six of the Formosan witnesses cited here, and this alternative is therefore strongly disfavored. However, ifItbayatenpirah reflects *pijah the only witness that can be cited as a check isAmis. Nonetheless, sinceAmispina contradicts the reconstruction of *-h, it seems best to positPAn *pija, and assume that bothBununpiaq andItbayatenpirah have added a final consonant through some unknown historically secondary process.Tagalogilán for expected **pilá, on the other hand, is doubly irregular in showing loss of *p- and addition of–n, but the highly specific semantics make it very likely that this form is also a reflex of *pija. This form is well-know as an interrogative of quantity, in which sense it has been reconstructed byDempwolff (1938), andWolff (2010:933). However, cognates distributed fromAtayal toMaori show clearly that it also functioned as an adjective of indefinite quantity, translatable into English as ‘some, several, a few’. 27436 *pijikoflesh,leanpart ofmeat;grain ofwood 3977 POC *pijikoflesh,leanpart ofmeat;grain ofwood 32847 *pijir, pijir-ibraid,twisttogether 11302 POC *pijir, pijir-ibraid,twisttogether Note: This comparison was first proposed byRoss, Clark and Osmond (1998:288-289). 32833 *pijokind ofreedorcane,includingSaccharumspontaneum 11285 POC *pijokind ofreedorcane,includingSaccharumspontaneum Note: This comparison was first assembled byMilke (9168), but considerably expaned byRoss (2008:254). 30371 7414 7415 PAN *ma-pizpizcloselyspaced,setclosetogether 27430 *pikclick 3971 PWMP *pikclick 27426 3966 POC *pikasand,sandbank [doublet: *mpike] Note: AlsoLabelpiu ‘earth, ground, soil’,Tuvaluanpike ‘sand castle’ (Gilbertese loan). 27424 3963 PMP *pikakmake aharshthroatysound Note: With root *-kak₁ ‘cackle, laugh loudly’. 31408 *pikaŋspreadwideapart, as the legsoranytwo thingsjoinedat apoint 9512 PMP *pikaŋspreadwideapart, as the legsoranytwo thingsjoinedat apoint Note: With root*-kaŋ₁ ‘spread apart, as the legs’. Possibly a convergent innovation produced by sharing a common monosyllabic root. 27425 3964 PWMP *pikatsapused asbirdlime [doublet:*piket₂] 3965 PWMP *mamikatsnarebirdswithbirdlime Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) proposed *pikat ‘decoy’, but based his comparison solely onMalay and on languages that have borrowed heavily from it (Javanese,Ngaju Dayak), suggested a different meaning, and overlooked the nonconforming reflex inToba Batak. 27427 3967 12249 Note: With root *-kel ‘bend, curl’. 27465 4008 PMP *pi(ŋ)keRbend,turn [doublet:*pikul] 30433 *piket₁horsefly,largebitingfly 7580 PWMP *piket₁horsefly,largebitingfly 31338 9418 PWMP *piket₂sticky,adhesive [doublet:*pikat] 9435 PWMP *mamiketsnarebirdswithbirdlime Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) proposed *pikat ‘decoy’, but based his comparison solely onMalay and on languages that have borrowed heavily from it (Javanese,Ngaju Dayak), suggested a different meaning, and overlooked the nonconforming reflex inToba Batak. With root*-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’. 32658 11058 27428 3968 Note: With root *-kik ‘shrill throaty sound’. 29848 *pikitstickingto,attachedto,joined 6478 PMP *pikitstickingto,attachedto,joined 6479 Note: With root *-kit₂ join along the length. 27429 *pikpiksound ofpattingortapping 3969 PAN *pikpiksound ofpattingortapping [doublet:*pakpak₁, 'wing',*pik 'click'] 12535 3970 Note: AlsoAklanonpalik ‘fin (of fish)’,Tirurayfelik-felik ‘pectoral fins of fish’. With root *-pik ‘pat, light slap’. 33345 11916 PAN *pikubend,curve [doublet:*pikuq₁] 27466 4009 Note: With root *-kuk₁ ‘bent, crooked’. 32581 10949 Note: With root*-kul₁ ‘curl, bend’. 30270 *pikuq₁tobend,curve;bent,curved 7172 PAN *pikuq₁tobend,curve;bent,curved [doublet:*piku] Note: AlsoAmispiko ‘intersection, a place where there is a turn in the road’,Paiwanpiku ‘elbow’,Binukidpúkuʔ ‘to bend (something); be bent over’. With root *-ku(q) ‘bend, curve’. As shown by the parentheses, reflexes of morphemes that contain this submorphemic root sometimes reflect *-ku and sometimes *-kuq (Blust 1988:116-17). TheAmis andPaiwan forms in Taiwan reflect *piku, the available Philippine forms reflect *pikuq, and theKavalan andNggela forms are ambiguous, although the subgrouping relationship ofKavalan withAmis favors an interpretation thatKavalanpiku reflects an earlier form without a final consonant. 32582 10950 PPh *pikuq₂kind of children’sgame 32659 11059 PMP *pikuttobendover, as aperson Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. With root*-kut‘hunched over, bent’. 32660 *píkutforcedmarriage;toforceintomarriage 11060 PPh *píkutforcedmarriage;toforceintomarriage 32729 *pílaclay 11162 PPh *pílaclay Note: Possibly aTagalog loan distribution. 27431 3972 31336 *pilantikspring-setspeartrap 9414 PWMP *pilantikspring-setspeartrap [doublet:*pale(n)tik] 27432 *pilaqscar 3973 PMP *pilaɁscar [disjunct:*pilat] 30823 *pilatscar 8590 PWMP *pilatscar [disjunct:*pilaɁ] Note: AlsoIlokanopiglát ‘scar; blemish; birthmark’,ag-piglát ‘to scar’,Casiguran Dumagatpéklat ‘scab (of a sore); to scab over’,Agta (Central Cagayan)piglat,Bontokbílat,piglát,Keleyqiq Kallahanpiklat ‘scar’,Ifugaw (Batad)bīlat ‘a body scar, the result of a skin infection or wound’,Bikolpiklát ‘a deep scar’,ma-piklat-án ‘to have such a scar’,Arosihura,hu-hura ‘scar’. 30630 *piliqtochoose,toselect;topickout 8112 PAN *piliqtochoose,toselect;topickout 8113 PPh *i-piliq(glossuncertain) 8114 PWMP *ka-piliq(glossuncertain) 8115 PWMP *ma-miliqtochoose,select,pickout 8116 PAN *ma-piliq(glossuncertain) 8117 PMP *ma-piliqchoosy,fussy,fastidious 8118 PWMP *maR-piliqtochoose,select,pickout 8119 PWMP *na-piliqwaschosen;what waschosen, one’spreference 8120 PWMP *pa-miliq(glossuncertain) 8121 PWMP *pa-piliqletsomeonechoose,letsomeonemake achoice 8122 PPh *paR-piliq(glossuncertain) 8123 PAN *ka-piliq-an(glossuncertain) 8124 PWMP *pa-miliq-an(glossuncertain) 8125 PWMP *p<in>iliqwaschosen;what waschosen 8126 PAN *p<um>iliqtochoose,select,pickout 8127 PMP *piliq-an(glossuncertain) 8128 PWMP *piliq-enbechosen,selected;what ischosen,choice 8129 8130 PMP *piliq piliq(glossuncertain) Note: AlsoHiligaynonpíli ‘choice’,Mapunpeneʔ ‘to choose; select; pick out; discriminate’,Tboliélék ‘selected; chosen’,Yakanpeneʔ ‘to choose or select something’,Lun Dayehfiliiʔ ‘choice, a pick, an election’,Lamaholotmileʔ ‘harvest, yield’,Letiili ‘choose’,Toqabaqitafiri-a ‘choose, select, prefer’. This term clearly referred to the action of making a choice or selection from a range of alternatives. However, two more specific senses stand out from the glosses recorded for several languages. First is the meaning ‘pick out undesirable inclusions (pebbles, bad grains, etc.) from rice after the pounding and before or during cooking’ (Pazeh,Itbayaten,Ilokano,Aklanon,Tausug, perhapsMuna). Second is the meaning ‘what is left over after the best has been picked out’ (Aklanon,Karo Batak,Tae',Makassarese). Even though the forms that have this meaning generally differ in their overall word shape (taking different affixes), the recurrent association of these two senses of ‘choosing’ with the base *piliq makes it very likely that they were part of the original signification of the term, a signification that can clearly be connected withPPh*piliq-an ‘pick out impurities from husked rice, prior to cooking’. It is further noteworthy that despite the cognation of the base in Formosan and Malayo-Polynesian languages there is little agreement between affixed forms, suggesting considerable morphological innovation inPMP. 30979 8879 PWMP *pilistemple,side of thehead Note: AlsoPangasinanalopísiŋ ‘the temples (of the head)’,Kayanpilik ‘the temple bones in the human skull’,Malaypəlipis ‘temple’,Old Javanesepi-piliŋ-an,piliŋ-piliŋ-an ‘the temples’,Bare'epidi ‘cheeks’,Rembongimpis ‘temples’. 30421 *pílittoinsist;toforce,compelsomeonetodosomething 7555 PPh *pílittoinsist;toforce,compelsomeonetodosomething 7556 PPh *pilit-enforcesomeonetodosomething Note: AlsoBikoli-pírit ‘to insist on; to press for’,mag-pírit ‘to force someone to do something; to persuade forcefully; to make or push someone into doing something; to compel, coerce’,ma-pirít-an ‘to feel compelled, obliged, obligated or forced to do something’ (with irregular *l >r, possibly due to contamination with *pirit ‘twist, twisted’). 30422 7557 32848 11303 Note: A shorter version of his comparison was first proposed byRoss, Clark and Osmond (1998:259). 27433 3974 32549 *pilpilpoundon,hit,beat,orcrush 10909 PWMP *pilpilpoundon,hit,beat,orcrush 31286 *pilualargemarinefish, thejackfishortrevally 9342 PMP *pilualargemarinefish, thejackfishortrevally [doublet:*bilu-bilu] 9343 POC *pilu-pilusmalltrevallyvarieties 30304 *pilukcrippled;bentortwisted, of thelegorfoot 7250 PAN *piluk₁crippled;bentortwisted, of thelegorfoot 7251 PWMP *ta-piluksprained,twisted, as theankle Note: AlsoIlokanopilʔók ‘limping, walking with a hop, having one leg shorter than the other’. The base *piluk probably referred to a congenital condition, with *ta- marking a temporary condition caused by an accident while walking or running. This is one of the rare instances in which a form can be reconstructed with the ‘involuntary action’ prefix *ta- (variant*taR-). 33816 12610 27434 3975 27435 3976 Note: Ilokanopindáŋ may be aMalay loan. 32781 11222 PWMP *pindaqtomove,changelocation Note: AlsoNgaju Dayakindah ‘displaced, transferred’. Possibly aMalay loan distribution. Based on theMalagasy,Ngaju Dayak,Malay andJavanese forms given hereDempwolff (1938) proposed Uraustronesisch *pindaq ‘change location, move’. 30710 8290 PWMP *piniabird, theswallow [doublet:*pinis] 8291 PWMP *kala-piniabird, theswallow Note: Although the only supporting evidence currently available for this form is quadrisyllabic, it is clear that it contains a disyllabic base and a variant of the common *qali/kali- prefix marking referents that have a connection with the spirit world (Blust 2001). For further evidence of this cf. the doublet form*pinis. 30711 8292 PWMP *pinisabird, theswallow [doublet:*pini] Note: This base almost certainly occurred obligatorily with a variant of the *qali/kali- prefix, but the available evidence is too limited to determine which variant that was. Alternatively this reconstruction could have the form *X-pinis, where ‘X’ represents an indeterminate *qali/kali- variant (for further discussion and examples seeBlust 2001:24). 32739 11174 32788 *pintaltotwiststrandstogether (?) 11229 PWMP *pintaltotwiststrandstogether (?) 32642 *pintáscurse,hex;tobewitch;tocriticize,findfaultwith 11040 PPh *pintáscurse,hex;tobewitch;tocriticize,findfaultwith 33361 *pintuqloftinhousewhereunmarriedgirlsreside 11965 PPh *pintuqloftinhousewhereunmarriedgirlsreside Note: AlsoMongondowpintu ‘to place or seclude in a loft’, po-pintu-an ‘area for girls to stay in the house; also place in the heavens where the gods reside’. Given its semantics this word seems almost certainly to be a loan fromMalay,Javanese or another western Indonesian language that underwent Indian contact influence during the first few centuries of the Common Era. However, to date no such connection has been established, and so tentatively a recontruction is proposed on the assumption that the attested glosses are elaborations of something that originally was more mundane. 30722 8309 Note: AlsoArosibino ~pino ‘to fold over a leaf in which to drink; a leaf cup’. 32834 11286 POC *pinuanatree:Macaranga spp. Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed byRoss (2008:243-244), who also proposedPMP *binu(q)an, based on Oceanic evidence plusTagalogbinuaŋ ‘M. tanarius, M. grandifolia’, cited fromMadulid (2001.2:191). However, the final consonant in this wider comparison fails to correspond, making it a ‘near comparison’ on thePMP level. In addition, most evidence suggests thatTagalogbinuaŋ refers to a different tree (cf. ACD,PWMP* ‘tree with very light wood:Octomeles sp.’. Finally, note thePPh reconstruction* ‘a tree:Macaranga tanarius’. 32885 11344 Note: A slightly longer version of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond and Ross (2016a:91). It is unclear how this form might have differed semantically fromPOc *kulit ‘skin, bark, peel, shell’. 32520 10862 10863 11051 10864 PPh *na-pílaywaslame 10865 PPh *piláy-entocripple,disablesomeone Note: AlsoMalaypiray ‘rheumatic’,Bahasa Indonesiapiray ‘disease of the joints, rheumatism’. It is assumed thatPAn *piNay underwent an irregular change toPMP *pilay, since all known Malayo-Polynesian reflexes point to a medial lateral. 31339 9419 PMP *piŋ(e)qutnasalmucus,snot [doublet: *hiŋus₁] [disjunct:*piŋus] Note: Rotinese normally reflects *p ash, but showsp in a few other forms, as *papan >papa ‘plank, board’ and *picik >pisi ‘to sprinkle, spray (water)’. 27458 *piŋicheek 4001 PAN *piŋicheek Note: AlsoSambal (Botolan)piŋih,HanunóopíŋiɁ ‘cheek’,Samalpisŋi,Kelabitpiŋit,Mongondowputoŋi,Kayanpiŋah ‘cheek’. 33304 *piŋilankle 11839 PWMP *piŋilankle [doublet:*paŋil] 33798 12586 PMP *piŋkawbent,crooked [disjunct:*pikel,*pi(ŋ)keR] 12587 32850 *piŋkíqstriketwohardobjectstogethertoproduce aspark 11304 PPh *piŋkíqstriketwohardobjectstogethertoproduce aspark 27459 4002 Note: With root *-kuŋ ‘bend, curve’. 27464 4007 PMP *piŋusnasalmucus,snot [doublet: *hiŋus₁] [disjunct:*piŋ(e)qut] 30631 *pipi₂femalegenitalia (child’sword?) 8131 PAN *pipi₂femalegenitalia (child’sword?) Note: AlsoIlokanopípit ‘vagina (familiar term)’,Waray-Waraypipíʔ ‘vagina; female sex organ’. 27437 *pipiqflat 3978 PWMP *pipiqflat 32643 *pipiqitkind ofsmallbird,probablyfinchorsparrow 11041 PWMP *pipiqitkind ofsmallbird,probablyfinchorsparrow 32851 *pipiruawhirlwind,waterspout 11305 POC *pipiruawhirlwind,waterspout Note: A slightly larger version of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:85-86), who reconstructedPOc *piru-piru ‘whirlwind, waterspout’. 32550 *pipis₁tocrushormashbetweentwohardsurfaces 10910 PMP *pipis₂tocrushormashbetweentwohardsurfaces 27438 *pipit₁awhistleor simplewindinstrumentmade byblowinginto a mouthpiece,probablymade of aleaf 3979 PWMP *pipit₁kind ofwindinstrument Note: Dempwolff (1938) assignedMalaypipit ‘mouthpiece of a whistle’ to *pitpit ‘pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces’, but on semantic grounds it can more convincingly be placed here.Malaypipit ‘small twittering bird; finch; sparrow’ may be the same form, linked by onomatopoeia, but this has an alternative etymology from *pitpit ‘kind of small bird and its cry’. 32536 *pipit₂genitals of ayoungchild 10887 PWMP *pipit₂genitals of ayoungchild [doublet:*pipi₂] Note: AlsoManggaraipipis ‘genitals of a little girl’. 32631 *piqaktosplit,separate sections 11026 PWMP *piqaktosplit,separatesections [doublet:*biqak] Note: Wilkinson (1959) givesMalaypihak as a borrowing of Arabicfihak, but this cannot be correct, given the apparent cognate inOld Javanese. 32521 *piqekbabychick;topeep, ofchicks 10866 PMP *piqekbabychick;topeep, ofchicks 10867 PWMP *piqek-piqekpeeping ofchicks 32551 *piqpiqwashclothes bypoundingonriverrocks 10911 PPh *piqpiqwashclothes bypoundingonriverrocks 30175 *pirasimmaturestage ofcoconutorarecanut (?) 6973 POC *pirasimmaturestage ofcoconutorarecanut (?) 27440 *piripithyballinsidesproutedcoconut,coconut 3981 POC *piripithyballinsidesproutedcoconut,coconutendosperm 27441 *piritplait acord,twist,wraparound 3982 PMP *piritplait acord,twist,wraparound 3983 POC *piri-piritwineroundandround;thingmade bybraiding Note: AlsoTawalawili ‘to roll (as a cigarette)’,Rovianapili ‘a plaited food basket made from coconut frond’,Bugotupijiri ‘to plait with three or four strands’,viri ‘twisted, tangled; English twist tobacco’,virig-i ‘wind round, be overgrown with creepers; bind in a bundle; a bundle’,piri ‘belt, rope’,Nggelapidiri ‘to intertwine the strands of a rope; a fishing line’,Motavil ‘bind round, tie strongly’,vilit ‘to bind firm’,Tuvaluanpili ‘entangled (as of foot or a bird in vines)’. 27442 3984 3985 Note: AlsoBugotupiru ‘rope, line’,piru-ki ‘to twist, wrench, screw, plait’,Nggelaviru ‘to wring, twist’,ta-viru ‘twisted; to turn; to curl’,Laufīru ‘tangled, of hair’,Kwaiofiku ‘tangled’,Sa'ahiru-hiru ‘turn and twist; to boil, of surf’,'Āre'ārehiku-a ‘twist coconuts in pairs for carrying; entwine, be entangled in a creeper’,Arosihiko ‘entangle, twist round’,hiko-hiko ‘entangle, twist round, as creepers, vines’,hikos-ia ‘entwined’,hiro ‘revolve’,hiros-ia ‘spun round’,Tonganfilo ‘thread, cotton or thin string, or the string of a violin, etc.; fuse (for exploding)’,filo tui-tui ‘sewing thread or cotton’,filo-filo ‘to spin, make thread or string or rope’,tapaka filo-filo ‘twist tobacco’,filoh-i ‘bind the crosspieces to the uprights (of a Tongan fence)’. 32886 *piRasailfintang:Zebrasomaveliferum 11345 POC *piRa₂sailfintang:Zebrasomaveliferum Note: This form was reconstructed byOsmond (2011:103) with the note that it continuesPMP *biRaq, proposed inBlust (2002a). However, the latter was proposed without supporting evidence, and the basis for justifying it remains to be reconstituted. 30402 *piRaqsqueezeoutjuice,wringoutwater 7517 PPh *piRaq₁squeezeoutjuice,wringoutwater [doublet:*peReq] 30403 *piRaSroe, eggs offishorcrustacean 7518 PAN *piRaSroe, eggs offishorcrustacean [doublet: *biRaq, *biRas,*biRaS] 7519 PMP *piRahroe, eggs offishorcrustacean 7520 POC *biRaroe, eggs offishorcrustacean 7521 PAN *piRaS-anbeladenwithroe, of afishorcrustacean 7522 PMP *piRah-anbeladenwithroe, of afishorcrustacean Note: AlsoItbayatenpiiyah ‘eggs of fish, shrimp, lobster, etc.; spawn, roe’,Chamorrofigan ‘fish eggs’. The Oceanic forms assigned to this reconstruction could be assigned with equal plausibility to *biRaq or *biRaS. 27439 3980 Note: With root *-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’. 32552 10912 32789 *piRpiR₂toshakeoffwaterdroplets 11230 PWMP *piRpiR₂toshakeoffwaterdroplets 27463 4006 32887 *piRu-piRusailfish:Istiophoridae 11346 POC *piRu-piRusailfish:Istiophoridae Note: A somehwat longer version of this comparison was first presented byOsmond (2011:117). 27448 *pishiss 3991 PWMP *pishiss [doublet:*pes,*pus] 32620 *pisakmuddy 11011 PPh *pisak₂muddy [doublet:*pitak₁] Note: With root*-cak₁ ‘muddy; sound of walking in mud’. 27443 *pisantounite,unify;firstcousin 3986 PWMP *pisantounite,unify;firstcousin Note: Surely a morphological derivative ofPAn *isa ‘one’, but the morphological analysis remains unclear (*pa-isa-an?), and reflexes of this form behave like a base in terms of other affixation. The preconsonantal nasal in Philippine languages presumably is secondary, and the data from these languages suggests that this is distinct fromPAn *paR-isa-an ‘to unite, combine in one’, althoughJavanesepisan could reflect either proto-form.Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *pisan ‘unified’. 32632 11027 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. 32574 10939 PMP *pisawkind ofknifeormachete Note: AlsoJavanesepéso ‘table knife’. The Oceanic forms cited here were added byOsmond and Ross (1998:91), who seem unaware ofDempwolff’s *pisaw ‘knife’. 32621 11012 11013 PPh *pisel-entosqueezeorpresswith thehand Note: For unknown reasonsTagalogpisil-ín fails to show syncope of the historical schwa in the environment VC__CV. 30980 *pis(e)ŋícheeks 8880 PPh *pis(e)ŋícheeks 32905 *pisi ni mataeyelash 11367 POC *pisi ni mataeyelash Note: A slightly longer version of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond and Ross (2016a:119). 27445 *pisi₁entangle,snarl,tieup,windaround,wrap 3988 POC *pisi₁entangle,snarl,tieup,windaround,wrap Note: This comparison was first proposed byRoss, Clark and Osmond (1998:292-293). 27446 3989 Note: AlsoPuluwatpwir' ‘to let wind (vulgar)’. This item exhibits whatRoss (1988) has called a "fortis" reflex of the oral grade ofPOc *p. What is puzzling is that all known witnesses show the same tendency not to undergo the normal lenition of *p. This suggests that the fortis/lenis contrast, which in general was a drift-like development inOceanic languages, may already have existed in some individualPOc lexical items. 27444 3987 32888 *pisikoflesh,leanpart ofmeat;grain ofwood 11347 POC *pisikoflesh,leanpart ofmeat;grain ofwood Note: On the basis of a somewhat different comparison,Osmond and Ross (2016a:81-82), proposePOc *pisiko ‘flesh, muscle, meat’, without reference to the secondary gloss ‘grain of wood’. 27447 *piso₁kind ofwildcanewithedibleflowerhead 3990 POC *piso₁kind ofwildcanewithedibleflowerhead 30570 *piso₂navel 7941 POC *piso₂navel [doublet:*bito,*buto,*pure] 32553 10913 Note: With unexplained medial consonant reduction inKavalan. 32554 *pispis₂shrillsound of aninsect,probablycricketorcicada 10914 PWMP *pispis₂shrillsound of aninsect,probablycricketorcicada 32555 *pispis₃tosprinkle,shakeoffwater 10915 PWMP *pispis₃tosprinkle,shakeoffwater 10916 PWMP *pispis-an(glossuncertain) Note: AlsoKavalansa-pispis ‘to drip (at eaves), or tears, running nose’. 33799 12588 12589 Note: TheMota form is assumed to reflect a suffixed form that has since lost the final vowel. Possibly identical toPMP*pipis₂ ‘to crush or mash between two hard surfaces’. 30401 7516 11097 Note: AlsoIbanpipiʔ ‘buttocks’,Sangirpipiʔ ‘cheeks’. This word apparently referred both to the cheeks and to the temples, whereasPMP *pasu, *pasuŋ designated the cheek bone. 27454 3997 27460 *pi(n)taksplit 4003 PMP *pi(n)taksplit Note: With root *-tak₂ ‘sound of cracking, splitting, knocking’. 27449 *pitak₁mud 3992 PMP *pitak₁mud [doublet:*pitek, *pisak] Note: AlsoBontokpítek ‘mud, especially the mud in a pondfield’,Maranaopotik,Manobo (Western Bukidnon)basak,Tbolihitok,Tausugpisak ‘mud’,Malagasyfotaka ‘mud, slime, bog’,Malaybécak ‘slushy; mud-patch; puddle’. 27450 *pitak₂storagecompartment 3993 PWMP *pitak₂storagecompartment 32930 *pitak₃split 11398 PMP *pitak₃split Note: With root*-tak₂ ‘sound of cracking, splitting, knocking’. Possibly a chance resemblance. 32609 10997 PWMP *pi(n)tastocutacross,cutoff Note: With root*-tas ‘cut through, sever, rip’. 32852 11306 POC *pitesqueezetoextractjuice Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed byRoss, Clark and Osmond (1998:282), who proposedPOc*p(w)iti- ‘press, wring, squeeze something (e.g. in order to extract liquid)’. The data that they cited is internally contradictory, and I have selected a small subset that appears to justify a reconstruction with the stated shape. 27451 *pitekmud 3994 PPh *pitekmud [doublet:*pitak₂, *pisak] Note: With root *-tek₂ ‘mud’. 32853 11307 Note: Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:276) proposedPOc *piti(k), *pitik-i ‘crack’ solely on the basis of theFijian suffixed formviti-ka ‘to break off small branches’. However,Capell (1968) also listsviti-a, and given the known problems with using thematic consonants before a transitive suffix inFijian as evidence for historical finals (Arms 1973), it seems safest to reconstruct this form with a final vowel until firmer evidence for a final consonant is found in other languages. 27461 4004 Note: This item is assumed to contain the root *-tik₂ ‘ticking sound’, and apparently is distinct fromDempwolff's (1934-38) *pitik ‘flick, fillip’ (cf.Ilokanopitík ‘fillip’,Nggelavindi ‘flick off, slip off, be knocked off)’. The Oceanic part of this comparison was enriched by consideration ofOsmond 2016:338). 32622 *pitiktofillip,flickwith thefinger 11014 PMP *pitik₁tofillip,flickwith thefinger 11015 POC *pidiktofillip,flickwith thefinger Note: AlsoSikapitek ‘flick something away with the finger or a springy bit of wood’. 27452 *pitolonhungry 3995 POC *pitolonhungry 30848 *pitpit₁kind ofsmallbirdanditscry 8663 PWMP *pitpit₁kind ofsmallbirdanditscry Note: Likely to be imitative of the twittering of small birds. 31087 *pitpit₂pinch,squeeze,pressbetweentwosurfaces;pluck,pickoff 9053 PAN *pitpit₂pinch,squeeze,pressbetweentwosurfaces;pluck,pickoff 10977 9054 PAN *pitpit-enbepinched,squeezed,orpressed Note: With root*-pit‘press, squeeze together; narrow’. 32556 10917 Note: Although the Cordilleran forms (Ilokano throughPangasinan) are clearly related, the resemblance of these to the other forms cited here may be a product of chance. 30723 *pituseven 8310 PAN *pitu₁seven 8311 PWMP *im-pitu(glossuncertain) 8312 8313 PWMP *ma-pitu(glossuncertain) 8314 PAN *maka-pitu(glossuncertain) 8315 PWMP *maR-pitudivideintosevenparts (?) 8316 8317 8318 Note: Munapi-pitu may reflect *pa-pitu with vocalic assimilation or leveling ofCa- andCV- reduplication. 8319 PMP *pitu ŋa puluqseventy Note: Further evidence that the numeral ligature in this expression was *ŋa is seen inKelaitujuh ŋəh puluʔ ‘70’, which uses the innovative basetujuh ‘seven’, but preserves the structure of the multiplicative construction. 8320 PMP *pitu ŋa Ratussevenhundred (700) 8321 PAN *saka-pitu(glossuncertain) Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. 8322 PAN *Sika-pituseventh 8323 PMP *ika-pituseventh 8324 PAN *ti-pitu(glossuncertain) 8325 PAN *ka-pitu-anseventhmonth (?) 8326 PWMP *pitu-enbedividedintosevenparts 8327 PAN *pitu pituseven byseven,sevenat atime Note: AlsoTaokasgwitu ‘seven’,Isnegpittó ‘seven’,pitto-wán ‘(to do) seven times’,Palauanpito-ŋ pulók ‘seventy’,Mapun,Yakanpituʔ ‘seven; a week’,pitu-m-pūʔ ‘seventy’,Yakanka-pituʔ ‘the seventh; all seven of something’,mag-pituʔ ‘to celebrate a seventh day death anniversary’,Sasakpituʔ ‘seven’,Arosibiu ‘seven’,haʔa-biu ‘seven times’,biu-na ‘seventh’. 27453 *pituŋbamboo sp. 3996 PMP *pituŋbamboo sp. [disjunct:*bituŋ₁] 27455 3998 32489 10828 PWMP *piuk-piukpeeping ofchick [doublet:*piak] 27456 *piutrelative of thethirdorfourthascendingor 3999 PMP *piutrelative of thethirdorfourthascendingordescendinggeneration Note: AlsoTaboyanbuyut ‘ChChCh’,Old Javanesepuyut ‘PaPaPa, ChChCh’. 32633 11028 Note: With root*-zak ‘step, tread’. 27457 *pizetsqueezebetweenthumbandfinger 4000 PWMP *pizetsqueezebetweenthumbandfinger [doublet:*pi(n)zit] [disjunct: *pídut] 27462 *pi(n)zitsqueezebetweenthumbandfinger 4005 PWMP *pi(n)zitsqueezebetweenthumbandfinger [doublet:*pizet] Note: AlsoTagalogpírot ‘act of pinching with the fingers and twisting’,Old Javanesepisit ‘tight, pressed’. 32835 *poipoipandanus sp. 11287 POC *poipoipandanus sp. Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed byRoss (2008:329). 32854 *pokiclear theground for agardensite 11308 POC *pokiclear theground for agardensite Note: AlsoSa'ahui ‘clear a taro garden’. This comparison was first proposed byOsmond (1998:121). 33775 12553 POC *pokuroundobject;youngcoconut 32836 11288 Note: This comparison was first noted byOsmond (1998:134). 27467 4010 30053 6754 27468 *poro poroshatter 4011 POC *poro poroshatter Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. 32906 11368 Note: This comparison, with just two witnesses, was first noted byRoss (2016b:469). 32855 11309 Note: A somwehat larger version of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:50-51). 32907 11369 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was proposed byRoss and Osmond (2016c:331), who reconstructedPOc*p(w)o(q)ut ‘be cold’. pu 32264 10555 33776 12554 POC *pua₂tocarryon theshoulder Note: This comparison was first pointed out to me in a personal communication from John Harris. 27469 4012 Note: Mills (1975:804-805) assigns the 32856 11310 Note: Ross, Clark and Osmond (1998:276) propose a longer version of this comparison, citing a number of phonologically non-corresponding forms (Fijianmā-voa ‘a wound or injury received other than in war; (of things) damaged’, etc.). The rump comparison found here is weak, and may be a product of chance. 32790 *puastorelentorsubside ofappetite,passions,storms, etc. 11231 PWMP *puastorelentorsubside ofappetite,passions,storms, etc. 27471 4014 Note: With root *-cek ‘press into a soft surface’. 32583 10951 PWMP *pucuksproutingtip of aplant Note: AlsoTausugpuntuk ‘top, apex, peak, summit (as of a mountain or a building)’,Laujepunsuŋ ‘summit’. 27472 4015 Note: With root *-cut ‘squirt, squeeze or slip out’. 27473 *pucut₂takeaway from,dispossess 4016 PWMP *pucut₂takeaway from,dispossess 27470 4013 PAN *puCaqfoam,froth,lather [doublet: *bujaq,*busa₁] Note: AlsoPaiwanbutsaq ‘foam, lather, suds’.Tsuchida (1976:165) reconstructsProto-South Formosan *puCaq ‘bubble, foam’. 32759 *pudaklight-skinned,pale 11198 PWMP *pudaklight-skinned,pale 32610 10998 30834 *pudpudwornout byoveruse;broken;blunt 8641 PPh *pudpudwornout byoveruse;broken;blunt 10918 PPh *ma-pudpudwornout,worndown, as byoveruse 10919 PPh *pa-pudpud-entowearsomethingdown (?) 32623 11016 PAN *pudufruit of thebetelpepper 27474 4017 4018 Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *pu(n)dul ‘to blunt, to dull’, but based his comparison solely onTagalogpuról and the irregularly correspondingMalagasy formmondro ‘blunt, worn-out, as a spade’. 27475 4019 4020 PMP *pudunwindthread, etc.into aball;spool Note: AlsoSaisiyatmorol ‘ball of thread’. 33398 *-puduswhirlwind,whirlpool 12045 PMP *-puduswhirlwind,whirlpool 12046 POC *-puruswhirlwind,whirlpool Note: AlsoTolaikali-vuvur ‘whirlwind, waterspout’. Although these words are synchronically unanalyzable, it is assumed that they contain the *qali/kali- prefix. Because the variant of this prefix differs between the available witnesses no prefix can be reconstructed (Blust 2001). 33551 12284 Note: A variant form of this comparison was first proposed schematically byZorc (1986:164). 32946 *puekowl 11415 PWMP *puekowl 27476 4021 PWMP *pueqlord,master [doublet: *e(m)pu] Note: On the basis ofTagalogpoɁ,Malaypu-ña ~əmpu-ña ‘ownership; possession’,Toba Bataknam-pu-na ‘owner’,Fijianvū-ni-wai ‘doctor’,Samoanfō-maɁi ‘doctor, assistant medical practitioner’,fo-fō ‘apply massage (traditional Samoan medical treatment); give medical treatment’,Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *pu ‘lord’. In addition,Zorc (n.d.) reconstructedPPh *pu ‘sir’, andMills (1975:804-805) proposedPAn *pu ‘title of respect; ancestor’, but cites only South Sulawesi forms together withMalaypuña ‘have, possess, own’. However, monosyllabic content morphemes are almost unknown in any early Austronesian proto-language, and it is difficult to extract a straightforward comparison from his data.Samoanfō-maɁi is phonologically irregular, and morphological data from the language shows that fō cannot be glossed ‘lord’. The first element ofFijianvū-ni-wai almost certainly reflectsPMP *puqun ‘base of a tree; cause; source; origin’, and theMalay andToba Batak words require morphological analyses that are not independently motivated. While Dempwolff’s comparison hardly stands close scrutiny, then, the one offered here is far more consistent with the comparative method, and leads to a disyllabic content morpheme, which avoids the canonical contradiction posed by *pu. 32791 *puetbuttocks 11232 PWMP *puetbuttocks Note: AlsoMaranaopoit ‘anus’. 32809 11255 11256 PPh *pugad-annest,nestingplace 30837 *pug(e)rútdestitute,without means ofsupport 8645 PPh *pug(e)rútdestitute,without means ofsupport 30835 *pugiqtostart theweaving ofcloth 8642 PPh *pugiqtostart theweaving ofcloth 34046 *pugusshort-haired 12900 PPh *pugusshort-haired 30836 *pugutheadless,decapitated 8643 PWMP *pugutheadless,decapitated 8644 PPh *pugut-antobehead,decapitate Note: For similar semantics with a different base cf.Bontokpótol ‘to cut off the head of a person or animal; to break off the tips of plants’. 27477 4022 Note: AlsoTagalogbúhag ‘swarming of bees; disturbance in or destruction of a beehive. 27478 *puibunch,cluster (as offruit) 4023 POC *pui₁bunch,cluster (as offruit) 29947 6627 PAN *pujanavel,umbilicalcord [doublet:*pujek] 29948 6628 PAN *pujeknavel,umbilicalcord [doublet:*puja] Note: AlsoTsoupucku,Bununpusuq,Proto-Rukai *pəkə,Favorlang/Babuzapollol,Sirayapoucol,Kavalanbusel ‘navel’. For reasons that remain obscure, there is an extraordinary amount of variation in phonetically similar forms meaning ‘navel’ throughout theAN language family. Both *puja and *pujek can be posited inPAn, but phonologically incompatible forms that begin with *pu- occur in a number of other Formosan languages. This word was replaced inPMP by *pusej. 33530 *pujuqisland 12262 PPh *pujuqisland Note: AlsoAgutaynenporo,Maranaopolo ‘island’. Many thanks to David Zorc for making improvements in my original reconstruction of this form. 32611 10999 32908 11370 Note: A slightly different form of this comparison was first proposed byRoss (2016a:402). 32612 *pukakfemalegenitalia,vulva 11000 PWMP *pukakfemalegenitalia,vulva 33912 *púkantofell atree,cutdownbamboo 12741 PPh *púkantofell atree,cutdownbamboo 12742 PPh *pukán-entofell atree,cutdownbamboo 27481 *pukaŋcrotch 4026 PWMP *pukaŋcrotch 27533 4083 Note: AlsoManggaraipoŋga ‘fell (large trees)’.Manggaraipoka may be a loan fromMakassarese. If so the reconstruction stands, but cannot be assigned to a level higher thanPWMP. 32931 11399 Note: AlsoManggaraipoŋga ‘to fell (large trees)’.Manggaraipoka may be a loan fromMakassarese. If so, the reconstruction stands, but cannot be assigned to a level higher thanProto-Western Malayo-Polynesian. With root*-kaq₂ ‘split’. 27479 *pukas₁nudity,exposure of thebody 4024 PWMP *pukas₁nudity,exposure of thebody 27480 4025 PWMP *pukas₂release,loosen,untie Note: Possibly connected with *pukas₁. With root *-kas₂ ‘loosen, undo, untie’. 30405 *pukaw₁night-blindness,nyctalopia 7524 PAN *pukawnight-blindness,nyctalopia 7525 32799 11242 Note: Dempwolff (1938) comparedMalaypukaw withTagalogpúkaw ‘incitement, a thing that urges, stirs up or arouses’, and proposed Uraustronesisch *pukaw ‘to hypnotize’. Apart from the questionable assumption that hypnosis was practiced in early Southeast Asia, the semantic divergence of these forms raises questions about cognation. 33362 11966 Note: This appears to be the transitive counterpart ofPAn *baŋuN ‘to wake up, get out of bed’. 30749 *puket₁dragnet 8399 PMP *puket₁dragnet 8400 POC *pukotdragnet 8401 PWMP *ka-puketcatchfishwith adragnet 8402 PWMP *ma-mukettofishwith adragnet 8403 PWMP *pa-mukettofishwith adragnet 8404 PWMP *pa-pukettofishwith adragnet 8405 PWMP *p<in>uketwascaughtwith adragnet 8406 PWMP *puket-entobecaughtwith adragnet Note: AlsoCasiguran Dumagatpúkut ‘type of fishnet (two hundred meters long by seven meters high, it is the largest of all nets ... This net is strung out along the shore, and then fifty to one hundred men drag it towards the shore. The fish are caught in the half circle. Used in the daytime’,ma-múkut ‘to fish with apukut net’ (<Tagalog?),Ngaju Dayakpukat ‘a net’ (<Banjarese Malay),Manggaraipukak ‘fishnet’. This was clearly one of the more important types of nets used in fishing activities by speakers of PMP and their descendants. The *puket was a long rectangular net that could be dragged between boats in coastal marine fishing, or placed across rivers to catch fish swimming upstream. In more interior areas it was used for catching birds on the fly, or for entangling mammals such as wild pigs that were driven into it in communal hunts. 30750 8407 Note: With root*-keC ‘adhesive, sticky’. Possible a product of convergence. 30261 7143 Note: This term may be more widely reflected that the comparison here indicates, but the semantic category in question is omitted from many dictionaries, presumably on grounds of social delicacy. Despite this fastidious attitude, exclamations meaning ‘Your mother’s vagina!’ or ‘Your grandmother’s vagina!’ are widespread inAustronesian languages as expressions of exasperation, surprise and the like (Blust 2009:135-136). Those that incorporate a reflex of *puki are included here. 32857 11311 Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed byRoss (2003:301), who proposedPOc*puko ‘morning’. 30839 8647 PAN *pukpuktohammer,pound,beat 8648 PPh *p<aR>ukpuksound ofknockingorbubbling 8649 10896 PWMP *ma-mukpuktostrike,beat,hit Note: With root*-puk ‘throb, thud, clap, break’. 30840 8650 33913 *pukul₂maimed,lacking ahand,armorleg 12743 PPh *pukul₂maimed,lacking ahand,armorleg 32909 11371 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was proposed byRoss and Osmond (2016c:302). 27484 *pula₁red 4030 PMP *pula₁red [disjunct:*pulaq] Note: Cf.Zorc (n.d.)PPh *puDa ‘red (color)’. 27485 *pula₂astrandcreeper,convolvulus 4031 POC *pula₂astrandcreeper,convolvulus 32889 11348 Note: A somethwat larger version of this comparison was first proposed byPawley (2011:204-205), who noted oral grade/nasal grade crossover in some of the reflexes. 33827 12630 POC *pula₄toswell,becometurgid Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. 30841 8651 PPh *puládfeathervaneon anarrow 30842 8652 Note: AlsoNgaju Dayakulaŋ 'be repeated, done again'.Dempwoff (1938) also includedSamoan(Pratt 1893)fulā ‘a word of response to those sayingsoifua [to live; of chiefs] when one sneezes’, but this is unconvincing. 27483 *pulaqred 4029 PMP *pulaqred [disjunct:*pula₁] Note: AlsoKalamian Tagbanwama-pulaɁ ‘red’. 32713 *pulawstayawakeallnight, asin avigil for thedead 11143 PPh *pulawstayawakeallnight, asin avigil for thedead 30810 8558 8559 27486 4032 30843 *pulireplacement 8653 PPh *pulireplacement 32798 *pulíinheritedcharacteristic;bloodline 11240 PPh *pulíinheritedcharacteristic;bloodline Note: AlsoIbanpurih ‘descendants, issue, family, pedigree, breed, stock, tribe’. 30844 *pulih-antoreplacesomeone,fill avacancy 8654 PPh *pulih-antoreplacesomeone,fill avacancy 33721 *pulijfallandcontinuerollingdownhill 12474 PPh *pulijfallandcontinuerollingdownhill Note: AlsoKankanaeymen-pulíd ‘to roll; to roll onself; to wallow’. 30845 *pulintorolldownoroversomething 8655 PPh *pulintorolldownoroversomething 27490 4036 PMP *puliŋ₁turnround,rotate [doublet:*buliŋ] 4037 POC *buliŋturnover,rollover;transform;upsidedown Note: AlsoJavanesepulir ‘turn around, rotate’,Rotumanfuri ‘turn round or end for end; turn, change; translate’. Central Pacific languages agree in reflecting an apparently innovative oral grade initial consonant. 27491 4038 PWMP *puliŋ₂foreignobjectin theeye Note: AlsoTae'ka-puli-n ‘dust, dirt in eye’. 27487 *pulipiscowlick 4033 PWMP *pulipiscowlick 32634 *puliqreturntoitspreviouscondition 11029 PWMP *puliqreturntoitspreviouscondition [doublet: *uliq] Note: AlsoSasakpuleɁ ‘return home; return a borrowed object’. The relationship of this form to *uliq ‘return home, return something’ is problematic. It is tempting to consider it a reflex of *pa-uliq ‘return, send back’, but all of the forms cited here are given as base forms in the dictionaries used as primary sources. Moreover, *puliq refers consistently to the restoration of a previous condition, hence to ‘returning’ something to an earlier state, whereas *uliq and its morphological derivatives usually refer to the physical return of the actor to a previous location, or to the physical return of an object to its owner or previous site. *uliq and its family of derivatives thus refers fundamentally to location, whereas *puliq refers fundamentally to state. The two sets of forms do not appear to share a monosyllabic root, and in the absence of synchronic evidence of a morpheme boundary following *p- it seems best for now to consider these as doublets. 27488 4034 PMP *pulistwist,wring [doublet:*pules,*pulit] 27489 4035 PMP *pulittwinearound [doublet:*pulis] Note: With root *-lit₂ ‘wind, twist’. 30857 *pulpul₁topluck, asfruit;stripoffleaves 8675 PWMP *pulpul₁topluck, asfruit;stripoffleaves [doublet: *pupu] Note: Dempwolff (1938) reconstructed *pulpul ‘stripped of leaves’ (dbl. *palpal ‘stripped of hair or fur’), and *pupul ‘to pluck off’ as distinct forms. He assignedTagalogpupól to the latter reconstruction along withJavanese,Malay andNgaju Dayak comparata that are ambiguous for *pulpul or *pupul. Tentatively I assume that theTagalog andMongondow forms cited here have irregularly reduced the medial cluster, and thatIfugaw has irregularly broken it up by vowel epenthesis. 32557 *pulpul₂toplasteroversomething 10920 PWMP *pulpul₂toplasteroversomething 27493 *puluhandle 4040 PAN *pulu₁handle 27492 4039 Note: Probably equivalent toDempwolff's (1934-38) *pulut ‘birdlime, sticky substance’. Part of this comparison was first noted in print byVerheijen (1984). 32740 *puluŋcollection,gathering,assembly 11175 PAN *puluŋcollection,gathering,assembly 30154 6902 6903 Note: CompareKadazan Dusunopod ‘ten’ :iŋg-opod ‘ten times’, with a different base form, and similar but non-corresponding form of the prefix. 6904 PWMP *ma-puluqten 6905 PAN *sa-puluqten 6906 PMP *sa-ŋa-puluqten 6907 PAN *Sika-puluqtenth 6908 PMP *ika-puluqtenth 6909 6910 PWMP *puluq-endividedintotenparts (?) Note: AlsoProto-Rukai *poLoko ‘ten’,Bontokpo ‘ten, used in counting’,Hanunóopúlu ‘ten, a unit used only in compound expressions designating multiples of ten, from ten to ninety’,Palauansa-ŋ-púlok,Bintulupuʔ-ən,Palauant-ruyəʔ (expected **t-wuyəʔ) ‘ten’,Torausaunu ‘ten’. 30849 *pulutbirdlime,stickysap ofbreadfruit, etc. 8664 PMP *pulutbirdlime,stickysap ofbreadfruit, etc. 11085 POC *bulutbirdlime Note: AlsoIda’an Begakpullut ‘sap (plants and trees)’. 32794 11235 PMP *puna₂source,origin [disjunct:*punaŋ] 27495 4042 PMP *punaŋsource,origin [disjunct: *puna] 4043 POC *puna₁base of atree;beginning;origin Note: AlsoBuruesebuna-n ‘wellspring’,Bugotuvune ‘base, bottom, beginning, origin; trunk of tree’;na vune-ña ‘because of’. The referent of this item evidently was identical with that of *puqun; it is unknown what functional differences, if any, distinguished them. 27494 4041 Note: AlsoIbaloypoʔnas ‘wipe clean’. 30846 8656 8657 POC *bunefruitdove,probablyTreron spp. 8658 PAN *puna-punaygreenishfruitdove 8659 PMP *punay punaygreenishfruitdove 8660 POC *bune bunegreenishfruitdove Note: AlsoIbanpunaʔ ‘pigeon, including Green Pigeon, etc.’,Kosraeanule ‘dove, pigeon’. 32792 11233 PWMP *puncekpeak,summit [doublet:*puncu, *puncuk] Note: Possibly a Great North Borneo innovation, although the doublets of this form are more widely distributed.Dempwolff (1938) proposed Uraustronesisch *puncak ‘peak’, citingTagalogpúsak ‘the breaking out of a skin disease, the coming out of pus from a wound’, which appears to be unrelated, together with forms inNgaju Dayak,Toba Batak andJavanese that are likelyMalay loans. 32793 11234 PWMP *puncupeak,summit,top [doublet:*pucuk, *puncak] Note: Despite its geographically restricted distribution this form appears to be directly inherited, and must have considerable time-depth.Munapusu could reflect *pucuk, or *qapucuk. 27496 4044 PWMP *pundutpickupwith thefingers [disjunct:*pu(n)zut] 27497 4045 Note: AlsoSangirpuniŋ ‘tree fern, giant fern’. This comparison was first noted in print byVerheijen (1984). 32645 11043 PPh *punitatear,smallhole,orrip 27498 4046 PWMP *punpunassemble,gather [doublet:*bunbun] Note: AlsoMalaypumpun ‘assemble, gather’. With root *-pun ‘assemble, collect, gather’. 30526 *punti₁banana 7783 PAN *punti₁banana 7784 POC *pudibanana Note: AlsoMalagasyontsi ‘banana:Musa sapientum L. andMusa paradisiaca L.’,Old Javanesepuntī ‘banana’,Bugineseutti ‘banana’,Makassareseunti ‘banana (many named varieties)’,Loumun ‘banana’,Mbulapin ‘banana, plantain (generic term)’,Rotumanfuti ‘bananas, two varieties’,Niuefusi ‘banana, plantain’. TheMalagasy,Buginese andMakassarese forms agree in indicating a variant *unti, but until further evidence is forthcoming these will be taken as convergent irregularities. Probably the most controversial feature of this reconstruction is its level, which must be considered questionable for two reasons. First,PAn *beNbeN ‘banana’ can be justified on the basis of Formosan evidence. Second, evidence for thePAn (as opposed toPMP) status of *punti depends critically on the formputi in two dialects of the same language (Ketagalan), which was spoken in extreme northeast Taiwan until the late 19th or early 20th century. The Spanish occupied this area from 1626-1642, and left some clear loanwords inKavalan, spoken just to the south ofKetagalan. Since the Spanish in Taiwan came from Manila rather than from Spain it is likely that they brought some Filipinos with them, most likely speakers ofTagalog. It is thus tempting to consider theBasai andTrobiawan words as loans from a Philippine language. The problem with this hypothesis is that very few Philippine languages have a reflex of *punti, and all known cases are found on Palawan or in the Calamian Islands, areas from which Filipinos were not likely to have been taken by the colonial Spanish. We are left, then, with abundant evidence forPMP *punti, but very tenuous evidence for aPAn reconstruction of this shape. If theBasai andTrobiawan forms are native rather than borrowed it would appear thatPAn distinguished two types of bananas. If, instead, they are loans from the Philippines we must conclude either than some Filipinos from the Palawan region accompanied the 17th century Spanish colonizers of northern Taiwan, or that a reflex of *punti was still found inTagalog or neighboring languages some 400 years ago, but has since been replaced byságiŋ. Since *sagiŋ must be posited forProto-Central Philippines the latter possibility seems unlikely to find strong support. Tentatively, then, both *beNbeN and *punti are posited forPAn. 27499 4047 Note: Formala- as a probable prefix in otherCebuano fish names, cf.malapatí ‘kind of fish’,malasugí ‘swordfish, sailfish:Xiphius gladius’,malatindúk ‘mackerel scad’. 32625 11018 Note: AlsoMalaypuncak ‘apex; summit’. With root*-tuk₄ ‘top, summit, crown’. 29962 6645 Note: There is a longstanding tradition, going back at least as far asTsuchida (1976:172), in which this widely-reflected term in Formosan languages is regarded as cognate with Central Philippine forms such asTagalogpúnoʔ ‘chief, leader, head’, the connection being made through the meaning ‘head’. However, the comparative evidence does not support this interpretation at all. First, the meaning ‘head’ in association withTagalogpúnoʔ is found only in a figurative sense, never a literal sense.Tagalogpúnoʔ and similar forms in other Central Philippine languages clearly reflectPMP *puqun ‘base of a tree, foundation; beginning, source, origin’, a meaning that is applied to high-status social roles in several parts of the Austronesian world (e.g. the mother’s brother in both northern Sumatra and much of the Lesser Sundas where matrilateral cross cousin marriage is the culturally favored norm, founder of a longhouse among the Iban, spiritual leader among the Badui sect ofSundanese speakers in west Java). Thatpúnoʔ ‘chief, leader, head’ is a metathesized form of *puqun is clear fromTagalogpúnoʔ ‘beginning, source, origin; base; tree’. 29993 *puNiwhiteness 6684 PAN *puNiwhiteness 6685 PAN *ma-puNiwhite Note: This term was replaced inPMP by *ma-putiq. 27525 4075 POC *puŋa₂crowded;mass ofpeople 32613 *puŋantorest theheadagainstsomething;pillow 11001 PPh *puŋantorest theheadagainstsomething;pillow Note: Possibly anIlokano loanword inItbayaten. This comparison was first noted by David Zorc (p.c.). 27523 *puŋaoaffines of thefirstascendingorzerogeneration 4073 POC *puŋaoaffines of thefirstascendingorzerogeneration 32858 11312 Note: A slightly shorter version of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:50). 27524 4074 Note: AlsoBikolpuʔŋáw ‘lonely, depressed, down, blue, melancholy, sullen’. 27526 4076 PWMP *puŋgalprune,cutoff thetip [doublet:*puŋgel,*puŋgul, *Cuŋgul, *tuŋgul 'tree stump'] 27527 4077 PWMP *puŋgelprune,cutoff thetip [doublet:*puŋgal, *Cuŋgul, *tuŋgul 'tree stump'] [disjunct:*puŋgul 'prune, cut off the tip'] Note: AlsoKankanaeypoŋdáw,poŋdól ‘to top, pollard, remove, cut the top off’,Bontokpoŋdol ‘prune a tree’,poŋtol ‘cut off, of the end of a finger’,Ilokanopuŋíl ‘break off at the root or base -- of horns, antlers, spurs of a cock, branches of a tree’,puŋtíl ‘to top, remove the top of’,Tagalogpuŋós ‘cut off at the top or tip’,Hanunóopuŋtúd ‘cut-off stump of bamboo’,Bikolpuŋó ‘tree stump’,Aklanonpúkoe ‘cut, severed (appendage)’,Cebuanopuŋkul ‘lacking a limb’,puŋgut ‘behead’,Maranaopoŋgaŋ ‘break off’,poŋkol ‘amputee’,Manobo (Western Bukidnon)puŋel ‘cut off the head’,puŋkul ‘one-armed or one-handed’,Ngaju Dayakpuŋem,puŋum ‘cut or broken off somewhat’,puŋgur ‘broken off (used only of trees)’,Malagasyfóŋotra ‘cut entirely off, as the hair’,Malaypeŋgal ‘be cut off short, esp. of decapitation’,puŋgur ‘fallen tree, stump after felling’,Karo Batakpuŋgur ‘broken off, of something that stood upright (as bamboo)’,Toba Batakpoŋgol ‘broken piece, fragment’,Javanesepuŋes ‘to cut’. 32810 *puŋgucutshort, as a bird’stail 11257 PWMP *puŋgucutshort, as a bird’stail [doublet:*puŋguk,*puŋgul] 27528 4078 Note: AlsoIlokanopoŋó,Kankanaeypokʔok,Javanesebukuŋ ‘tailless (bird)’. 27529 4079 PMP *puŋgulprune,cutoff thetip [doublet:*puŋgel 'prune, cut off the tip'] 30858 8676 32558 *puŋpuŋ₂bunch,cluster, as offruit 10921 PWMP *puŋpuŋ₂bunch,cluster, as offruit [doublet:*puŋu] 32624 11017 Note: AlsoCebuanopuŋtúd ‘hill; anthill’,Malaypusu ‘knoll; mound; barrow; (loosely) ‘anthill’. 27532 *puŋubunch,cluster (ofgrain,fruit,arecanuts, etc.) 4082 PMP *puŋubunch,cluster (ofgrain,fruit,arecanuts, etc.) [disjunct:*puŋuN] 12534 27531 *puŋuNbunch,cluster (ofgrain,fruit,arecanuts, 4081 PAN *puŋuNbunch,cluster (ofgrain,fruit,arecanuts, etc.) [disjunct:*puŋu] 12522 33914 *puŋustowrap,tieuportietogether 12744 PPh *puŋustowrap,tieuportietogether 27502 4050 PMP *pupu₁pick,pluck (asfruit) [doublet: *puqpuq, *putput] [disjunct: *pulpul] 32890 *pupu₂bladder 11349 POC *pupu₃bladder Note: On the basis of a slightly larger comparisonOsmond and Ross (2016a:194) have proposedPOc *p(i,u)pu- ‘bladder’. However, the only mutually supportive forms in different primary branches of OC that appear in their data point to *pupu. 27501 4049 POC *pupularaisedfleshover awound 27500 *pu-pulanherring:Megalopscyprinoides 4048 POC *pu-pulanherring:Megalopscyprinoides Note: AlsoNggelambumbula ‘sea creature’. Thanks to Joel Bradshaw for pointout out theNumbami form, and so disambiguating the reconstruction as ending with a consonant. 30090 6809 PCEMP *pupuRrinse themouth,gargle Note: The length of the vowels inTongan,Samoanpūpū is unexplained. 27504 *puqastoabate, ofstrongfeelings 4052 PMP *puqastoabate, ofstrongfeelings 32891 11350 Note: A longer version of this comparison was first noted byRoss (2016b). 27505 4053 PMP *puqpuq₁pick,pluck (asfruit) [disjunct: *pupul] 32559 10922 PWMP *puqpuq₂washprivateparts (?) 32560 10923 Note: KelabitpupuɁ also means ‘washing of clothes’, and since this was traditionally done by beating the wet clothes on a rock by the river the similarity of this form toOld Javanesepupuh may be due to chance. 33819 12616 POC *puqululeaf of thebetelpepper Note: A somewhat different version of this comparison was first proposed byLichtenberk (1998) and again byRoss (2008:394-395), the latter of whom proposedPOc *[pu-]pulu ‘betel pepper: Piper betle’. All data from languages of the Admiralty islands cited here (Sori,Lindrou,Levei,Loniu) are from my fieldnotes, and all agree in referring to the leaf of the betel pepper (Tok Pisinlip ndaka) rather than the betel pepper (rop ndaka). AlthoughRoss (2008:395) gives the gloss of theBugotu form as ‘betel pepper, Piper betle’,Ivens (1940) gives the gloss cited here, thus agreeing with the Admiralty forms. Finally, the medial glottal stop inLindrou andLevei cannot be explained as a regular phonological development, and so points to an original trisyllable. 29870 *puqunbase of atree;cause;source,origin;beginning;foot of ahillormountain;firstwife;modelorexample(tobe copied);expression for the mother’sbrother 6519 PMP *puqunbase of atree;cause;source,origin;beginning;foot of ahillormountain;firstwife;modelorexample(tobe copied);expression for the mother’sbrother 6524 PMP *puqun nu kahiwtree(lit. ‘foundation/origin of wood’) 6525 PMP *puqun nu laŋithorizon(lit. ‘foundation/beginning of the sky’);stranger,foreigner 6520 PWMP *ka-puqunlineage,genealogy? 6521 PWMP *p<am>uqunfoundation,firstpart? 6522 PWMP *puqun-an(glossuncertain) 6523 PWMP *puʔun-en(glossuncertain) Note: AlsoIfugaw (Batad)pūu ‘the trunk base of a tree; the stalk of a hard-stalked plant; the bottom edge of a bat net; the basic premise upon which an argument, belief system or plan is based; the founders or most important leader of a social group’, with unexplained loss of the final consonant,Simalurxun ‘beginning; base of a tree, the thick ends of branches’, for expected **un.Casiguran Dumagatpúnu ‘head, chief, leader’ andPangasinanpúno ‘head of a social group’ are assumed to beTagalog loans. PMP *puqun is a key term in expressing a variety of both physical and social notions. Physically it refers most directly to the base of a tree, that is, the part that emerges from the earth. From this notion of emergence are derived the meanings ‘beginning’, ‘origin’, ‘foundation’, and more abstractly, ‘cause’ and ‘reason’. Somewhat surprisingly, either alone or with affixation this base is also used in a number of languages to express the idea of ‘capital, starting funds’ in business. The antiquity of this meaning cannot be great if capital is reckoned solely in terms of a money economy, but if this sense is historically secondary it has arisen in a surprisingly large number of apparently independent cases. Most importantly for an understanding ofPMP social organization, reflexes of *puqun in both northern Sumatra (Gayō,Northern Batak) and in a number of societies of the Lesser Sundas (Fox 1980:14) refer to the mother’s brother as the source or beginning of life for his sister’s son, or more properly for the wife-taking descent group to which he belongs, and whose material and spiritual interests he supports through following the prescribed marriage rule of matrilateral cousin marriage. In addition, affixed or compound reflexes of *puqun figure in expressing severalPMP meanings that might otherwise go unnoticed in broad comparative work. These include ‘horizon’ (lit. ‘beginning or foundation of the sky’, apparently applied most commonly to horizons on the sea), and ‘stranger, foreigner’ (the latter probably originally ‘person from the horizon’). Although present evidence allows us to assign *puqun only toPMP, an unrelated base with much the same semantic range is seen inPaiwanqapulu ‘trunk, stem; place of origin (figurative); capital (money); founder, earliest ancestor.’ Similarly, although reflexes of *puqun apparently were lost inProto-Polynesian, the concept was retained and associated withProto-Eastern Polynesian *tumu, with much the same semantic range, as seenRarotongantumu ‘foundation; root; cause; origin, source, that which introduces; the reason or cause of anything; the trunk or main part of anything from which something springs or is made, created, or fashioned;tumu rakau ‘trunk of a tree’,tumu enua ‘the original land; the head or chief of the land, the leaders or people of note of the land, the nobility or aristocracy;tumu karakia ‘the chief priest of the ancient house of learning who taught all that pertained to the office of the priests, and tribal lore, etc.; to lead off in chanting or reciting;tumu mauŋa ‘foundation or base of a mountain’;tumu raŋi ‘clouds’,Maoritumu ‘foundation’,Hawaiiankumu ‘bottom, base, foundation, basis, main stalk of a tree, trunk, handle, root (in arithmetic); basic, hereditary; teacher, manual, primer, model, pattern; beginning, source, origin; reason, cause;kumu pali ‘base, foot of a cliff’;aliʔi kumu ‘hereditary chief’. 27506 *puratoarrive,appear,comeintoview 4054 POC *puratoarrive,appear,comeintoview Note: AlsoNgadhavura vuga ‘appear suddenly’ (vuga = ‘arise, come forth’). A longer version of this comparison was first presented byRoss (2016a:418). 30571 *purenavel 7942 POC *purenavel [doublet:*bito,*buto,*piso₂] 32910 11372 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was proposed byRoss (2016a:399). 27508 4056 4057 Note: AlsoNgadhafuro ‘bubble forth, well up’. This comparison was first proposed byOsmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:79). 32561 *purpurpowder 10924 PWMP *purpurpowder 10925 PWMP *ma-murpurtopowder,putpowderonsomeone 32859 11313 POC *pururuŋgloworflame offire Note: This comparison was first proposed byOsmond, Pawley and Ross (2003:77), who reconstructedPOc *puruŋ, *puru-puruŋ. I assume instead that this was a trisyllable and that the disyllabic forms in the Solomons and Polynesian show reduction by haplology. 32860 *puRa-puRaswhale 11314 POC *puRa-puRaswhale Note: This comparison was first proposed byOsmond and Pawley (2011:243-244). 32911 *puRasspraywater from themouth 11373 POC *puRasspraywater from themouth Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparsions was first proposed byOsmond (2016:362), who miscitesPaamesevula-i ashula-i, and attempts to derive the Oceanic forms fromPMP *buRah despite the misalignment of sound correspondences. 27507 4055 Note: With root *-cit ‘squirt out’. 30423 *puRe₁beliftedupordepositedon thebeach bytideorcurrent 7558 POC *puRe₁beliftedupordepositedon thebeach bytideorcurrent Note: AlsoTolaibore ‘throw up shells, coral, etc. on the beach, of the sea’. 32837 *puRe₂beachcreepers,includingIpomoeagrandifloraandIpomoeapes-caprae 11289 POC *puRe₂beachcreepers,includingIpomoeagrandifloraandIpomoeapes-caprae Note: A larger version of this comparison was first noted byRoss (2008:132). 32646 *puRuaskindisease:framboesia,yaws 11044 PMP *puRu₁askindisease:framboesia,yaws Note: AlsoNgaju Dayakpuru ‘pustular skin eruption’ (<Banjarese). 32912 *puRuktosprayspittle, etc. from themouth formagicalpurposes 11374 POC *puRuktosprayspittle, etc. from themouth formagicalpurposes Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond (2016:363). 27509 4058 PAN *puRuqabird, thequail [doublet:*puyuq] Note: AlsoCebuanopúgu ‘kind of bird’,Maranaopogoaʔ ‘quail’.Dempwolff (1934-38) posited *puRuq, but based his reconstruction solely onTagalogpugoʔ and the irregularly corresponding form inMalay. 27513 4062 PMP *pushiss,whizzingsound [doublet:*pes,*pis] 27510 *pusa₁originate;related bycommonorigin;beborn 4059 POC *pusa₁originate;related bycommonorigin;beborn Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed byRoss and Osmond (2016c:221-222). 27511 *pusa₂rotten 4060 POC *pusa₂rotten 33784 *pusa₃heart 12563 POC *pusa₃heart [doublet: *puso] 30850 *puseDwhirlpool,eddy,vortex 8665 PWMP *puseDwhirlpool,eddy,vortex 30568 *pusejnavel,umbilicus;mid-pointorcenter ofsomething 7937 PMP *pusejnavel,umbilicus;mid-pointorcenter ofsomething 7938 7939 PPh *p<in>usejkind ofweavingpattern forbasketry Note: AlsoYamipesed ‘navel’,Karo Batakpusat ‘the placenta’ (<Malay?),Engganoe-puko‘navel, center’,Tae'posiʔ ‘navel; mid-point’,posiʔ tana ‘deep cleft in the ground, in a valley or on a plain, where the earth has subsided’,Makassaresepocciʔ ‘navel; mid-point; touch-hole of a cannon’,Letilusru ‘navel’,lusar-nu ‘his/her navel’,Bulipusal ‘navel, umbilical cord’. In addition to its basic sense of ‘navel; mid-point or center of a place’ varying expressions that cannot yet be reconstructed withPMP *pusej evidently also functioned to indicate: 1. the center of the earth (Simalur,Sundanese,Ngadha), 2. the center or deepest part of the sea (Tagalog,Waray-Waray,Tboli,Malay,Bare'e), 3. the apex of a casting net (Malay,Mentawai,Old Javanese,Sika), 4. consanguineal kin (Nias,Tontemboan,Bare'e,Ngadha), and 5. a weaving pattern in basketry or with rattan (see*p<in>usej). Some of these inferences are further strengthened by reflexes of the doubletPOc *bito, as seen inHawaiianpiko ‘fig. blood relative; design in plaiting the hat calledpāpale ‘ie; bottom round of a carrying net’. As noted byRoss (1988:43-45) with regard to terms for ‘navel’ in Oceanic languages, there is a striking abundance of variants that are partially similar in form, but that do not exhibit recurrent sound correspondences. This led him to posit no fewer than seven pre-POc doublets: *puso, *piso, *mpuso, *mpiso, *puto, *mputo, and *mpito. Although a similar plethora of non-corresponding but similar forms is found in Formosan languages (Ferrell 1969:229), regular reflexes of *pusej are widespread throughout the Philippines and western Indonesia and not in competition with variants, the comparative picture worsening (again) for unknown reasons only as one moves into eastern Indonesia and the Pacific. 33573 12312 Note: With root*-sek ‘insert, stick into a soft surface’.PMP *pusek ‘press in by force’ inBlust (1988:150) appears to have been an error. 34054 *pus(e)líttoslipthroughorout,getaway 12908 PPh *pus(e)líttoslipthroughorout,getaway Note: This might be considered aTagalog loan distribution, except that the meaning of theAyta Maganchi form cannot easily be explained in this way, and points to an earlier, more basic sense than the one found in the languages of more urbanized populations. 33671 *pus(e)qunhypogastrium,abdomenbelow thenavel 12418 PPh *pus(e)qunhypogastrium,abdomenbelow thenavel [doublet:*pus(e)quŋ] Note: I am much indebted to David Zorc for pointing out a slightly different version of this comparison to me after I had posited the far less robustly attested doubletPPh *pus(e)quŋ. His preferred shape is *pusqun, but I have added(e) since medial schwa syncope is a known historical and synchronic process in various Philippine languages, and it is unclear to me whether the schwa was still present inPPh, or had already deleted. 30851 *pus(e)quŋhypogastrium,abdomenbelow thenavel 8666 PPh *pus(e)quŋhypogastrium,abdomenbelow thenavel Note: Possibly identical toPMP *pusuŋ ‘heart; heart of banana’. 32861 11315 Note: A version of this comparison was first proposed byRoss (2003a:126). 32614 *pusiŋtowean ababy frombreast-feeding 11002 PPh *pusiŋtowean ababy frombreast-feeding 32862 11316 POC *pusiRastarling:Aplonis spp. Note: AlsoRotumanhusila (expected **husia) ‘striped starling:Aplonis tabuensis’,Fiji (Lomaiviti)vocea ‘Aplonis tabuensis’. A much longer version of this comparison in which most members showed irregularities of various kinds, was proposed byClark (2011:348). 32665 *pusítsquid 11065 PPh *pusítsquid 29988 *puso₁white 6677 POC *puso₁white Note: Possibly identical toPOc *pusoq ‘foam, bubbles’. 32913 *puso₂heart 11375 POC *puso₃heart [doublet: *pusa] Note: A slightly longer version of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond and Ross (2016a:181). 30852 *puspus₁finished,completed;allgone 8667 PWMP *puspus₁finished,completed;allgone Note: With root*-pus₁ ‘end, finish’ 32562 10926 32563 10927 PWMP *puspus₃withered, ofleaves Note: Possibly a convergent innovation. 27512 4061 30769 8473 PMP *pusuŋ₂heart;heart ofbanana [doublet:*pusuq₁] 30768 *pusuq₁heart of apersonoranimal;purpleheart-shapedinflorescence ofbananaplant 8472 PMP *pusuq₁heart of apersonoranimal;purpleheart-shapedinflorescence ofbananaplant Note: AlsoMurut (Timugon)pusok ‘inflorescence of the banana plant’;p 30770 8474 Note: Possibly identical with *pusuq₁ (cf. the reference toMurut (Timugon)pusok in the note to that comparison). 29963 *puSaNtwice 6646 PAN *puSaNtwice 6647 PAN *ma-puSaNtwenty 27518 4068 PWMP *put₁puffingsound [doublet: *putput 'puff, blow'] 30155 6911 30811 8560 PMP *putaRtoturn [doublet:*puteR] 8561 Note: AlsoSangirputadəʔ ‘twisted together; confused’,Mongondowpitag ‘twisting of strands in making rope’,Makassareseam-mutaraʔ ‘turn a crank’,putarr-aŋ ‘handle of a sewing machine or spinning wheel; ice-making machine’,putar-aŋ ‘doorknob’ (<Malay).Kamberaputaru may also be aMalay loan, but this is unlikely forMongondowputag, ensuring the validity of this comparison, although on rather tenuous grounds, sinceStandardMalayputar may reflect *puteR. 32537 *putattreesin thegenusBarringtonia 10888 PMP *putattreesin thegenusBarringtonia 27514 4063 Note: With root *-teq ‘sap, gummy secretion’. 30812 8562 PWMP *puteRtoturn [doublet:*putaR] Note: AlsoBare'emam-pito-si ‘twist or wring between the fingers’. This comparison, first proposed byDempwolff (1938) as *pute(r) ‘to turn around, crank something’, is supported only by languages in western Indonesia. It is proposed here because theMalagasy form does not appear to be aMalay loanword,Bare'eka-puto-puto andmam-puto-si are unlikely to be loans, and a greater antiquity for *puteR is suggested by the distribution of reflexes of the doublet *putaR. 32795 11236 32796 11237 Note: None of these words appear to be loans, so this etymology probably is valid, although the time-depth of the reconstruction remains a question, given its restriction to languages of extreme western Indonesia. 32811 *putik₃mud 11258 PPh *putik₃mud 30572 *putiqwhite 7943 PMP *putiqwhite 7944 PWMP *ka-putiqwhiteness,whitecolor 7945 PWMP *ma-mutiqtowhiten;tobecomewhite 7946 PMP *ma-putiqwhite 7947 PWMP *ka-putiq-an(glossuncertain) 7948 PWMP *putiq-antowhiten,makesomethingwhite 7949 PWMP *putiq-entowhiten,makesomethingwhite 7950 PWMP *ma-putiq-putiqwhitish,somewhatwhite 7951 PWMP *putiq matacowardly;shameful 12060 PMP *pa-putiq(glossuncertain) Note: Also Alune putile ‘white’.Tagalogp<um>utíʔ ‘to become white; to whiten; to become bleached’ shows the use of the infix *-um- as an inchoative marker, but no other examples of this usage could be found with this stem in the data examined. However, the use of a reflex of *-um- to mark inchoatives in color terms is found with other bases in languages such asMelanau (Mukah) of central Sarawak, wheregaduŋ is ‘green’ andg<em>aduŋ means ‘become green’. The absence of morphologically complex cognates ofTagalogp<um>utíʔ is thus most likely an accident of sampling. 32635 11030 30854 8670 PAN *putput₁topluck,pullout [doublet:*buCbuC] 30853 *putput₂puff,blow,expelairrapidly, asinusing ablowgun 8668 PMP *putput₂puff,blow,expelairrapidly, asinusing ablowgun 10958 PPh *p<aR>utputgaseousdefecation 8669 PWMP *puput-anblowpipe (?) Note: With root*-put ‘puff’. 32636 *putput₃toend,finish,completesomething 11031 PWMP *putput₃toend,finish,completesomething Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. 33722 12475 PPh *putudtosnap,breakoff [doublet: *putut] 30695 *putuntobreakoff,cutoff, as alimb 8266 PAN *putun₂tobreakoff,cutoff, as alimb 8267 12291 Note: Reconciling the Formosan and Malayo-Polynesian parts of this comparsion presents an unusual challenge: all Formosan witnesses point unambiguously to aPAn form with final*n, while all Malayo-Polynesian witnesses that preserve final consonants point just as clearly to aPMP form with final *l. SincePAn *n >PMP *l is not a recurrent sound change it is difficult to know how to treat this set of data. One strategy would be to separate the two sets of forms intoPAn *putun, based only on Formosan evidence, andPMP *putul, based only on non-Formosan evidence. However, this solution would fail to capture the obvious similarity in both form and meaning between these two sets, and it therefore seems preferable to unite them in a single comparison and posit an irregular change in the transition fromPAn toPMP. 27517 *putuŋ₁bambooused as astoragecontainer 4067 PMP *putuŋ₁bambooused as astoragecontainer [doublet:*betuŋ₁,*patuŋ 'large bamboo sp.'] 32797 *putuŋ₂toshorten,cutshortorabbreviate 11238 PWMP *putuŋ₂toshorten,cutshortorabbreviate 11239 PWMP *putuŋ-an(glossuncertain) Note: Dempwolff (1938) posited Uraustronesisch *pu(n)tuŋ ‘break off, hack off’ (abbrechen, abhauen), but included such questionable forms asTagalogpulutóŋ ‘group; a set, meaning things, people, animals, birds, etc. belonging together’, a form thatEnglish (1986) gives as a borrowing of Spanishpeloton ‘platoon’. I takeKadazan Dusunpuntuŋ sogilit ‘stub of cigarette’,Malaypuntoŋ ‘stump; fag-end of anything stiff; e.g. a smouldering log, bit of burnt-out torch, fag-end of a cigar’ as a product of borrowing fromMalay. 27516 4066 Note: Dempwolff (1934-38) reconstructed *putus ‘break off, bring to an end’. 32647 11045 PWMP *putus₂tosnap,breakoff [doublet:*putut₁] 32648 11046 32649 *putut₂cutshort,bobbed;shortinstature 11047 PWMP *putut₂cutshort,bobbed;shortinstature Note: Apparently distinct from *putut₁. 32637 *púyatinsomnia,sleeplessness 11032 PPh *púyatinsomnia,sleeplessness 11033 PPh *ma-púyatsleepy 11034 PPh *puyat-entokeepsomeoneawake,notletthemsleep 27520 *puyu₁afish, theclimbingperch:Anabastestudineus 4070 PWMP *puyu₁afish, theclimbingperch:Anabastestudineus 9412 PWMP *puyu-puyuafish, theclimbingperch:Anabastestudineus Note: AlsoMalayikan kə-puyu,ikan pəpuyu ‘the climbing perch:Anabas scandens. 27521 4071 PWMP *puyu₂vorticaldesignormotion [doublet:*puyuŋ 'do something round a center'] 32638 *puyudwear thehairin abunortopknot 11035 PPh *puyudwear thehairin abunortopknot Note: AlsoAgutaynenpoyot ‘ponytail’. 32639 *puyuŋimprovisedpurseorbag,foldedclothusedtocarrythings 11036 PWMP *puyuŋimprovisedpurseorbag,foldedclothusedtocarrythings 27519 4069 PWMP *puyuqabird, thequail [doublet:*puRuq] 27530 *pu(n)zutpickupwithfingertips 4080 Note: Cf.Zorc (n.d.)PPh *puDut ‘pick up’. pw 32914 11376 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was proposed by Ross (2016b:470-471). 32915 11377 Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed by Ross (2016a:419). 32863 11317 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed byRoss, Clark and Osmond (1998:260). 32821 *pwano-pwanoaplant:Guettardaspeciosa 11273 POC *pwano-pwanoaplant:Guettardaspeciosa Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first noted byRoss (2008:165). 32892 11351 32916 11378 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed byOsmond (2016:340-341). 32864 11318 Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed byRoss, Clark and Osmond (1998:273). 32826 11278 POC *pwasa(rR)largepandanus sp. Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed byRoss (2008:334), who recontructedPOc *p(w)asa(r,R) ‘large pandanus sp.’. He recordedpwāh, with a long vowel, but I recorded this vowel as short. 32838 *pwatikapotatoyam,aerialyam:Dioscoreabulbifera 11290 POC *pwatikapotatoyam,aerialyam:Dioscoreabulbifera Note: A longer version of this comparsion was first presented byRoss (2008:262-263). 32917 11379 POC *pwatuelbow,knee;joint,node Note: A somewhat longer version of this comparison was first proposed byOsmond and Ross (2016a:174-175), where some of the languages suggested *pwatuka rather than *pwatu. 32918 *pwauhead 11380 POC *pwauhead Note: A longer version of this comparison was proposed byOsmond and Ross (2016a:107-108). 32893 *pwipipikind ofshorebird,possiblysnipe 11352 POC *pwipipikind ofshorebird,possiblysnipe Note: A longer version of this comparison was first proposed byClark (2011:360). 32894 *pwiripparrot,probablyTrichoglossus sp. 11353 POC *pwiripparrot,probablyTrichoglossus sp. Note: This comparison was first noted byClark (2011:326). 32919 *pwiRaelephantiasis 11381 POC *pwiRaelephantiasis 32920 11382 Note: A longer version of this comparsion was proposed byRoss (2016a:418). a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*p
Formosan Kavalan pa will (future) Kanakanabu pa still WMP Yami pa first (before doing something else) Itbayaten pa particle: also, too, yet, still, more Agta (Eastern) pa yet, still Casiguran Dumagat pa particle: first, still Kapampangan pa still, yet Tagalog pa more; still; even; yet; up to now, up to a certain time; further; else Remontado pa still, more, yet Bikol pa still, yet; more, anymore; than Romblomanon pa someone does somethingfirst, before something else is done; someonestill does something, has something; something isalso done; a situation also exists Masbatenyo pa particle: yet, still; in addition, as well, also, too Aklanon pa sustaining particle with the sense of English “yet” or “still” Waray-Waray pa more; yet, still Agutaynen pa yet; still; additionally; what’s more; moreover Hiligaynon pa particle: still, yet Cebuano pa still, yet: up to now, up to a specific point in the past; else, in addition Central Tagbanwa pa still, yet Binukid pa still, yet: up to now, up to a specific point in time Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pa yet; still Mansaka pa modifying particle: still; yet Tausug pa signals the continuance of an event already occurring or of a state already existing; still, more, yet Kadazan Dusun po grammatical particle: yet Kelabit pəh so far, til now; so that, in order to Malagasy fa for, but, therefore, because, that Ponosakan pa still, more, yet (before doing something else) Bare'e pa still, yet Tae' -pa still, yet Mandar -pa only; later; still; not yet Mamuju pa still Makassarese -pa still, yet WMP Toba Batak pa- (numeral) let (the thing mentioned by you) be made into (numeral) (van der Tuuk 1971) Old Javanese pa-ro, pa-rwa wavering, in two minds CMP Kambera pa- (numeral) divide into (numeral) OC Motu ha-rua twice Molima va-lua do in pairs Eddystone/Mandegusu va-lua the second man in a six-man canoe (cf. *duSa 'two') Formosan Kavalan pa- causative prefix Saisiyat pa- causative prefix Atayal p- causative prefix Pazeh pa- causative prefix Amis pa- causative prefix Thao pa- causative of dynamic verbs Rukai pa- causative prefix Puyuma pa- causative prefix Paiwan pa- causative prefix WMP Itbayaten pa- causative prefix Ibatan pa- causative prefix Ilokano pa- causative prefix Agta (Central Cagayan) pa- causative prefix Bontok pa- causative prefix Ifugaw (Batad) pa- causative prefix Pangasinan pa- causative prefix Kapampangan pa- causative prefix Tagalog pa- causative prefix Bikol pa- causative prefix Romblomanon pa- causative prefix Masbatenyo pa- causative prefix Aklanon pa- causative prefix Hiligaynon pa- causative prefix Palawano pa- causative prefix Cebuano pa- causative prefix Maranao pa-ka- causative prefix pa-ki- causative prefix Binukid pa- causative prefix Mansaka pa- causative prefix Mapun pa- instransitive causative motion within oneself, transition, or change of state becoming Tboli h- ~ he- causative prefix Kadazan Dusun po- ~ popo- causative prefix Ida'an Begak pə- dependent causative Kenyah pa- causative prefix Toba Batak pa- causative prefix Toratán pa- causative prefix Banggai a- causative prefix Makassarese pa- causative prefix Wolio pa- causative prefix Muna fo- causative prefix for dynamic verbs CMP Kambera pa- causative prefix Tetun ha- causative prefix (said to be a contraction ofhalo ‘do, make’, but his may be a historically secondary rationalization) ha- causative prefix SHWNG Taba ha- causative prefix Buli fa- causative prefix OC Lusi pa- causative prefix Zabana va- causative WMP Ibatan p<in>a- causative (perfective) Ida'an Begak (pə)nə- -i- causative (completive) Bintulu p<in>a- causative (perfective) Formosan Pazeh paka- causative prefix Amis paka- causative prefix Paiwan paka- causative prefix WMP Ilokano paka- nominalizing instrumental affix for potentivemaka- verbs (maka-surat ‘able to write’ :paka-surat ‘something with which one is able to write’) Cebuano paka- derivational verb-forming prefix; with durative active affixes, verbs withpaka- mean ‘pretend to be, act like so-and-so’, and with the direct passive affixes they mean ‘consider as so-and-so’, or ‘treat like so-and-so’ Maranao paka- causative of object voice (McKaughan 1958:27) Yakan paka- causative affix in transitive or antipassive clauses Kayan pək- causative prefix Malagasy faha- causative/multiplicative prefix with numeral bases Toratán pa-ka- ‘exhaustive’ causative of stative verbs Makassarese paka- prefix for adjectives or stative verbs Muna feka- causative prefix with stative verbs Chamorro faha- causative/multiplicative prefix with numeral bases CMP Tetun hak- causative prefix to verbs (also forms verbal nouns and adjectives) OC Lau faka- causative prefix, rarely found fā- causative prefix which also makes transitive verbs from intransitive verbs, adjectives and nouns (roŋo ‘to hear’ :fā-roŋo ‘to tell’;mamagu ‘fear’ :fā-mamagu ‘loathsome’;ŋū ‘to sing’ :fā-ŋū ‘teach to sing’) Toqabaqita faɁa- usually derives causative verbs (mae ‘die; dead’ :faɁa-mae-a ‘administer anaesthetic to, put to sleep with anaesthetic’) Fijian vaka- prefix; added to verbs it usually makes causatives; added to nouns it makes adjectives or adverbs (tamata ‘man’,vaka-tamata ‘human; like a human being); added to adjectives it makes adverbs (vinaka ‘good’,vaka-vinaka ‘well’); added to nouns it may indicate possession (vale ‘house’vaka-vale ‘having a house’); added to some intransitive verbs it makes intensives, frequentatives or continuatives Tongan faka- prefix denoting likeness, causation (causing or allowing to), supplying, having, etc. (mate ‘die; dead’ :faka-mate ‘causing death; deadly, poison, fatal’,taŋi ‘to cry’ :faka-taŋi ‘having a doleful sound, sounding like a lament; to appeal to someone after one’s request has been rejected by someone else’) Niue faka- a very common prefix, usually causative, but with other meanings Samoan faɁa- multifunctional prefix indicating, among other things, causation; faɁa-sāmoa ‘do things in the Samoan way’ Tuvaluan faka- causative prefix with a range of meanings: 1. cause an action to occur or a state to result (ako ‘learn’ :faka-ako ‘teach’,moe ‘sleep’ :faka-moe ‘put to sleep’), 2. to act a role (maatua ‘mother’ :fakamaatua ‘parent’s sister’,paalaŋi ‘European’faka-paalaŋi ‘act like a European’), cause to be like (fonu ‘turtle’ :faka-fonu ‘heap up food in the shape of a turtle’), 4. before statives to form transitive verbs (huki ‘pierce’ :ma-huki ‘pierced’,faka-ma-huki ‘pierce a nut for drinking’) Kapingamarangi haga- causative prefix: cause to; cause to have; provide a; allow to; teach how to; install as (made ‘to die’ :haga-made ‘to kill’,daŋi ‘to cry’ :haga-daŋi ‘to make someone cry’ Nukuoro haga- causative prefix, cause to be, become, have, know (made ‘dead’ :haga-made ‘do as hard or fast as possible’,daŋi ‘to cry’ :haga-daŋi‘to play a musical instrument’) Rennellese haka- causative prefix (meanings are usually causative or transitive, but sometimes similitude) Anuta paka- causative prefix (mate ‘die’ :paka-mate ‘commit suicide’,taŋi ‘to cry, to moan’ :paka-taŋi ‘to blow a conch shell or other type of whistle, horn, etc.’) Rarotongan aka- a causative prefix; to make to, to cause something to be done; by the addition of the prefixaka- many nouns, adjectives and neuter verbs become active verbs Maori whaka- causative prefix; combined with an intransitive verb, an adjective or participle to form an intransitive verb, it signifies a beginning of, or approach to, the action or condition indicated; combined with a noun to form an intransitive verb, it signifies the assumption of the character or form expressed by the noun; as a strict causative it may combine with a verb, adjective, participle, or noun to form a transitive verb Hawaiian hoɁo- a very active former of causative/simulative derivatives, including 1. causation and transitivization (pono ‘correct’hoɁo-pono-pono ‘to correct’), 2. pretense (kuli ‘deaf’ :hoɁo-kuli ‘to feign deafness’), 3. simillarity (kamaliɁi- ‘children’ :hoɁo-kamaliɁi ‘childish’), 4. no meaning (kāholoholo ‘to hurry’,hoɁo-kāholoholo ‘to hurry’), 5. unpredictable (maikaɁi ‘good’ :hoɁo-maikaɁi ‘to congratulate’) OC Kaulong va get, take, bring Nyelâyu pha take OC Amara pei get Tawala wa-i carry, get, select, take Kwaio fee-a take, convey; take in marriage Formosan Amis patsek nail Puyuma pasek nail; hammer in a nail mi-pasek have a nail in WMP Itbayaten pasek nail i-pask-en dowel, made oftañod (mulberry) tree Kankanaey pasek wedge Bikol pások wooden peg mag-pások put something together with such pegs Maranao pasek post, pillar Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pasek put a post or stick in the ground Bintulu pasək enter Ngaju Dayak pasak wooden nail, dowel; what is fastened together with dowels Malay pacak splitting, transfixing Nias fasa stake, nail; to pound in a stake or nail Old Javanese pacek spike, pin Balinese pacek peg, nail; stick into, make a hole; plant (seedlings, etc.) Sangir ma-masiʔ drive in a stake, implant pa-pasiʔ stake, post (as a fencepost) Tontemboan pasək a pole driven firmly into the ground to which a horse can be tethered ma-pasək to drive (a stake or pole) into the ground Uma pasoʔ to nail, drive in a nail Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *pasoQ peg, nail Makassarese am-masaʔ drive a wedge into wood in order to split it open pam-masaʔ wedge Wolio paso nail, pin, spike, spur Muna paso nail ka-paso wooden pen, nail or peg pasok-i to nail something firmly CMP Manggarai pacek pile, stake; drive in a pile or stake Formosan Paiwan patsak newly born calf or deer WMP Cebuano patʔak (ʔ unexplained) splotch, spatter all over something Iban pantak having spot of different color, usually of animal's head WMP Ilokano páda same, equal; peer ag-páda to be the same, equal; to match ka-páda a peer, equal, match p<um>áda to be unequalled; supreme; unsurpassed pada-en to equal, match; copy or imitate páda-padá-en to treat equally; to share alike Isneg páda equal, alike saŋa-páda all alike Ifugaw páda what is the same, the equal in measure, quantity, number, or degree, commonly used with suffix-na páda-na its equal Pangasinan pára like, the same; be the same ka-pára one who is alike, the same Tagalog pára as though; as if; only; same as; like; similar; just like; such as one would expect Malay pada sufficiency (but no more) Old Javanese paḍa equal; the equal of; equally; an indication of the plural Balinese paḍa like, similar, all-in-all, all, together (often used with no more meaning than to indicate plurality) Sasak pada equal, equal to Tae' pada the same in size, quantity, quality, shape, etc. pa-pada to make equal Makassarese para all, both (in combinations); same, equal (mostly in combinations) WMP Ilokano i-páda to compare; make something thesame or similar to something else Tagalog i-pará to compare; to liken to WMP Ilokano páda-páda same, equal; everyone without exception or favoritism Pangasinan pára-pára matching Malay ber-pada-pada in reasonable (but not excessive) amounts Old Javanese paḍa-paḍa equal; the equal of Balinese paḍa-paḍa as much; equally (long, high, etc.) Sasak pada-pada equal; even Pendau pada-pada each, together; same Tae' pada-pada approximately so; the same, all without distinction WMP Casiguran Dumagat paraŋ meadow, open field, usually covered with cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) Tagalog páraŋ meadow, prairie; a large piece of level or rolling land with grass but not trees; field; uncultivated land Hanunóo pádaŋ a short, small-leavedcogon grass (Imperata sp.) Tausug paraŋ grass ka-paraŋ-an ground covered with grass, pastureland Kadazan Dusun padaŋ field, playing ground, meadow Ida'an Begak padaŋ coarse grass Kelabit padaŋ field Ngaju Dayak padaŋ a large treeless plain overgrown with sword grass (Imperata cylindrica) Iban padaŋ large space covered with one kind of vegetation; freshwater swamp, usually flooded and supporting few plants; field, meadow, green, sports-ground Acehnese padaŋ field, plain Simalur padaŋ grassland, meadow Karo Batak padaŋ kind of grass:Pogonatherum panicum Hack. Toba Batak padaŋ grass; grassland, plain Javanese paḍaŋ to lay open (of ground) Balinese padaŋ grass, plant, herb padaŋ sila the name of a rock-field (sila = ‘stone’) Mongondow padaŋ cane grass:Imperata cylindricaImperata arundinacea Bare'e pada plain, field; also used for the plants that grow there Ampana pada high grass, cane grass Tae' padaŋ earth, ground; field; kind of grass with sharp, needle-like leaves; when young it creeps along the ground with long tendrils Mandar padaŋ vegetation that resembles the stem of the rice plants, sword grass, very hard to eradicate except by digging up the roots; sword grass:Imperata cylindrica padaŋ species of tall grass:Imperata cylindrica Makassarese paraŋ field, treeless plain Wolio pada tall grass-like weed,Imperata sp.; citronella grass:Andropogon nardus WMP Pangasinan páraw traditional type of sailboat Tagalog paráw large passenger and cargo sailboat Aklanon paráw sailboat Agutaynen paraw a boat similar to alansa (cargo boat), but with outriggers, used for fishing (it pulls smaller outriggers out to deeper water where they can fish); the entire entourage is called aparaw Cebuano paráw schooner, galleon Maranao padaw sailboat Kadazan Dusun padau boat, canoe, rowing boat, sailing boat Tarakan padau boat Murut (Tagol) paraw boat, canoe Bintulu paɗaw sailing Malay layar padau storm sail WMP Palawan Batak padɨk husk of rice Aborlan Tagbanwa padɨk husk of rice Lun Dayeh padek husk of rice grain after separation by pounding (cf.lipaŋ 'husk of rice grain before separation by pounding') Kiput padək fragment of broken rice grain WMP Ilongot pandɨk star Miri fatak star Mongondow pandok spot, speck, fleck WMP Mapun pawom to be shut off (as a light); to go out (as a fire); to be erased Yakan palem for something to go out, be extinguished (fire or light), turned off, shut off (water, electricity, engine), dried up (stream, well) mag-palem to put out, extinguish (a fire or light); turn or shut off (water, engine) pandem for something to go out, be extinguished (fire or light), turned off, shut off (water, electricity, engine), dried up (stream, well) Kayan parem extinguished; fire or light gone out Malay padam extinguished, put out, of any flame Rejang padeum extinguished, put out (a light or fire) Formosan Amis padeŋ to put out, literally to extinguish a fire; to turn off WMP Aklanon páeoŋ to put out (fire), turn off (light); to die out (fire), to go out (light) Hiligaynon páluŋ to put out, to extinguish, to blow out Maranao padeŋ put out, as a fire, turn off a light Muna peo extinguished, out (light or fire) foko-peon-i to extinguish, put out WMP Tagalog pandát crammed, packed, squeezed in Kayan padet closed up, blocked up, as of a hole; dammed up, of a stream Iban padat close up, crowd together, cram, pack tight Malay padat crushed into the least possible space; well-packed; compact padak-kan to stuff into or press down Old Javanese paḍet compact, compressed, having become a solid mass WMP Ilokano mai-padpád to land, reach the shore after having been gone awhile; set foot on; drift; reach a destination Casiguran Dumagat pádpad for a boat to be driven by a storm Pangasinan pádpar run aground because of adverse wind or current; shipwreck Sambal (Botolan) padpád to be carried by the wind (as leaves, paper, feathers), to be carried by current of water (used of people, limbs, rubbish, etc.) Tagalog i-padpád to be driven by current or wind ná-padpád carried by the tide (said of persons or things from a shipwreck); cast adrift k<in>á-padpar-án place where the tide carried shipwrecked persons or things Bikol i-padpád to be driven by the wind (a boat); to be blown away by the wind mag-padpád to drag anchor (a boat driven by the wind) maka-padpád to blow a boat, causing it to drag anchor (the wind); to be blown away by the wind Cebuano padpád for wind or water to carry something in the current; bring someone somewhere; remove something from whatever it was mixed with or stuck to WMP Maranao pandoŋ temporary building; stage, raised flooring Kayan paruŋ attic space above inner room; upper storey Iban padoŋ raised sleeping platform or bunk near or in outer wall of house; (formerly) sleeping place for girls Minangkabau pandoŋ hut in rice fields Formosan Kavalan pann bait (for fishing, or in a trap) Paiwan pan bait (for fishhook or trap) pu-pan to bait a hook or trap WMP Itbayaten aʔpan bait Ilokano appán bait Agta (Dupaningan) appán bait for fishing Isneg appān bait i-pān to ensnare appān bait i-pān to ensnare Bontok pá-pan bait, as used in fishing or trapping birds Kankanaey pá-pan bait Ifugaw pá-pan bait, to lure birds to the place where they can be ensnared, or eels into a cage trap calledudál, or rats into a kind of deadfall calledipít Sambal (Botolan) páʔen bait Tagalog páʔin bait for catching fish, rats, etc. mag-páʔin to bait, to set a bait for; to lure or attract with bait Bikol páʔon bait; decoy or lure mag-páʔon to bait or set a trap; to place bait on a hook; to decoy or lure Hanunóo páʔun bait Romblomanon paʔun bait used for catching fish, mollusks, octopuses Masbatenyo paón bait, lure, enticement; something used to entice the victim in fishing or trapping Aklanon paón bait (for fishing); to put on bait Waray-Waray paón bait Hiligaynon paʔún bait, decoy Cebuano paʔún bait; to bait something; to make or use as bait; use someone else as a means to deflect danger from oneself Maranao paʔan bait Binukid paen bait Klata paʔa bait Kayan pan a bait left on river bottom to attract fish for subsequent netting Karo Batak empan bait Toba Batak ompan bait for fishhook maŋ-ompan-i to entice with bait, lure Sundanese ɨ-pan bait (both literal and figurative) Balinese empan bait; to bait, feed empan-in be fed, be baited Mongondow paan bait Gorontalo paalo bait Uma apa bait Bare'e opa bait (for hook, trap, etc.) Tae' aʔpan to lure, entice Palauan uáol bait o-máol to attract, lure with bait (<*pa-maen) CMP Manggarai épaŋ bait Fordata faan fish bait Kei fān bait en-fān to feed; to bait a hook WMP Ilokano y-appán to use as bait Masbatenyo i-paʔón use something for bait; to sacrifice (oneself) WMP Ilokano appan-an to set bait Tagalog páʔin-an to bait, to set a bait for; to lure or attract with bait Bikol paʔon-an to bait or set a trap; to place bait on a hook; to decoy or lure WMP Ilokano paŋgál a stick or bamboo transversely tied to the head or neck of an animal, or a collar consisting of a kind of triangle made of three pieces of wood or bamboo, to keep the wearer from passing through bamboo fences CMP Manggarai pagal hobble; heavy block hung from buffalo's neck to impede his movements WMP Pangasinan pagás hoarse; to speak hoarsely Tausug pagas voiceless (as from a cold); hoarse mag-ka-pagas to develop a hoarse voice WMP Gaddang na-pákel tired (McFarland 1977) Kapampangan pagal, ma-pagal tired Tagalog pagál fatigue; assumed work or trouble or hardship for s.o. else Bikol pagál exhausted, fatigued, jaded, tired, worn out ma-pagal get tired Sasak paŋgel tired; bored WMP Karo Batak paguh firm, steady, solid, of a post; strong, big, robust, of men, trees, and houses Sundanese pageuh firm, steady, fast; stand, sit or hold fast; believe firmly in, inwardly convinced Old Javanese pageh firmness, stability, constancy, stabilization, repair Balinese pageh strong, firm, steady, reliable, sure, unchanging, faithful WMP Ilokano pagʔóŋ tortoise, a land and fresh-water turtle Isneg pagʔóŋ kind of turtle with long neck and a more or less elongated body Bontok pagʔúŋ turtle Tagalog pagóŋ turtle Bikol pagóŋ turtle WMP Ilokano pagér palisade Berawan (Batu Belah) pagin fence Miri fagér fence Kiput pakin fence Ngaju Dayak pagar, pager fence, hedge Iban pagar fence, railing pagar ruyon stockaded fort Jarai pega fence, palisade Malay pagar fence; palisade, e.g. of bamboo (pagar buloh), or wattle (pagar sasak) or palm-trunk (pagar ruyon) Acehnese pageuë fence, hedge Sundanese pager fence (of bamboo, stone, etc.); hedge Old Javanese pager hedge, fence, enclosure Javanese pager fence, outside wall Balinese (High) pager fence, wall, hadge, fortification Balinese (Low) pageh be fenced pageh-an a hedge, fence, wall, fortification Sasak pager wall of wicker-work, fence, enclosure Proto-Minahasan *pagər fence, enclosure Tae' pagaʔ bamboo fence built, for example, around the base of a tree in order to heap up fertilizer around it Buginese pageʔ fence, wall (as a stone wall around a planted field) Makassarese pagaraʔ fence CMP Rotinese paʔa to fence, a fence Yamdena fakar fencing-in, as a planted tree; fencing with stakes for the defense of the village Buruese pager fence WMP Iban pagi morning, early morning Proto-Chamic *pagi tomorrow Malay pagi morning; early Acehnese pagi Day of Judgement Karo Batak pagi future, future time pa-pagi, pe-pagi morning er-pagi-pagi in the morning si pagi-na the future Toba Batak pagi-an later pagi-pagi-an future, in the course of one's life Lampung pagi morning WMP Casiguran Dumagat págpag to brush dust or trash off cloth or a mat; to dust off by shaking Sambal (Botolan) pagpag-én to shake dust off clothes, papers, etc.; this can be done by tapping against a hard surface Cebuano pagpág agitate to remove dust, shake the dust off things WMP Ibaloy i-pagpag to brush something off with hard blows (as dust from a coat) Bikol i-pagpág shake out, as rug WMP Ibaloy i-pagpag to hit, slap, strike something hard against something else (as one’s hand against a wall) Lun Dayeh fafag a clap, a slap Kelabit pəpag a slap məpag to slap pə-məpag thing used for slapping WMP Iban pagu shelf, esp. over hearth Malay pagu ceiling; ceiling-loft, attic Acehnese pagu attic, loft, ceiling Minangkabau pagu the upper and more solid shelf over the kitchen fire (the lower light rack beingsalaian) Gorontalo pahu space between attic and roof WMP Aklanon págot grind one's teeth Hiligaynon págut rave, be furious, gnash the teeth while asleep Malay pagut peck (of birds), bite (of snakes), nibble (of fish). Not used of the bite of a mammal Toba Batak pagut, pargut beak of a bird, mouth of a snake; peck up (birds), bite (snakes) Formosan Amis pahko type of fern that is edible WMP Ilokano pakó an edible fern:Athurium Esculentum (sic!) pak-pakó ferns resembling thepakó Agta (Eastern) pakó fern Isneg pakó Athyrium esculentum (Retz.) Copel: an edible fern; eating it cures influenza Itawis pakú fern Ifugaw (Batad) pa-paʔu an edible fern:Athyrium esculentum Casiguran Dumagat pakó an edible wild fern, sometimes called “wild asparagus”:Athyrium esculentum Pangasinan pakó edible fern Aklanon pakú(h) a fern:Athyrium esculentum Cebuano pakú kind of fern, the young leaves of which are eaten as a salad:Athyrium esculentum Maranao pako a fern:Athyrium esculentum (Retz.) Copel Binukid pako kind of fern (the young fronds of which are edible) Mansaka pako kind of edible fern that grows by rivers Tiruray fagew an edible fern:Athyrium esculentum Copel Tombonuwo paku edible fern Kelabit paʔuh fern that grows by the riverbank Berawan (Long Terawan) pakkoh fern Kenyah paku fern Murik pakuʔ fern Kayan pakoʔ ferns (many kinds) Kayan (Busang) pakoʔ fern, the young tips of which are eaten as a vegetable Salako pakuʔ fern Singhi Land Dayak pokux ferns (edible) Malay paku fern; generic forFilices (many types) Acehnese paku fern Simalur paku fern paku gajah ordinary tree fern (lit. ‘elephant fern’) Karo Batak paku edible fern Toba Batak pahu large fern Sundanese paku fern Old Javanese paku fern Balinese paku fern, bracken Sasak paku fern (various types) Proto-Sangiric *paku edible fern Proto-Minahasan *paku type of edible fern Tontemboan paku fern Bare'e paku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable Tae' paku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *paku ferns Makassarese paku fern, of which certain types are eaten as vegetables Wolio paku fern CMP Bimanese faku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable Manggarai paku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable:Athyrium esculentum Ngadha paku kind of fern eaten as a vegetable Kambera rí paku fern WMP Tagalog páhid wiping off; a light wiping; smearing on, anointing i-páhid to spread; to put on in a thin layer pa-máhid ointment; medicine used on the skin to heal or to make soft and white pahír-an to coat; to cover something with a layer pahír-in to rub off; to remove by rubbing; to brush; to wipe away Palawan Batak páʔid to wipe Cebuano páhid rub on, apply by wiping; wipe pahír-an doormat; rags to wipe the hands Kelabit paʔid duster, mop, anything used to wipe; accidental wiping maʔid to wipe Formosan Atayal (Mayrinax) pahpah flower Sakizaya papah leaf WMP Ilokano páo variety of small mango Isneg apáw ~ paw-páw kind of wild mango Kankanaey paó mango, mango tree Pangasinan paó Indian mango (rounded and somewhat smaller than native varieties) Tagalog páhoʔ a small, sour species of mango Bikol páhoʔ tree in the mango family producing a small, sour fruit which may be salted Aklanon páhoʔ small mango:Mangifera altissima Blanco Cebuano páhuʔ kind of small, fibrous mango:Mangifera altissima Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pahuʔ a tree reaching 35 meters in height:Mangifera altissima; it bears small mangos, and is not cultivated Murut (Timugon) pauʔ horse mango:Mangifera foetida Iban pauh a tree bearing inedible mango-like fruit:Parkia speciosa Hassk. Malay pauh a tree name:Mangifera spp. Old Javanese poh the mango (tree and fruit),Mangifera Sasak paoʔ mango:Mangifera indica Bare'e pao kind of small mango found on the coast Tae' pao mango Makassarese pao mango Muna foo mango CMP Komodo pau mango:Mangifera indica Manggarai pau mango:Mangifera indica Rembong pauʔ mango:Mangifera indica Kambera pau mango:Mangifera indica Manipa au mango WMP Ilokano páo kind of large marine fish Malay pari pauh hornless devilfish:Dicerobatis spp. WMP Wolio pai where? OC Nggela vei where, which, usuallyi vei Kwaio fai where i fai where? Lau i-fai (= 'at where?') 'where?' Arosi hai where, what place, which? Fijian vei interrogative noun, asking place where? OC Label hai to plait (as basket) Vitu vai-a to weave Kove wai make a basket, plait a door Gitua va-vai to weave (a basket) Numbami wa-wai to weave (mats, baskets) Misima vei to plait Paamese hai to weave, make a fence Formosan Kavalan paiz a fan p<m>aiz to fan Paiwan si-paiz-an a fan ki-paiz to fan oneself, to have oneself fanned p<n>aiz to fan something WMP Itbayaten payid idea of fanning pa-payid a fan Ilokano paíd a fan (usually made of woven bamboo) ag-paíd to fan oneself i-paíd to fan with paid-an to fan someone Agta (Dupaningan) ped-ped a fan i-ped-ped to fan Itawis pé-ped a fan map-pé-ped to fan OC Lavongai pasal to walk Tigak pasal to go, walk; come to Manam alale<A to walk Takia -padal go astray, disappear Marshallese yetal to go Pulo Annian θatare to walk around Formosan Basai panay riceplant, rice in the field Kavalan panay rice plant in a dry field (unhusked); said to be a loan fromAmis Saisiyat pazay rice plant Atayal pagay unhulled rice, rice in the husk Seediq payay rice plant Pazeh pazay glutinous rice Amis panay rice; the harvested grain Thao pazay rice with husk adhering; rice in the field; riceplant Bunun paað rice plant, rice in the field Hoanya padza rice plant Tsou pai rice plant, unhusked rice Kanakanabu paláy glutinous rice Rukai (Budai) pagay rice plant, unhusked rice Paiwan paday rice (plant, grain):Oryza sativa WMP Itbayaten paray unhusked rice; husked rice; rice plant Ilokano págay rice (unhusked),Oryza sativa i-pagay-an hire a worker for rice wages pagay-an place where rice is grown; to plant with rice Bontok págəy unthreshed rice; the rice plant,Oryza sativa L. Kankanaey págey rice on the stalk, unhusked rice Ifugaw páge rice growing in the fields, or bundles of rice ears Ibaloy pagey rice --- esp. of rice standing in the field, but also of harvested rice that is still on the stalk unthreshed, and of unhusked rice off the stalk man-pagey to realize a certain yield from a field Pangasinan pagéy rice plant; unhusked rice Ayta Maganchi pali rice Kapampangan pále rice (growing in the field) palay-an rice field Tagalog pálay rice plant palay-an rice paddy, rice field Hanunóo páray palay, or unhusked rice (Oryza sativa Linn.), especially that standing in the fields, still unharvested Aklanon páeay rice (growing in the fields),Oryza sativa; rice seeds (freshly harvested, unmilled) Hiligaynon pálay rice plant Manobo (Western Bukidnon) parey the rice plant,Oryza sativa, and the grain before it is milled or pounded Tiruray farey a general term for rice,Oryza sativa Linn. Mapun pawoy unhusked rice Yakan paley rice (unhusked),Oryza sativa Tboli halay Oryza sativa. Rice, unhusked, a staple food of the Philippines Kadazan Dusun paai paddy Minokok paray rice in the field Ida'an Begak paray paddy Supan paray riceplant, rice in the field Lun Dayeh fadey rice, paddy Lun Dayeh (Long Semado) pade rice in the field Kelabit pade rice plant, rice in the field Dali' paday riceplant, rice in the field Kenyah paday paddy, rice in the field Kayan pare rice plant, rice in the field Kiput padəy rice plant, rice in the field Melanau (Mukah) paday rice plant, rice in the field Bukat parey riceplant, rice in the field Kejaman paray riceplant, rice in the field Iban padi rice,Oryza spp. as plants or grain in husk, paddy Salako padi riceplant Jarai pəday rice plant, rice in the field Rhade mədie rice plant, rice in the field Moken pai paddy Malay padi rice as a plant, in the ear, and as an unhusked grain Karo Batak page rice plant, rice in the field, unhusked rice Nias faxe rice (in general as a plant, and in its cooked state) Sundanese pare rice in general, but particularly rice in the field and in the husk Old Javanese pari rice (in the field or still in the straw), paddy Javanese pari rice plant (growing, or harvested, but still unhulled) Balinese padi rice, corn, grain; a grain (weight); rice in the husk Sasak pade ~ pare rice in the field, unhusked rice Mongondow payoy unhusked rice, rice plant Bare'e pae rice in the field, unhusked rice Tae' pare rice in the field Mori Atas pae riceplant, rice in the field Mandar pare rice in the field Makassarese pare rice in the field Muna pae rice (on the stalk) Chamorro faʔi type of plant -Oryza sativa. rice --- when growing CMP Bimanese fare rice plant, rice in the field Li'o pare riceplant, rice in the field Kambera pari rice plant Rotinese hade rice plant, unhusked rice grain Atoni ane riceplant, rice in the field Tetun hare rice (plant and unhusked grain) Yamdena fase rice Teluti fala rice Nuaulu ana rice Kamarian hala rice (in general) Saparua halal rice Manipa lae rice Boano₂ ala rice Batu Merah allay rice Amblau fala rice Buruese pala rice (in general) Tifu pala rice Kayeli hala rice (in general) SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai fasa cooked rice, husked rice Misool (Coast) fās rice Mayá ꞌfa¹²s rice Irarutu fas rice Dusner pas rice (in general) Wandamen fas rice (in general) Ron fas rice Numfor fas rice (in general) fas rice Serui-Laut fa rice (in general) Formosan Amis ka-panay-an the time of harvest WMP Ilokano ka-pagay-an rice field Formosan Atayal paris enemy Seediq pais enemy, adversary Favorlang/Babuza mazjies enmity Thao pazish enemy; one of the names for the Atayal and Seediq Bunun pais enemy OC Arosi hasu-hasu-(na) eyebrow Gilbertese ari eyebrow Marshallese āt eyebrow Mokilese pad eyebrow Puluwat faat eyebrow Sonsorol-Tobi fäti eyebrow Wayan vacu eyebrow Fijian vacu eyebrow WMP Itbayaten pak crash, bang, sound word for the sound of striking Bikol pak the sound of a smack, splat, whack Cebuano pak word used in writing to represent the sound of a slap, or explosion of firecrackers Malay pak (onom.) thwack; whack; smack Toba Batak pak the sound of beating or slapping Mentawai pak to hit, beat Old Javanese pak onomatopoetic particle, blow CMP Manggarai pak to box on the ear, smack Rembong pak slap, pat WMP Cebuano pákal stuff a hole (as by putting rocks into a rat-hole) Iban pakal caulking material makal to caulk (a boat) Malay pakal caulking, rendering watertight sabut p<əm>akal oakum WMP Bontok pakán woof; the crosswise threats of woven material Ibaloy pakan fill material pekan-an to fill in the space between two sides (as in piling rocks and earth into the space between two sides of a wide stone wall, backfilling a wall) Maranao pakan woof Malagasy fáhan-ténuna the weft in weaving Malay pakan woof; weaving Karo Batak pakan the weft thread in weaving (as against thesawen) Sundanese pakan the weft threads in weaving sa-pakan a weft thread makan-an drive weft threads through the warp Old Javanese halaŋ pakan a particular kind of cloth (?) Balinese pakan the warp (in weaving) Sasak pakan the weft in weaving Makassarese pakaŋ cross threads in weaving pakaŋŋ-i weave a weft thread through the warp CMP Manggarai pahaŋ cross threads in weaving WMP Isneg pákaw the two handles of a scoop net Bontok pákəw handle; any rigid protuberance which can be used for a handle, as a stem of a squash or the stalks of a bundle of rice Casiguran Dumagat pákaw handle (of a pail, pot, bucket); to put a wire handle onto a tin can Tagalog pákaw nose ring (for cattle); clasp for earrings Hanunóo pákaw handle, as of a frying pan or other utensil Cebuano pákaw handle stuck into a frying pan with a rounded bottom; buoy or float made of a long bamboo node one and a half to two feet in length, used principally as a marker for fishing equipment Maranao pakaw handle Ida'an Begak pakkow handle of a cup WMP Ilokano pakáw bow-legged; term used for Japanese soldiers during occupation Cebuano pakáw bow-legged, pigeon-toed; have an inarticulated elbow, such that one cannot straighten his arm Formosan Kavalan p<m>aqpaq to flap wings Amis pakpak to clap hands, to hit with the hand Thao pakpak clap k<m>ay pa-pakpak clap the hands; flap the wings Puyuma pakpak wing; flap wings mi-pakpak to have wings pa-pakpak to make wings flap (as when frightening a chicken) WMP Itbayaten ma-makpak to clap hands pakpaken to strike with open palm, slap p<al>akpak a bamboo toy for making a clapping sound Ilokano pakpák bamboo rattle pakpak-en slap with the open hand; spank; clap; hammer Bontok pakpák beat with a short stick using a rhythmic motion, as in beating chickens to death, or the beating of shields during omen hunting trips Kankanaey pakpák-en to slap in the face, to box the ears of Casiguran Dumagat pakpák wing (of birds, airplanes, angels, etc.) Ibaloy pakpák-en to hit something with a resulting thump, thud (as head by police baton, volleyball on palm) Pangasinan pakpák to beat cotton or cloth with a rod p<al>akpák applause Kapampangan pakpak wings pa-pakpak clap the hands, flap the wings pa-pakpak-an clap for someone Tagalog pakpák wing p<al>akpák applause Bikol pakpák wing (as of a bird) mag-pakpák to place wings on Buhid fakfák wing Hanunóo pakpák wing p<al>akpák flapping of wings Masbatenyo pákpak wing i-pakpák to clap, applaud; be beaten, be thrashed pag-pakpák clapping, applause Aklanon pákpak wing; to spank, slap (children) p<ae>ákpak to clap for, applaud Waray-Waray pakpák wooden club or mallet for pounding laundry Hiligaynon pákpak feather, wing mag-pákpak to beat off, as to brush off dust or ants from a dress p<al>ákpak clapping of the hands Cebuano pakpák applause p<al>akpák applause Maranao papak wing; break, chip off papak-an flying fish Binukid pakpak wing (of a fowl) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pakpak wing; wing feather; clap the hands Mansaka pakpak clap the hands Tiruray fafak a wing fafak-an a large saltwater fish Mapun pakpak for a rooster to flap its wings before crowing Ida'an Begak pakpak drop something small Ngaju Dayak papak a slap Malay papak clapper for frightening birds Sasak pakpak bamboo clatterer put in the fields to frighten birds OC Tikopia papaki to slap WMP Ngaju Dayak ma-makpak to slap Toba Batak ma-makpak to beat, pound; address with crude language WMP Ilokano palakpák springless cart; the sound of a cart without springs Bontok palakpák clap one's hands, applaud Casiguran Dumagat palákpak clap the hands Pangasinan palakpák applause Tagalog palakpák applause, sound of applause Hanunóo palákpak flapping of wings Cebuano palakpák applause; clap WMP Cebuano pakpák husk, bark of trees; to peel off, shell Tae' paʔpak bark of tree, strip off bark paʔpakk-i remove the bark of a tree WMP Cebuano pakul name given to good-sized triggerfishes with a relatively large mouth OC Tolai pakul species of fish OC Lou pwok kind of broad-leaved pandanus of no practical use Kara (East) paum Pandanius dubius Tolai vaum Pandanius dubius Manam aku pandanus with big leaves used to make grass skirt Takia wak pandanus Kwaio faʔu pandanus (generic); pandanus umbrella Namakir na-vak Pandanius dubius Nakanamanga na-vaku pandanus sp. Efate (South) n-vak Pandanius dubius WMP Hanunóo pákut cord, string, used to sling a bush knife from the waist Aklanon pakót button Cebuano pákut to bind something tightly; bond Maranao pakot sword band OC Tolai pakut to make a bundle OC Gedaged fala ceiling, the covering of a room; sometimes only part of the room has a ceiling, and this serves as a platform Lau fala a fishing stage, or platform for drying nuts WMP Ilokano pala-pála scaffold, scaffolding. For supporting workmen, etc.; a framework for ornamental arches, etc. Tagalog pala-pála gangplank Bikol pála-pála framework; scaffolding; trellis, lattice Bare'e pala-pala bench for resting or sleeping WMP Pangasinan pála-pála temporary shed prepared for a special occasion, esp. a wedding reception Cebuano pala-pala temporary shed without walls, with a flat roof WMP Ilokano pálad line in the palm of the hand, the fingers, the sole of the foot Isneg pálād lines, marks, etc. in the palm of the hand; fate, luck, chance, good luck Itawis pálad palm of hand Bontok pálad palm of the hand Ifugaw pálad palm of a human hand (scrutinized for signs of one's fortune) Casiguran Dumagat palád palm of the hand, sole of the foot ma-palad lucky, fortunate Umiray Dumaget palad palm of the hand Pangasinan pálar lines on palm of hand; luck, fortune; be affected by fortune Kapampangan pálad palm (of hand) ka-palar-an destiny, fate Tagalog pálad palm of the hand; fate, fortune, luck Bikol palad palm of the hand ma-palad lucky, fortunate Hanunóo ka-palad-un luck, fortune, fate, destiny Inati palad hand Cebuano pálad palm of the hand; one's fate Maranao palad palm of the hand, sole of the foot Manobo (Western Bukidnon) palad palm of the hand; shake hands Tboli holol palm of the hand Blaan (Koronadal) falɨl palm of the hand Kadazan Dusun pahad palm, handpalm Murut (Paluan) palar palm of the hand Abai Sembuak palad palm of hand Kelabit palad, *p-en-alad palm of the hand, sole of the foot Kayan palan lines on palms of hands; segments in a fruit Wahau maʔ-plæl palm of the hand Gaai plal palm of the hand Kelai mi-plæl palm of the hand Mei Lan Modang pəleə̯n palm of the hand Woq Helaq Modang pəleə̯n palm of the hand Long Gelat Modang pəliə̯n palm of the hand Malagasy fala- palm of hand, sole of foot Acehnese paleuët palm of the hand Dairi-Pakpak Batak palaŋ palm of the hand Toba Batak palak palm of the hand, sole of the foot Gorontalo paladu palm of the hand, sole of the foot Bare'e pale hand, forepaw, arm Tae' palaʔ palm of the hand, sole of the foot Mandar paleʔ palm of the hand CMP Ngadha pala palm of the hand, sole of the foot OC Motu pala-pala palm of hand, sole of foot WMP Isneg pálād fate, luck, chance; good luck Pangasinan pálar luck, fortune Cebuano pálad one's fate palár-an fortunate Old Javanese palar in the hope that, in view of, in order to, expecting, perhaps OC Penchal pacal<M rabbitfish Lau falata rabbitfish:Siganus sp. Arosi harata kind of fish Pohnpeian pala-pal gold-spotted spinefoot:Siganus punctatus WMP Ifugaw pálak cry loudly out of anger, making a sobbing sound (applied to children) Minangkabau palak feel hot;palak hati dan I am annoyed CMP Manggarai palak angry; scold, reprove Rotinese pala speak in irritation or anger, snarl at OC Tanga palal bald; baldness; a bald-headed man Manam palala bald head Bugotu palala to be bald Puluwat pal to be bald WMP Tagalog palantík-an eaves Cebuano palátik outrigger boom to which the float (katig) is attached Malay pelanték spring-set trap WMP Kelabit palaŋ a cross Ngaju Dayak ta-palaŋ crosspiece, as on a mast Iban palaŋ crosspiece Malay palaŋ cross-bar or crosspiece of any sort Acehnese palaŋ anything used as a barrier: crossbeam, bolt, etc. Javanese palaŋ obstacle; object placed crosswise to something Balinese palaŋ, pa-palaŋ cross-beam Sasak palaŋ lie across the path; born feet first Makassarese palaŋ lowest crosspiece of a ladder on the ground palaŋ-palaŋ wooden support on the weather side of the mast on which the sail is laid when struck in bad weather OC Mota palaŋ set one thing obliquely across another; to wattle sticks WMP Maranao palaŋ spotted, dappled Bisaya (Limbang) palaŋ having patches of black and white (of dogs or cats) WMP Maranao palapaʔ spices, flavor Tiruray falaʔfa<M general term for spice or condiments; to add all the necessary spices and condiments to a dish Old Javanese palapah condiments, flavorings Javanese plapah spices, condiments WMP Malagasy fala vulva (Prov.) Maloh palaʔ vagina WMP Isneg palápaʔ leaf of the coco palm; petiole of the taro Casiguran Dumagat palápa upper part of a palm tree (where the leaves are); palm leaf Pangasinan palápa midrib of coconut leaf Kapampangan palápaʔ fiber stripped from banana stalk Tagalog palápaʔ pulpy leaf of plants like the banana Bikol palaʔpáʔ the full branch of the coconut or other palm trees; frond; the full leaf of the banana plant Maranao palapaʔ-an rib, midrib of a leaf Ngaju Dayak palapah palm frond, banana leaf, taro leaf Malagasy falafa midrib of the banana leaf, taro leaf Sundanese palapah palm frond Sasak pelapaʔ leaf nerve (of palm and banana leaves); leafstalk (of papayas) Proto-Minahasan *palaʔpaʔ palm branch Tae' palapa midrib of palm leaves Makassarese palapa midrib of palm fronds and banana leaves; leafstalk of papayas and some other trees OC Rotuman parafa mid-rib of coconut leaf WMP Cebuano palata fish found around rocks in shallow waters; not particularly good eating Maranao palata white fish about 2" long:Puntius palata Herre Malay ikan pelata a mackerel:Scomber microlepidotus OC Marovo palata dolphinfish:Coryphaena hippurus WMP Kenyah palau small fish Kayan palau small pinkish fish with small scales; found in small streams Iban palau kind of river fish Rejang paleuw a river fish WMP Bikol palawan a tree:Tristaniopsis decorticata (Merr.) Malay pəlawan a lofty tree with greyish bark which yields a durable timber used in house-building, generic forTristania spp. Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) palTuk to explode WMP Kapampangan paltuk conk someone on the head, raise a lump Bikol paltok toy gun made from a bamboo branch and using wet paper or leaves as ammunition; pound, beat, or strike someone, particularly on the head Malay peletok-an small pea-shooter Gorontalo peletuʔa sound of finger joints cracking WMP Casiguran Dumagat paltík poles running out from a boat onto which outriggers are tied Pangasinan paltík (usually homemade) gun Tagalog paltík homemade gun Bikol paltík supports for an outrigger; homemade gun Hanunóo paltík swift, jerky blow Aklanon paltik homemade gun--for only one bullet Cebuano paltik homemade firearms Manobo (Western Bukidnon) peletik of an object which is flicked or knocked, to tumble over and over as it flies away Malay pelantek (Met. of *a and *e) spring-spear, spring-gun WMP Ilokano ag-pallatík swing, sway Pangasinan paltík (usually homemade) gun Tagalog paltík homemade gun Bikol paltík homemade gun Hanunóo paltík swift, jerky blow Aklanon páltik homemade gun -- for only one bullet Manobo (Western Bukidnon) peletik of an object which is flicked or knocked, to tumble over and over as it flies away Malay pelanték (with metathesis of *a and *e) spring-spear, spring-gun CMP Rembong pali side (as of the head) Ngadha pali both sides, reciprocal, mutual OC Kwaio bali part, side Lau bali part, side, portion, half; each side in a game; two-edged, two-sided Woleaian paliy side, flank Tahitian pari side OC Patpatar haliara a vine:Merremia peltata Tolai valearu a vine:Merremia peltata Lakalai valiala a vine: Ipomoea sp. Wayan veliawa a vine:Merremia peltata WMP Ilokano pálig be carried off, swept away by the wind Bikol pálid be blown away or carried away by the wind Aklanon palid get blown away by the wind pa-palid to winnow, separate the grain from the chaff in the wind Cebuano palid for the wind to blow something away; be blown off course; winnow, throw grains in the air Maranao palid separate chaff from grain, blown away Manobo (Western Bukidnon) palid blow the chaff away Kelabit palid blown away, as papers in the wind Kenyah palit to blow, of wind; blown around Sangir palideʔ get lost, be driven off course by storm or wind WMP Ilokano páliŋ pintle (of a rudder) Pangasinan palíŋ to turn Tagalog páliŋ slope, inclination palíŋ inclined sideward, tilted; person with the head physically turned sideward Bikol palíŋ turn the prow of a boat Cebuano palíŋ for something not rooted or fixed at the base to fall over to its side Malay paliŋ to turn away (of looking aside by the movement of the head, and not by a mere movement of the eyes; of turning round; turning a horse to the left; turning a boat's bows to port or starboard Acehnese paleŋ turn, swerve, avert Karo Batak paliŋ turn something in another direction Dairi-Pakpak Batak paliŋ lean to the side, list CMP Sika paliŋ turn the prow (of a boat) Kamarian hari- turn around, turn back, invert Soboyo paliŋ turn back, return Formosan Kanakanabu páali bile, gall bladder Saaroa palii bile, gall bladder WMP Ilokano páli pancreas Bontok páli spleen of a water buffalo Pangasinan páli spleen Tagalog palíʔ spleen Bikol páliʔ pancreas, spleen WMP Agutaynen pali scar pali-en to be scarred Cebuano páliʔ large scar Maranao paliʔ wound, cut Manobo (Western Bukidnon) paliʔ wound; to wound Tiruray faliʔ a wound Bintulu paliʔ wound Melanau (Mukah) paliʔ a wound or cut Gorontalo pali a wound WMP Cebuano pális for the wind to blow something away Karo Batak palis blown away by the wind (word used in magical formulas) palis-palis drizzling rain, misty rain WMP Ngaju Dayak palis sign of bad luck to come Acehnese paléh unlucky Simalur palis bad luck WMP Bontok pális a sequence of pig and dog sacrifices held at a person's house ... because of sickness, or because he has killed an enemy Kankanaey pális kind of sacrifice which takes place in the evening and in which a dog is killed Manobo (Western Bukidnon) palis to purify (ceremonially) with blood; ward off evil or sickness; remove sickness caused by offending a supernatural p-em-alis sacrificial animal given to someone as a propititation or appeasement Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) parisi to pray p-en-arisi taboo Paiwan palisi rite, ceremony; tabu; "superstition" WMP Aklanon pálhi inhabited with evil spirits, enchanted Palawano lihi prohibition, taboo Cebuano pálhi for a place to be inhabited by supernatural beings that can get easily angered and inflict diseases on the object of their ire Manobo (Western Bukidnon) lihiy-an a taboo, personal or general p-em-elihi a happening which breaks a taboo or is extraordinary, highly unusual or contrary to accepted behavior Kelabit alih a taboo m-alih be taboo Melanau (Mukah) paley a taboo Ngaju Dayak pali not allowed, forbidden Malagasy fady abstinence, fasting, prohibition; unlawfulness, incest; anything tabooed Rhade mlei taboo Malay p-em-ali taboo Old Javanese pali-pali, pa-pali the various ritual requisites (with purifying and strengthening power), used in ceremonial blessings (wedding, return after a battle, festive reception, etc.) Bare'e pali subject oneself to taboos by refraining from the use of or contact with things, the pronunciation of words or the visiting of places OC Pohnpeian pel be in a taboo relationship with someone or something Chuukese fáán Christian worship, divine service (general term) fen engage in worship; be tabu, prohibited, sacred Puluwat fáál to worship Woleaian fali be restricted, stay away from impure things, keep away from eating certain foods Formosan Kavalan prisi-n taboo WMP Bikol palih-on ancient rites, superstitions or prohibitions Formosan Thao parshi-an taboo Tsou prisi-a taboo Saaroa palisi-a taboo Paiwan palisi-an private parts of the human body WMP Yami palit to exchange Casiguran Dumagat palít change, exchange, switch Pangasinan palít buy new clothes, have new clothes Tagalog palít change, exchange, substitute Cebuano palít buy OC Mussau alo to steer ai aloalo rudder of a boat Motu halo-a steer off the wind so that the sail may catch the wind better OC Sa'a halo wither Maori paro (NG) shrunk, wilted WMP Cebuano palpá for the feet to get flat; flat, of feet palpal-ún somewhat flat-footed Iban papal pare, clip off, cut even (at the edges) WMP Itbayaten pa-paxpax club for striking paxpax-en to club, strike someone with a club Bontok ʔi-palpál to beat in order to cause injury or death, as in sacrificing a chicken or beating someone with a heavy stick Ibaloy palpal to beat something, strike many blows to something, esp. to the head me-malpal the traditional way to kill a chicken for ceremonies by striking it with a stick or knife handle around its body, head, neck, wings --- softly, but the head blows kill; the blows cause swelling and improve taste Cebuano palpál hit someone on the open palm; knock something with the flat palm WMP Casiguran Dumagat palpál to drive a stake into something Ibaloy palpal stake to which an animal is tethered (as in pasture) Pangasinan pálpal to drive a wooden stake into the ground Bikol mag-palpál to drive in (as a post into the ground) Agutaynen palpal stakes used for tethering an animal or securing a tent palpal-an to stake an animal out to graze Binukid palpal to pound, drive (something into the ground) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) palpal stake; to drive a stake into the ground WMP Malay papal short; cropped; trimmed Karo Batak palpal bare, of a large area; short, of grass Toba Batak palpal bald, of the head; also bare, of a field or mountain WMP Ilokano paló conger eel Aklanon paeó fish sp. WMP Kelabit paluh flour obtained from the pith of a thorny palm, acquired in trade from the Penan CMP Manggarai palu sago flour WMP Kenyah palu a rasp (used for sago) Kayan paloʔ a tool for adzing or rasping sago logs Sangir palu kind of adze used to smooth out the inner surface of a dugout canoe hull Formosan Amis palo to hit with something large or flat-surfaced, or with the hand Amis (Kiwit) mi-palu to fight with fists Thao paru to hammer, to beat someone up paru sa nipin traditional ceremony of tooth extraction, performed at puberty to ensure the health and vigor of young adults (consists of knocking out the top incisors with a hammer-like instrument) paru-an be hammered; be beaten up by someone WMP Ifugaw pallú (-ll- unexpl.) heavy stick to beat somebody with (e.g. a recalcitrant slave or servant), or an animal Casiguran Dumagat pálo to beat with a stick Kapampangan palu-paluʔ beater (used in washing clothes) Tagalog páloʔ stroke with the hand or a stick, usually in castigation Cebuano páluʔ hit, slap in punishment Manobo (Western Bukidnon) palu heel; to kick with the heel Kayan paloʔ butting, as goats Iban paluʔ hit, beat, strike (with stick or mallet) Malay palu hitting hard with a rigid weapon (of clubbing or hammering or drumming or striking off a printed copy; not of blows with a switch) me-malu beat a drum or a gong Acehnese palu hit with a stick or other object (as in striking a gong) Karo Batak per-palu a hammer malu to strike with a stick Toba Batak ma-malu hit, strike; play a percussion instrument; fire off a weapon Rejang paleuw a hammer Sundanese palu hammer (of metal) malu to hit with a hammer Old Javanese palu hammer, mallet Javanese palu hammer, mallet malu to hammer Balinese palu hammer, mallet, knocker; to knock, hammer, cut Sasak palu hammer (said to be fromMalay) Sangir palu an adze with short, curved handle and blade like a gouge; to work with such an instrument Tontemboan ma-palu pound sago of theArenga saccharifera Gorontalo palu hammer Uma palu hammer Bare'e palu hammer, in particular the smith’s hammer mom-palu to hammer, forge, pound iron Tae' palu hammer; beat with a hammer; also a very common term of abuse for coitus Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *palu hammer (tool) Proto-South Sulawesi *palu hammer Mandar palu-palu to beat Buginese palu a hammer Makassarese palu-palu hammer Wolio palu kind of large mallet; to hammer, batter, rap Muna palu a hammer; to hammer CMP Ngadha palu flat wood club Palu'e palu to hit, strike Sika palo strike with something heavy, as a hammer or a club ai palo wooden club used to mash up pig fodder Lamaholot palu to hit, beat Waiyewa palu to hit Lamboya palu to hit Anakalangu palu to hit Kambera palu to beat, strike; anything used to hit or strike palu ahu stick used to cudgel a dog Rotinese palu to strike dead, slaughter, used especially of chickens and dogs Yamdena n-falu to nail, to hammer Fordata n-falu hammer on, pound on Dobel fa-falu hammer Kamarian palu touch lightly OC Wuvulu falu-ia to hammer something, as a nail; a hammer (James Hafford, p.c.) Formosan Thao paru-paru a hammer; to hammer; the action of ceremonially striking out the teeth WMP Karo Batak palu-palu stick, pole; cudgel; beater for a musical instrument Toba Batak palu-palu beater (for drum or gong) Old Javanese palu-palu mace, war-club (or battle hammer?) Tontemboan pa-palu the instrument used to pound sago Tae' palu-palu-i beat on with a hammer Mandar palu-palu hammer (tool) Makassarese palu-palu hammer; cudgel, club; tool for beating Wolio palu-palu a hammer CMP Yamdena fa-falu a stake that has been pounded into the ground Fordata fal-falu time of general sago-pounding; beater for sago-pounding Dobel fa-falu a hammer OC Wuvulu falu-falu keep hammering, hammer on and on (James Hafford, p.c.) OC Sa'a i-pelu ~ i-pai-palu to make war, to fight i-pelu-ŋa fighting Wayan valu be at war, fight a war i-valu war valu-ti make war on something, fight against something Fijian valu to make war on, be at war with WMP Casiguran Dumagat páluŋ chicken’s comb; to cut off the comb of a fighting cock (so it can see better) Pangasinan palóŋ the comb of a rooster Sambal (Botolan) páloŋ the comb of a chicken Kapampangan páluŋ cock’s comb Tagalog páloŋ a rooster’s comb; cockscomb Bikol paloŋ-ón a cock’s comb mag-palóŋ to cut a cock’s comb; to cut or notch the ear of a person or animal Hanunóo páluŋ cock’s comb Cebuano palúŋ cut the cockscomb Mansaka paroŋ to cut off (as the comb of a rooster) WMP Malay paloŋ hollow with stagnant water; trough of wood for watering cattle Acehnese paloŋ trough Karo Batak paluŋ gutter, drain, funnel Balinese paluŋ trough, oblong basin, cooler Sasak paluŋ wooden vessel into which coconut meat is grated; wooden feeding trough for horses and dogs Proto-South Sulawesi *paluŋ trough WMP Maranao paloŋ-an trough Subanen/Subanun paloŋ-an trough Manobo (Western Bukidnon) peluŋ-an trough made of a hollowed log used as a water container for tempering steel in the blacksmith shop and as a hog trough Old Javanese paluŋ-an trough, vat, tub, container for drinks? Balinese paluŋ-an trough, oblong basin, cooler Sa'dan Toraja paluŋ-an feeding trough (usually for pigs) Tae' paluŋ-an feeding trough for pigs and other animals WMP Karo Batak paluŋ-en gutter, drain, funnel Buginese paluŋ-eŋ rice mortar WMP Itbayaten paxoŋ sea waves Ilokano palóŋ wave, not a breaker, which isdalluyon ag-palóŋ to create waves, undulate na-palóŋ wavy Isneg palóŋ wave, billow WMP Kapampangan halu plane, scrape OC Arosi haru, harus-i to scratch Niue halu scrape, peel, sharpen Tuvaluan halu scrape; rub hand over face Rennellese pagu (NG) to scrape, as with a shell away from oneself; to scratch WMP Ilokano pampám prostitute, whore, easy girl Bikol pampám prostitute, whore, harlot Cebuano pampám prostitute (slang), become a prostitute pa-mampám patronize a prostitute Maranao pampan harlot, prostitute OC Label han go, go away; come Tolai wana go, move; come Sudest vana go (Capell 1943:105) Kapingamarangi hana go Rarotongan ana the word used by itself means movement, and is used only in reference to mankind': the exact meaning if fixed by the word following:ana mai 'come (or move) here (towards the speaker)',anáatu 'go (or move) away (away from the speaker); go ahead, pass on, etc. Maori whana travel, come, go WMP Tagalog panhík go up the stairs Maranao panik ascend, climb stairs or ladder Manobo (Western Bukidnon) p-em-enahik climb something, as a tree or ladder Old Javanese panék, penék climb, climb on, get on or in, mount, ascend Javanese pènèk climb habitually; act or way of climbing; climb a fruit tree and get the fruits for someone Balinese penék go up, rise, ascend Mongondow ponik climb a ladder or tree, ascend Balantak penek to climb Bare'e pone climb (not up mountains), climb a ladder into a house, a coconut tree, etc. CMP Soboyo hanaʔ ascend, climb; flood (of the sea) OC Molima vane climb Kwaio fane climb, go up fane-fia climb up on, of a mating animal Lau fane rise up in sky, of sun, moon, or cloud; high, as a hill; tall, of a tree or house; rise, swell, or ferment, as of bread or a pudding, or a boil 'Āre'āre hane climb, ascend, rise (of sun and moon); rise, ferment Sa'a hane climb trees in native fashion with a rope round the feet, ascending by alternate jumps of hands and feet Arosi hane climb (not a hill) a rope, tree, cliff, using hands hane-ʔi climb OC Lou panap small blue fish with long needle-like mouth Loniu panah barred garfish:Hemirhamphus commersoni Cuv. Leipon pinah small blue and white fish with needle-nose Likum panah small blue and green marine fish with projecting lower jaw Lindrou banap small dotted fish with needle nose Gilbertese ana a fish (small, slender species), needlefish, garfish, halfbeak (Sabatier 1971) anaa long-billed needlefish (Johannes 1981:160) Chuukese fana (fanaa) small needlefish Woleaian fela (felaa) kind of needlefish Formosan Kavalan pani bow (for shooting) Pazeh pa-pana shoot with a bow; throw at (with a stone) Amis panaʔ bow for shooting arrows Thao panaq throw something at an object to hit it, as in throwing a stone at a target; shoot with a weapon ma-panaq fight with each other malhim-panaq fight in war; throw something at a target Bunun (Takituduh) panaq shoot with a bow and arrow Tsou pono shoot with a bow Proto-Rukai *pana shoot (with arrows) Puyuma panaʔ arrow; shoot an arrow Puyuma (Tamalakaw) panaH shoot with a bow Paiwan panaq arrow WMP Itbayaten pana arrow; bow Ilokano pána arrow Isneg pána arrow Ifugaw pána bow and arrow. Practically, it is only used by boys … it is hardly longer than one meter; its cord is mostly a string of rattan; its arrow is merely a straight, thin stick. Casiguran Dumagat paná arrow (of which there are several types); shoot an arrow Pangasinan ma-maná shoot an arrow paná arrow Kapampangan pana bow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow (Bergaño 1860) Tagalog pánaʔ arrow Bikol pánaʔ bow and arrow; archery Buhid ag-fána to shoot Aklanon panáʔ bow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow Agutaynen panak an arrow (this can refer to both the bow and the arrow) Hiligaynon panáʔ arrow, bow Cebuano pánaʔ arrow, spear projected; shoot an arrow, to spear Maranao panaʔ bow; shoot with arrow Manobo (Western Bukidnon) panaʔ bow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow Maguindanao pána to shoot Tiruray fanaʔ shoot an arrow with a bow Tboli hanak arrow with small metal point Kadazan Dusun ma-mana shoot with a bow pana bow Malay panah archery; bow; arrow panah-memanah archery ibu panah bow (lit. ‘mother of shooting’) anak panah arrow (lit. ‘child of shooting’) Karo Batak panah bow (no longer used in warfare) Nias fana bow, weapon Sundanese panah arrow and bow;manah shoot with bow and arrow Old Javanese panah arrow; bow; bowman Balinese panah arrow panah-panah-an a children’s game with bows and arrows Sasak panaʔ arrow; bow Bare'e pana bow, formerly a weapon of the Toraja people and in more recent times still hung up in the blacksmith’s workshop as an example of the weapons and tools made there mata mpana arrow mo-pana use a bow Tae' pana bow Makassarese pana bow and arrow ammana shoot with bow and arrow pa-pana shoot with (something) Wolio pana bow (weapon) ana-na pana arrow (lit. ‘child of bow’) Muna pana bow (not used on Muna) Popalia pana to shoot CMP Manggarai pana bow (not used by Manggarai) Rembong pana bow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow Kambera pana bow; shoot with bow and arrow Tetun hana to fire or shoot an arrow Kei fan shoot with bow and arrow Kola -fan to shoot Watubela fana-fanak arrow SHWNG Mayá ꞌfa¹²n shoot with bow and arrow Biga fan to shoot Minyaifuin -fan to shoot Waropen ana shoot an arrow OC Sobei -fan to shoot Tarpia -pan to shoot Sio a-pane to shoot Nehan wan(a) shoot Halia hana to shoot Petats hana to shoot an arrow Selau wana shoot with bow and arrow Mono-Alu fana aim at with bow; fa-fana go to kill birds or fish with bow and arrow Ririo van to shoot, throw Nggela vana shoot with bow and arrow; shoot with a gun (modern) vana-hi shoot with bow and arrow Kwaio fana hunt; shoot at with bow and arrow Lau fana shoot with bow and arrow;fana-si shoot at Sa'a hana shoot with a bow, shoot with a gun Arosi hana shoot Gilbertese bana a sling;(kare)-bana hurl with sling and stone, pelt with stones Lonwolwol fεn shoot with bow and arrow Rotuman fana shoot with bow or gun Fijian vana shoot with an arrow or a gun; to pierce Tongan fana shoot (e.g. birds); to dynamite (fish) Niue fana bow; gun; arrow Samoan fana shoot; gun, rifle Rennellese hana shoot, as arrow, spear gun, gun, rocket, slingshot Anuta pana any implement which discharges projectiles Hawaiian pana to shoot, as marbles, arrows, bow; bow and arrows... pana ʻiole to shoot rats or mice with bow and arrow, an ancient sport; bow and arrow Formosan Thao p<in>anaq was thrown at, was hit by something thrown Paiwan p<n>anaq to shoot, using bow and arrow Formosan Kavalan p-m-ani shoot with an arrow Pazeh mu-pana throw at, to hit (as when throwing a stone at a dog to drive it away) Bunun manaq shoot with bow and arrow Kanakanabu mu-a-panaʔə shoot with a bow WMP Itbayaten ma-mana catch fish with spear gun Ngaju Dayak ma-manah shoot with a bow Malay me-manah shoot an arrow Nias ma-mana shoot an arrow Sasak (me)-manaʔ shoot with bow and arrow WMP Basap panas hot Lun Dayeh (Long Semado) pana sweat Kenyah pana hot Kayan panah warm; feel warm; to warm up food Wahau mnæs warm, hot Gaai pnas warm, hot Kelai pnæs warm, hot Woq Helaq Modang pəneə̯h warm, hot Long Gelat Modang pənih warm, hot Melanau (Mukah) panas feeling of anger Lahanan pana warm Malagasy fana heat voa-fana warmed (applied to food or medicine cooked and warmed the second time) Iban panas heat; hot, esp. of weather Malay panas heat, esp. (or specifically) solar heat Karo Batak panas sweatpanas-en'to sweat' Sundanese panas hot; warmth, heat; fig. hot-tempered, irate, embittered, jealous, envious Old Javanese panas heat Javanese panas hot; have a fever; angry; having a curse on it; bringing misfortune Balinese panas heat; hot Sasak panas warm (of things); hot, sharp tasting (spices) Mongondow panat warm, feverish Banggai ko-onas warmth maŋ-anas make something warm mo-onas warm Tae' panaʔ heat of the sun; sharp, pungent, of Spanish pepper; Spanish pepper Muna fanah-a warm, hot (of air, atmosphere, food) CMP Manggarai panas hot (as sun); smarting, stinging, hot-tasting Rembong panas hot; fever; peevish; jealous Ngadha bana warm, hot (of fire, sun, fever, water); to warm up, heat up; fill with magical power Kédang pana warm Kambera mbana hot, warm; hot-tempered mbanahu warm (as land) pana to heat (as coffee) panahu warm up; insist on, coerce Hawu pana warm, warmth Dhao/Ndao pana warm Rotinese hana warm, hot, of water and of anything that can be heated, as well as of the body; warmth; fig.: taboo (Jonker 1908); heat; hot, warm (in a physical and ritual sense); become hot, become ritually charged (Fox, J. 1993) hana-hana somewhat warm Tetun hanas to warm or heat (as water) Erai panas warm, hot; sharp; fever Talur panas hot Tugun pʰana hot Leti pansa warm season; warm (as bread); sick, painful; sickness Luang pahənə<M warm Selaru anas hot, warm; to heat liquids Yamdena fanas heat; warmth dalam me-fanas hot-tempered na-fanas sick, feverish; warm up food Proto-Ambon *bana, *pana hot SHWNG Buli fànas warm, hot OC Kove wana-wana hot Sobei me-fna warm Niue faka-fana to warm up, as food; to repeat oneself Samoan faʔa-fana rebake, warm up Rennellese haka-hana recook or warm over WMP Muna fana-hi to boil (water), warm up (cooked food), to heat OC Niue fana-hi apply a hot poultice WMP Mongondow mo-panat warm, feverish Tae' ma-panaʔ hot, of the sun CMP Tetun manas hot, warm, burning; pungent, caustic, hot to the taste Tetun (Dili) manas hot Vaikenu manas sun Galoli banas warm Roma ma-hana hot (Jonker) Yamdena me-fanas hot Gah mo-fanas hot SHWNG Buli m-fànas warm, hot, burning; sentiment Misool (Coast) benis hot Mayá ꞌbini³s hot OC Pileni mahana warm Tongan ma-fana warm (of food, water, or drink); warm (to the touch) mā-fana warm (inwardly, subjectively) Samoan mā-fana be intimate, in close relationship; be married Nukuoro ma-hana hot Rarotongan ma-ʔana heat, warmth; warm Maori ma-hana warm; day Hawaiian ma-hana warmth; warm CMP Rotinese hana-hana somewhat warm OC Hawaiian hana-hana hot, warm; vehement OC Bauro ma-hana-hana hot Tongan ma-fana-fana be fairly warm Samoan ma-fana-fana be warm (as water); (of weather) be mild, clement Nukuoro ma-hana-hana warm Rarotongan ma-ʔana-ʔana warmness, warmth; a heating CMP Tetun ha-hanas to heat OC Mussau a-anasa warm, hot; to heat (as water) Hawaiian ha-hana warm, hot (physical, and of strong emotion, as sorrow, love, fear) WMP Tae' panaʔ ginger:Zingiber officinale Makassarese panasaʔ a plant:Amomum acre. The pith of the large stems and fruits is minced and put in vinegar; the taste is pungent; the plant is also used as a medicine CMP Rembong panas tuberous plant; fam.Zingiberaceae WMP Casiguran Dumagat panáw have white patches on the skin Bikol pánaw Tinea flave (fungal skin disease characterized by de-pigmented patches of skin) Maranao panaw white itchy spot on skin which is caused by fungus Iban panau light patches on skin, leucoderma, caused by diet deficiency or (mild) tinea Malay panau light painless spots or marks on the human skin, regarded as beauty spots or otherwise (due usually toPityriasis versicolor orTinea flava) Acehnese panèë spots on human skin Karo Batak pano white spots on the skin Toba Batak pano-pano freckles Tae' pano skin disease in which the skin shows light-colored spots:Pityriasis flava Mandar pano skin disease: tinea, ringworm Makassarese pano spots on the skin (sometimes regarded as a sign of beauty) CMP Manggarai pano skin disease, tinea; patchy color, as of someone with tinea Rembong pano skin disease, tinea Ngadha pano having white or light spots on the skin Kambera panu kind of skin disease coupled with spots on the skin Rotinese hano spots of a lighter color on the skin SHWNG Sawai fɔn skin disease OC Nauna pan white patches on skin due to fungal infection 'Āre'āre hano a skin disease, white spots without scales Sa'a hano a skin disease, small white spots on the skin, but no scales WMP Bikol panáw-on to haveTinea flava Maranao panaw-n be covered by ringworm Karo Batak pano-on suffer from white spots on the skin Makassarese pano-aŋ covered with skin spots WMP Itbayaten panáy plate, dish Isneg panáy kind of jar Cebuano panáy earthenware vessel, usually hemispherical but shallow, used to hold liquids Ngaju Dayak panai a crude earthenware bowl Old Javanese panay, pane earthen vessel, pot Javanese pane trough, bowl, basin (earthenware or wood) Balinese pane large vessel of earthenware or wood Sasak pane earthen vessel CMP Ngadha pane dish, basin, bowl Sika pane kind of earthen pot made in the Lio district Tetun hane-k wooden plate ai hane-k a tree from which plates are made, and whose bark is used as an antifebrile:Alstonia scholaris Yamdena fane earthen dish of native manufacture WMP Ilokano pandák dwarf: dwarfish Itawis pándak short (of persons) Casiguran Dumagat pándak short-legged (of animate objects) Kapampangan pandak short of stature Tagalog pandák short (referring to stature) Cebuano pandák short and stout; be short and stout Mansaka pandak extremely short; dwarfed Ngaju Dayak pandak short in height, as a person Iban pandak short (as a stick, stature, brevity): shorten Malay pandak short, especially as a familiar name for the fourth or fifth child in the family (if a boy) Tae' pandak very short, very small tau pandak a very short person CMP Kambera pandaku short, squat and compact in stature WMP Ilokano pandóŋ mantilla, woman’s scarf ag-pandóŋ to wear a mantilla Tagalog pandóŋ anything, such as paper, cloth, banana or palm leaf, used as head covering for protection against the sun or rain panduŋ-án to put a head covering on someone panduŋ-ín to use something (e.g. a banana leaf or newspaper) as a head covering Bikol pandóŋ a hood; a canopy; parasol mag-pandóŋ to shelter the head with a hood, canopy or parasol Hanunóo pánduŋ a protective rain cover, a combination rain cape and umbrella, made commonly from a leaf sheaf of the of the fan palm WMP Rejang paneus hot, warm, feverish ateui paneus hot-tempered Balinese panes hot, troubled; heat Bare'e pane warm drink: coffee or tea Mapane name of a river that has warm water in its lower course OC Seimat hani give Wuvulu fani givefani-a 'give it!' Wogeo vani give Manam ani give Gedaged pani give (him); hand over, bestow, grant, confer, impart, accord, yield Gitua van give Motu heni-a<A give to, hand to Eddystone/Mandegusu vani-a give Zabana vani give OC Lakalai vali to apply paint, feathers, etc. to the head or body Sengseng pan paint designs on bark cloth Fijian vani to put oil through the hair with one’s fingers Tongan pani to smear, besmear, daub or stain; to rub the head with oil Rennellese pani to anoint, as the head with turmeric Maori pani to paint, besmear; to smear, spread anything upon something else WMP Itbayaten panichi big bat:Pteropus sp. Ilokano panníki fruit bat, flying fox Isneg paníki fruit bat Itawis paníki fruit bat Bontok paníki kind of fruit eating bat Kankanaey panníki large bat Ifugaw panníki greatest species among the bats; fruit bat, flying fox Ifugaw (Batad) panniʔ a bat:Pteropus Leucopterus Pangasinan panikí a bat Bikol paníki fruit bat, flying fox Maranao paniki baby bat Malagasy fanihy a bat, probably a species ofPteropus Sangir paniki flying fox Mongondow poniki bat, flying fox Tae' paniki large bat, flying fox Mori Atas poniki bat Wawonii poniki bat Mandar paniki flying fox Makassarese pañiki<A flying fox Palauan olík fruit bat Chamorro fanihi bat (mammal), fruit bat CMP Bimanese panihi bat Manggarai niki kind of small flying fox Ngadha niki flying fox Li'o niki bat Waiyewa paniki flying fox Kambera paniʔ flying fox Hawu niʔi bat Tetun niki the generic term for bats East Damar niʔi fruit bat, flying fox West Damar niso fruit bat, flying fox Watubela fanik balan a bat Proto-Ambon *paniki flying fox SHWNG Taba pnik bat Gimán fnik flying fox Buli fni flying fox CMP Bimanese pani bait Manggarai paniŋ bait; to bait; to feed chickens Rembong paniŋ bait; to bait Ngadha pani fodder (as for pigs) Kambera pàni feed chickens or pigs pàniŋu bait for fishing Rotinese hani trough for feeding pigs; domestic animal, a cared-for animal (Fox, J. 1993) hani-k bait for fishing (Jonker 1908) Selaru ani feeding trough Kei fān bait en-fān to feed; bait a hook OC Tolai bān bait Gitua bani bait Numbami bani fish bait Mailu bani food of animal or bird; bait Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka bani fishhook; fishing Molima bani, bani-bani to fish with hook and line Kosraean pa bait Pohnpeian pahn bait, lure Mokilese pehn bait WMP Ilokano pánit to skin, to flay (fowls or men's head) Pangasinan pánit to skin (e.g. a frog) Tagalog panít excoriated, skinned Aklanon pánit skin, flesh; to peel off, to skin Hiligaynon pánit skin, leather, bark; to skin, to peel something off Cebuano pánit skin, peelings, bark, leather; shell of a shrimp, egg; to skin, peel something; beat someone in gambling; be trounced in a fight Maranao panit leather, hide, skin Subanen/Subanun panit skin Manobo (Western Bukidnon) panit leather Kenyah panit to scratch; scratched Kayan panit to manhandle a person, handle roughly; be torn by animals; clothes torn by rough handling WMP Manobo (Ata) pantad shore Binukid pantad shore Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pantad sand; beach of a river; sandbar Tiruray fantad the ground, earth, land; patched with mud; hike along a beach Blaan (Koronadal) fantad shore Totoli pandad shore, beach Dondo pantadE shore, beach Boano pantad sandbank WMP Keley-i pantal sand; gravel Manobo (Ilianen) pantag sand WMP Tagalog pantáy of the same height or level Bikol mag-pantáy to level off (something) Maranao pantay field, meadow Tiruray fantay level Iban pantai earth, soil, mud, (at sea) mud bottom Malay pantai beach, coast WMP Kankanaey panték spotted, speckled; marked with spots; stained Kadazan Dusun pantok a spot in the eye na-pantak-an to have a spot in the eye Iban pantak having spot of different color, usually of animal's head WMP Ilokano pantók top, summit, peak; ridge; tip of long nose patok-pátok summit, top, crest Pangasinan pantók summit, top Tagalog pantók summit, top WMP Ilokano panóos stench of smoke and smoky substances Hanunóo panús stench of urine Cebuano panʔús for food, wash, or the body to get a rancid smell from having been wet and not allowed to dry out well; spoiled, sour in smell Maranao panos sour Formosan Thao pazaw to go, walk shum-pazaw to depart, walk away WMP Ilokano pánaw to leave, go away, set out; die ag-pánaw to leave for good, evacuate pa-panaw-en to drive away, send away Isneg pánaw go away, depart, withdraw Itawis pánaw departure Tagalog pánaw departure; disappearance; death Aklanon pánaw go on foot, walk; leave, depart, go Palawan Batak panáw walk Cebuano pánaw travel, journey; regularly scheduled trip; make a travel or journey Maranao panaw journey; roam Manobo (Western Bukidnon) hi-panew walk, go on a journey, go someplace Kadazan Dusun panau walk, march Kayan panau walk; walking; go by foot Kayan (Long Atip) panaw to walk Singhi Land Dayak ponu go, walk Nias fanõ go away, depart; go Rejang paneuw go, walk CMP Ngadha bano go, walk Palu'e pana go Li'o mbana go, walk Sika bano go, walk Lamaholot pana go Adonara pana to walk Kola -ban to walk Ujir bana-bana to walk SHWNG Taba han to go Gimán han to walk Sawai n-fan to go Buli fān depart; go, walk Irarutu fan to go OC Bugotu vano go, come; used in comparisons: beyond, more Nggela vano away, further off; to go Arosi hano make a journey, set out; go Proto-Micronesian *fano go Mota van(o) go, come Merig van to go Sakao yan to go Amblong van to go Apma van to go Rano -wan to go Leviamp -v̋a to go Axamb væn to go Lonwolwol van go, pass (and so also of time); to continue (to do ...); often; adverbially: away Southeast Ambrym haen going, departure Efate (South) pan to go Anejom a-pan ~ han go Niue fano go (sg.) Samoan fano (of time) be gone, past; perish Tuvaluan fano go (sg.) Nukuoro hano go (sg.) Rennellese hano go (sg.); depending on, according to; on and on; little by little; one by one Maori whano go, proceed; lead, of a road; verge towards; be on the point of; act, behave Formosan Saisiyat palir wing Proto-Atayalic *palid wing Pazeh pa-palit wing Siraya pa-palis wing WMP Itbayaten panid pectoral fin, wing (in general) Ivatan pañid wing Mansaka panid wing Sangir panidəʔ wing Bare'e pani wing of a bird, bat, or insect mo-pani to have wings Mori Bawah pani wing Proto-South Sulawesi *pani(C) wing CMP Selaru ani wing Soboyo pani wing OC Kaniet pani- wing Sio baani wing Magori vane wing Gabadi vani wing Merig mbani wing Merlav mbani wing Wailengi mban wing Formosan Bunun (Takituduh) pani wing WMP Itbayaten panid wing Mansaka panid wing Sangir panideʔ wing Uma paniʔ wing Bare'e pani wing Tae' paniʔ wing Mandar paniʔ wing CMP Selaru ani wing Kei fani-n wing, fin Buruese pani-n wing Soboyo pani wing OC Nauna pɨn wing Mondropolon pani-n wing Lindrou bani-n wing Arop bani wing Gedaged bani-n wings of birds Mapos mbanis wing Motu hani (OG) wing of a bird Lakona pane wing Merlav mbani wing Formosan Pazeh paliŋ wall Tsou phi-phiŋi door Paiwan palʸiŋ door WMP Chamorro fañagu bear (offspring), give birth OC Proto-Polynesian *faanau (length unexpl.) give birth, be born WMP Ngaju Dayak paŋ popping, to pop (as when one pulls a cork from a bottle); sound of fingers snapping, tongue clacking Malay paŋ banging sound Karo Batak paŋ soung of a bang Makassarese paŋ banging sould (as a gun firing, inner tube bursting) OC Gedaged paŋ-paŋ snap! noise made when snapping a dry coconut with one's finger Gitua baŋ bang! noise of stone exploding fire WMP Ilokano paŋ- nominalizing instrumental prefix used formaŋ- verbs Tagalog paŋ- prefix forming nouns or adjectives denoting instruments, special usages or the like Bikol paŋ- prefix used to form deverbal nouns Bahasa Indonesia peŋ- nominal prefix often forming words that denote agents, or less commonly products of an action Karo Batak peŋ- deverbal prefix forming agents (with animate nouns) or instruments (with inanimate nouns) Toba Batak paŋ- deverbal prefix forming instrumental nouns Balinese paŋ- nominal prefix often forming words that denote agents Toratán paŋ- verbal noun referring to the action of doing what the base specifies Formosan Pazeh paŋa branch ma-paŋa branching Thao pana fork of a branch; bifurcation; branch Bunun (Takituduh) pa-paŋa bifurcation; fork of a branch WMP Itbayaten paŋa twins Isneg paŋá branch (of a tree) Itawis paŋá branch (of tree, river, etc.) Bontok paŋá branch of a tree from which leaves are growing; hooks on the top of apinaŋpaŋa earring Kankanaey paŋá branch, bough, twig Kapampangan paŋá jaw Tagalog paŋá jaw, jawbone Bikol paŋá jaw, jawbone; jowl Aklanon paŋá hook (for getting fruits) Cebuano paŋá forked stick; forked handle of a slingshot Maranao paŋa horn Tboli haŋa branch of a tree; antlers Kadazan Dusun paŋo tributary or side road; branch off (river, road) Malay paŋa forked supports for carrying poles, etc. in a cargo boat Banggai paŋa branch Uma paŋa forked branch Bare'e paŋa bifurcation; forked branch, fork in a road Popalia paŋa branch CMP Manggarai paŋa branch; be forked Rembong paŋa branch, fork of a branch; forked Ngadha paŋa open the eyes and mouth, be amazed Yamdena faŋe span of the hand Fordata faŋa handspan Kei faŋa-t handspan Soboyo paŋa-ñ branch OC Tolai paŋ open the mouth, esp. of a basket or container Cheke Holo paŋa fish spear with several prongs Roviana paŋa fish spear with several prongs Sa'a paŋa to wonder, stagger at a matter Mota waŋa open the mouth, gape, gasp OC Tolai paŋa-ŋa to open one’s mouth, be open, yawn, gape Lau a-faŋa to open wide, gape, uncover, open up Mota waŋa to open the mouth, gape, gasp Samoan faŋa bay faŋa-loa gulf Maori whaŋa bay, bight, nook Hawaiian hana bay, valley (only in place-names) WMP Ilokano paŋá jawbone Ayta Abellan paŋah jaw and jawbone Kapampangan paŋá jaw Tagalog paŋá jaw; the lower part of the face; jawbone Bikol paŋá jaw, jawbone; jowl ma-paŋá to get hit on the jaw Agutaynen paŋa jaw Maranao paŋa horn WMP Ilokano maŋán to eat Kankanaey paŋán viand, food; all that is edible and is eaten with rice Kalamian Tagbanwa paŋan to eat Agutaynen ma-maŋan to eat a meal, to eat something Old Javanese paŋan food; eating Balinese maŋan to eat Sasak paŋan sticky rice cakes maŋan to eat Tae' paŋan betel chew SHWNG Numfor paŋan touch, taste, feel OC Baluan paŋ to feed Bipi hak to feed Nggela vaŋa food, properly vegetable food; to eat, have a meal Kwaio faŋa food; eat Lau faŋa to eat, have a meal; a meal, food; to bite, nibble, of fish fā-faŋa to feed WMP Old Javanese p<in>aŋan to eat, swallow, devour OC Lakalai la vilaŋa food given as payment to visiting singers and dancers v-il-aŋa food given as payment to visiting singers and dancers 'Āre'āre hinana taro pudding hinaŋa taro pudding Sa'a hinaŋa a yam pudding eaten at sacrifices hinaŋa yam pudding Arosi hinaŋa yams for sacrifices, one or two tubers; seed yams for planting; vegetable food hinaŋa yams for sacrifices, one or two tubers; seeds yams for planting; vegetable food WMP Ilokano paŋán-an dining room Malay pəŋan-an cake; sweetmeat Balinese paŋan-an food, things to eat OC Nauna haŋɨn-i to feed Bali (Uneapa) vaŋan-i to feed Arosi haŋani pet animal, adopted animal Fijian vaŋani pet animal; petted WMP Casiguran Dumagat paŋánay first born child in a family Tagalog paŋánay first-born child maŋánay to deliver one’s first child Hanunóo paŋánay oldest child Aklanon paŋánay first born, first to do Maranao paŋanay firstborn Mansaka paŋanay eldest; firstborn OC Patpatar paŋaŋa open the mouth in wonder; yawn Mengen (Poeng) paŋa open the mouth Nehan paŋaŋa open the mouth Formosan Saisiyat paŋaʔ branch WMP Malay paŋah openmouthed CMP Manggarai paŋa bifurcation; forked, pronged Yamdena faŋe handspan, step Fordata faŋa a span n-faŋa-t to measure by handspans WMP Bikol paŋási rice wine pa-paŋasíh-an the container in which the rice wine is made Kenyah peŋasi rice wine specially prepared in jar WMP Ilokano i-paŋát to cook fish with sour tamarind seasoning Pangasinan paŋát to cook fish in vinegar with garlic Sambal paŋát to cook fish, shrimp, etc. with salt and small amount of water; onions, tomatoes, ginger, etc. may be added Tagalog paŋát ~ p<in>aŋát fish cooked in water with vinegar and salt added Bikol paŋát to cook p<in>aŋát dish consisting of mince meat, shrimp or fish, chopped coconut and spices, wrapped in a taro leaf and cooked in coconut milk Tiruray faŋat to preserve fish for several hours by partially boiling it with salt Minangkabau paŋat stuffing fish or flesh and stewing it in a rich spicy sauce WMP Bikol paŋól stupid, dull Agutaynen paŋel stupid; asinine; idiot WMP Agutaynen paŋel stupid; asinine; idiot Cebuano paŋug stupid, tending to do the wrong thing unthinkingly WMP Malay daun pegaga a creeping herb with an edible leaf:Hydrocotyle asiatica peŋgaga a creeping herb,Hydrocotyle asiatica Old Javanese paŋgaga kind of creeping herb,Hydrocotyle asiatica Tae' paŋgaga a creeping plant with small, round leaves that are used as a vegetable and boiled for pig fodder:Hydrocotyle asiatica WMP Ifugaw págaŋ roast soomething edible Tagalog paŋgáŋ broiled or toasted to crispiness Bikol paŋgáŋ to dry-fry in akawaliʔ producing a result similar to toasting, rather than frying Ngaju Dayak paŋgaŋ anything roasted on a gridiron; to roast on a gridiron Iban paŋgaŋ roast, bake, cure by smoking Malay paŋgaŋ broiling; roasting before the fire; toasting. Esp. toasting or roasting on a spit, skewer, or fork Acehnese paŋgaŋ roast (meat or fish) on a spit Karo Batak paŋgaŋ roast something over a fire; roasted Nias faga roast (in the flames) Old Javanese paŋgaŋ to roast (on spit, fork, etc.), toast Javanese paŋgaŋ broiled food, food cooked over an open fire or charcoal; to toast at an open fire Balinese paŋgaŋ roast over a fire Sasak paŋgaŋ to roast Makassarese paŋgaŋ roasting of chicken (or a piece of chicken) WMP Maranao paŋgaw elevate, raise up; bed Iban paŋgaw wooden platform, bench or bedstead in longhouse gallery WMP Iban paŋgoŋ pile, stack Malay paŋgoŋ raised flooring, platform of a stage (paŋgoŋ wayaŋ), a scaffolding for spectators, a look-out house Toba Batak paŋguŋ heap, pile, knoll Sundanese paŋguŋ dome, look-out, tower Old Javanese paŋguŋ scaffolding, raised platform, stand for spectators, "tower" in the cremation ceremony, stage for play (wayaŋ) Javanese paŋguŋ attic; platform built on piles above flood level; open-air pavilion for spectators Balinese paŋguŋ tower, cupola, dome bale paŋguŋ a high platform Sasak paŋgooŋ lay something on top of something else paŋguŋ an elevated structure with a ladder, used as a look-out WMP Toba Batak paŋguŋ-an hearth Balinese paŋguŋ-an a high place for seeing from, a look-out WMP Maranao paŋi poisonous squash:Pangium edule Reinw. Manobo (Western Bukidnon) paŋi a tree, probablyParartocarpus woodii, which bear large edible fruit the seeds of which are a source of edible oil Kadazan Dusun paŋi kind of fruit the seeds of which are added to salted fish Ngaju Dayak paŋi kind of mango tree and its fruit, which has an exceptionally thick skin Acehnese paŋè wild tree from the seeds of which a good cooking oil is prepared Dairi-Pakpak Batak paŋi flattish seed which is eaten after being cooked; if eaten uncooked it can cause intoxication Old Javanese paŋi tree with edible fruits:Pangium edule Balinese paŋi tree sp. Sangir paŋi tree with edible fruits and leaves Mongondow paŋi a tree,Pangium edule. Its shredded leaves are mixed with bacon and blood and cooked in a bamboo to make a favorite dish. The seeds of the fruit are also eaten, but are poisonous and must first be roasted Bare'e paŋi a tree with seeds and leaves that are edible after proper preparation:Pangium edule Tae' paŋi a tree with large round fruits,Pangium edule. The pith of the seeds is dried, pounded, and cooked, and becomes black as a result; it is then used as a vegetable Makassarese paŋi tree with large fruits each of which contains two or three seeds:Pangium edule; after the seeds are cooked, one obtains a black mucilaginous substance from them which is used in the preparation of certain dishes WMP Palawan Batak paŋi-paŋil ankle (Reid 1971) Kadazan Dusun tam-paŋi ankle Murut (Timugon) am-paŋil ankle WMP Tagalog paŋkál protruding or visible above the ground (said of surface roots of trees) Malagasy faka a root Malay paŋkal first portion; beginning paŋkal ñiur visible root of coconut palm paŋkal pokok lower part of tree trunk paŋkal təliŋa junction of ear with head Toba Batak paŋkal stem, basal part of a tree or shrub; capital with which one works WMP Cebuano páŋkaʔ bump against something Iban paŋkaʔ strike, dash (down, against), hurl Malay paŋkah to peg a top WMP Tagalog paŋkó armful; as much as one or both arms can hold; carried in the arms p<um>aŋkó to carry in one’s arms; to cuddle; to hold close and lovingly in one’s arms or on one’s lap Ngaju Dayak paŋku put into one’s lap Iban paŋkuʔ take or hold on the lap Malay paŋku holding to the breast; taking on the lap mə-maŋku to nurse; to look after; to serve as deputy for Karo Batak maŋku carry in the arms Sundanese maŋku lift up with the hands (a child, a mirror, etc.); hold in the hands; to take or carry in the arms; hold in the lap Old Javanese a-maŋku to hold or receive on the lap; to carry in both hands or arms in front of the chest p<in>aŋku to hold or receive on the lap Javanese paŋku to sit on someone’s lap maŋku to hold someone on the lap; to have something close in front of one paŋku-n a lap Balinese maŋku hold on the lap, sit on the lap OC Motu haoda to fish Bugotu vaŋoda hunt for shellfish on the reef Nggela vaŋonda to collect food on the reef Nakanamanga pa-vaŋoda look for shellfish Anejom a-haŋeč forage on the reef WMP Ilokano paŋpáŋ furrow, ridge (thrown up by a plow) Ibaloy paŋpaŋ bank of a river Pangasinan paŋpáŋ river bank, riverside, seaside Kapampangan paŋpaŋ river bank Tagalog pampáŋ river bank Bikol paŋpáŋ river bank; bluff pam-aŋpaŋ-on a high, steep river bank difficult to ascend Hanunóo pampáŋ bank of a river; edge of a field Aklanon páŋpaŋ bank (of river); shoreline Agutaynen paŋpaŋ cliff; steep dropoff into the ocean Hiligaynon páŋpaŋ brink, edge, coast, area close to a river or sea Cebuano paŋpáŋ cliff paŋpaŋ-anun cliff dwellers paŋpaŋ-un characterized by having cliffs Maranao pampaŋ cliff; steep, as in contour of earth Binukid paŋpaŋ cliff; steep bank Manobo (Western Bukidnon) paŋpaŋ a cliff Kadazan Dusun pampaŋ rock, big stone Ida'an Begak pappaŋ beach; river side Malagasy fampana a precipice, an abyss Mongondow pompaŋ steep slope of a mountain, but one along which one can still descend Ampibabo-Lauje pampaŋ land; plain WMP Kapampangan paŋpaŋ-an, pampaŋ-an Kapampangan ('people of the river banks') Wolio pampaŋ-a steep; rather deep part of the sea where the bottom is still visible WMP Kapampangan ka-pampaŋ-an Kapampangan ('people of the river banks') Cebuano ka-paŋpaŋ-an cliffs; the province Pampanga; its people and its language Formosan Kavalan paŋzan pandanus Rukai (Tona) paŋuDaɭ pineapple Paiwan paŋudalʸ pandanus; pineapple;Pandanus odoratissimus var. sinensis WMP Ilokano paŋdán the screw pine,Pandanus tectorius Sol. Its leaves are used in the manufacture of hats and mats Isneg pandān kind of screw pine. Its fragrant inflorescences are added to the headband on festive occasions Kankanaey paŋdán ananas, pineapple Tagalog pandán Pandanus odoratissimus Bikol pandán, paŋdán pandanus (used in weaving of mats and other articles) Hanunóo páŋdan pandanus palm (Pandanus sp.) Aklanon páŋdan a tree and its fruit:Pandanus tectorius Cebuano páŋdan any of the plants of the genusPandanus, esp.tectorius Maranao pandan hemp pandan-an maguey plantation,ramie plantation Malagasy fandrana shrubs, from the stems of which gutters for carrying water ... are made, hence an aqueduct. Two or three species are known by this name, from which a kind of potash is obtained. The leaves are used for thatching.Pandanus sp. Iban pandan Screw pine (Pandanus spp.) Malay pandan Smaller screwpine. Generic for all suchPandanaceae as are used for fine matwork or plaitwork Simalur pandan pandanus palm:Pandanus odoratissimus Karo Batak pandan pandanus variety the leaves of which are used in plaiting Toba Batak pandan pandanus, screwpine Mentawai padat Pandanus odoratissimus L. Sundanese pandan kind of plant (some types are used to weave mats while the redolent leaves of others are minced and used with flowers and fragrant oil by women) Old Javanese paṇḍan kind of tree:Pandanus Javanese paṇḍan pandanus tree pandan waŋi fragrant pandanus leaf as a cooking ingredient pandan eri pandanus thorn, used for hats, mats Madurese pandhan pandanus Balinese paṇḍan pandanus Sasak pandan name of various types of pandanus:Pandanaceae Tae' pandan fragrant type of pandanus with thorny leaves Buginese panreŋ pandanus Makassarese pandaŋ name of various types of pandanus Palauan oŋór Pandanus aimiriikensis Mart. CMP Manggarai pandaŋ pineapple:Ananas comosus SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai fodan pandanus OC Lou par kind of pandanus with narrow light-green leaves, used in plaiting mats Loniu pa kind of pandanus with narrow light-green leaves, used in plaiting mats Leipon padr kind of pandanus with narrow light-green leaves, used in plaiting mats Ahus pah pandanus tree and fruit Kele pat pandanus Papitalai par broad-leaved pandanus sp. Wuvulu paxa kind of broad-leaved littoral pandanus used in plaiting mats and baskets Aua para kind of broad-leaved littoral pandanus used in plaiting mats and baskets Mussau arana littoral pandanus the leaves of which are used in plaiting mats and baskets Tanga faa pandanus Gedaged pad the pandanus tree Mbula paanda pandanus tree Gitua pada pandanus Gilbertese ara prefix to names of different species of pandanus Puluwat faar pandanus, used for mats and thatch Woleaian fash(a) pandanus, pineapple Iaai watr a plant:Pandanus Rotuman hata kind of pandanus bearing fruit in compact, rouhly spherical masses Fijian vadra the pandanus tree:Pandanus odoratissimus Tongan fā kind of pandanus which sends down shoots from the branches to the ground Samoan fala name given to a number of tree-like plants of the genusPandanus; mat Rennellese haga pandanus, of great value for thatch and mats Rarotongan ara pineapple;Pandanus odoratissimus Maori whara a plant; ?Astelia sp., but possibly applied to any plant with ensiform leaves, such asAstelia,Phormium,Typha, etc. Hawaiian hala the pandanus, or screw pine:Pandanus odoratissimus OC Lou aŋus blow the nose Mengen (Poeng) paŋusi blow the nose Chuukese foŋoti<A blow one’s nose WMP Ngaju Dayak kala-papa tree with durable wood used for knife handles, rudders, etc.; the long-burning coals are used in the smelting of gold and copper, and the young leaves as a simple in the treatment of eye inflammations Makassarese gulim-papa tree with strong wood Muna fafa kind of tree, the wood of which is light and durable, used for boat and house building CMP Bimanese pampa tree with useful wood:Vitex pubescens Manggarai pampa tree which is good for making house posts:Vitex pubescens WMP Itbayaten papa father (address term); fond name for father, dad, daddy Bare'e papa father, father’s brother, mother’s brother OC Samoan papa (children’s language) Dad, Daddy OC Tolai papaba crayfish sp. Mota vavapa kind of crawfish WMP Itbayaten papag low table, usually of bamboo Ilokano pápag bamboo bench; bamboo or wood bed (with no mattress) Casiguran Dumagat pápag shelf, high table (in a house for keeping things on); high table (outside, for drying meat on, or for the offering of theatang sacrifice) Kapampangan pápag bamboo-slat platform used for sleeping, eating, and just sitting around talking Tagalog pápag a low bamboo bed Bikol pápag bamboo cot or bed Hanunóo pápag a bamboo slat-tray or shelf, used for support of bone bundles in a family burial cave Agutaynen papag stretcher made of bamboo WMP Maranao papak to break, chip off OC Nggela papa to chip papa ni gai wood chips Arosi baba to break one thing on another, chip a stone baba-ria chipped WMP Waray-Waray papán ŋa bató stone tablet Cebuano papán stone slab Maranao papan lumber, board; arrange checkers or chess (pieces) on board Tiruray fafan a sawed board, lumber; to make lumber or boards by hand Mapun papan board; plank (usually and inch and a half or less thick) Yakan papan a plank, board (as for making a wall) Ngaju Dayak papan board, plank papan batu a thin flat stone or a thin, flat piece of iron ma-mapan build a boat or ship; like a board, i.e. flat, even Malagasy fáfana a piece of board for writing on, a lesson-board, a blackboard Iban papan long flat surface or thing papan kayuʔ plank, board Proto-Chamic *papa:n board; plank Moken papan plank Malay papan plank; board; strake; flooring; numeral coefficient for games played on boards, such as chess and draughts papan sandar backrest Acehnese papeuën plank (as in a coffin or grave) Gayō papan plank, board Karo Batak papan plank, the plank floor; a chessboard Toba Batak papan board, plank; floor boards Rejang papeun wooden board, plank Sundanese papan plank, board; in a wider sense, any flat object; plank (of wood, stone, etc.) papan batu stone plate Old Javanese papan board; (round wooden) shield a-papan using a shield, bearing a shield Javanese papan board Balinese papan board, plank papan catur chessboard Sasak papan plank; slate; school board Mongondow papan stick or lath used to tap down the weft thread (in weaving) Tae' papan plank Makassarese papaŋ plank, board Wolio papa board, plank batu papa writing slate Palauan wlawl floor (<*panpan) CMP Manggarai papaŋ plank, board Hawu papa plank Wetan papna board, plank Yamdena n-papan stack on top on one another, of flat objects like boards Buruese papan board Kayeli hahane board SHWNG Buli fafan plank OC Manam baba flat; palm of the hand Tawala baba- base, underneath, bottom Dobuan kaiwa ba-baba-na board Molima baba lower plank on canoe side; to put planks on canoe Bugotu pava plank Lau baba flat; a board; lower part of back; a wooden door ba-baba a board, flat object baba-la flatness baba-na long side board of canoe 'Āre'āre hapa timber; a canoe seat Sa'a hapa a canoe seat, removable Arosi hapa a board; flat; mid-seats of a canoe Proto-Micronesian *papa board, plank Gilbertese baba a board, plank, used for diverse purposes; a wash board, surf board, etc. Kosraean pæp rib, side, raised sides of a canoe between front and rear gunwales Mokilese pɔp thin board or sheet of lumber Chuukese paap board, plank; board floor Puluwat paap board, lumber, timber; canoe planks pápá-n limw house board Woleaian paap(a) plank, strake, the planking (of a canoe); to be provided with plank Pileni papa board Rotuman papa floor, or deck, if made of boards Wayan baba board, plank, or other flat, wide piece of wood vaka-baba have boards on, be boarded or planked Fijian bava washstrake or upper planks of canoe Tongan papa sawn timber, plank(s), board(s); flat hard sandstone forming a layer or bed at the coast in certain places; flat and smooth and hard (as a well-trodden track) Niue papa flat faka-papa to stack neatly in layers (as banana cases) Futunan papa board, plank Samoan papa board, plank; rock; make level, flatten Kapingamarangi baba level, stretcher; board on which women plait mats baba hale floor of a house Nukuoro baba level (not bumpy); any sort of flat base (esp. the board on which mats are plaited), the consolidated reef under water or sand; the back of a human; the shell of a turtle, crab, etc Rennellese papa sounding board, beater of thepapa, dancer to thepapa; to be flat, flattened; to flatten Anuta papa board, plank; any hard flat surface, as the top of a plank, a flat rock Maori papa anything broad, flat, and hard; flat rock, slab, board; earth floor or site of a native house; bed of a lake Hawaiian papa flat surface, stratum, layer, level, foundation; story of a building; class, rank, order; table; sheet, plate, shelf; flat, level hoʔo-papa to place in rank or file; to put in order, to put in layers, overlay, as shingles; to make a shelf; to pack neatly WMP Maranao papaʔ shoots of vegetables Malay (Jakarta) papah coconut frond Old Javanese papah the long stalk of a palm- or banana-leaf Javanese papah midrib of a palm frond OC Arosi haha-na frond of a palm Marshallese pāp coconut frond; midrib of a coconut frond CMP Buruese papa-n cheek OC Molima baba lower plank on canoe side Roviana papara (OG) side of face, cheek Kwaio baba side, cheek Lau baba long side board of canoe; the side Arosi baba cheek, temples; side of a stream, etc. Fijian baba the side of a thing, the cheek bone; also, the side of a canoe WMP Singhi Land Dayak paput stopped up (choked up) Javanese pampet stop flowing (as blood) OC Kwaio fafi cook in leaf oven; sacrifice a pig Lau fafi put leaves on oven in cooking Sa'a hahi cook in an oven with leaves and hot stones Arosi hahi cook in a native oven; food cooked so Fijian vavi bake food in a native oven OC Gedaged bab (NG) kind of coral, limestone Sa'a haho the shore reef Arosi haho encircling reef Rotuman haho coral reef Formosan Puyuma paʔa thigh WMP Itbayaten paa thigh Umiray Dumaget pa thigh Sambal (Botolan) páʔa thigh Tagalog páʔa ~ paʔá foot, leg; hoof, paw paʔa-hán having large feet Bikol páʔa thigh; lap, haunches, hip paʔá-on describing someone with large thighs Masbatenyo páʔa thigh, upper leg Aklanon páʔa thigh, upper leg Waray-Waray páʔa thigh; lap Agutaynen paka thigh; leg Hiligaynon páʔa thigh Cebuano páʔa thigh, legs from the knees up páʔa-han the upper leg of a pair of pants Binukid paa foot, leg; leg (of a table or other furniture) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) paʔa the foot and/or leg Mansaka paa thigh Klata paʔo thigh Mapun paa thigh Yakan paʔa thigh Tboli haha thigh of person or animal; lap of a person Tausug paa thigh Tatana poo thigh Tombonuwo paa thigh, upper leg Abai Sembuak faa foot Kujau pəə thigh Minokok pəəʔ thigh Murut (Tagol) paa thigh Kelabit paʔeh thigh Berawan (Long Teru) paʔah thigh Dali' faʔa foot Kenyah (Long Ikang) paʔəy thigh Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh) paʔa leg Lahanan tə-paʔa thigh Seru poh thigh Paku poʔo leg Delang paho thigh Cham pha leg Roglai (Northern) pha thigh Moken paka upper leg, thigh Malay paha thigh; quarter; ham (of animal) paha belalaŋ upper leg of grasshopper; fig. for safety pin; curve of a perfect thigh Sundanese paha thigh, upper leg Balinese paha thigh Sasak pa thigh Mongondow paa thigh; hip; buttock Totoli paa thigh Boano paʔa thigh Bare'e paʔa thigh, upper leg Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *paqa thigh Wolio paa thigh; quarter (of a carcass) paa-na ŋkaboro grasshopper’s thighs (said of a very thin person) Muna fagha thigh CMP Manggarai paʔa thigh Rembong paʔa thigh Ngadha paa upper leg, thigh Fordata faa-n calf of the leg OC Lakalai la vaha- leg, foot Watut faga- leg, foot WMP Muna fagha stalk of certain trees (coconut, areca) from which grow branches CMP Ngadha paa shoot, sprig, sprout Buruese paa-n stem, base of trunk; stem, especially of a taro plant SHWNG Numfor fa sheath of a palm blossom OC Kara paka leaf Tongan faʔa lower portion of leaf stalk Niue fā stalk of a plant Samoan fā stalk, stem of taro, banana, and certain other plants Rennellese haʔa stalk, as of taro, banana, papaya; stem, as of flowers Hawaiian hā stalk that supports the leaf and aro or sugarcane; layers in a banana stump OC Tabar paro to hold Nggela valo to rob openly, take and keep, refuse to return Pohnpeian parok (< *paqaRok-i) to catch something animate; to arrest Tongan faʔao to seize and take by force; to confiscate Samoan fao snatch, grab; rob Rennellese haʔao to take, capture, snatch, rob Hawaiian hao to scoop or pick up; to grasp, pillage, plunder; robber Formosan Saisiyat pæʔzoʔ gall, gall bladder Bunun paqav gall, gall bladder Tsou pau gall, gall bladder Proto-Rukai *pago gall, gall bladder WMP Isneg palʔíŋ<M strabismus Maranao paliŋ one-eyed person, one who has impaired vision Tiruray faliŋ blinded in one eye because of wounds from fighting (refers to animals only) WMP Itbayaten paet hole-boring tool which was used a long time ago Ilokano paét -an, i-, mai- chisel Isneg apāt a chisel made of iron throughout, without a wooden handle Bontok paə́t chisel (said to<Ilokano) Ifugaw paót mum-, -in-, <in> -an wood carving; chisels used for carving Kapampangan pat chisel (for woodworking) Tagalog paʔít chisel (in carpentry) Mapun paat -an, -un chisel Kelabit paʔet chisel Iban pat tapping knife, gouge, chisel pat getah tapping knife for rubber latex Jarai phaʔ chisel (for carpentry) Rhade phat to chisel Malay pahat chisel; gouge; punch Gayō pāt chisel Simalur paeʔ chisel mam-paeʔ to chisel something Karo Batak pahat chisel mahat to chisel, work with a chisel Nias fahõ chisel mamahõ to chisel, work with a chisel Balinese pahet chisel mahet -ang, -in cut with a chisel, hew Sasak pat a chisel ŋe-pat to chisel Tontemboan pa-paʔat a chisel maʔat ~ ma-paʔat to chisel Bare'e paʔat-i a chisel nda-paʔat-i chiseled, chiseled out Tae' paʔ a chisel paʔ-i chisel out, gouge a hole with a chisel; carving done with a chisel Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *paqoQ chisel Makassarese paʔ a chisel OC Rennellese haʔo chisel; to chisel; holes for lashings in a canoe Formosan Saisiyat pæʔis hot (taste) Kanakanabu ma-páʔici sour páʔici millet or rice beer raa-paʔi-paʔíca acid fluid which comes up from the stomach WMP Itbayaten payit idea of saltiness Ivatan (Isamorong) payit salty Ilokano paít bile, used in cooking; bitterness, bitter taste Isneg na-pét bitter Itawis pet hotness, pungency, spiciness na-pét hot, pungent, spicy Kankanaey men-paít bitter Ifugaw paít sourness; mostly applied to fruits that are not yet ripe Ifugaw (Batad) pāit the austere taste of old wine, ginger, salt, onion, garlic, red pepper, lemon, tobacco; of the stinging sensation of smoke Ibaloy pait sourness (as of unripe orange); bitter taste, saltiness; also describes the taste of good coffee or rice wine em-pait sour, bitter, salt Ilongot paʔit bitter Pangasinan paít bitter tasting am-paít bitter Kapampangan paʔít bitter Tagalog paʔít bitterness; bitter taste; bitterness in the moral sense; harshness, disagreeableness Bikol mag-paʔít to become bitter ka-paʔit-án bitterness Hanunóo paʔít bitterness Aklanon paʔít bitterness Kalamian Tagbanwa pakit bitter Agutaynen pakit bitter taste; bitterness Hiligaynon paʔít bitterness Cebuano paʔít bitter in taste, bitter in situation Manobo (Western Bukidnon) paʔit bitter; produce a bitter taste in someone’s mouth Mansaka pait bitter (of food, medicine) Mapun pait bitter Yakan paʔit bitter, over salted, too salty Tboli héét bitter, salty Bilaan (Sarangani) feʔet bitter Tausug pait bitterness Bisaya (Lotud) o-poʔit bitter Tombonuwo o-pait bitter Murut (Paluan) a-pait bitter Abai Sembuak fait bitter Murut (Tagol) a-pait bitter Tingalan (West) a-pait bitter Basap pait bitter Kelabit paʔit bitter Kenyah faʔij bitter Bintulu paʔit bitter Malagasy faitra bitterness, as the taste of quinine Iban pait bitter daun pait wild leaf used as flavoring in cooking Jarai phiʔ bitter (in taste) Rhade phiʔ bitter Roglai (Northern) phi:ʔ bitter Moken pakèt bitter Malay pahit bitter, bitterness, a bitter drink Toba Batak pait bitter Sundanese paʔit bitter Old Javanese pahit bitter, (of sea water) salt Javanese pahit ~ pait bitter Balinese pahit kind of tree with small round fruit used as medicine Sasak pait bitter Boano paʔit bitter Balaesang peit bitter Makassarese paiʔ gall; bitter; difficult Muna paghi bitter (as papaya leaves) Chamorro faʔet salty CMP Bimanese paʔi bitter (as taste); difficult (as one’s life) Komodo paiʔ bitter Manggarai paʔit bitter (of taste), difficult (of situations) Lamaholot pait bitter Kédang peiʔ bitter Kambera paita bitter mbàru paita bitter salty, too salty, of food Formosan Bunun (Isbukun) ma-pais bitter Kanakanabu ma-paʔíci sour WMP Agta (Central Cagayan) mapet bitter Umiray Dumaget ma-pit bitter Kapampangan ma-paʔít bitter Tagalog ma-paʔít bitter Bikol ma-paʔít bitter, acrid Hanunóo ma-paʔít bitter, referring to taste Aklanon ma-paʔít bitter Agutaynen ma-pakit bitter Hiligaynon ma-paʔít bitter Palawan Batak mapáʔit bitter Mamanwa mapaʔit bitter Maranao ma-paʔit bitter; hard, difficult Binukid ma-pait bitter (in taste); bitter, hard to accept (situation, happening, etc.) Kalagan ma-pait bitter Tausug ma-pait bitter (as medicine) Malagasy ma-faitra bitter, brackish, disagreeable Old Javanese a-pahit bitter Sangir ma-paiʔ bitter; sour Mongondow mo-paʔit bitter Uma mo-paiʔ bitter Bare'e ma-paʔi bitter Tae' ma-paiʔ bitter (as palm wine, certain fish, etc.) Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *mo-paqiQ bitter Mori Bawah mo-paʔi bitter Wolio ma-paʔi bitter OC Gilbertese mai sourness, acidity WMP Ilokano paít-an Lunasia amara plant Tagalog paʔit-án to make bitter Bikol paʔit-án develop a bitter taste Maranao paʔit-an kind of bitter banana Mansaka pait-an a plant:Lunasia amara Blco. (Madulid 2001) WMP Kelabit paʔid duster, mop, anything used to wipe; accidental wiping Totoli paid to wipe Boano paʔid to wipe WMP Kelabit maʔid to wipe Mongondow mo-maʔid brush or scrape dirt or mud off the feet or hands WMP Casiguran Dumagat páis to cook (a method of cooking small fish or shrimp, wrapping them in a banana leaf and cooking them in water, or laying them directly on the coals) Tagalog páʔis fish or meat roasted or broiled and wrapped in leaves; steamed or boiled fish, usually small, wrapped in leaves, esp. banana leaves Maranao paʔis wrap in green leaf and roast Manobo (Western Bukidnon) paʔis the process of preparing sweet potato by grating it, wrapping it in leaves, and roasting it in a hole with a fire on top Iban pais food, esp. fish, cooked in green leaves or bamboo pais ikan fish so cooked Malay pais spiced fish cooked in banana leaf Old Javanese pes-an ~ pe(s)pes-an food cooked and broiled in leaves (esp. fish) Javanese pè-pès-an banana-leaf-wrapped food roasted over hot coals mè-pès to prepare food in this way WMP Tagalog p<in>áʔis fish or meat roasted or broiled and wrapped in leaves; steamed or boiled fish, usually small, wrapped in leaves, esp. banana leaves Old Javanese p<in>es to cook aspespesan WMP Hanunóo paʔít small white freshwater fish with a bitter taste; hence its name (<paʔít 'bitterness') Maranao paʔit fish ofCyprinid family (from bitter taste) Binukid paít kind of small fish Manobo (Western Bukidnon) paʔit a small fish Mansaka pait kind of freshwater fish Tiruray faʔit the various barbs (Cyprinidae) spp. Tboli hait minnow, a certain freshwater fish Dumpas pait fish Tombonuwo pait fish Ida'an Begak pait fish Kelabit paʔit kind of small fish Kayan paʔit species oftebaring fish found near small river rapids Iban pait freshwater fish:Puntius sp. Toba Batak si-paet-an fish sp. Sasak pait ~ pepait small, silvery river fish Chamorro fa-faʔet a snapper:Lutjanus gibbus OC Nduke vaɣo a large perennial herb with banana-like leaves:Heliconia salomonensis Marovo vaɣo tree sp. with large banana-like leaves:Heliconia Nggela vao wild banana vao-vao species of shrub with large leaves Mota vao a heliconium Wayan vā-vā tree taxon, probably Heliconis sp.; tall banana-like herb Fijian vao a plant:Bleekeria elliptica Formosan Amis paʔpaʔ chew; the action of the jaws and teeth in chewing WMP Aklanon paʔpáʔ to chew thoroughly Cebuano páʔpaʔ bite something or grab it with the teeth without tearing or wounding Maranao papaʔ bite, chew Mapun mapaʔ to chew papaʔ-un to chew ka-papaʔ-an for one’s teeth to be able to chew Kadazan Dusun papaʔ to feed a child mouth to mouth Sasak papaʔ premasticate rice for newborn child WMP Old Javanese papah the long stalk of a palm or banana leaf Javanese papah center stalk of palm, banana, etc. Balinese papah the young or green leaf of a coconut or palm tree; the sheath of a leaf OC Arosi haha-na frond of a palm, branch of a plant or tree that is not an‘ai, as sago palm, coconut, cycad, screw palm WMP Ilokano paúd strings that attach the warp to the weaver, when weaving without a loom Tagalog paʔód yoke (for oxen, carabao, etc.) Cebuano paúd put something against or over something hard to steady it; press something against something hard with one’s weight; presss part of the body against something Iban paut pull towards oneself, take a share of, tug at, draw paddle towards boat; include Malay pahut ~ paut drag inward; carching on to anything and pulling; clinging and pulling, as a boatman using a boathook, a canoeist digging his canoe perpendicularly into water and turning the canoe with a pull, a man clinging to a plank, a wrestler tugging at his opponent, dragging a third party into a discussion to make it still livelier CMP Ngadha paʔu to tie, bind OC Lukep pau to tie Sobei fau to tie Raga vau-hi to tie, bind Fijian vau-ca to tie, bind Tongan faʔu to bind (the head); headband or turban Rennellese haʔu to tie, lash, as sennit WMP Ilokano pára the sprouting embryo of the coconut, before the cotyledon appears Pangasinan pála coconut pith Makassarese para germ of the coconut that remains in the nut and later sprouts Wolio para coconut embryo OC Wuvulu faxa coconut pith; brain Label hara-i sprouting tissue of a coconut Sinaugoro fara brain; inner part of coconut Nggela vara a fallen coconut beginning to grow and showing leaf Pohnpeian pahr spongy center of a sprouting coconut;par to sprout, of coconuts Woleaian fara copra sponge, copra meat Mota vara the shoot, plumule, of the cocoanut, as it forms first within the nut, afterwards when it shoots outside, and finally as growing up from the radicle Lonwolwol vaː spongy kernel of a mature coconut (which is rich in oil, and nourishing) North Ambrym var spongy kernel of a mature coconut Southeast Ambrym hal center of coconut Rotuman hara to sprout (coconut) Fijian vara spongy flesh in the kernel of a coconut before it shoots; a coconut in this stage or just shooting WMP Bikol pára- verbal affix, repetitive action series, infinitive-command form, used in combination with the intensive series affixpag- and verbs takingmag-,-on,i-, and-an in the regular series;magpara-bisíta repeatedly visit Muna para- verbal prefix on verbal bases; a-class, amenable to-um-, intransitive. Meaning: iterativity in combination with habituality. In some cases the emphasis is on the variety of the implied objects;no-para-toŋka vomit repeatedly WMP Cebuano palaʔ-palaʔ horizontal trellis for plants to grow on Makassarese para-para trellis for tendrils to creep up WMP Ilokano paráw a sailing vessel much larger than thebiráy Casiguran Dumagat paraw large sailing vessel Iban perauʔ boat (without close or full deck, as opp. tokapal) Malay perahu undecked native ship. Etymologically thepadao orparao of the Malabar coast, in contr. to the deckedkapal Toba Batak parau boat, ship Sundanese parahu sloop, boat Old Javanese parahu boat CMP Ngadha barau boat, sail boat Rotinese pau boat, ship OC Tolai parau boat, ship; foreign, European, brought from overseas in a ship Nehan parau boat OC Nauna paral thunderclap Nali palan thunder Leipon perer thunderclap Wuvulu paxaxa thunderclap Tanga pā thunder Label parar thunder Mokilese palar thunder, thunder and lightning; to thunder Hawaiian palala (length unexpl.) a low or rumbling sound WMP Itbayaten ma-maras to cut hay, leaves, or other plants for feeding animals p<in>aras hay or food cut out or obtained by cutting (as of sweet potato vine, banana tree); hay to be given to cows, etc.; leaves of papaya or sweet potato to be given to pigs Tagalog palás lopped off; levelled Ngaju Dayak paras smooth, even, level Malagasy fara scraped, scratched, smoothed Iban paras trim, cut even or smooth Malay paras trimming off asperities me-maras to smooth Karo Batak paras castrate Sundanese paras shave off Old Javanese paras that which is trimmed by shaving (hair, eyebrow); razor; to shave (trim) the eyebrows Sasak paras shave off the eyebrows WMP Maranao paras face, looks, appearance Manobo (Western Bukidnon) paras the appearance or countenance of a person Tiruray falas color, form, appearance; a face Tboli halas appearance Iban paras shape of the face, features Malay paras good looks; appearance; handsomeness WMP Casiguran Dumagat palásan species of rattan used for tying fences because it lasts longer than other types of rattan exposed to wind and dampness Tagalog palásan thick rattan used in making canes and furniture Hanunóo parásan a tall, mature type of rattan Mansaka parasan a kind of rattan (the largest type) WMP Tagalog paláwan large plant with stout trunk, found in ravines along streams, but also cultivated for its edible corms or as ornamental plant; has big, hastate leaves, large, stout petioles, and large rootstocks which are edible:Cyrtosperma merkush Schott. Iban perawan generic for ‘redmeranti’ hardwood trees (Shorea spp.), as well as softwoods Malay pərawan a tree:Hopea spp. WMP Yami parek murky, as water Itbayaten parek wine, liquor, sugarcane wine Ilokano párek dregs of liquors Bikol parók residue, silt; sediment brought up in turbulent water; dregs left at the bottom of casks or other containers of wine or other liquor WMP Yami ma-parek very murky, as water Bikol ma-parók having a sediment, residue WMP Dairi-Pakpak Batak perlak enclosed garden, orchard; fruit orchard Old Javanese parlak dry rice field Tae' paʔlak cultivated field, garden Buginese pallaʔ enclosed garden, orchard Makassarese parallakk-eŋ farmyard, compound OC Roviana vari wood rasp Nggela pali rub one thing against another Fijian vari-a scale a fish; scratch OC Motu hari-a to divide, give away Bugotu vari heir, heritage; to inherit Nggela vari an heir WMP Ilokano pariá Momordica charantia L. A vine with yellow flowers. Its young shoots and leaves and its fruits are edible Isneg pariyá vine with yellow flowers and oblong, cylindric, ribbed rugose fruits, pointed at both ends:Momordica charantia L. Kankanaey paliá Momordica balsamina L. A slender vine with yellow flowers and rough, elongated, bitter edible fruits Pangasinan palyá bitter melon Cebuano paliyá, palíya widely cultivated vine producing an elongated fruit with wart-like skin, eaten unripe as a vegetable, having a bitter taste,Momordica charantia Iban periaʔ bitter gourdMomordica charantia L., a yellow-white pointed cucumber with lumpy skin, eaten raw or cooked Malay peria a gourd proverbial for its bitter taste:Momordica charantia Tae' paria climbing plant with bitter cucumber-like fruit used as a vegetable WMP Tausug paliyama a good or abundant harvest Ngaju Dayak pariama taboo word for "star" Karo Batak bintaŋ pariama the Seven Sisters, Pleiades Toba Batak pariama Pleiades Sangir pahiama, pohiama a constellation: the Seven Sisters, Pleiades Mongondow pariama the Seven Sisters (constellation) Kaidipang puhiama season for planting rice or other crops, as shown by the position of the stars Tae' pariama name of a constellation WMP Maranao pariaʔ succulent vegetable with quinine bitter taste:Momordica charantia L. Manobo (Western Bukidnon) periaʔ a plant the leaves and fruit of which are eaten as a vegetable. The fruit is very bitter, but relished:Momordica charantia Tiruray feriyaʔ a vine,Trichosanthes quinquangulata A. Grey,Momordica charantia L. Uma pariaʔ vine with bitter fruit eaten as a vegetable:Momordica charantia WMP Iban parit ditch, drain Maloh parék (é unexpl.) ditch, canal Malay parit groove, cutting, drain; ditch or open moat Karo Batak parik ditch, furrow, canal Toba Batak parik embankment, earthen wall Nias fari excavated conduit; embankment Javanese palir furrow, gully, channel WMP Iban parit ditch, drain Maloh parék (é unexpl.) ditch, canal Malay parit groove, cutting, drain; ditch or open moat Karo Batak parik ditch, furrow, canal Toba Batak parik embankment, earthen wall Nias fari excavated conduit; embankment Javanese palir furrow, gully, channel Formosan Paiwan pariuk wok, large, round-bottomed metal pan for cooking WMP Ilokano pariók an iron pan with a round bottom and a short iron handle in the shape of a socket Kankanaey paliók iron pan with rounded bottom and short round handle Ifugaw palyúk broad iron pot Tagalog palayók, palyók earthen pot for cooking Iban periok cooking pot, saucepan Malay periok pot (usually of earthenware) for boiling rice Sundanese pariuk earthen pot or pan for cooking CMP Buruese pariu-t cooking pot OC Lau faro scraper for grating yams Fijian varo to file, saw, or rasp Maori wharo, wha-wharo, wharo-wharo to scrape WMP Cebuano palpál for the feet to get flat; flat, of feet palpal-ún somewhat flat-footed Iban papar cut smooth (with adze, etc.) WMP Ida'an Begak parud scrape Ngaju Dayak ma-marut to rub (body parts, as to relieve pain) Iban parut grater, rasp; to grate Malay parut coconut grater, rasp; a piece of hard wood with a rough surface mə-marut to rasp coconuts Sundanese parud a rasp marud to rasp or grate Javanese parud grater marud to grate parud-an having been grated Balinese parud a rasp, file parud-an filings, what has been rasped or filed Sasak parut a rasp, file mə-marut to rasp, grate Tae' paruʔ to rasp, grate pə-paruʔ a rasp, grater CMP Rembong parut to grate (as coconuts) Rotinese palu to grate (coconuts) WMP Tagalog pag- prefix forming verbal nouns: act of. 1. Followed by the simple root word if derived from anum verb, asum-alis 'to depart':pag-alis 'departure'. 2. Followed by the root word with the first syllable reduplicated, if derived from amag- verb, asmag-alis 'to remove',pag-a-alis 'removal, act of removing' Bikol pag- nominal affix:abot 'arrive',pag-abot 'arrival' Kadazan Dusun pog- nominal affix:mog-odu 'to rebuke',pog-odu 'a rebuke' Bahasa Indonesia per- The prefixper- replaces the prefixber- of verbs and adjectives, and so forms a noun indicating the person or instrument performing the action referred to by that verb, or possessing the quality referred to by that adjective (Macdonald and Soenjono 1967:99) Toba Batak par- Substantives with the prefixpar- do occur without there being a corresponding verb with the prefixmar-. These substantives are derived from substantives that have a preposition before them, or from those that, with a preposition, function as adverbs ... These substantives rather represent a person and, therefore, can also be formed from intransitive verbs (van der Tuuk 1971:186) WMP Murut (Timugon) pag- ... -an occurs with verbs which are inflected withmag-₁,mag-₂, andman- in the subject focus (Prentice 1971:140) Bahasa Indonesia per- ... -an in a few casesper- replacesber- in verbs and combines with the suffix-an to form nouns referring to the process of the action referred to by the verb; occasionally the noun refers to the place where the action is performed (Soenjono and Macdonald 1967:100) Toba Batak par- + N + -an makes nouns of place (Nababan 1981:95) Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) paR- X -(en) do X times (X = numeral) WMP Bikol pag- X -(on) divide into X; send X at a time (X = numeral) Malay per-dua half sa per-tiga-an one third (i.e. one part of something divided into three equal parts) Karo Batak per-dua divide into two WMP Malay para collective prefix implying a certain parity (used before nouns to indicate collectivities of persons sharing some vocational or other feature Acehnese para horde, troop Old Javanese para a personal demonstrative particle for a number of persons belonging to the same category Makassarese para all, both (in composite expressions) SHWNG Buli fa- plural or collective prefix on verbs Formosan Atayal paga the stand used for the heads taken in headhunting WMP Yami pala shelf above the oven that is used to dry wood Itbayaten paya place above the stove where firewood is kept dry Isneg páxa the central shelf of the three that are fixed over the hearth (used for storing bundles of rice that have to be dried before pounding) Ifugaw palá attic of an Ifugaw house in which rice bundles (and some other things) are stored Pangasinan pála place for storing pillows and mats Tagalog pága storage loft made of bamboo attached to ceiling Bikol pága storage loft made from bamboo, attached to the ceiling just above the stove, usually used for storing firewood Hanunóo pága shelf Cebuano pága shelf put above the stove; platform built close to the roof forming a loft, but not extending the entire length of the house Maranao paga attic Mansaka paga place where kitchen utensils are kept Tboli hala suspended platform above the firetable, used to dry wood, corn, tobacco, etc. Berawan (Long Terawan) pakkih storage shelf above the hearth Kenyah (Long Anap) paa storage rack for firewood above the hearth Kayan pahaʔ rack above the hearth for storing firewood Wahau pəhaʔ drying rack above the hearth Kelai phaʔ drying rack above the hearth Mei Lan Modang pəhaʔ drying rack above the hearth Woq Helaq Modang pəhaʔ drying rack above the hearth Ngaju Dayak pahe shelf over the hearth where firewood is placed to dry Iban para frame or rack over a hearth for drying or preserving things laid on it; platform for felling large trees; hide or machan for hunter in tree Malay para shelf or framework built over the fireplace as a receptable for cooking pots; any shelf-like upper apartment in a Malay house, serving as an attic or home for a young girl during her seclusion Acehnese para attic, loft (under the ceiling) Karo Batak para name for various racks above the fireplace (where husked rice is kept dry, cooking pots are stored, firewood is kept, etc.) Sundanese para attic, loft (used for storage) Sasak para shelf over the hearth Sangir paha rack used in drying copra, or in the kitchen above the hearth on which fish is smoked, etc. Tae' para the slanting upper portion of the front and rear facades of a house Makassarese (Bantaeng) para attic, loft Wolio paa attic, bay at the side of a house, on higher level than the floor paa ombu smoking rack over kitchen fire CMP Rembong para uppermost floor of a house Buruese paha bamboo rack SHWNG Waropen ara storage rack above the hearth; loft OC Nauna pay shelf above the hearth for storing food, betel, etc., but not firewood Loniu pay smoking rack for fish and storage rack above the hearth Nali pay shelf above the hearth for storing firewood, etc. Kele pay pay Levei pwa shelf above the hearth for storing firewood, etc. Mailu wara table for smoking fish Motu hara platform of sticks on which meat is grilled; a gridiron Cheke Holo fara bamboo or wooden storage shelf, often located above a stone oven Kwaio bala racks in house for drying wood, etc. 'Āre'āre para small platform, mostly above the fireplace, used as a depository WMP Maranao paga-paga attic-like garret Malagasy fara-fara bedstead; stone shelves in native tombs on which corpses are laid Malay para-para shelf or framework built over the fireplace as a receptacle for cooking-pots Toba Batak para-para wooden rack that in a Batak house runs from the door around the entire house Tae' para-para rack in a house where eating utensils are put Makassarese para-para grill on which a cooking pot is set Wolio paa-paa small bay at the side of a house, used for storage CMP Rembong (Waru-Kia) para-para uppermost floor of a house CMP Rembong para mutual, reciprocal OC Tolai wara reciprocal prefix used with verbs, e.g.kul 'to pay',wara-kul 'to pay each other'; this word often becomeswari- beforer, e.g.wari-rap WMP Bontok pagáda the handle of thewásay axe Kankanaey pagáda handle (of an ax) OC Duke of York warara handle of a stone club or adze Gedaged pazaz handle (of a broom, hammer, but not of cups, etc.) Motu parara handle (given only in the English index) Roviana varara wooden handle, as of an axe, etc. Nggela valala handle; cross handle of an adze Sa'a halala to helve an axe Puluwat paar, pera-n handle, as of knife or saw Woleaian pash, pasha that part of a utensil or tool which is to be held with the hand Lonwolwol verɛ- handle of - WMP Kankanaey pagáek hoarse Tagalog pagák hoarse and broken (said of the voice) Buginese paraʔ hoarse OC Tongan fā hoarse, of the voice Samoan fā hoarse, husky Rarotongan ʔā hoarse, husky Hawaiian hā hoarse, hoarseness OC Arosi hara to swell, of the body; become hard and round, of a swelling Bauro hara a boil Tongan fā blister Samoan mata-fā boils on the face (Pratt 1984) OC Takia -par step, pace, tread on Nehan paraha put foot against something, place foot firmly Nggela pala-pala a ladder, steps into a house Chuukese fǣt-i to kick (something) Mota vara to tread, stamp, walk; to measure by feet varas to stamp for something; to trample on; to trample to death, as intruders in agamal (men’s house) Raga vara step varah-i step heavily, stamp (in dance, etc.); tread on, step in, straddle Naman veres step on Fijian vā to tread softly vā-ca to tread softly on something WMP Casiguran Dumagat pagátpat uncultivated tree found in mangrove swamps:Sonneratia acida (wood used for house posts) Tagalog pagátpat tree found in mangrove swamps:Sonneratia caseolaris (Merrill 1954) Bikol pagatpát tree producing a wood suitable for house posts:Sonneratia alba Aklanon pagátpat a tree:Sonneratia caseolaris (Linn.) Cebuano pagátpat tree of mangrove swamps:Sonneratia caseolaris andacida Makassarese parappaʔ a tree with a fruit shaped like an apple:Sonneratia oborata Formosan Kavalan paraw hoarse WMP Itbayaten ma-payaw hoarse Ilokano páraw hoarse Isneg págaw hoarse Itawis páhaw hoarseness Ayta Abellan payo hoarse Tagalog págaw hoarseness of voice pagáw hoarse Hanunóo pagáw hoarseness Cebuano pagáw hoarse, become hoarse Maranao pagaw hoarse voice Kayan pahau hoarse, of voice Iban parau hoarse Malay parau hoarseness due to overmuch talking or shouting or to a cold (not of voice naturally harsh) Acehnese paro hoarse Simalur halo hoarse Chamorro a-fagao hoarse WMP Ilokano parbó the four rafters that meet thesolókan (hip rafters) at their upper end, near the ridge of the roof Hanunóo pagbú one of the four principal rafters, frequently of bamboo, used in the Hanuno'o construction of a house roof Aklanon págbo beam, girder (supporting roof) WMP Iban perepat a tree:Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Malay perepat a sea-shore tree:Sonneratia griffithii andS. acida Proto-Sangiric *paRəpat mangrove Sangir pahepaʔ a shore tree, the mangrove:Rhizophora conjugata Mongondow pogopat kind of ironwood tree:Metrosideros vera OC Lakalai vali to cut, as wood or a leaf, from a tree; remove all the limbs from a tree 'Āre'āre hari lop off branches, cut off a bunch of bananas, betelnuts Sa'a hali lop off branches Arosi hari tear, tear off, pull off a cluster of fruit Rotuman fai cut or chop down (a tree or branch) SHWNG Buli fa- prefix used for the reciprocal form of a verb fa-, fai- prefix which indicates that the action concerns a plural subject; with nouns it also forms collectives (e.g.rama 'sister',fa-rama-u 'sisters') OC Mussau ai- reciprocal or collective action (possibly fossilized inai-obi 'fight',ai-ora 'copulate') Label war- reciprocal prefix Cheke Holo fari- reciprocal prefix; simultaneously, mutually (e.g.fari-gamu 'eat together') Bugotu vari- prefix denoting reciprocity Arosi hari- reciprocal prefix generally having the force of united action, rather than mutual action Gilbertese ai- prefix to some words having the meaning of reciprocity; ex., hit one another, look at each other, follow one another, etc. Woleaian fe- reciprocal prefix, attached toŋal 'to' andtaŋ 'away from' Mota var- prefix, 1. of reciprocity, 2. of plurality (e.g. children crying all together) Rotuman hai- prefix forming reciprocal verbs Fijian vei- a prefix. Added to nouns it forms a collective plural (vale 'house',vei-vale 'a group of houses'). Added to verbs it makes reciprocals. It may also be added to names of relationships to produce a reciprocal sense:vei-taci-ni 'brother and sister', thetaci relationship Tongan fe- the so-called reciprocal prefix... It may be: (a) actional, (b) habituative, (c) invigorative, (d) accelerative, (e) communal, indicating united or simultaneous action, (f) collaborative, (g) reciprocal, (h) competitive, (i) reciprocative, meaning hither and thither, or in (or to or from) various directions Samoan fe- prefix to word-bases, used either alone or in combination with a suffix...(a) whenfe- is used without a suffix it may denote the plural...(b) when used in combination with a suffix...fe- may denote (i) the plural, (ii) a reciprocal process, (iii) an action or process carried out here and there, up and down, hither and thither, all around, quickly, etc. Rennellese he-...ʔaki common affix indicating reciprocal or plural action WMP Malay perigi well, spring Sundanese parigi excavated ditch or canal Old Javanese parigi low encircling wall of stones (of yard, trees), paved (terraced?) bank or slope (of pond) Sasak perigi stone rim (edge, wall); rim of road, pond or well Proto-Sangiric *paRigi well Sangir pahighi pit, well Wolio parigi ditch, moat Formosan Siraya pagig stingray WMP Ilokano pági kind of ray whose meat is esteemed Itawis pági stingray Casiguran Dumagat pagí sting ray, genusDasyatis Tagalog pági ray fish Bikol pági stingray Hanunóo pági sting ray, devil ray, rayfish Abaknon pahi stingray Aklanon pági ray, ray fish Cebuano pági general term for rays Maranao pagi stingray Bintulu pai stingray Melanau (Mukah) pai stingray Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh) pay stingray Ngaju Dayak pahi stingray (skin used as a rasp or grater, and in polishing rough surfaces) Malagasy fai kind of fish with a rough skin; rough Iban pariʔ skate; ray. Generic for sting-rays (Trygonidae), electric rays (Torpedinae), and eagle-rays (Myliobatidae) bintaŋ pari Southern Cross (constellation) kikir pari skate-skin grater Malay bintaŋ pari a constellation, the Southern Cross Acehnese paròë stingray bintaŋ paròë a constellation, the Southern Cross Simalur hali stingray bintun hali a constellation, the Southern Cross Karo Batak pari stingray Javanese pe stingray Balinese pahi a species of shark Sasak pai, pari stingray Proto-Minahasan *pahi ray fish Mongondow pagi stingray; also a constellation: the Stingray Gorontalo pahi kind of marine fish with skin like sandpaper Kaidipang pagi stingray Buginese pari stingray CMP Bimanese fai stingray Ngadha pari sawfish Sika pari fish a fathom long Kambera pari stingray Rotinese hai stingray Selaru ar stingray Yamdena fari kind of ray fish; the constellation Scorpio Fordata fari stingray; the constellation Scorpio Kei fār stingray; the constellation Scorpio Seit ali stingray Soboyo ahi stingray SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai far stingray Sawai fa stingray Buli fā stingray Mayá ꞌfa³ stingray OC Nali pey stingray Ahus pay the smallest kind of stingray Kele pei stingray Levei pep stingray Lindrou bey stingray Bipi pay stingray Wuvulu pai stingray Mendak wa stingray Tanga fe stingray Label war stingray Kove pali stingray Gedaged paz stingray Gitua par stingray Kilivila vai stingray Molima vali stingray Takuu hai stingray Cheke Holo vali stingray Nggela vali a species of fish, ray, skate Lau fali stingray 'Āre'āre hari stingray Sa'a hali stingray Arosi hari stingray Gilbertese bai-manu giant ray, manta ray (Polynesian loan) Puluwat fáári-yáp kind of large but harmless ray fish fáyi ray fish Woleaian fai-ya file (a tool); rayfish (general term) Mota var, vari stingray Vatrata ver stingray Mosina ver stingray Merig ver stingray Piamatsina vari stingray Peterara vari stingray Atchin ni-va stingray Lingarak ne-va stingray Axamb ni-ve stingray Maxbaxo ni-ve stingray Bonkovia vi stingray Pwele fai stingray Lelepa pai stingray Efate (South) fai stingray Canala pe stingray Rotuman hai stingray Fijian vai a ray or skate,Raiidae; also a string figure Tongan fai skate or sting-ray fai kili kind of skate or sting-ray with very hard, rough skin from which rasps are made Samoan fai sting-ray,Dasyatis sp. Rennellese hai general for rays and skate-like fishes Maori whai Dasyatis brevicaudatus, sting-ray andRaja nasuta, skate te whai a titipa the "coalsack", a dark spot near the Southern Cross; cat's-cradle; play at cat's-cradle WMP Tagalog pali-manók Javan cow-nosed ray OC Kwaio fali-manu manta ray 'Āre'āre hari-manu big ray fish Tongan fai-manu kind of skate or sting-ray Kapingamarangi hai-manu fish sp.: bar ray Hawaiian hī-hī-manu various stingrays (Dasyatidae) and eagle rays (Myliobatidae) (with assimilation of *hai-hai tohī-hī). OC Nggela valo pierce a hole in a porpoise tooth, so as to string it Kwaio falo drill a hole falo-falo a drill 'Āre'āre haro pierce, bore, drill Sa'a halo bore into with circular motion, as feet into sand; twist a stick in making a hole; the flint point of a drill,haro mao Nukuoro hao drill through, burrow hao-ŋa a hole in something Maori whao perforate, chisel out OC Nggela valo rob openly, take and keep, refuse to return, an open act, unlikegito, steal valo-valo to rob Samoan fao snatch, seize, grab; rob (of belongings, money, spouse) Hawaiian hao scoop or pick up; grasp, pillage, plunder; robber WMP Ilokano párut pull up, grub up, uproot, pluck up by the roots, pull off, pluck (feathers, hair, etc.) Ifugaw pálut pull out grass, weeds, small plants including the roots Pangasinan pálot pull out Gorontalo pahuto uproot (plants), unsheathe (weapon) OC Kwaio falu remove, pluck OC Kilivila pasa swamp Marshallese pat swamp Puluwat paat swamp peta-n its swamp WMP Ilokano pásaŋ counterpart, match ag-ka-pásaŋ to form a pair, to match i-pásaŋ to substitute, give in exchange; transfer; endorse Maranao pasaŋ-an set, as ofkolintang (gongs) or buttons Tiruray fasaŋ-an a set of five Tiruray tuned gongs Yakan mag-pasaŋ(-pasaŋ) to be approximately the same size (of people and animals); it is always comparative Tausug pasaŋ a pair, set (of material things) pasaŋ-un to put things together into sets or groups Kadazan Dusun pasaŋ pair ka-pasaŋ suitable as a pair pi--pasaŋ-on to be put into pairs sa-pasaŋ one pair Iban sa-pasaŋ a pair Malay pasaŋ pair; (slang) to couple (kasut sa pasaŋ ‘a pair of boots’) Acehnese pasaŋ pair, team, spouse, partner, equal Simalur sa-pasaŋ one pair pasaŋ-an yoke on the neck of a carabao Karo Batak pasaŋ a pair; belonging together si-pasaŋ ras forming a set; in agreement with Toba Batak pasaŋ matching, going together sa-pasaŋ one pair Nias sa-fasa a pair Lampung pasaŋ pair sa-pasaŋ one pair Sundanese pasaŋ pair, team sa-pasaŋ one pair pasaŋ-an yoke for a team of draught animals Old Javanese sa-pasaŋ one yoke or pair, one cart a-pasaŋ-pasaŋ-an arm in arm pasaŋ-an yoke Javanese pasaŋ pair (of shoes, etc.), team (as of draught animals) pasaŋ-an yoke (for draught animals) Balinese pasaŋ pair (of inanimate objects); a distich, a couplet in verse ha-pasaŋ one pair pasaŋ-an a couple, pair Sasak pasaŋ pair, team (of animals and objects) sə-pasaŋ one pair pasaŋ-an one of a pair Wolio pasa pair (e.g. of shoes), team (of horses); set; make a pair, match well, be well suited, be alike, be equal Muna pasa match, equal, rival; pair (male and female) pasa-no mbadha marriage partner (lit. ‘match of body’) po-pasa to pair up (in games) pasa-e just like, exactly like CMP Rembong pasaŋ to match; a pair Kambera pahaŋu pair; form a pair; agree or fit with one another OC Sa'a hata to go together, to accompany one another WMP Tagalog pásaŋ a well-adjusted wedge mag-pásaŋ to wedge; to put in a wedge p<um>ásaŋ to go or enter through a narrow passage Bikol mag-pásaŋ to fit the head of an axe on the handle by splitting an end of the handle so that it may be wedged tight in the head Maranao pasaŋ to aim, as a firearm Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pasaŋ to place a leaf-bound resin lamp in a holder made of a piece of wood which is partially split so that the lamp may be wedged in it Malay pasaŋ putting in use or order or motion, as saddling or harnessing a horse, firing a cannon, hoisting a flag, setting a sail, lighting a lamp, setting up a machine, buttoning, etc. Gayō pasaŋ insert Karo Batak pasaŋ insert (in a game) Toba Batak pasaŋ prepare, use; prepare for use Javanese pasaŋ to put in place, set up WMP Maranao pasaŋ to bet, as in card game Javanese pasaŋ to place a bet Muna pasa stake one’s money (in gambling) WMP Ida'an Begak pasaŋ sea Ngaju Dayak pasaŋ flood tide (opposite of ebb tide) Malay pasaŋ tidal flow, in constrast tosurut (ebb) pasaŋ anak neap tide pasaŋ bah tide causing inundation pasaŋ bəsar spring tide Toba Batak pasaŋ flood tide Javanese pasaŋ rising of flood waters Tae' pasaŋ flood tide Formosan Thao pataqaz shoulder pole (one person, two loads) mataqaz carry on a shoulder pole WMP Tagalog pasán a load or burden on the shoulders; burden; what is carried; a load (of things, care or work in physical or moral sense) pasan-ín to carry on the shoulder Bikol paʔsán carry on the shoulder Cebuano pasʔán carry something over the shoulders Mongondow mo-motaan carry on the shoulder potaan-on take it on your shoulder! Bare'e mam-pasaʔa carry on the shoulder CMP Tetun hasan carry on the shoulders OC Mendak pasa a plant:Vitex cofassus Patpatar vasara a plant:Vitex cofassus Lakalai la-vasa a plant:Vitex cofassus Marovo vasara a plant:Vitex cofassus Nggela vaha a plant:Vitex cofassus Lau fata species of hardwood:Vitex cofassus Sa'a hata hardwood tree Fijian vasa a plant:Cerbera odollam Formosan Amis pacek a nail, nails mi-pacek to nail, hammer a nail into Puyuma pasek nail; hammer in a nail mi-pasek have a nail in WMP Itbayaten pasek nail i-pask-en dowel, made oftañod (mulberry) tree Kankanaey pásek wedge Ifugaw páhok wedge used to cleave logs before they can be split and serve as firewood Bikol pások wooden peg mag-pások put something together with such pegs Maranao pasek post, pillar Tombonuwo pasok pole Kenyah (Long Anap) pasək insert something into something else masək enter Iban pasak treenail, dowel, peg, wedge; fix with these Malay pasak fastening or tightening with a bolt, peg or wedge pasak-kan sepatu kuda to shoe a horse Rejang pasoʔ nail (metal) Mori Bawah paso wooden peg, nail CMP Komodo paséʔ to plant (as rice, or bananas) Manggarai pacek drive in a stake (in making a fence); to plant, as rice; planted Ngadha paso to plant, as rice Dobel ʔa-yayi to plant OC Vitu vazo ~ vazo-vazo to plant vazoh-ia to be planted Gitua vazok to plant Motu hado ~ hado-hado to plant Gabadi vago to plant crops Tawala wago plant by pushing into the ground; to strike a cutting Proto-Micronesian *faSo planted; to plant; a planted thing Gilbertese arok-a a plant, cultivated plants Pohnpeian pɔd to be planted pɔdok to plant (something) Chuukese fóto planting Puluwat fót to plant, insert, pick out, select; to be inserted, selected Woleaian fat a plant fato-gi plant it, put it in place fato-go plant set aside for a particular purpose, usually for planting at a new taro patch or new garden Mota was to drive a hole, make a hole by hammering in some tool, as to drive holes through the plank side-pieces with a shell tool, and lash them to the hull OC Nggela vahi-kolu to plant yams Lau fasi to plant 'Āre'āre hasi-a to plant (of food except taro) Arosi hasi to plant hasi-a planted Fijian vasi to plant yams in the same ground two or more years in succession WMP Tagalog pásig a river that flows into the sea; sandy bank of a river Cebuano pasíg shoals, a shallow place in a body of water; for a water-covered area to become shallow Mansaka pasíg shallow rocky place in the sea Iban pasir sand, sandbank; mudbank pasir buŋa fine sand pasir keresik quicksand Malay pasir sand; sandy stretch; sand-like pasir bəlanak sandy sea bottom that holds anchors well (lit. ‘mullet sand’) pasir panjaŋ stretch of sandy beach buŋa pasir fine sand particles on still water ibu pasir gravel, shingle Acehnese pasi beach, sand Old Javanese pasi-si sea; beach, strand, shore Balinese pasih the sea Totoli pasig sandbank Tajio pasig sandbank Ampibabo-Lauje pasig coral reef Bare'e pasigi reef, shoal, sandbank pasigi malulu sea grass Tae' pasiʔ sand batu pasiʔ sandstone WMP Tagalog pasig-an sandy bank of a river Malay pasir-an sand; sandy stretch; sand-like Balinese pasih-pasih-an a small pool, pond Formosan Kavalan p<m>aspas to hit with a stick, to strike with a stick or twig Amis pacpac beat hard; thresh out; hit with twigs WMP Bikol paspás a method of threshing in which the rice is beaten with sticks WMP Yami paspas remove dirt; remove bad luck Itbayaten pa-paspas-en to shake something so that dirt or something inserted comes out Ifugaw pahpá(h) to purify, cleanse; applied to wounds Tagalog pag-pa-paspás dusting (by sweeping, fanning or flicking action) Waray-Waray pag-paspás the act of wiping off mud and moisture from shoes or feet; the act of shaking off or getting rid of, as dust, etc. paspas-í to shake or dust off Cebuano paspas duster; stick with strips of paper at the end to chase away flies; drive flies away with a fly whisk; hit someone with a duster or a fly whisk Binukid paspas to dust, brush, sweep off (an area) Mansaka paspas to brush away (as dust); to drive away; to exile (as person) Mapun mapas to remove something by slapping, banging, brushing off (as when slapping a ball out of someone’s hand, banging an eraser against something to remove the built up chalk, brushing a bug off of one’s arm Tausug mag-paspas to get rid of by brushing off; to brush off (something) paspas-i brush it off (imper.) Ngaju Dayak papas broom; what is swept ma-mapa-mapas sweep away a little Malagasy fafa sweeping, cleaning off ma-fafa exhaused, empty, gone ma-mafa to sweep, to wipe, to clear away mi-fafa to sweep, to wipe, to clear away ma-maspas to shake out, beat out dust from clothing WMP Yami paspas-an remove grime Itbayaten paspas-an to remove dirt or dust by brushing, to brush off or away Kapampangan paspas-an sponge bathe, dab something on, whisk Waray-Waray paspas-an doormat WMP Hanunóo paspás dripping of rain from eaves Kadazan Dusun papas ditch, drain, channel ma-mapas to make a ditch or channel ka-papas-an act of making a ditch, drain, channel Dairi-Pakpak Batak paspas-en a place on the ground where rain dripping from a roof makes a groove or channel; the dripline from a house (which is made by rain dripping from the roof) WMP Hanunóo paspás-an ditch formed by rain dripping from eaves; rain ditch Kadazan Dusun papas-an to make a ditch for WMP Ilokano paspas-án to do quickly na-paspás quick Casiguran Dumagat paspas to work energetically Ibaloy paspas fast, quick, speedy Tagalog paspás spurt or burst of speed, activity or effort Bikol paspás fast, quick, rapid mag-paspás to be quick, to accelerate pa-paspas-on to make something run faster (as a vehicle) paspas-éro speedster, speed demon (with Spanish agentive ending) Aklanon páspas to hurry up, speed up, go faster; fast, quick, hurried; rash, too quick Waray-Waray paspás fast; sudden; swift; prompt; quickly; with haste; rapidly pag-paspás the act of hurrying up; haste; a hurry; quickness of movement or action paspas-í to hurry up; be hasty; get faster; rush up Agutaynen paspas quickly, in a rush Cebuano paspas fast in motion or doing something; do something hurriedly, get to be fast Manobo (Western Bukidnon) paspas to do something in a hurry Tiruray fasfas to hurry something; quick, speedy Tausug mag-paspas to put forth a sudden burst of speed, exert physical effort paspas-i speed up! (imper.) WMP Ibaloy paspas-an to do something quickly Agutaynen paspas-an do something quickly, at once, nonstop, or in a rush Mapun paspas-an to speed up (when doing something); to do something faster Yakan paspas-an to speed up an action Formosan Puyuma pasu cheek bone WMP Paku pahu cheek Old Javanese pasu root of the nose Makassarese pasu prominent cheek bones Chamorro fasu cheek, face CMP Bimanese pahu face Manggarai pacu cheek Li'o pasu cheek Selaru asu-ke cheek, jaw, molar teeth Kamarian asu cheek Proto-Sub-Ambon *pasu- cheek OC Mekeo (East) paku forehead Bileki vasu forehead Dobuan asu forehead Nggela vau-vahu eyebrow Arosi vasu-vasu- eyebrow Marshallese yāt eyebrow Fijian vacu the eyebrows OC Hote vau bear a child, give birth; bear fruit Bugotu vahu bring forth, give birth to Nggela vahu to bear, give birth to; be born Paamese vas give birth, have a child Formosan Amis pacok to slaughter, to kill with a knife or sword Amis (Kiwit) mi-patsuk to stab WMP Tagalog pások entry; entrance; act of entering; admission; infiltration Iban pasok enter into or upon, begin, go into WMP Ngaju Dayak masok enter, go into Iban masok enter into or upon, begin Malay masok entry; admission into masok-i to enter Toba Batak masuk to enter CMP Hawu mahu to enter, go inside WMP Kankanaey pásoŋ upper jawbone Javanese pasuŋ bridge of the nose, root of the nose CMP Sika pahuŋ cheek WMP Itbayaten paso roast (imper.) ma-maso to roast, to broil (root crops, meat) Ivatan paso to roast, broil Ibatan ma-maso to roast over hot coals Isneg páso heat na-páso hot Itawis pátu heat na-pátu hot (of things) Tagalog pásoʔ a scald; a burn; injury caused by fire or heat; burnt; scalded; seared p<um>ásoʔ to burn slightly Bikol mag-pásoʔ to deliberately burn, scorch or scald; to cauterize Inati pasoʔ to burn Agutaynen pa-maso something which causes a caustic burn Tausug pasuʔ heat, warmth, high temperature; anger, temper pasuʔ atay hot temper, short temper Proto-Minahasan *pasuʔ hot Tondano pasuʔ hot Tontemboan pasoʔ warm, hot WMP Ilokano ma-páso to be scalded, burnt Tagalog ma-pásoʔ to be burnt, scalded or injured by burning; to be seared (as by a hot iron) Bikol ma-pásoʔ to get burned, scalded, scorched Agutaynen ma-paso for the skin to be accidentally burned or scalded by hot or caustic substances Tausug ma-pasuʔ hot, warm (weather, body temperature); unlucky (of a day or month; e.g. for planting) Tontemboan ma-pasoʔ heat up something, become warm or hot Mongondow mo-patuʔ warm WMP Itawis ka-patw-án hot (of persons) Tontemboan ka-pasoʔ-an affected by heat WMP Itbayaten paso-en to roast, to barbecue Ilokano pasú-en to singe wounds (to disinfect) Isneg pasow-án to heat Tagalog pasúʔ-in to burn slightly, e.g. the skin of a person or animal Bikol pasúʔ-en to deliberately burn, scorch or scald; to cauterize Tausug pasuʔ-un to heat (something) WMP Ilokano patáni lima bean:Phaseolus lunatus Bontok patáni lima bean:Phaseolus lunatus Linn. patani-ən to gather this bean Tagalog patániʔ lima bean Hanunóo patáni lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus Linn.), the largest type of beans cultivated by the Hanunóo Cebuano patániʔ lima bean:Phaseolus lunatus WMP Sambal (Botolan) pátaʔ to break bones of something or someone Maranao pataʔ cut down Iban patah break, snap (something long) (Scott 1956); broken, snap, break across (Richards 1981) Malay patah fracture; the snapping of a stick or limb Sasak pataʔ cut rice stalks, harvest the rice Uma pataʔ cut through CMP Hawu pada broken WMP Ilokano pantár treeless plain; (in some districts) shore, land immediately bordering on a stream Ayta Abellan patal an extensive tract of level, open land ma-patal a flat, level place Maranao pantar level, flat, even, plane surface Kelabit patar alluvial plain Malay patar wooden rasp Sundanese pantar equal (in age, height, strength, beauty, etc.) Banggai pantal flat, level CMP Manggarai pantar flat nest (as the nest of the turtle-dove) WMP Tagalog pantal-án wooden or bamboo pier Toba Batak pantar shelf in wood-shed made of wooden or bamboo laths; also the support for a mattress made of sugar-palm mid-ribs CMP Yamdena fatar bamboo-slat bed SHWNG Windesi patar bed, sleeping place Numfor faker foundation of stones, wood, etc. OC Motu pata shelf, table Dobuan pata-patara platform Molima vata-vatala canoe platform 'Āre'āre hā stage, shelf, small platform above the fireplace, used as a depository Fijian vata shelf, loft, platform; bed in a corner of a native house Samoan fata shelf, trestle Hawaiian haka shelf, perch, platform WMP Maranao patag-an height, rampart, level part Iban pantar raised floor or bench built in or next to front wall of longhouse OC Seimat hata-hat shelf above the hearth for drying fish, etc. Tawala watala shelf Arosi haa platform built on the edge of the reef for fishing Mokilese paj-paj platform for drying copra Tongan fata loft or wide rack (for sleeping on, or for keeping food or other things on); stretcher, litter Niue fata shelf, stage, cage, upper story of a house, stretcher Samoan fata shelf, as of bamboo; stretcher, litter Tuvaluan fata shelf of thin sticks across house above head height for the storage of coconuts, etc. Kapingamarangi hada platform on outrigger boom; wooden bed Rennellese hata platform, canoe platform, perch, shelf; raised floors of present-day houses; the ancient traditional house and its platform; perch formerly used in netting doves Anuta pata storage shelf inside a house Rarotongan ata an elevated staging erected especially for storing food and for other purposes Maori whata elevated stage for storing food and for other purposes Hawaiian haka shelf, perch, platform; roost, as for chickens; fish spear rack; rack for suspending water gourds or other household objects; rack attached to booms of double canoe to hold spears; ladder WMP Ilokano pátar level pátar ti baybay sea level patár-en to level, flatten Casiguran Dumagat pátag level, not hilly, of ground Tagalog pátag even; level; flat Cebuano pátag for an area to be flat and level; flat, level lands, plains ka-patág-an plains Central Tagbanwa patag plain Binukid patag expanse of flat lands, plains; for an area to be flat, level; to cause something to be flat, to level something Manobo (Western Bukidnon) patag level, flat Lun Dayeh fatar a plain or flat land Kelabit patar alluvial plain Banggai patal flat, level WMP Maranao patag-an level part Banggai patal-an plain Formosan Atayal patas tattoo Seediq patas tattooing (original); book, writing (modern) Favorlang/Babuza pattas to paint, write Thao patash write, writing Bunun patas write Formosan Atayal matas to tattoo Seediq matas to write, paint, tattoo Thao matash to write Formosan Atayal pətas-an be tattooed Seediq pətas-an place or instrument for writing or studying Thao patash-an what is written: letter, book, word Bunun patas-an what is written down: words WMP Yami pataw fishing bob, buoy pa-pataw-en flying fish with red fins, can be used as bait; the most common type of flying fish Itbayaten pataw float, buoy ma-pataw buoyant pataw-en a species of flying fish Ibatan pātaw a buoy, float, or any floating device Ilokano pátaw buoy; float; anchor; (fig.) anything used for support in times of danger ag-pátaw to swim by using a flotation device Pangasinan patáw buoy; to float Tagalog pátaw ballast; a buoy Cebuano patáw buoy tied to something; buoy used to hold up fishing nets, used to mark a fish trap in the sea, used to mark an unattended fishing line tied to a rope with a harpoon to hold the fish back, etc.; use a float, fasten a float to a rope Maranao pataw float for net WMP Tagalog patíd to cut, cut off Bikol mag-patód to deliberately snap something ma-patód to snap, break, as a string Maranao pated block, log; cut, chop Binukid pated pieces of uncut round timber Kadazan Dusun patod cut into two pieces; to cross, as a road Tae' patiʔ chop off, usually of bamboo WMP Bikol patod-ón be deliberately snapped Kadazan Dusun patod-on to be cut into two pieces WMP Singhi Land Dayak patok parts of gun; hammer Wolio pato make a sound, tok! WMP Tagalog patláŋ interval; space between; gap; a break in continuity patlaŋ-án to put a space between two things Malay pəlaŋ striped; banded in coloring (less correctly) pied WMP Casiguran Dumagat patí also, too; even Pangasinan patí even, including, together with Kapampangan pati and, including, also Tagalog patí including; also; moreover; too; likewise Bikol patí an expression with the following meanings: also, too, even, including Hanunóo patí even; a more common term ishaŋgán ‘even, even to, even including’) Agutaynen pati including; even; also (This is aTagalog word, but is widely used nowadays, especially by younger people) OC Loniu hat break up (firewood), pick or break off (corn, but not fruit) Niue fati to snap, break off; to break, of waves Hawaiian haki to break, as a stick; broken WMP Cebuano pátik tattoo, mark with a brand Binukid patik a tattoo; to tattoo part of the body Ngaju Dayak ba-patik to tattoo, scratch figures into the skin Sundanese paték framboesia Javanese patik spots, freckles paṭèk framboesia WMP Ilokano patík sound of the slipper against the heel Tagalog patík pick-axe Hanunóo patík tapping on the rim of metal dance gongs withpamatík (set of bamboo tappers) Aklanon patík beat, rhythm, count (in music) drumstick Iban pantik to nail Malay panték striking together two hard substances, esp. flint and steel WMP Binukid patiyukan kind of honeybee Manobo (Western Bukidnon) petiyukan a large honeybee which makes a paper nest Sangil patiukaŋ bee Bisaya (Lotud) potiukan bee Proto-Sangiric *patiukan bee Sangir katiupaŋ<M bee Proto-Minahasan *patiukan large bee sp. Tontemboan patiukan kind of large bee Mongondow pasiukan bee, wasp SHWNG Numfor fakok forked sticks that connect the outrigger float to the booms OC Gedaged patot kind of tree; wooden pegs made from the wood of apatot tree. They are used to fasten theaiad (outrigger booms) to the sam (outrigger float) of a canoe Tawala patoto spikes (vertical) on outrigger Tubetube patoto canoe outrigger vertical cross supports Mota vatoto pins which fasten the yoke-pieces to the outrigger of a canoe Wayan vatoto sticks fastening the outrigger (cama) to the booms which connect it to the hull of a canoe WMP Ibatan patpat slash down vegetation to clear the land Bontok patpát to cut down, as reeds or sugarcane, by slashing the plants close to the ground; to clear undergrowth in this manner; sugarcane harvest; to harvest sugarcane Ifugaw patpát to cut off or cut down growing vegetation by swaying one’s knife to and fro, e.g. grass, canes, sugarcane plants Ibaloy me-matpat to cut down something with repeated strokes (as high grass, sugarcane) i-patpat to use something for this purpose (as a bolo) Malay (Brunei) papat to cut, lop off WMP Itbayaten patpat-en to cut Ilokano patpát-en to clut down, clear the land of trees Kankanaey patpát-en to clear a field; to cut down, to cut off, to cut out (bushes, reeds, etc.) OC Mussau patu joint (of elbow, knee); node (of sugarcane, etc.) Nggela patu joint in bamboo; knot OC Takia pat-pat hard, firm Dobuan patu-patu hard, of fat, sago Bugotu patu hard, firm, taut Nggela patu hard; to make firm 'Āre'āre pau-pau firm, hard WMP Ilokano pantók top, apex, summit (mountains, houses); tip of the nose (when long) pátok summit, apex, top, peak, crest Javanese paṭuk promontory Formosan Pazeh patuk to strike against WMP Yami patok bang; nail pa-patok a hammer patok-en to pound, bang Cebuano pantuk knock something against something else Maranao patok axe, hatchet Ngaju Dayak patok biting, pecking (as cocks pecking one another) Malagasy fántoka a nail, a brad, a spike Moken matok chop a tree partly through, lop off Malay patok to peck (of a bird) p<əl>atok woodpecker Karo Batak pantuk to peck, bite Javanese paṭok picket, post (pounded into the ground as a sign) di-paṭok-i firmly pounded in (of a post) patuk beak; pecked (Pigeaud 1938) Sasak pantok woodpecker spp.; hit, strike; play a percussion instrument OC Luangiua paku to strike with the fist Rarotongan patu to smite, strike, dash Maori patu to strike, beat, thrash; subdue; kill; pound (fern root, etc.); also used of washing clothes Hawaiian paku to unite portions of tapa by beating WMP Agutaynen patoŋ a type of bamboo which grows very large but without thorns Cebuano patuŋ kind of thick, straight and smooth bamboo:Gigantochloa levis Tausug patuŋ bamboo Tombonuwo patuŋ a type of thick bamboo Malay p-em-atoŋ bamboo conduit Mongondow patuŋ kind of bamboo used as a water vessel Bare'e patu kind of large bamboo:Dendrocalamus flagellifer Tae' patuŋ, pattuŋ kind of large bamboo:D. flagellifer Makassarese pattuŋ kind of large bamboo WMP Tagalog patugo a cycad:Cycas rumphii Gorontalo patuhu a cycad:Cycas rumphii OC Mussau otou<A a cycad:Cycas rumphii OC Tolai vau Kleinhovia hospita Fijian vau Kleinhovia hospita WMP Palauan uáuʔ tree in periwinkle family:Ochrosia oppositifolia Chamorro fagoʔ a tree:Ochrosia oppositifolia OC Tongan fao tree with white flowers and coarse-husked oval fruit about 3" long:Ochrosia parviflora Samoan fao small shore tree (Ochrosia sp.) Tuvaluan fao tree sp.:Ochrosia oppositifolia Hawaiian hao all native species of a genus of small trees (Rauvolfia) related to themaile and thehōlei. Four or five narrow leaves are borne together at joints of branches; many small, yellowish flowers develop, and then small, black, flattened, twinned, inverted, heart-shaped fruits WMP Ilokano pawíkan sea turtle Casiguran Dumagat pawikan large sea turtle; to hunt for sea turtles by going along the beach at night with torches, looking for the females which come ashore to lay their eggs Tagalog pawíkan tortoise; the large turtle that lives more in the sea Bikol pawíkan tortoise Aklanon pawíkan large sea turtle Waray-Waray pawíkan turtle Hiligaynon pawíkan sea turtle Cebuano pawíkan sea turtle; be affected by a sea turtle, i.e. be unable to come apart in intercourse (from sorcery where the penis of a sea turtle is hidden in the clothing of an adulterer so that he cannot disengage when he has intercourse) p<in>awíkan crying with a profuse flow of tears (like a sea turtle is said to do) pawikan-un tending to cry easily (as women) Maranao pawikan giant turtle Sangir puikaŋ turtle Tombulu puikan sea turtle Tontemboan poikan sea turtle WMP Chamorro faya anchovy:Thrissina baelama (familyEngraulidae) OC Ponam pa anchovy Manam waya-waya sardine Gitua paya anchovy, pilchard Bunama haya kind of anchovy Fijian vaya small fish like thedaniva (similar to a sardine), but with a red tail Samoan fā fish (Megalops sp.) found in marshes and river mouths CMP Yamdena fayan beachworm; bait OC Sa'a pasa the stern bonito hook, trailed behind the canoe, made anciently of clam with a tortoise shell barb Woleaian pa bait, anything used as a lure Fijian baca worm; hence bait for fishing Hawaiian pā pearl-shell lure WMP Bontok payápay to beckon; to flap, of the ears of some pigs Kankanaey i-payápay to beckon, to call beckoning with the hand Casiguran Dumagat payapáy to beckon with the hand for someone to come to you Ibaloy man-payapay to wave, flap (as a blanket on the back of a running person) Hanunóo payapáy fin of a fish Maranao payapay shake, tremble, vibrate; wave WMP Tiruray fayaʔ difficult, oppressive, taxing Ngaju Dayak payah Ach! (expression of complaint) Malay payah difficult (of work); serious (of illness); hard (of times) kə-payah-an difficulties; poverty Sundanese payah suffer serious sickness or pain; seriously ill; near death Javanese payah weary Balinese payah extremely lean, thin WMP Itbayaten paypay idea of waving hands (as a greeting or sign) ma-maypay to fan paypay-an to fan paypay-en to wave hands Ilokano paypáy a fan ag-paypáy to fan oneself paypáy-an to fan someone Bontok paypáy to beckon; to flap, of the ears of some pigs Casiguran Dumagat paypáy to fan, as to fan oneself on a hot day, or to fan a fire Ibaloy man-paypay to wave, stir the air (as flag, shirt tail or runner); to wave with one’s hand --- sideways to greet someone, outward to tell someone to go, toward oneself to summon to come Pangasinan paypáy a fan man-paypáy to fan Kapampangan pepe make waving motion, fan oneself pa-mepe a fan Tagalog paypáy a fan mag-paypáy to fan paypay-án to fan someone or something Bikol mag-paypáy to beckon to, motion to someone to come paypay-án to wave at paypay-ón to beckon to, motion to someone to come Hanunóo paypáy beckoning, always with a downward motion of the hand mag-paypáy to beckon Masbatenyo páypay hand fan mag-páypay to wave paypáy-on to wave Aklanon páypay to beckon to, call over by waving one’s hands Waray-Waray paypáy folding fan, electric fan paypay-í to fan, stir the air Hiligaynon mag-páypay to fan for air; to beckon to, to call back with a hand gesture Cebuano paypáy fan; kind of thin, fan-shaped bivalve, found in sandy seabeds, of no food value pa-máypay to fan oneself Binukid paypay to fan someone or something vigorously Manobo (Western Bukidnon) peypey a fan WMP Casiguran Dumagat páyo to advise, to counsel; to calm down an angry person Tagalog páyo advice, an opinion about what should be done; counsel; to preach, to recommend or advise strongly Tiruray fayu in agreeement where different parties’ interests are concerned Ngaju Dayak payo easily sold Malay payu value; price; of worth Javanese payu to get sold; (fig.) to get accepted Balinese payu find a buyer, be able to sell WMP Ilokano páyoŋ umbrella, parasol ag-páyoŋ to use an umbrella i-páyoŋ to put an umbrella over someone maki-páyoŋ to share an umbrella páyoŋ-páyoŋ head of a mushroom Isneg páyoŋ umbrella tam-páyoŋ the external surface of the conical body of the glans penis Bontok páyuŋ umbrella; a gourd plant having broad, umbrella-shaped leaves:Lagenaria leucantha (Duch.) Rusby Casiguran Dumagat páyoŋ umbrella; to use or carry an umbrella Pangasinan páyoŋ umbrella; to use an umbrella Kapampangan páyuŋ umbrella, parasol mag-páyuŋ to use or carry an umbrella, parasol Tagalog páyoŋ umbrella, parasol mag-páyoŋ to use an umbrella Hanunóo páyuŋ umbrella (know to the Hanunoo only through contact with the lowlanders) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) payuŋ an umbrella Tiruray fayuŋ umbrella; to use an umbrella Mapun payuŋ an umbrella; a bamboo pole with ribs sticking out of it (having white cloth draped around it in an umbrella fashion, used at funerals) Tombonuwo payuŋ umbrella Melanau (Mukah) payuŋ umbrella, parasol Ngaju Dayak payoŋ native umbrella or parasol Iban payoŋ umbrella, sunshade Malay payoŋ umbrella; (fig.) protective shelter; the ordinary umbrella, with its top-knob; the umbrella as indicating rank Toba Batak pauŋ Chinese umbrella Sundanese payuŋ umbrella, parasol pa-payuŋ protection, shelter Old Javanese payuŋ parasol, umbrella a-payuŋ with a parasol a-mayuŋ like a parasol mayuŋ-an hold an umbrella or parasol over someone or something; to shade something, as a tree shading a house Javanese payuŋ umbrella; sunshade pa-payuŋ-an to hold an umbrella over the head Balinese payuŋ sunshade, umbrella (made of leaves of trees) Sasak payuŋ parasol, umbrella bə-payuŋ to use a parasol or umbrella payuŋ-in to shade with a parasol (as a corpse enroute to the grave) Tae' payuŋ parasol, umbrella; exalted, overshadowing others (used in the titles of princes) Makassarese payuŋ parasol, umbrella; parasol as a sign of high rank Wolio pau umbrella Muna pau umbrella ae-pau to use an umbrella CMP Manggarai pajuŋ parasol, umbrella Rembong pazun ~ pazuŋ parasol, umbrella WMP Bontok ma-máyuŋ to use an umbrella Tagalog ma-máyoŋ to use an umbrella Mapun mayuŋ to use an umbrella Melanau (Mukah) mə-mayuŋ to shelter with an umbrella or parasol Bahasa Indonesia mə-mayuŋ-i to shade with a parasol WMP Ilokano payóŋ-an to shade using an umbrella Tagalog payúŋ-an to hold an umbrella over someone Mapun payuŋ-an to use an umbrella; to have an umbrella; to cover someone with an umbrella Javanese payuŋ-an to use an umbrella WMP Cebuano payúpas fan, any device used for fanning Maranao payopas broom, sweep Manobo (Western Bukidnon) peyufas broom Miri pupa, fupa sweep OC Mussau ea where? Mota i-vea whither? Tongan fē what place, which place; which thing, which one, which Niue fē which?, where?, when? (used as adjective and adverb) Samoan ʔi fea where to? mai fea where from? ʔo fea where? Tuvaluan fea where? Nukuoro hee where?, what kind?, which? Rennellese hea which?, what?, where? Maori hea interrogative: what place?; indefinite: any place pē-hea interrogative. Of what sort, character, appearance, etc.; do or treat in what way, act in what way Hawaiian hea which (in questions and after other words); where (in questions, and afterai,ʔau,i,ma-,mai,no,ʔo; why, why not (in questions afteri) ka-hea hale which house? ma-hea ka hale where is the house? pe-hea how?, what?, how about it? WMP Isneg mag-pattál to hang oneself p<in>tál to strangle, to throttle, to choke Tagalog pisíl squeezing with the hand Maranao pesel press, as button between fingers Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pesel squeeze something between finger and thumb Iban pecal pinch, squeeze, grasp Malay pecal crush between the fingers, squeeze in the hand Formosan Puyuma peseʔ break mu-peseʔ be broken, as a bottle or calabash Paiwan peteq a break, split (in glass, pottery) ma-peteq become broken WMP Ilokano pessá hatch from an egg Kapampangan apsáʔ to hatch, of an egg Tagalog pisáʔ crushed, pressed, compressed; hatched, of eggs Abaknon passaʔ to break (brittle objects) Agutaynen ma-petek for something fragile like glass to crack or shatter, become broken petek-en to intentionally crack something open ma-pa<n>tek for a hen to hatch (lit. crack) her eggs Cebuano pusáʔ crush or squash something soft; break something fragile; hatch an egg Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pesaʔ smash something, as an egg, a caterpillar, or somebodys body or head Bintulu pəsaʔ broken or cracked into several large pieces, as an egg Rhade mcah broken Malay pecah breakage into bits Karo Batak pecah broken, in pieces; burst out, erupt, of a volcano Balinese pecah to break, break in pieces Sangir pesaʔ crush flat; smash to bits; hatch, of eggs Bare'e poso broken, of hard, brittle things; hatched, of eggs OC Nggela posa break, of a boil; burst, of a football Kwaio a-bota open; hatched, of eggs; smashed; break making big noise bo-bota rubbish heap bota-niu-ŋa ritual breaking open of coconut Toqabaqita a-bota of an egg: hatch; of a state of affairs: happen, occur, take place 'Āre'āre apota egg Sa'a pota to break by knocking one thing against another pota niu to crack coconuts Ulawa pota-a rubbish heap; refuse; dung Arosi bota break by knocking on something else, as an egg on bamboo Wayan voca be run aground by force; be wrecked in this way voca-voca be damaged, etc. Fijian voca to be wrecked on a reef, of a canoe (stronger thankasa to run aground, of a canoe) Tongan foa to break (a cup, stone, rock, etc., not a stick); to cut (ripe coconut) in halves foa-ʔi to break fō-foa-ʔi to hatch (of eggs or chicks) Samoan foa break (rock or shell); hatch, of eggs faʔa-foa (of a boil) come up, form Tuvaluan foa break (a nut, head, canoe, etc.) fo-foa to hatch (of eggs), break the hymen and hence be first to have intercourse with a virgin faka-foa a boil; be big (of waves) Nukuoro h-hoa crack open; break into pieces; cut a hole in hoa lalo anvil or other hard object (such as a stone) on which something can be struck hard; mortar stone Rennellese hoa to crack, as nuts oftagie (Terminalia) orbaga (Barringtonia) trees; to cut or lacerate the forehead, as with axe, stone, or knife in mourning; to break or hatch, as an egg; to bump, as the head; to smash; to drive fish into a seine, as by beating the sea with sticks or by throwing stones hoa-ʔaki to split, as wood Hawaiian hoa to strike with a stick or club; to club; a club hoa-hoa tapa beater, washing stick OC Sa'a ma-pota broken to pieces Tuvaluan ma-foa be broken (of dawn) WMP Kimaragang Dusun posut a whip Malay pəcut whipping mə-məcut to whip up (as a horse) pəcut-kan to whip up (as a horse); also to smack with the midrib of a coconut frond Sundanese pəcut whip, riding crop məcut strike with a whip Old Javanese pəcut a whip a-məcut to whip, wield a whip Javanese pecut a whip mecut to whip (fig. to inspire, motivate) Balinese pecut a long whip Formosan Paiwan petsik snap the fingers WMP Tagalog pitík fillip; sound of starting combustion (of wood, coal, etc.) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) petik slingshot Malay peték plucking at; picking (flowers), playing (stringed instruments); snapping the fingers Balinese peṭik pick fruit or flowers, break off with the finger Proto-Minahasan *petik heartbeat; to beat (of heart) CMP Yamdena petik snap off with the fingers; shoot pellets with a flexible lathe Formosan Amis pdek to put out, as when lights are turned off sa-pdek eyelashes, something for blinking mapa-pdek to blink WMP Maranao perek wink Formosan Pazeh pee-peder is squeezing (wringing out) clothes Puyuma pəɖəɭ to squeeze, extract from WMP Tae' pedeʔ close up well, of a hole; pack earth in tightly; press a plug in tightly so that there is no leak CMP Manggarai peret tight, of clothes Formosan Amis pedped to crown, pack solid WMP Bontok pədpəd press together; to compact, as soil, by stepping on it Ibaloy i-pedped to pack down, tamp down something (as earth around house post, carrots in a sack so it will hold more) Malay (Kedah) penoh pepat chockfull; crowded WMP Lun Dayeh fefed the end, the tip of something; destiny Kelabit pəpəd the end (of a thing or action) Old Javanese pəpəd completed Mongondow popod end, ending, extremity (as the end of a rope, a village, a conversation) WMP Agutaynen mag-pegeŋ to hold tightly to something; to put pressure on something pegeŋ-an to control oneself; to exercise self control, self discipline; to restrain, hold oneself in check Maranao pegeŋ firmly, hold strongly Old Javanese pegeŋ restrain, hold back (feelings, breath) Balinese pegeŋ hold one's breath, sit quite still, not move a muscle; be deep in thought Sasak pegeŋ stick to, be tenacious WMP Cebuano pugút name given to triggerfishes, especially species with very small mouths (as opposed to thepakul, which have larger mouths) pugut-un ug baʔbaʔ having a small mouth Mapun paggot a small triggerfish WMP Bikol mag-pagpág to shake something out (as a rug); to shake something out against; to beat something to remove the dust Maranao pepeg to box, give a blow Sasak pepek to hit, strike p<em>epek what one hits with WMP Yami pegpeg shivering ma-megpeg to shiver Itbayaten pegpeg idea of chills ma-megpeg to have a chill, tremble accompanied with chill Casiguran Dumagat pegpeg to shake, to quiver (in fear, or from cold or malaria chills) Ayta Abellan pegpeg trembling (as with cold) WMP Ilokano pekká break, shatter, smash; open forcibly (as someone's fist) Cebuano puka break something that is attached to something by holding tight to it Maranao peka break, snap, as chains Tiruray feka disconnect; get rid of Kanowit peka part, separate (Roth 1896) CMP Buruese peka-h throw out, do away with OC Nggela voga to separate, as two men fighting voka divide, separate, divorce Sa'a hoka burst open, come apart Arosi hoa divide, cleave asunder, separate hoga come apart WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pekak of a hen, to cackle Iban em-pekak (of a hen after laying an egg) cackle WMP Maranao pekaŋ tear apart body of live victim Iban pekaŋ with arms or legs stretched out pekaŋ kayuʔ fork of a tree Javanese peŋkaŋ-an inter-space Balinese peŋkaŋ straddle; dance with the feet wide apart OC Nggela voka divide, separate, divorce Arosi hoka move the legs apart, stretch the legs WMP Ilokano pekká a crack pekka-en to shatter, smash; break; open someone’s fist forcibly; break free from bondage; disjoint na-pekká cracked; shattered; disjointed Kenyah pekaʔ split open Bare'e poka split, torn, rent WMP Isneg pakkáw to shout; extol one's former exploits (in headhunting) -- this is done at the time of a solemn sacrifice, when the braves are supposed to be ridden by the spiritaŋlabbāŋ; to curse -- this is done shouting, so that the object of the curse may hear it Malay pekau yell, scream, other than a cry of pain or appeal for help WMP Ilokano pekkél squeezing, massage pekkel-án to wring clothes, wring neck Casiguran Dumagat pekel to wring out wet cloth Ibaloy pekel to form, gather, compress something into a ball, tight mas, lump, cluster (as rice grains when eating with the fingers) Maranao pekel choke, strangle WMP Kankanaey i-pkét with adherent vein, applied to the gall bladder (it is considered ill-boding) p<um>két to cleave, to stick, to adhere; to be glutinous, sticky, slimy Pangasinan pekét to hold, stick together, or pin together Maranao peket to attach, include Manobo (Western Bukidnon) peket of a sticky substance, to cause several or more things to stick together Tiruray feket a sap mere-feket having lots of sap, used as a euphemism for bleeding Malay pəkat sticky, viscous or thick (of liquids); strong (of coffee) Sundanese pəkət stand in relation to one another, be connected CMP Manggarai peket adhering, sticking (to something) Formosan Kavalan sa-pekpek wooden hammer to remove rice grains by beating Amis pekpek to beat with hand or board WMP Ilokano pekpék to produce the sound of wood when beaten Mapun pepek to tap on something (in order to break it or make a sound); to beat a drum or strike a bell; to tap or beat on metal with a hammer in order to shape it Kadazan Dusun popok to knock (on door, wall) Lun Dayeh fefek a hammer; the driving or knocking of a nail into a wall or a long object into the ground Melanau (Mukah) pepek whip Karo Batak pekpek beat, strike Sasak pəpək to hit, beat WMP Lun Dayeh mefek to drive or knock a nail Sasak (mə-)məpək to beat or pound Formosan Kavalan p<m>ekpek to hit with a stick; to crush bamboo by pounding, as when making a floor WMP Kadazan Dusun p<om>opok thing one uses to knock Sasak p<əm>əpək that with which one hits or beats WMP Ilokano pekpék crammed, stuffed, packed Kankanaey pekpék fill, swarm in, overrun Malay pepak full, fully attended Javanese pepek completely assembled Balinese pepek all together, complete Sasak mepek, pepek swarm together WMP Maranao pekoʔ bent, bend, crooked Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pekuʔ bend something Tiruray fekuʔ bend Uma pokuʔ spherical OC Nggela vogu curl over before breaking (of a wave) Arosi pokupoku draw up the legs WMP Ilokano pakkó neck (of the cow, etc.) Narum pekuʔ nape of the neck Miri fekuʔ nape of the neck OC Roviana velavela to shout, as an official at a gathering, a man in anger, etc. Fijian vela, velavela interjection of surprise WMP Maranao pelaʔam suffer pains in silence; hold the breath Iban pelam conceal (as an illness); keep oneself in seclusion, of an unmarried woman with child, until she cites the father WMP Maranao peled sourness of taste Chamorro fulot sensation or taste on tongue from eating unripe banana; tingling sensation from eating certain things WMP Mapun pallat acridity; bitterness; having an acrid, bitter taste (as soap, baking powder, turmeric, unripe pomelo, cigarettes) Chamorro fulot sensation or taste on tongue from eating unripe banana, tingling sensation from eating certain things WMP Ilokano i-pelpél to press down (through an opening); put on a wheel; thrust into hole or mouth ma-i-pelpél to get stuck in an opening or hole Kankanaey i-pelpél to stuff, to cram the mouth with food Casiguran Dumagat pəlpəl packed tight, crammed; to cram into, to stop up (a bottle with a wad of cloth); press against one another in a crowd; to be stuck into (as for a nail to be stuck into a piece of wood, or for a child’s head to get stuck between two slats of a fence) Ibaloy i-pelpel to pound, drive something down (as a nail) Tagalog pilpíl compressed, pressed flat Maranao pelpel abound, full of (as a lake full of fish) Lun Dayeh fefel putting something in the mouth by force mefel force something into another thing f<im>efel something used to force-feed a person Karo Batak pelpel tamped down, pressed tightly together, of material melpel-i to tamp down an earthen floor Toba Batak polpol stopped up, blocked, as a pipe ma-molpol to block, stop up Tontemboan peʔpel press down, press flat with something broad or level WMP Tiruray feluk to bend something Malay pəlok folding in the arms Old Javanese pəluk bend, curve CMP Kambera pàluku to bend, bend around pàluku pata to bend and break off, as a branch Formosan Amis ploc pull off (as a ring), disengage (as to let down a baby that has been tied on its mother's back) WMP Bikol palós to get off, dismount Maranao pelos slip off Mongondow poḷut to get loose (as flower petals, or an animal from a noose trap) WMP Ilokano pennéd dike, levee, dam penned-én to dam Tagalog pínid to close (door, window) Binukid pened to pinch, press something together with the fingers Tausug punud not hollow, solid (of a body), sturdy Kadazan Dusun ponod packed, full Mongondow mo-ponod thick, massive; become full Muna pono full fo-pono to fill up, cram OC Proto-Micronesian *pwono be shut, blocked; to shut, block, close OC Bugotu pono closed up, stuffed up WMP Maranao pened formal gathering OC Rotuman fono to place a taboo or prohibition on (land, nuts, sea) in order that the copra or fish so reserved may afterwards be used for a specific purpose Wayan vono (of, e.g. a preacher or team coach) to give a speech of advice, instruction or encouragement Tongan fono town or village meeting (officially convened) Niue fono a council, parliament, meeting; a prohibition placed on a plantation or a shellfishing area Futunan fono assemble for discussion; a council, assembly fale fono assembly house Samoan fono meeting; conference, rally, congress; have a conference, hold a meeting; (of a council) to meet; made sacred, prohibited fōno-fono meet (ceremonially or officially) Tuvaluan fono a meeting; the body of people at a meeting fono-ŋa a discussion Rennellese hono rituals; priest-chiefs performing these rituals; sorcery Anuta pono general assembly of the island; generic for any council of a political nature; to meet in political council Maori hono assembly, company, crowd; retinue, following Hawaiian hono gathering of chiefs in a taboo ceremony; group of islands in a circle WMP Ilokano penpén heap, pile; rice stored away i-penpén to store, keep in reserve; accumulate, pile up; keep; conceal, hide na-i-penpén piled up, stored Bontok pənpən to place many objects into a container, as clothes into a trunk, or sweet potatoes into a pot Ibaloy i-penpen to pack, stuff, put a large amount of something into a container (as cargo on a bus, harvested rice into a basket) ma-y-penpen chock-full; to gather with standing room only (as people) Maranao pempen provision sufficiently Balinese penpen put into, fill with Tae' pempen to push, crowd, jostle WMP Casiguran Dumagat pənpən to cup the hand over a part of the body (nose, mouth, genitals) Agutaynen mag-penpen to cover up one’s ears, eyes, nose, etc.; to put one’s hands over a person’s mouth; to hold onto one’s private area when needing to urinate Lun Dayeh fefen a cover mefen to put a cover on something Kelabit pəpən a cover; hidden məpən to cover Formosan Paiwan p<n>elʸuq to fill something ma-pelʸuq to be filled, become filled se-pelʸuq to overfill WMP Itbayaten a-pno idea of being filled up Isneg pannó full; fullness Umiray Dumaget pino full Ibaloy pe-pno-en to fill something, as a cup Pangasinan panó to fill to overflowing Tagalog punóʔ full, filled, rife Bikol panóʔ full, crowded panóʔ-pánoʔ very full; crowded, packed, teeming Hanunóo punúʔ full Abaknon pannoʔ full (of a container); filled Aklanon punóʔ full; to fill up (as a bottle with liquid) Waray-Waray puno-á to fill to capacity Hiligaynon punúʔ full to capacity mag-punúʔ to fill to capacity Cebuano púnuʔ filled, full; covered with something; fill up a container or space Maranao penoʔ fill up (as a grave with dirt) Binukid punuʔ to fill up (a container or a space) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) penuʔ to fill something Tiruray fenoʔ to be full Klata ponnuʔ full Mapun pannoʔ to be full (as a jar, room, container, airplane, etc.); to have more than enough (with regard to wealth) Yakan pennoʔ full (as a suitcase full of clothes); to fill something with something Tboli hnok to fill up (as a glass with water); full (as a sack full of corn) hnok to fill up (as a glass with water) Kadazan Dusun ponuʔ to fill; to be full Tarakan panoh full Abai Sembuak fanuʔ full Kelabit penuʔ full (as a basket or bag) Berawan (Long Terawan) pəno full Kenyah pənoʔ full Kayan pənu full Kayan (Uma Juman) pənu full Kiput pənauʔ full, as a container Melanau (Mukah) pənuʔ full Malagasy feno full, complete feno manta brimful, wastefully running over (as a cooking pot in which too much rice has been placed to boil) Iban penoh fill; be full (as a jar full of rice beer) Moken penu full; flowing, of tide Malay penoh full, replete penoh tepat brimful, full to the brim Acehnese peunòh full, as a rice field full of water; laden buleuën peunòh full moon Simalur əno-e to fill, as a bamboo water container Lampung penuh full Old Javanese penuh full; filling, filling all; complete in number; in masses, in droves Javanese penuh full menuh to fulfill Balinese penuh be full of Sasak penoʔ full Pendau ponu full, as a container Dampelas ponu full, as a container Uma ponuʔ full Tae' ponno full; filled Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *pono full Mandar panno full panno-i to fill up Makassarese panno full Muna pono full, as a honey jar full of ants CMP Manggarai peno full, as a plate full of rice, or a vessel full of liquid Rembong penoʔ full Keo mbenu full Riung peno full Lamaholot pənũ to fill, fill up Waiyewa bonnu-na full Anakalangu binu full Kambera pínu to fill Rotinese henu to fill; full, as a house full of people, a river in full stream Erai penu full Tugun pʰenu full East Damar r-penu full Leti penu full Wetan peni full, to fill (as a village with graves, a garden with plants) Alune penu full Asilulu penu to be at the peak (of the tide) SHWNG Mayá ꞌfo¹²n full OC Bali (Uneapa) vonuku full (of a container) Vitu vonu full Amara -pon full Lakalai volu full Mengen ponu full Mbula pen be full, be filled; high (used of water) Gitua von full Motu honu to be full, as a water pot with water Mono-Alu fonu(na) full fa-fonu to fill Bugotu vonu full, fullness vonu-a full Nggela vonu to be full vonu-a full vonu-gia filled na vonu the best Kwaio fonu full fonu mamaŋili full to the top 'Āre'āre honu full Sa'a honu full honu makeate full to overflowing äsi e honu high spring tide Arosi honu to fill honu-sia filled Gilbertese on full, filled; fullness Pileni fonu full Tongan fonu full: of container or its contents, or of a notebook, etc. Kapingamarangi honu to fill; filled honu tula full to the brim, brimming Nukuoro honu full honu-a filled with honu tai high tide Rennellese honu to be full of liquid; to be flooded or full of puddles; to rise, of the tide; to be juicy, as a fruit or shredded coconut; to be watery, as some rice; to be shipping water, as a canoe WMP Itbayaten m-apno full Isneg ma-pnó to be filled Ibaloy me-pno full, both of the container and its contents Tagalog ma-punóʔ to be filled, become full (as a well) Mapun ma-pannoʔ to fill Simalur ma-əno full, filled Banggai mo-ono<A full mo-ono ko tobui flood CMP Ngadha benu full, as a pot full of rice Kambera mbínu full, as a house full of people, a village full of graves, a boat full of water Soboyo bonu full; deep WMP Mapun mannoʔ to fill Yakan mennoʔ to fill something with something Kadazan Dusun mo-monuʔ to fill Kelabit menuʔ to fill Malagasy ma-meno to fill, fill up Iban pasaŋ menoh high tide; the tide is high Malay me-menuh-i to fill, fill up Simalur maŋ-əno-e to fill, as a bamboo water container Old Javanese a-menuh-i to fill, make complete WMP Itbayaten n-apno filled Ilokano na-pnó filled, full Ibanag na-pnuʔ filled, full Isneg na-pnó full, filled Itawis na-pánnu full Pangasinan na-pnó full Hanunóo na-pnúʔ already filled up Binukid na-punuʔ filled WMP Mapun pa-pannoʔ to be becoming full Uma po-ponuʔ to fill Muna fo-pono to fill up, cram OC Bugotu va-vonu to fill WMP Tagalog ka-punu-nán what is still lacking and must be added to make something full or complete Kadazan Dusun ko-ponu-an act of filling Old Javanese ka-penuh-an to fill, make complete WMP Isneg p<in>nó filled Kadazan Dusun p<in>onuʔ filled Kelabit p<i>nuʔ was filled WMP Tboli h<em>nok to fill up Old Javanese um-enuh-i to fill, make complete WMP Isneg pannow-án to fill Ibaloy pe-pno-an to make something thus sufficient Tagalog púnú-an fully loaded, as a passenger vehicle punu-án to add to something what is necessary to complete it or fill it (locative stress) Mapun pannoʔ-an fill it! Yakan pennoʔ-an to fill something with something Tae' ponno-an to fill for (someone); fulness; be full WMP Itbayaten a-pno-en to fill up, make full Bikol panoʔ-ón to fill something up Hiligaynon punúʔ-un to fill to capacity Mapun pannoʔ-un fill it! Tboli hnok-en fill it! Kadazan Dusun ponu-on to be filled Malagasy feno-ina to be filled or made complete WMP Tae' ponno sae come in throngs, of people; to pour, of rain, rain cats and dogs OC Motu honu-honu-dae be full to the top Gilbertese on rake full to the top Formosan Kavalan pənu sea turtle (generic for all sea turtles, including the hawksbill) Puyuma pənu turtle (Ting 1978) WMP Abaknon panno sea turtle Subanon ponu turtle Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato) pɨnu river turtle Mapun pannu sea turtle Yakan pennu turtle, orderChelonia (a large kind of marine reptile) Iban peñuʔ any marine turtle (green turtle, hawksbill turtle, leatherback turtle, loggerhead turtle) Singhi Land Dayak pañu sea turtle Moken peñui sea turtle Malay peñu turtle, specifically the edible green peñu karah tortoise-shell turtle (hawksbill turtle):Chelonia imbricata peñu-peñu-an ant-lion Simalur əno sea turtle Toba Batak ponu sea turtle Nias fõnu sea turtle Sundanese peñu sea turtle (its eggs are an important trade article, especially for the population of the south coast of Java) Old Javanese peñu turtle Javanese peñu tortoise meñu tortoise-like (term of abuse,indicating stupidity) Balinese peñu turtle, tortoise Sasak peñu sea turtle Lauje poñu sea turtle Dampelas poñu sea turtle Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *ponu turtle Makassarese paññu sea turtle Wolio ponu kind of large sea turtle Muna ponu sea turtle; frog spawn Palauan wəl sea turtle CMP Bimanese fonu green turtle,Chelonia mydas Komodo penu green turtle,Chelonia mydas, sought after for its flesh Manggarai penu sea turtle Leti enu sea turtle Wetan eni sea turtle Yamdena feni sea turtle fen-lai turtle with worthless shell (probablyChelonia mydas) fen-kéran turtle with prized shell (probablyChelonia imbricata) Fordata fennu turtle with worthless shell (probablyChelonia mydas) Kamarian penu sea turtle Seit wenu turtle Asilulu wenu sea turtle:Chelonia sp. Kayeli heno sea turtle SHWNG Taba hen turtle Sawai fɛn turtle Mayá ꞌfe³n sea turtle OC Nauna puñ sea turtle Loniu poñ sea turtle Ahus pun sea turtle Sori boy sea turtle Lindrou boy sea turtle Bipi puy sea turtle Seimat hon sea turtle Wuvulu ponu kind of large sea turtle, probablyChelonia mydas Kaniet foñ the green turtle:Chelonia mydas Mussau onu sea turtle Tigak un sea turtle Mendak un sea turtle Tanga fun sea turtle, turtle shell Tolai bonu turtle; this word, although found in all areas, is rarely used in New Ireland and Duke of York; it may be a loanword from Nakanai Vitu bonu turtle Lusi ponu turtle Kove ponu turtle Lakalai e-bolu turtle Wogeo foñ sea turtle Manam poŋ sea turtle Gedaged fon leatherback turtle,Dermochelys coriacea Mbula pen sea turtle we pen ma pukpuk flapping helplessly, floundering, be in trouble and helpless (like a turtle lying on its back and flapping its flippers helplessly) Kilivila wonu sea turtle Tubetube won sea turtle Bugotu voñu sea turtle Nggela vonu sea turtle vonu mbuto-mbuto a sea creature like a turtle but only one inch long Kwaio fonu sea turtle Lau fonu sea turtle Toqabaqita fonu turtle, considered a kind ofiqa (fish) 'Āre'āre honu tortoise, turtle honu ako a sickness caused by the turtle, a cough and vomiting of blood Sa'a honu turtle; chorea, when the patient is said to move his hands and feet as a turtle moves its flappers honu iʔe green turtle Arosi honu sea turtle Proto-Micronesian *woñu sea turtle Gilbertese on sea turtle Pohnpeian wehi sea turtle Mokilese woi sea turtle Chuukese wiin sea turtle Pileni fonu turtle Axamb ni-vü turtle Makatea fonu sea turtle Nakanamanga vonu sea turtle Pwele fonu sea turtle Lelepa fonu turtle Wayan tū-vonu loggerhead turtle,Caretta caretta; has large head; meat is highly regarded. Fijian vonu sea turtle vonu dina green turtle vonu balavu a euphemism for human flesh (Lau islands) Tongan fonu sea turtle; kind of beetle (very shiny), shaped like a turtle fonu koloa hawksbill turtle (koloa = ‘goods, wealth, riches, possessions’) Niue fonu sea turtle; (fig.) a quiet person, a person of few words faka-fonu-fonu shy, reserved Futunan fonu sea turtle fonu koloa hawksbill turtle (koloa = ‘riches, durable goods, as mats or tapa cloth) Tuvaluan fonu sea turtle Nukuoro honu green turtle (two varieties) Rennellese honu green turtle,Chelonia mydas; formerly considered the gift (tonu) of Tehainga’atua (one of the most important sky gods), and offered asangatonu (food offering). Thehonu was believed to have been first a culture hero (kakai) and now is considered a fish (kaui,ika) Anuta ponu sea turtle te ponu a string figure Maori honu sea turtle (in a few ancient songs) Rapanui honu turtle Hawaiian honu general name for turtle and tortoise, asChelonia mydas; name of a design for Ni’ihau mats WMP Malay paŋ banging sound Javanese peŋ ringing in the ears, rumble of thunder CMP Manggarai peŋ sound of a fart, blow on the body, etc. WMP Sangir peŋa forked branch CMP Manggarai peŋa bifurcation, fork of a branch; rift, gap between the teeth WMP Karo Batak pera dry, dried up, withered Toba Batak pora dry, of provisions, tobacco, wood, throat; brittle, fragile Sundanese peura hoarse, of the voice Javanese pera dry, grainy, gritty WMP Rungus Dusun poriŋ bamboo variety Dohoi poriŋ bamboo Malay periŋ bamboo Banggai peliŋ kind of bamboo CMP Manggarai periŋ a bamboo:Bambusa vulgaris Li'o peri kind of bamboo OC Pohnpeian pehri a bamboo:Bambusa vulgaris WMP Pangasinan perper to fill a given measure without inflating the contents; give full measurre Maranao peper see to completion, go all the way WMP Toba Batak ma-morpor to press on something, as a fast-running horse that is suddenly spurred on by a person Old Javanese a-məpər to urge, press, push; to be insistent (in questioning), press for further particulars ka-pəpər hard-pressed Formosan Amis proc slide down WMP Tiruray ferus getting loose from being held or tied WMP Ngaju Dayak ka-pehaw hoarseness (as from a cold, or from speaking loudly for too long) Toba Batak mar-poro to be hoarse Makassarese parro hoarse WMP Casiguran Dumagat pegsék splash, spatter (of the leap or flight of small particles, as for rice to jump out of a pestle as it is being pounded) Malay percék speckle, small spot WMP Hanunóo pusít spurt, spurting, as of blood Malay percit squirting out (of water) OC Nggela posi squeeze out Formosan Puyuma pərəʔ to strangle; to wring (as laundry) WMP Tagalog pigáʔ squeezing out liquid by pressure (e.g. juice from fruits, or water from clothes) Bikol pugáʔ to squeeze or wring with the hand (a lemon to remove the juice, clothes to remove water) Hanunóo pugáʔ squeeze, pressing, wringing Masbatenyo pugáʔ squeeze pugáʔ-on squeeze out, wring out Aklanon púgaʔ to wring out, squeeze (to get out excess water) Waray-Waray púgaʔ the act of squeezing or pressing with force, as to extract water from wet clothes Hiligaynon púgaʔ to squueze so as to extract liquid Cebuano pugaʔ squeeze to extract juice; force someone to do something Tausug pugaʔ press or squeeze a liquid (out of something, as juice from a fruit, coconut milk from coconut meat, pus from a wound) Kadazan Dusun pagaʔ to press out, squeeze out, wring out (liquid) Iban perah to squeeze, express (as juice from a lime) merah to squeeze, express (as juice from a lime) Malay pərah to express pərah-kan to squeeze out Karo Batak pereh wring something out, squeeze out; milk an animal Toba Batak poro to squeeze out, wring out, to milk (an animal) Javanese puh for squeezing; to be squeezed e-puh-i to squeeze, wring liquid from sapi puh-an a milk cow Sangir peha to wring, squeeze out Tae' parra squeeze out; crude expression for ‘hold onto’ Chamorro fugoʔ wring, squeeze CMP Lamboya pira squeeze WMP Malay me-merah to milk, wring out Karo Batak mereh wring something out, squeeze out; milk an animal Toba Batak ma-moro to squeeze out, wring out, to milk (an animal) Sangir ma-meha to wring, press out; to milk Formosan Puyuma pərəs squeeze out the contents from (as in squeezing a tube of glue) WMP Itbayaten piis-en to squeeze Isneg paggát to express, squeeze out, press out (water, milk from coconut meat, etc.) Tagalog pigís pressed or squeezed out (as juice extracted from fruits or water wrung out from wet clothes) Cebuano pugús compel someone to do something pugs-ún-un needing to be urged or told to do something Maranao peges force a husband on a daughter Binukid peges to force, compel (someone to do something) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) peɣes to force someone or something Yakan pessel<M to squeeze something (as someone’s hand) Ngaju Dayak pehes a press (used to squeeze something out); what is squeezed out Malay peras expressing, squeezing Toba Batak poros press together Sasak peres express, squeeze out; to abort a fetus (by applying pressure to the abdomen) Sangir pehaseʔ to squeeze out, as milk from grated coconut Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *pio squeeze in the hand Makassarese parroʔ use pressure to squeeze something out (as on a mother’s breast, a wound or a boil) Muna feo to squeeze, wring out (laundry), to milk (a cow) feo-ti squeeze something out into, expel a liquid into Chamorro foks-e to squeeze CMP Yamdena n-feras wring out Fordata n-feras wring out SHWNG Sawai n-fo to wring out OC Kove poho squeeze, wring out; add coconut cream to food; make sago Lakalai volo to work sago, squeeze the water out Sio poro to squeeze Gitua poro wring Mota woro to squeeze, wring out (juice of herbs, liquor of fruits) over food and things prepared for charms WMP Itbayaten ma-miis to wring (clothes, for example); to squeeze Bintulu məməs to squeeze Ngaju Dayak ma-mehes to squeeze out Malay me-meras to express, squeeze out Toba Batak ma-moros press together Sangir ma-mehaseʔ to squeeze out (juice, etc.) Makassarese am-marroʔ squeeze something out WMP Bikol págpág to beat to remove dust (as from a rug) Maranao pepeg to box, give a blow Lun Dayeh peper hitting, pounding Melanau (Mukah) pipah was beaten, was thrashed mupah beat, thrash WMP Ibaloy pelsa a boil on the skin; carbuncle, furuncle mag-pelsa to suffer from a boil Tagalog pigsá boil; a red painful swelling on the body Agutaynen pelta boil; abscess pelta-en to have or develop a boil or abscess WMP Bontok pəták burst, pop, rupture; the report of a shotgun; the sound of something bursting, as a balloon Sasak pertak knock against or with something to drive ants out; hit on the head WMP Maranao pes dull sound, as a scythe makes against the grass Javanese pes sound of something going flat CMP Manggarai pes sound of a fire being doused with water; hiss; sound of flatulence WMP Cebuano pusák break something hard (as a plate, or cement flooring with a hammer) Sangir pesaʔ press flat, pulverize; hatch from an egg CMP Manggarai pecak hatch from an egg OC Teop pes a tree:Pongamia pinnata Wayan vesi (wai) a tree:Pongamia pinnata Fijian vesi (dü) a tree:Intsia bijuga Tongan fehi a tree:Intsia bijuga WMP Ilongot pɨsit blind Bintulu pəsit blind Formosan Kavalan pespes massage Pazeh pepet massage Thao pitpit-in be squeezed or massaged with pinching motions Puyuma pəspəs massage pa-pəspəs to massage p<ən>pəspəs to massage WMP Ilokano pespés juice extracted from the stomach of ruminants, used as sour seasoning to makepinespesan, also calledpinespes Bontok pəspəs to grip in the palm of one’s hand; to grasp; to hold tightly in one’s hand na-pəspəs to be squeezed out or used up, of rice beer Kankanaey pespés press, squeeze in the hand, grasp, wring, knead, apply massage Casiguran Dumagat pəspəs for a woman to milk her breast Ibaloy pespes to squeeze something so that the liquid it contains comes out (as pustule on the skin, cow’s udder to milk, sponge, orange) Pangasinan pespés squeeze Ayta Abellan pehpeh to squeeze (as juice from a fruit); to wring out clothes Karo Batak pespes pinch, squeeze, press out Balinese mespes press with the thumb, squeeze a wound OC Mussau poposo-a to squeeze with the hand Nehan pos to squeeze grated coconut (Ross, Clark and Osmond 1998:283) Teop pos-i to wring, squeeze Nggela pond-i to squeeze, as in shaking hands pos-i to squeeze out Formosan Kavalan p<m>espes to massage Pazeh me-pepet to massage, to grasp Formosan Thao pa-pitpit to massage with pinching motions Puyuma pa-pəspəs to massage Formosan Thao p<in>itpit was pinched, or massaged with pinching motions Puyuma p-<ən>əspəs was massaged Formosan Thao pitpit-í massage (in dehortatives) Puyuma pəspəs-i massage (imperative) WMP Itbayaten apso hole (in general) Ivatan apso no laylay hole Maranao peso hole; bore a hole Iban pesu hole, opening (as in a wall) OC Tongan fohu hole or perforation (in a rock or large stone), used for tethering a boat or canoe fohu-ʔi to make a hole in rock or stone CMP Komodo pesu to break wind, to fart Manggarai pecut to break wind, to fart Rembong pesu to break wind, to fart Kambera ka-píhu to break wind, to fart Tetun hosu to break wind, to fart Selaru r-hes to break wind, to fart Yamdena n-fes to break wind, to fart WMP Iban pesok holed, broken through, bashed in (esp. of hollow things, as boats, gongs, clothes) Malay pəsok bashed in; broken through, of a damaged tray, a mat with holes in it, a man’s skull being crushed in a fight, a wall broken through, or anything full of holes OC Tongan fohu hole or perforation (in a rock or large stone), used for tethering a boat or canoe fohu-ʔi to make a hole in rock or stone Formosan Amis psiʔ to smash dead, as an insect; to squeeze juice ma-psiʔ squeeze out juice, as from a pepper Thao kum-pshiq squirt under pressure; splash pa-pshiq spray water from mouth; splash water pshiq-an be splashed WMP Cebuano púta shatter, crush something to bits Singhi Land Dayak potah break OC Mota wota knock, break by knocking (as firewood) WMP Cebuano putak for chickens to keep squawking, as when laying eggs; complain, talk or protest loudly Sundanese petak loud scream, strong call Javanese petak loud scream WMP Iban petaŋ dark, dim; darkness, evening Malay pətaŋ afternoon and evening kə-pətaŋ-an night watchman Karo Batak peteŋ dark; evening Old Javanese pətəŋ darkness; dark a-mətəŋ to darken, blind, obscure ka-pətəŋ-an plunged in darkness, in the dark, blinded, with everything becoming dark Javanese peteŋ dark; obscure; undercover; gloomy peteŋ-an in the darkness; the dark of the moon ke-peteŋ-an to be overtaken by darkness ke-peteŋ-en to be excessively dark Balinese peteŋ darkness, night peteŋ bulan the dark half of the month Sasak pətəŋ dark Tae' pattaŋ very dark, pitch-dark ma-pattaŋ pitch-dark Makassarese pattaŋ darkness as of night; also darkness during the day, as when an earthquake strikes WMP Cebuano puntik spot, dot Iban petik spot WMP Isneg petpét-an to flatten (iron bars, dough, etc.) Bontok pətpət pack something, as a lunch basket with cooked rice, by pressing down the contents Tagalog pitpít flatten by pounding p<am>itpit crusher of nuts, garlic, etc. Malay pepat flattened out; blunted; trimmed straight penoh pepat chockful, crowded WMP Kankanaey petpét stuffed up; bunged up, as the shank of a pipe Toba Batak potpot grow close together; dense (of vegetation) Old Javanese pəpət blocked, cut off, jammed, covered; all-pervading, enveloping Javanese pepet stopped up, blocked; clogging, blocking (as a ditch choked with trash, people jammed into a location where they can’t find seats) Balinese pepet to prevent, block Banggai mom-popot to close off, plug a hole so that nothing can get through WMP Itbayaten ni-petpet cut petpet-en to cut down; to cut into short pieces (with several chops or blows of bolo) Cebuano putpút piece of wood or stick which has been cut from a larger piece Mongondow popot a piece of something; to cut in two or in pieces, of a long object or a snake WMP Bikol putók explode Cebuano putúk-putúk rapid beating or throbbing of the heart Toba Batak po-l-tuk crackle, of roasting rice or corn Balinese peṭuk knock, beat out; pulse CMP Rotinese heu bind together; roof of a house (tying lontar leaves or bundles oralang-alang grass to the slats of the roof) Yamdena péu to bind in a bundle, of maize WMP Bulungan pəjom to close the eyes Iban pejam closed (of eyes) mejam to close the eyes (as in sleep or death) Malay pəjam closing the eyes Karo Batak medem to lie down; to sleep; to brood, of birds pe-pedem lull a child to sleep per-pedem-en a sleeping place pedem-i to sleep on something (as a mat) Toba Batak modom to sleep, lie down pa-podom to lull to sleep tar-podom to fall asleep, become drowsy sa-m-p<in>odom first time for going to sleep, 10 PM hali-podom-an have a stiff neck from sleeping in an awkward position ma-modom-hon to sit on eggs, brood um-podom-i to lie on something podom-an sleeping place, bed Rejang pejeum to close the eyes te-pejeum eyes closed tight, eyes screwed tight, as a reaction to a sour taste Sundanese pɨrɨm have the eyes closed (as in sleep) Javanese merem closed, of the eyes; to close the eyes Sasak mərəm to sleep Proto-South Sulawesi *pɨddɨm to close the eyes Buginese pɨddɨŋ to blink WMP Central Tagbanwa pɨyɨŋ to close one’s eyes Proto-Minahasan *pədəŋ blind; shut eyes CMP Manggarai peseŋ close the eyes; blind Formosan Thao pi- causative of location;pi-nay ‘put something here’,pi-lhilhi ‘help someone who has fallen get up’ Paiwan pi- causative of location;pi-vavaw ‘put on top’,pi-taladj ‘put something inside’ OC Seimat ia where? Nggela via wherever, of whatever kind, where, what, which Gilbertese ia where? (interrog.) Pohnpeian ia where? what? Mokilese ia where?, which? Chuukese iya place where, where? Southeast Ambrym vi- where, which North Tanna hia where WMP Yami pia good, nice, beautiful, kind maka-pia slowly, very well mi-pa-pia become good ka-pia-pia-n in good condition paka-pia-en make well Itbayaten pia good ka-pia deliciousness, goodness; consent ka-pia-an doing good (to others); welfare, well-being, goodness ka-pia-n advantage, good point(s), good result(s) Ilokano piá health, well-being kap-piá peace na-piá well, healthy pi-pia-en to do well, better p<um>i-piá to improve, get better, recover, ameliorate Isneg na-piyā good, agreeable; handsome (girls) na-piyā-n the best p<um>iyā to become better piyā-n to like, to love Buhid fía good Maranao pia good, well, plentiful Molbog pia good Blaan (Koronadal) fyɨ good Ida'an Begak pio good Basap pia good, goodness Sangir ka-pia goodness, agreeable circumstances, indirect expression for pregnancy maka-pia to improve Mongondow pia goodness CMP Teluti fia good Wahai ia good Morella ia good SHWNG Taba hio well, good Gimán fia good Mayá ꞌfi³ good As fi good OC Sobei fia good Numbami wiya good, well Mota wia good, of the right sort, without anything unusual Koro we good Marino wia good Nakanamanga pwia good Lelepa wia good Siviri pia good WMP Itbayaten ma-pia well, alright ma-pi-pya good paka-mia-en to please paka-pia-en to do well; to repair; to put in position; to put in order; to make good pia-en to allow, to permit, to consent to pi-pie-en to prefer Atta (Pamplona) ma-pia good Isneg ma-piya-piyā to be getting well Maranao ma-pia good, well, nice, fine Bonggi m-pia good Sangir ma-pia good Mongondow mo-pia good, beautiful, proper, in order; healthy; delicious, agreeable Tae' ma-pia beautiful, pretty, good, favorable bulan ma-pia a good time of the month, a favorable time CMP Soboyo bia good, beautiful WMP Toba Batak pia mata coveted; to want, desire OC Fijian via an auxiliary verb expressing desire Tongan fie preposed or prefixed verb, to want, desire, wish or be willing Samoan fia particle preposed to the base, denoting a wish for, liking for or aspiration to (something) specified by the following word Formosan Kavalan piaz dish, plate Puyuma piaɖ a shallow wooden plate (obsolete term, undeciphered; used in translating the Gospels) Paiwan (Southern) piaḍ plate, dish Formosan Seediq piak-piak peeping of baby chicks (Lee 2017:189) WMP Ilokano piák sound of chickens ag-pi-piák to make the sound of chickens Isneg piyáʔ chick, young chicken Ibaloy on-piak to emit a sudden, loud cry --- esp. of babies, but also of chickens Tagalog piyák squawk; sudden cry of fowls when frightened p<um>iyák to squawk; to make a loud, harsh sound Bikol piyák fingerling, young fish Agutaynen piyak baby chicken Cebuano piyák cheeping sound of chicks or young birds Maranao piak chick Binukid piyak chick, young (of birds) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) piyak baby chick Mansaka piyak to chirp; to cheep (as a chick) Tiruray fiyak a chick Bisaya (Lotud) piak baby chick Kadazan Dusun pizak baby chick Tatana piak baby chick Bisaya (Lotud) piak baby chick Lawangan piak chick Taboyan piyak chick Karo Batak piak the puling of little chicks er-piak-piak to cheep, of chicks OC Nggela pia-pia to chirp, of chickens WMP Isneg piān to like, love Ibaloy piyan to want something; to like something Kelabit pian desire, want OC Fijian via an auxiliary verb expressing desire Tongan fie preposed or prefixed verb, to want, desire, wish or be willing Samoan fia particle preposed to the base, denoting a wish for, liking for or aspiration to (something) specified by the following word WMP Ilokano piaŋa a tree:Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.) Ibanag piaŋa a tree:Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.) Tagalog piaŋa a tree:Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.) WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon) piay kind of fern:Acrostichum aureum Malay piai a common swamp or riverside plant; its uncooked leaves are eaten with rice:Acrostichum aureum WMP Malay pécak crushed or driven in at one point, of a rotting fruit, a dented ball, etc. OC Nggela pisa press, crush WMP Bontok písək person who has a white patch in one or both eyes Maranao pisek blind Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pisek to blind someone or something in one eye Tiruray fisek to have one eye permanently closed as a result of injury Iban picak blind in one eye Malay pechak of one-eyed people, the blind eye beingpechak Old Javanese picek blind Banggai moo-pisok blind WMP Ibaloy pisek to have a deep hollow, recessed place (as scar from a boil, person’s cheeks when teeth removed, deflated ball when punched) Malay pechak crushed or driven in at one point (of a rotting fruit, a dented ball, etc;) WMP Aklanon pisík splatter, fly off in all directions Cebuano pisik spatter, splatter Mongondow pisik sprinkle something CMP Hawu pihi shake water off the hands Rotinese pisi sprinkle, spray (water) OC Motu pisipisi to splash Kwaio bisi spray, splash on Lau kwisi to splash 'Āre'āre pisi splurt, splash Sa'a pwisi splurt, splash Arosi pwisi splurt, splash Tongan pī throw, dash or splash water pihi splash up, fly up, as spray Niue pihi to splash pihipihi to spatter pihi-kia spattered Samoan pisi splash Rennellese pisipisi to splash, to wet, stir up, as waves pisi-kia be drenched, soaked; to wet, soak, splash; receive a spurt of a liquid, as lime juice in the eye Hawaiian pī to sprinkle, as water with the fingers WMP Bontok pisít squeeze between finger and thumb in order to squeeze out the contents of something Malay picit pinching; compression in the hand; a form of massage OC Nggela pisi be ejected, of feces WMP Cebuano pisúk, písuk push something small into a depressed position; make a dent in something covering only a small area Kadazan Dusun pisuk inside angle Malay (Jakarta) pécok bruised, dented WMP Bontok pidək have a drooping eyelid Agutaynen mag-pirek-pirek to blink the eyes or flutter the eyelids; for an electric light to flicker on and off Cebuano pilúk wink or blink the eyes Maranao pirek blink, wink WMP Sambal (Botolan) kirɨp<M eyelash Ayta Maganchi kirɨp<M eyelash Tagalog pilik eyelash, eyelashes Bikol pirók eyelashes Palawan Batak pirɨk eyelash Mamanwa piluk eyelash Binukid pilek eyelashes WMP Kenyah pidem to close the eyes Sasak pidəm close the eyes; fall asleep WMP Mongondow pioŋ turn off, extinguish (of fire or light) Muna pio extinguished, out (light or fire) WMP Cebuano pidpid very near or close Javanese pipir beside, next to' (Pigeaud 1938) WMP Ilokano palidpíd border (as in a pattern) Cebuano palidpíd pass close along the side of something Old Javanese palipid edging, frame palipir border, edge, side; going along, (being on) the border or side WMP Ilokano pídut pilfering; kleptomania ag-pídut to pick up; pilfer; steal little by little ma-pídut to be picked up; to happen to pick up; coincidentally pick up p<inn>ídut picking up objects in a race pidut-en to pick up; pilfer Hanunóo pídut pinch Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pindut a pinch of some substance, as a pinch of salt, using the thumb and the fingers WMP Javanese piek-piek to cheep, of baby chicks (Pigeaud 1938) Bare'e pio a high-pitched sound ana pio chick, baby bird ka-pio-pio cheeping together mo-mio crying out of a deer OC Tolai viók peep, cheep (Bley 1912) WMP Agutaynen ma-piet narrow; tight; crowded Cebuano piut narrow, not affording enough space WMP Cebuano píguŋ to grip or hold something firmly (as a squirming piglet, or a board to be sawed) Malay pegaŋ grasp; hand-hold; control WMP Masbatenyo pihak-ón divide something, split ka-pihák portion, part of a whole, one half, other half ka-pihák san púsoʔ spouse, life partner (lit. ‘other half of the heart’) Aklanon píhak to cut into two equal parts; halve pihák the other side; half Hiligaynon pihák other side, reverse, pair, half mag-pihák to cut in two parts, divide in half Mansaka piyak to split (as a coconut) Iban piak side dua piak on both sides sa-piak bukit on the other side of the hill be-piak halved, divided Malay pihak side pihak kepala side of the head Toba Batak piak split in the middle Sundanese miyak step to the side to let someone pass Balinese piyak become separate, split, break open (intr.) miyak split, break open (tr.) Sasak piak to parcel out, distribute Tae' piak split, cleave; be split, cloven si-piak one half of something in relation to the other WMP Aklanon pihak-án uneven-sized, one is larger than the other Old Javanese pihak-an one side, one half Formosan Saisiyat pizaʔ how many? Atayal piraʔ several, several times; how many, how many times, how long a time; only Seediq pia how much? how many? m-pia which time? mn-pia how many times? Amis pina how many?; several Thao piza how much? how many?; several la-piza how much? how many? makim-piza have several of something makit-piza do something several times mim-piza be several; take several mu-piza do how many times? sh<m>i-piza how many?, how long has it been? Bunun (Isbukun) pia how much/how many? Bunun (Takituduh) piah how much/how many? Paiwan pida how much?, how many? ma-pida how many persons? WMP Yami pira how many?, how much? Itbayaten pirah how many? pa-pirah how many (in units or number, not in time) Ibatan pira how much/how many? Agta (Central Cagayan) pigə how many? Isneg pixá how many?, how much? Kalinga (Guinaang) pigá how many? Ibaloy piga how many?, how much? memin-piga to do something how many times? Isinay pya how much?, how many? Pangasinan pigá how much? pigá-ra how many?, so many kuma-pigá which in order? Bikol pirá how many?, how much?; a little more and... (some consequence will follow); except for, excluding Hanunóo pirá how many?; some, several (objects) tig-pirá how much? (in asking a price) Romblomanon pila how many (people)?, how much (substance)?; several (actions, people, situations, things) Masbatenyo pirá how much?, how many? ma-mirá what is the price? pi-pirá-pirá how much is each? how few? how scarce? tag-pirá how much is each? Aklanon pilá how much? [money], how many? [in quantity] piláŋ ka some, a few Waray-Waray pirá how much?, how many? Hiligaynon pilá how much?, how many? Palawan Batak pira how many? Cebuano pilá how much?, how many?; to what extent? tag-pilá how much apiece? pilá-hay only recently, not so long ago Mamanwa piráh how many? Maranao pira how much?, how many? Binukid pila how many?, how much?, to what extent? tag-pila to cost how much for (something)? Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pira how many?, how much? ne-piraʔ-an a few days Mansaka píla how much?, how many? Kalagan pila how much/how many? Yakan piye how many? (days, etc.), how much? (money, etc.) Tboli hilu how many?, how much? le hilu he an expression meaning ‘It isn’t that much, a little is enough’ Bilaan (Sarangani) filɨ how many? Tausug pila how much?, how many? Kadazan Dusun pio how many? Ida'an Begak piro how many? Supan piro how much/how many? Ngaju Dayak piræ how many? Malagasy firi how many?, how often? firi-na to be divided into how many? Maloh insa how much/many? Simalur da-ixa how many? (people) ixa-o how many? (things) Karo Batak piga how much?, how many? labo piga not many pe-piga-ken the which? (in quantitative sequence) Toba Batak piga how much?, how many? ndaŋ piga not many, few pa-piga-hon the which? (in quantitative sequence) Mentawai piga how much?, how many? Lampung pixa how much?, how many? Old Javanese pira ~ piraŋ how much?; a certain number (an indefinite measure) of, some, several kadi pira how could it be? how is it possible that? Javanese pira how many?, what amount? (Ngoko [social dialect]) Balinese pira too, very, too much Sasak pira how much?, how many? Sangir pira how much?, how many? pira-m-bua how many pieces? Tontemboan pira how much?, how many?; not much, a little ma-pira reduce in amount Tae' pira how much?, how many? pira-ŋ-boŋiʔ previously, earlier Mandar pira some, several; how much?, how many? Makassarese pira-ŋ how much?, how many? (in combination forms) Chamorro fiʔa how many? CMP Komodo pira how many? Manggarai pisa how much?, how many?; some, several Ngadha piza how much?, how many? Sika pira how much?, how many? Kambera pira how much?, how many? Hawu pəri how much?, how many? Tetun hira how much?, how many? foli-n hira what cost? Tetun (Dili) hira how much/how many? Wetan wo-ira how many? how much? Fordata i-fira how much?, how many? fa-fira how often? Dobel ʔa-yira how many? Nuaulu ina how much/how many? Alune ila how much? how many? Laha ila how much/how many? Seit ila how much/how many? Boano₂ ina how much/how many? Buruese pila how many? how much? Tifu pila how much/how many? Soboyo hila how much/how many? SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai fis how much?, how many? Buli fis how much?, how many? fai-fis how many times? fapi-fis several, a few ma-fis how long? OC Seimat hil how many? Wuvulu fixa how many? Sursurunga a-is how many? Label isa how many? ha-na-isa how often? Tolai ai-via how many?, how much?, how often?, how many at a time?, how many times? Kove pira how much/how many? Lakalai -riva<M how many?, how much? tau riva how many men? Manam ira how many?, how much? Wedau bia-ŋa how many? Bunama hisa some; how many? ʔe-hisa how many? Magori vika how much/how many? Keapara vira how much/how many? Hula vira how much/how many? Motu hida how many? Kilivila vila how many? Dobuan ʔe-isa how many? Kwaio fita how many?, how much? Lau fita how many? Toqabaqita fita how many?, how much? fita-na ordinal form offita: how many times? 'Āre'āre hita how much? how many? hita ʔāre how many? (of things and persons) hita roʔua how often?, how many times? Arosi siha<M how many? siha-na how many?, what number so far? Chuukese fita- how many? (used with suffixed counting classifiers) fite- how many? (nonspecific or general class of things --- especially if the expected number is more than a few but less than hundreds) Puluwat fite how many? (more than ten) fite-fay how many? (round objects) fite-ray how many? (animate) Woleaian fita- [indefinite] how many?; a few, some Pileni e-hia how much/how many? Mota visa how many? so many Lakona ni-veh how many? Malmariv mo-visa how many? Lametin mo-vsa how many? Amblong mo-viza how much/how many? Araki mo visa how many? Peterara visa how much/how many? Central Maewo βisa how many? Raga xai-fiha how many? Rano e-vis how many? Lingarak i-vis how much/how many? Axamb ŋa-vis how much/how many? Paamese e-his how many?; however many; an unknown number; how much? what price? what time? e-his how many? Toak va-his how many? Bonkovia via how much/how many? Filakara fia how many? Makatea e-fia how many? Wayan vica how many?, how much?; be a small number or amount: a few, a bit Fijian vica interrogative numeral, how many?, and indefinite, so many, as in ‘a certain number of days’ (unspecified) vica-saŋavulu how many tens? e vica wale ŋā just a few Tongan fiha how many?, how much? fiha-ŋofulu how many tens? Niue fiha how many?; (fig.) a few Futunan fia how much?, how many? Samoan fia be how many?; be how much?; (obsolete) three (occurs in ceremonial titles) Tuvaluan fia how many? toko-fia how many? (of humans) Kapingamarangi hia much, many (question) Nukuoro hia how many? [in compounds only] Rennellese hia how many?, how much? Anuta e pia how many is it? ku pia how many was it? e toko pia how many people? e mata pia how many tens of fish? Maori hia ~ whia interrogative numeral: how many?; an indefinite numeral: several(three, more or less) Rapanui e-hia how much/how many? Hawaiian -hia how many?, how much? WMP Itbayaten icha-pirah number what? (in a series in time, e.g. first, second time)’ Cebuano ika-pilá which [number] is it? WMP Cebuano ka-pilá how many times? Binukid ka-pila how many times? Kadazan Dusun ko-pio which?, what? pii-pio few, some Ngaju Dayak ka-piræ how many days? Malagasy ha-firi-ana how many days? Sangir ka-pira-ne the which (in number)? OC Mussau ga-isa how much?, how many? Wogeo ka-visa how much?, how many? Lungga ka-visa how many? Roviana ka-visa how many?, how much?, what price? Eddystone/Mandegusu ka via how many? Formosan Seediq meke-pia for how many (days)? Paiwan maka-pida-lʸ how many days? WMP Cebuano maka-pilá how many times? Formosan Amis pa-pina how many? (of people) Thao pa-piza how many? (of people) WMP Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *po-pia how many? (independent numeral) Chamorro fa-fiʔa how many? (of living things) WMP Malagasy faha-firi what number is it? OC Arosi haʔa-siha<M how often? Mota vaga-visa how many times? Wayan vaka-vica how many times? how often? Fijian vaka-vica how many times? Rennellese haka-hia how many times?, what day of the lunar month?, how many thatch panels Formosan Amis pa-pina-pina several (people) WMP Ngaju Dayak piræ-piræ as much as, as many as Karo Batak piga-piga some; several Old Javanese pira-pira ~ piraŋ-piraŋ quite a few, many Javanese pira-pira no matter how much/many Sasak pira-pira some; several Sangir pira-pira some; several Tontemboan pira-pira some; several Tae' pira-pira-ka as many as there are CMP Ngadha piza piza some, several Sika pira-pira so much, as much Wetan wo-ira wo-ira some, several OC Niue fiha-fiha very few, scarce OC Numbami wiso flesh, meat, muscle Motu hidio flesh; lean of meat; grain of wood, muscle Proto-Micronesian *fisiko meat, flesh Gilbertese iriko flesh, muscle, meat Kosraean ikoac meat, flesh Marshallese yiteq whale meat Pohnpeian uduk meat, flesh, muscle Chuukese fituk meat, flesh, muscle Puluwat fitik flesh of any kind, meat; flesh and blood, blood relative Woleaian fitig(o) meat, flesh Lonwolwol visi flesh Southeast Ambrym hisi meat, flesh Fijian viciko the flesh, the lean of meat as againsturo, the fat; the grain of lumber OC Patpatar hidi to plait Mangseng pit twist off, pick off Mapos Buang bij squeeze Bugotu pijir-i to plait with three or four strands Nggela pindir-i to intertwine the strands of a rope Marshallese pitʷ twist sennit Mokilese pid to wind (rope) OC Tabar viso bamboo Lakalai viro a hollow-stemmed reed:Phragmites spp. Kairiru vis pitpit, a wild sugarcane with edible fruit:Saccharum spontaneum Motu hido a wild cane growing by the riverside Cheke Holo vi-viho hollow reed Motlav viho Saccharum spontaneum Raga viho Saccharum edule Fijian vico a wild sugarcane:Erianthus maximus Samoan fiso a large reed with stems that contain sugar:Erianthus maximus Formosan Thao pizpiz closely spaced, of objects; crowded, of people filling a space pizpiz-an to crowd, press against WMP Ilokano pidipíd closely set together pidipid-én to join, unite, stack up Isneg pidpíd either of the planks or plates that form the sides of a canoe; the border of a basket Bontok pidpid to plant rice seedlings close together Cebuano pidpíd very near or close (as a bed placed very close to a wall); put, stay very close along something; travel close along something (as a boat traveling close to the shore) Kadazan Dusun pipid close together Mongondow pipid row; put in a row Formosan Thao ma-pizpiz closely spaced, of objects (as the bars of an iron fence that are set close together); crowded, of people filling a space WMP Ilokano ma-pidipíd closely set together; covered with sores, wounds, etc. WMP Maranao pik dull sound of a gun misfired Malay pik sound like that of a pick striking the earth OC Wuvulu pie sand Aua pie sand Tolai pia place, earth, ground, land, soil, dirt; down, down on the ground Proto-Micronesian *pika sand, sandbank Gilbertese bike beach sand, sandbank, sandy soil; beach, shore Pohnpeian pihk sand pika-pik sandy Chuukese piis sandy islet (in place names and compounds) Woleaian pig(a) small island, islet WMP Mongondow pékak frog CMP Hawu hika morning bird, named from its cry Rotinese hika laugh loudly WMP Yami pikaŋ walking with legs apart ma-pikaŋ walking with legs wide open Balinese pikaŋ the groin CMP Sika pikaŋ fork, pitchfork WMP Isneg píkat the sap of the jack, used for birdlime Malay p<em>ikat a fowler Old Javanese a-pikat to catch birds, using a decoy pikat-an decoy Javanese pikat decoy bird; lure, trap Balinese pikat lure, decoy, snare (for birds) WMP Isneg mamíkat spread birdlime where birds are accustomed to roost Malay memikat to snare (birds), esp. by means of bait or a decoy WMP Kadazan Dusun piko fold pikoh-on to be folded CMP Buruese pike- bow, bend OC Samoan piʔo bent, crooked OC Bugotu piko dislocate, be dislocated Nggela piko give a twist in cat's cradle and so form a new figure; to twist, as an ankle Tongan piko bent, crooked: if one bend only; if two or more: piko-piko Samoan piʔo bent, crooked (as a tree); (of character or actions) be crafty, shifty faʔa-piʔo-piʔo walk with a limp Tuvaluan piko bent; crooked piko-piko bent; crooked (in more than one place or of more than one object) Nukuoro bigo bent; bedridden with illness bigo-bigo bent up (having several bends) Rennellese piko bent piko-piko bent (diminutive) he-piko-piko-ʔaki winding, branching, as a crooked path Maori piko bend, stoop; bent, curved; corner, bend; curve, and so ornamentation whaka-piko to bend piko-piko winding about; young curved shoots of fern Hawaiian piʔo arch, arc; bent, arched, curved; to arch, of a rainbow WMP Maranao pikeg bend something stiff Malay péŋkar misshapen in the legs, e.g. bandy-legged or bow-legged CMP Buruese pike-h bow, bend OC Bugotu piko dislocate, be dislocated Nggela piko twist, as an ankle Samoan piʔo bent, crooked Maori piko bend, stoop; bent, curved Hawaiian piʔo arch, arc; bent, arched, curved WMP Mapun pikot horsefly (bites) Tausug pikut the common housefly Tombonuwo pikot large fly, horsefly Ida'an Begak pikot a kind of fly that bites Malagasy fíhitra a large stinging fly Malay pikat large stinging fly, generic forTabanidae Boano pikot a fly WMP Isneg píkat the sap of the jack, used for birdlime Maranao piket to stick, as fingers sticking together Toba Batak pihot thick, sticky, viscous, of clay WMP Isneg mamíkat spread birdlime where birds are accustomed to roost Malay memikat to snare (birds), esp. by means of bait or a decoy WMP Ilokano pikí a kind of white cotton cloth for men’s attire Maranao pikí type of cloth WMP Kankanaey pikík chirp, as some birds do CMP Hawu peki squeaking of mice WMP Ilokano piŋkít with small eyes, almond-eyed Pangasinan pikít plaster; sticky Tagalog pikít closed (said of eyes) Bikol pikít squinting, having one eye smaller than the other Hanunóo pikít closing the eyes Aklanon pikít tight; get tight(er) or more crowded Hiligaynon pikít of clothes, tight Cebuano piŋkít for things that are alike to be joined by some part of themselves; piŋkít na ságiŋ two bananas joined together as one Maranao pikit attach, stick on, paste piŋkit sticking together; web-footed Binukid piŋkit for fruits to be joined as one; to tie (two or more fruits) together, using a part of them to do the tying Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pikit tie one object to another by means of a cord or rope between them pikit-pikit hang onto something with the arms extended Mansaka pikit grow attached to one another, as twin bananas Tausug piŋkit having six (or more) fingers on one hand Malagasy fíhitra a grasp, a catch, a grip, as is made by a person holding to something to prevent him from falling OC Tongan piki hold on, cling, stick or adhere piki-piki sticky Niue piki cleave to, adhere; touch Samoan piʔi wrestle (consists in holding the hands or wrists of one’s opponent and applying pressure on them); stick, adhere to (as an octopus sticking to a stone), cling to, hold on to; (of a boat) be moored Tuvaluan piki adhere; cling; be towed by a canoe pi-piki adhesive Anuta piki sticky sap, as that of the breadfruit; glue piki-piki sticky Maori piki pressed close together Formosan Kavalan piqpiq to clap one’s hands p<m>iqpiq to flap wings piqpiq-an be patted, as on the shoulder Amis ma-pikpik flap the wings mi-pikpik to fly, of birds sa-pikpík wing WMP Yami pikpik to pound Itbayaten pa-pichpich-an to strike at the side of (as of animals drawing sleds) Ilokano pikpík light tap, pat pikpik-en to pat with the palm of fingers Kankanaey pikpík pat, tap lightly Ibaloy pikpik-en to pat, tap something (as friend on the shoulder or buttocks); to pet an animal; to tap a chicken around its body before killing it Tagalog pikpík soft caressing pats (on infants when being put to sleep) Aklanon píkpik pat with one's hand Cebuano pikpik to pat, tap lightly on the body; make pottery by tapping with a flat wooden paddle; hammer out dents in a car; kind of sorcery inflicted by tapping someone on the back, counteracted by tapping the person who sent it on his back Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pikpik to tap someone with the hand to get his attention Mansaka pikpik to tap lightly Mapun pikpik wing Tausug pikpik wing (of bird or plane) Karo Batak pikpik tap, rap; chisel off something delicate Sundanese p-er-ékpék strike continuously, beat someone OC Tolai pipi beat with a switch or any small thing WMP Ilokano palikpík fin (of a fish) Pangasinan palíkpik fins or dorsal spines of fish Tagalog palikpík soft slender fin Formosan Amis piko intersection; place where there is a turn in the road Paiwan piku elbow WMP Sangir piku bend, curve; curving around; corner WMP Tausug pikuk crippled (by having the arm bent, not from birth) Narum pihok bent Ngaju Dayak pa-pikok, piko-pikok crooked, bent Iban pikok crooked, deformed, esp. of hands Sangir piŋkuʔ bend, curve (as in a road) OC Nggela mbiku to bend, as a piece of tin, curl up WMP Maranao pikol to bend (as a branch) Iban pikul sharp corner, bend, angle (esp. of road or river) Bahasa Indonesia peŋkol to curve, bend (as a road) CMP Rembong piŋkul sit with legs folded back (of women) Formosan Kavalan piku bend p<m>iku to bend WMP Bontok pikú to bend, as a finger or limb Ifugaw (Batad) piku for a linear object to be crooked Cebuano píkuʔ for something pliant to bend into a position in which it stays; cause it to do so Maranao pikoʔ to curve, swerve pikoʔ-an a curve (as in a road) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pikuʔ-an a curve in the river or road Tausug mag-pikuʔ to bend (something, as iron or rattan) Kayan piku knock-kneed Balinese péŋkoh curve inwards, bend inwards (a foot); one who has a bent-in foot Buginese pikku deformed arm OC Nggela mbiku to bend, as a piece of tin, curl up mbiku-ga curled up WMP Ilokano ag-píko-píko variety of girls’ hide-and-seek Tagalog pikóʔ children’s game called hopskotch WMP Bontok píkut to bend over (as a person); to bend, as a nail CMP Manggarai pikut curled up (as someone sleeping in a confined position) WMP Ilokano píkut forced marriage pikút-en to force a marriage Agutaynen ma-pikot to trap somebody into marriage, often by the girl getting pregnant Cebuano píkut to corner a man into marriage (slang) WMP Ilokano píla clay; very hard soil converted to stone Kapampangan píla clay Tagalog píla clay for making earthenware WMP Casiguran Dumagat pilak to split (as in splitting open a coconut or other fruit) Iban pilak force open Sasak pilak to open WMP Tagalog pilantík slight jerk at the end of a whip Malay pelanték (with metathesis of *a and *e) spring-spear, spring-gun WMP Bikol piláʔ scar, scab OC Arosi hira scar WMP Isneg pílāt the permanent white marks left on the skin by thekosílāng itch Casiguran Dumagat pílat scar (completely healed); to heal (of a sore) Sambal (Botolan) piat scar Tagalog pílat a scar; cicatrix; a scar or a physical blemish p<um>ílat to form a scar Palawan Batak pilát a scar Aborlan Tagbanwa pilat a healed-over scar Kadazan Dusun pihat scar Tombonuwo pilat a sore, a wound Murut (Timugon) pilat wound; scar Ida'an Begak pilat cut, wound a-pilat be cut, wounded Lun Dayeh (Long Semado) pilat scar Formosan Pazeh pii-piri be choosing (as when picking up pebbles from rice grain) Sakizaya mi-piliʔ to choose Amis piliʔ to choose, pick one Tsou e-pri to choose Rukai (Maga) u-príi to choose Rukai (Mantauran) u-pili to choose Paiwan ki-piliq be “choosy,” pick out best bits pa-pa-piliq to sort out, divide WMP Itbayaten pili idea of selection or choice or sorting out; imperative form ofpili-an ka-pa-mili act of selecting Ilokano ag-píli to choose, to select man-ag-pi-píli choosy, finicky paka-pili-an selection Isneg píli choice maxip-pi-píli to choose, to select Ifugaw píli choice, selection Casiguran Dumagat pile to choose, to select; to pick out Ibaloy man-pidi to choose between alternatives pan-pidi-an alternatives, choices, options Isinay píli choice Pangasinan mana-míli elector Tagalog píliʔ choice, selection pilíʔ chosen; select; picked out (for excellence); outstanding má-piliʔ to be chosen; to be eligible pag-pili-an to choose something from a number of things pami-míliʔ choosing or selecting Remontado píliʔ choose Hanunóo píliʔ choosing, selection Romblomanon pīlíʔ someone or something chooses something else, something else, a particular object, place or time Masbatenyo maka-píliʔ can choose, can select, can pick out, can decide on Aklanon píliʔ to select, choose, pick out; to take out any bad or ruined grains from rice pile pili-li-án election(s); choosing Waray-Waray pilíʔ choice; preference; selection; election; option; alternative Agutaynen pilik choose something Cebuano píliʔ choose, pick a choice; elect someone to office; sort out the good or bad Maranao piliʔ choose, select Binukid piliʔ to choose, select (someone or something; to elect (someone) to office Manobo (Western Bukidnon) piliʔ to choose Mansaka piliʔ to choose, to select Tausug maŋ-pīʔ to choose, select, pick out Kadazan Dusun pihiʔ to choose, elect Abai Sembuak mbiliʔ to choose Kelabit pilíʔ choice Kayan pili be chosen Melanau (Mukah) piliʔ chosen, selected Malagasy fídi choice, preference, permission to choose sa-fidi choice vua fidi chosen, selected, preferred Iban pilih chosen, choose, select, pick out Singhi Land Dayak piris to choose Malay piléh choosing; selection Bahasa Indonesia pilih choice Acehnese piléh choose Gayō pilih choose, select mu-milih to choose, select Simalur ilix choose, pick out Toba Batak pili to single out, choose Nias fili choose Mentawai pili to pick, choose; choosy, fastidious Sundanese pilih make no distinction, as between foreign and familiar; not choosy Old Javanese a-milih to choose, make a choice from (well-considered, not at random), select, give one’s preference to pilih-palah not determined, uncertain, varying, with various possibilities Javanese pilih to make a choice Balinese pilih choice Mongondow piliʔ choose Ponosakan piliʔ to choose Gorontalo pili choose Bare'e pili choose ba-mili a fastidious person Tae' paʔ-pile-an the remainder, residue that has no more value, is of no more use after the valuable or useful part has been chosen Makassarese am-mile to choose, select, pick out pam-mile choice Wolio pili choose mem-pili fastidious pili-ta choice Bonerate pili to choose Muna pili choice fe-pili choose carefully (esp. seeds, grains, etc.) Popalia pili to choose CMP Manggarai pilé to choose, select Rembong pilé to choose Ngadha pili to find, pick up, gather pilé laé collect leftovers from feast Lamaholot pileʔ pluck; pick up; choose Tetun hili to pick up from the ground; to arrange Tetun (Dili) hili to choose Selaru r-fil to choose Hitu pili to choose OC Sobei a-fir to choose Wampar (m)pin to choose Takuu hiri to choose, select Bugotu vili to choose Nggela vili to choose, select; to give a judgment, sentence; to collect small things such as shells Kwaio fili ana pick out for special sacredness, of anadalo (ancestral spirit) to a woman Lau fili to choose, prefer fili-s-ia chosen 'Āre'āre hiri-si-a choose, pick out, select Sa'a hili to choose for one’s own, to desire and take hili-si to pick, to choose Arosi hiri to choose ʔome hiri to select; to divide, separate, judge Proto-Micronesian *fili choose Pohnpeian pil to choose, to pick out, to select Mokilese pil to choose, to select Chuukese fini- choosing, selecting; electing, appointing Puluwat fili- to choose, select Woleaian f-fili to choose, pick up, decide, select Rotuman hili to pick out, choose, select, elect; to pick and choose, to show either discrimination or favoritism Wayan vili of something on the surface, especially foodstuff, be picked up, gathered, collected; pick up things; what is picked up vaka-vili- try to pick up or gather something Fijian vili to pick up scattered things, as fallen leaves or fruits Tongan fili to choose, pick out, cull, select, elect; to sort (as letters) Niue fi-fili to choose, select faka-fili a judge Futunan fili to choose Samoan fili pick out, select Tuvaluan fili choose fili-ŋa election Kapingamarangi hili to choose, to select; choice Nukuoro hili pick from among several, choose, elect; particular (choosy) about Rennellese higi to choose, select, vote; to be choosy, selective higi-ŋa choice, selection, preference; plants selected for planting Rarotongan iri to select, to choose, to pick out, to name; used figuratively to denote: to recite, to disclose Maori whiri select, choose WMP Bontok ʔi-píli to select, to choose, to pick out Tagalog i-píliʔ to choose what is good for someone else WMP Tagalog ka-píliʔ a companion in making a choice Kadazan Dusun ko-pihiʔ can choose, elect, select Sundanese ka-pilih chosen, elected Old Javanese ka-pilih to choose (?) Javanese ke-pilih to get chosen/elected Wolio ka-pili the elect; council of the lower class (in the old days) Muna ka-pili election, choice WMP Itbayaten ma-mili to select, to pick out, to choose; to sort out Ifugaw ma-míli to choose Ifugaw (Batad) ma-mīli for someone to choose someone, something Pangasinan ma-milí to choose Tagalog ma-míliʔ to choose Agutaynen ma-milik to choose something Kadazan Dusun mo-mihiʔ to elect, choose, select, appoint Tarakan mili to choose Kelabit milíʔ to choose, select Kayan mili to choose Melanau (Mukah) mə-miliʔ to choose, select Bahasa Indonesia me-milih choose something that is desired Karo Batak milih to choose, select Toba Batak ma-mili to single out, choose Nias ma-mili to choose Sundanese milih to choose Javanese milih to select; to elect, to appoint; to sort out Balinese milih to choose, have a choice, make a distinction; if, in case Sangir ma-mile to choose, select Mongondow ma-miliʔ to choose Gorontalo mo-mili to choose Totoli mo-mili to choose Boano mo-miliʔ to choose Bare'e mam-pili ~ mom-pili to choose mom-pili-si to choose Formosan Amis ma-piliʔ be chosen WMP Itbayaten ma-pili choosy Ibaloy ma-pidi choosy, picky, fussy Tagalog ma-píliʔ able to be chosen or selected; be able to pick; fussy, choosy Bikol ma-píliʔ fastidious, fussy, particular, selective Masbatenyo ma-pilíʔ choosy (as in food one eats) Aklanon ma-píliʔ choosy, selective, “spoiled” Agutaynen ma-pilik choosy, picky Tausug ma-pīʔ choosy, fastidious, hard to please, discriminating Old Javanese a-pilih having one’s preferences, particular in the choice of tan (m)a-pilih having no preferences, not discriminating, indiscriminately, at random WMP Casiguran Dumagat mag-pile to choose, select Isinay map-píli to choose Bikol mag-píliʔ to choose, pick, select, single out; to elect Romblomanon mag-pīlíʔ to choose someone, something Masbatenyo mag-píliʔ choose, select, pick out, decide on Tausug mag-pīʔ to choose, select, pick out; to remove unhusked rice or other particles (from cooking rice) Malagasy mi-fídi to choose, to select, to prefer Bahasa Indonesia ber-pilih-pilih choose very carefully Toba Batak mar-pili be chosen, selected WMP Ilokano na-pili fastidious, finicky, very selective; choice, select, high quality Ifugaw na-píli what is (was) chosen; what is preferred (among the things that can be chosen) Tagalog na-píliʔ choice, select (as choice food) Romblomanon na-pīlíʔ happened to be chosen Kadazan Dusun no-pihiʔ (has been) chosen, elected, selected Tae' na-pile-i chose, selected, picked out WMP Itbayaten pa-mili to choose Sundanese pa-milih the talent for being able to distinguish (as between nobility and commoners) WMP Cebuano pa-píliʔ be a candidate Sangir pa-pile something with which one sorts things out Makassarese pa-pile let someone choose something WMP Isneg pag-píli to let (one) choose Tagalog pag-píliʔ choice, the act of choosing Romblomanon pag-pīlíʔ someone’s or something’s choosing someone, something, a particular object, place or time Masbatenyo pag-píliʔ choice, selection, option Formosan Amis ka-piliʔ-an one who is chosen WMP Kadazan Dusun ko-pihi-an (act of) choosing; election; selection WMP Javanese pa-milih-an act or way of selecting Makassarese pam-mile-aŋ what is left over after a choice is made; remainder WMP Tagalog p<in>íliʔ choice, select (as choice food); chosen Romblomanon p<in>īlíʔ were chosen Cebuano p<in>ílíʔ someone or something elected or chosen; something select, special; select kind of large-grained rice Binukid p<in>iliʔ chose, selected Kadazan Dusun p<in>ihiʔ (the thing) chosen, selected; choice Kelabit p<ən>ilíʔ ~ p<in>ilíʔ was chosen by someone Malagasy f<in>ídi was chosen Old Javanese p<in>ilih was chosen Sangir p<in>ile ~ ni-pile was chosen Formosan Pazeh mu-piri to choose Paiwan p<n>iliq to choose, sort out WMP Ilokano p<um>íli to choose, to select Ifugaw (Batad) p<um>íli for someone to choose someone, something Tagalog p<um>íliʔ to choose, to select Tiruray f<em>iliʔ to select, to choose Malay saŋat p<em>iléh extremely particular or fastidious Acehnese p<um>iléh to choose Karo Batak p<em>ilih-milih-en what is left over after the best has been chosen; remnant, residue p<em>ilih-i way of choosing WMP Itbayaten pili-an to choose, to pick out undesirable objects (as in removing sand or stones from rice); to select choice objects from the rest Ilokano pili-an to clean rice of dirt and extraneous matters Agta (Dupaningan) pili-an choose Isneg piliy-ān to choose, to select Tagalog pili-án choosy Buhid fili-an to choose Aklanon p<in>ilí-an leftovers (after others have taken the best) Agutaynen pilik-an choosy, picky Tausug pīʔ-an to remove unhusked rice or other particles (from cooking rice) Sundanese pilih-an that on which one’s choice is based Javanese pilih-an having been selected; act or way of selecting Balinese pilih-an chosen one, elected one Makassarese pile-aŋ choose something for someone OC Nggela vili-a chosen Kwaio fili-a reserve, pick out, choose Lau fili-a chosen Toqabaqita fili-a choose, select, prefer 'Āre'āre hiri-a choose, pick out, select Chuukese fini-ya choice, thing chosen by someone WMP Itbayaten pili-en to select, to pick out Ilokano pili-en to choose, select, pick out Bontok pili-yən to select, to choose, to pick out Kankanaey pili-en to choose, to pick out; to single out Ibaloy pidi-en to choose, pick, select something Tagalog piliʔ-in to choose, to select Bikol pilíʔ-on to choose, pick, select, single out; to elect Masbatenyo piliʔ-ón be selected, be chosen, be picked up, be elected Agutaynen pilik-en to choose something Tausug pīʔ-un to choose, select, pick out Kadazan Dusun pihi-on (to be) chosen, elected, selected Bisaya (Lotud) piliʔ-on to choose Bahasa Indonesia pilih-an what is chosen, one’s choice Gayō pilih-en what is chosen, one’s choice Karo Batak pilih-en sorted out, selected; what is chosen Sundanese pilih-en in order to make a choice Old Javanese pilih-en be chosen, selected Formosan Pazeh piri-ʔi choose it! WMP Tae' pile-i choose, pick out OC Woleaian fili-i choose it, pick it up, select it WMP Isneg pili-píli by chance; it happens or happened Javanese pilih-pilih to make choices Makassarese pa-pile-pile fastidious, squeamish OC Nggela vili-vili to choose; collect small things Proto-Micronesian *fili-fili choose Pohnpeian pili-pil to choose, to pick out, to select; election, selection Mokilese pil-pil to choose, to select; election Chuukese ni-fini-fin (be) a matter of choice; (be) a choosy person, fastidious, particular, fussy Wayan vili-vili keep gathering, etc. Tongan fili-fili to choose (one or more) out of many, or to pick over; habitually picking and choosing, particular (in this sense), fastidious Futunan fili-fili to choose; choice, selection Samoan fili-fili choose Nukuoro hili-hili choose carefully from among many; election WMP Malay pilis mark placed on the forehead of a sick man to keep off spirits of disease Old Javanese pilis temple (part of the head) pi-pilis ointment applied to the temples against a headache Javanese pilis a preparation of pounded herbs applied to the forehead to soothe and relieve pain milis to apply such a preparation Madurese peles ointment applied to forehad to soothe and relieve pain Balinese pilis ~ pa-pilis ointment put on the eyelids and below the brows Tae' piliʔ temple of the head Proto-South Sulawesi *pilis side of the face Mandar pilis cheeks Buginese piliʔ dizzy; cheeks Makassarese pilisiʔ cheeks (Cense 1979); temples (Mills 1975) WMP Ilokano ag-pílit to insist mam-mílit forceful; rapist ka-pilít-an to do without the will; be forced to do; a necessary obligation na-pilít-an to be forced Agta (Eastern) pílit to force, make something act against its will Bontok pílit to insist; to force Kankanaey pílit to force; to compel; to constrain; to impel; to use forcible means Ifugaw pílit compulsion, constraint, coercion mum-pílit person who actually compels somebody Ifugaw (Batad) pīlit for someone to insist on doing something with someone or something, or to someone or something Casiguran Dumagat p<um>ílit to strive, to try hard, to insist on doing something Ibaloy pidit-en to force, compel, make, constrain someone to do something; the act of forcing; do something forcefully, as a cow forcing its way through a fence ka-pidit-an compulsory, obligatory Pangasinan pílit to be obliged, have obligations ma-mílit to force Kapampangan pílit to force Tagalog pílit ~ pilít forced; strained; not natural; labored, done with difficulty i-pílit to impose; to force or thrust on another; to insist; to keep firmly to some demand, statement or position mag-pílit to try or strive hard (as to enter a locked building) ma-mílit to compel, to force ma-pílit insistent; compelling attention or notice; pressing; urgent ma-pilit-an to be obliged, to be compelled; to be forced Aklanon pílit to force, compel, insist on Hiligaynon mag-pílit to insist, to urge, to force, to compel Cebuano pílit insist on doing something, or that someone else do something WMP Ilokano pilít-en to force, oblige, violate, rape Kankanaey pilit-en to force; to compel; to constrain; to impel; to use forcible means Ifugaw (Batad) pilit-on insist on doing something with someone or something, or to someone or something Kapampangan pilit-an to force Hiligaynon pilít-un to insist, to urge, to force, to compel WMP Masbatenyo pilít glutinous, viscous, gelatinous; gooey, gluey, gummy i-pilít to paste or stick, as a picture on the wall ma-pilít viscous, sticky (as soup, soil) pam-pilít adhestive, glue, paste, something used as glue or paste Aklanon pílit glue, paste pilít to glue, stick together, fasten with paste Waray-Waray pilít a glutinous variety of rice Hiligaynon ma-pilít sticky, clammy mag-pilít to stick on, to paste on Cebuano pilít stick on (as a gecko sticking to a surface) pa-pilít to paste, stick something to something pilít-pílit having difficulty enunciating (because of the tongue ‘sticking’) Maranao pilit paste, glue, stick Binukid pilit to stick on or to something (as tree sap sticking to someone’s clothing, the eyelids sticking shut because of an infected eye discharge) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pilit a glutinous variety of rice Malay pelet birdlime OC Niue pili to stick together; resin, cement, plaster; anything sticky tau-pili be attached to one another, be constantly in one another’s company tau-pili-ā companion, helper, follower pili-pili anything glutinous, clammy Samoan pili stuck fast, caught (as a knife stuck in a coconut tree) Tuvaluan pili near; come near; be on the point of; almost; entangled (as of foot or a bird in vines) Kapingamarangi bili to touch (something with hand) bili-bili octopus Nukuoro bili be caught or hung up on something so as unable to fall (as a felled tree) Rennellese pigi to stick, touch, climb, embrace, remain fast haka-pigi to stay with or near; to put in with or alongside, add Anuta piri-piri near Rarotongan piri to stick, to adhere, to remain fixed or attached to or on, to close, to come together, to grapple, to be congested, to be overcrowded; to draw together and unite; to be jammed or stuck; close, shut up, with no opening, confined; near, in time or place; intimate, compact; crowded; hidden, secret Maori piri stick, adhere, cling; come close, come to close quarters; attack; keep close; be attached, fastened to; a closely woven mat used as a defence against spear thrusts pi-piri cling together; come to close quarters, join battle whaka-piri to stick, fasten; keep close to; watertight, snug piri-piri additional; assistant Hawaiian pili to cling, stick, adhere, touch, join, adjoin, cleave to, associate with, be with, be close to; clinging, sticking; close relationship, relative; thing belonging to hoʔo-pili to bring together, stick; to attach oneself to a person OC Notsi pili to peel sweet potato Kairiru pil to peel skin off cooked vegetables by hand Mota wil to peel, turning the fruit over in peeling Sye a-vli to peel OC Mota pilolo curl round and round (as the leaf of a croton), revolve Fijian vilolo crooked, bent yava vilolo bow-legged WMP Itbayaten om-pilpil to pound against Ilokano pilpíl crushed, flat pilpil-én to crush, flatten Bontok pilpil-ən to squash; to crush; to flatten, as lumps of soil; to mash, as cooked sweet potato Ibaloy pilpil-en to pound on something to flatten or soften it (as in forging a bolo or preparing an animal hide) Tagalog pilpíl compressed, pressed flat Cebuano pilpil to slap someone’s hands lightly Maranao pipil to beat, whip (as a woman beating her child on the back) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pilpil to pat something with the flat of the hand; to pat something as a sign of approval Tontemboan piʔpil to copulate, of chickens and other birds WMP Palauan uíi jackfish, Gnathodon sp. OC Gitua pilu jack or trevally (Crevalle) fish Wayan vilu a fish taxon, probablyCarangoides Fijian vilu small deep-bellied fish like thesaqa (trevally,Caranx spp.), but dark in color and with no teeth OC Gitua pilu-pilu small trevally varieties Nggela vilu-vilu swordfish Arosi hiru-hiru large fish which swims in circles and is the sign of a shark being near Formosan Puyuma piɭuk twist and cripple ma-piɭuk crippled (as from a twisted foot) p<ən>iɭuk to twist, as the ankle WMP Tagalog pilók twisted (referring to arm, ankle or foot) Iban pilok crooked, twisted, lame (of a leg or foot that is crooked) WMP Tagalog ta-pilók to stumble and trip, thereby causing one to twist and sprain the foot or ankle Iban te-pilok sprained, lame OC Tolai pilul curly-haired, curl Nggela vi-vilu to twist up tobacco leaf in preparing tobacco Kwaio filu tangled filu-aʔi to braid, twist Arosi hiru be curly, of the hair WMP Aklanon pilóʔ fold, bend, crease; hem (of dress) Cebuano pilúʔ fold something flat, crease, turn a hem up, be doubled, multiplied OC Fijian belu bend, curve, of hard things, e.g. tin Tongan pelu fold, bend or flex; to reef (a sail); to hem; to mark (e.g. a hymn) by folding the page Hawaiian pelu fold, turn over, turn under; a hem, tuck, as in a dress; to take a tuck, hem WMP Ilokano pindáŋ jerked meat, charqui Kapampangan píndaŋ jerked beef or pork, marinated in a sweet-sour sauce Malay pindaŋ cooking (fish, prawns, etc.) in salted and spiced bouillon Old Javanese pinḍaŋ a kind of soup or bouillon of fine meat or fish, usually made sour with tamarind Balinese pindaŋ fish cooked in salt water Bare'e pija sun-dried meat Muna pinda preserve fish with salt without drying ka-pinda salted fish WMP Ngaju Dayak ba-pindah transfer, shift Malagasy fíndra change of place Malay pindah movement from one place to another ber-pindah to move, change location Sundanese pindah move oneself; change (residence, job, etc.); to alter Old Javanese pinḍah to change, turn into the opposite Javanese pinḍah to move, change residence; change place, position Balinese pindah move house (said to be fromMalay) Tae' pinda to change, of being (intr.); way of changing Makassarese pinra changed Muna pinda to move WMP Sa'dan Toraja kalu-pini kind of swallow WMP Ilokano kala-píni small bird with gray plumage; it lives near the water Bare'e kala-pini kind of swallow that nests on protected rock ledges WMP Karo Batak kalim-pinis kind of swallow Tae' kalum-piniʔ ~kalup-piniʔ swallow; one type will nest anywhere, but the other will only nest on rock ledges (cliff swallow) WMP Ilokano ag-pinsán to act as one, be unanimous, go all in one direction ma-mim-pinsán once and for all, only once pinsan-en to do all at once Isneg pinsān first cousin Kankanaey pinsán first cousin, cousin german Pangasinan pínsan cousin Tagalog pínsan cousin Bikol pínsan cousin mag-pínsan to be cousins Hanunóo pínsan cousin Kalamian Tagbanwa pinsan cousin WMP Ilokano pintal-én to soak thread or string before putting it on the netting needle Tagalog pintál warp; a bend or twist p<um>intál to warp, to become twisted Tausug pintal the main string attached to a kite (that holds it firmly in balance) Ngaju Dayak pintal twisted together Malagasy fíntana a hook on a string Malay pintal twisting; twining; making thread or string Tae' pintaʔ twist or intertwine strands to make a rope, as with fibers of the sugarpalm Makassarese pintalaʔ intertwined thread; sewing thread WMP Casiguran Dumagat pintás to be critical, to be fault-finding, to criticize someone about his faults Tagalog pintás fault, flaw, defect mapa-mintás prone to fault-finding p<um>intás to find faults in others; to adversely criticize Bikol ma-pintás discourteous, ill-bred; fault-finding; overly critical Hanunóo píntas any extremely powerful and evil force in the supernatural realm; specifically, either of the two worst types oflabáŋ (evil forest spirits) Aklanon píntas to treat cruelly, be brutal with ma-píntas cruel, savage, mean, brutal Agutaynen pintas a strong curse or hex, put on a person by a traditional healeer who has the power to do this mag-pintas to put a curse or hex on someone with the help of an evil spirit, by using a picture of the person or an item of clothing; to practice sorcery Hiligaynon ma-píntas cruel, harsh, brutal Central Tagbanwa ma-pintat-an to bewitch ma-mi-mintat a witch Maranao pintas take away from, disturb, as one does the luck of a gambler WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pintuʔ of a king, to place his daughter in seclusion so that she cannot be seen or molested by other people; this is known only in folklore Sangir pintu residence of a princess; woman’s apartment; room where the princesses in stories remain between heaven and earth OC Tolai pin to fold together, fold or roll up, as cloth; crease 'Āre'āre pinu to roll a leaf in form of a horn, for drinking purposes a-pinu twisted, out of shape, flabby, folded, bend over pinu-a to fold, hem Sa'a pinu turn over the edge of a thing; to hem OC Solos hunuan<A Macaranga spp. Nggela vinua Macaranga tanarius Northeast Ambae vinue Macaranga involucrata Paamese hinu(wa) Macaranga tanarius OC Duke of York pin skin, of human beings only Sa'a hinu bark; shell of shellfish Mota vinitiu<A skin, bark, husk, rind, shell Raga vinu- skin, bark, husk, rind WMP Itbayaten pilay lameness, idea of lameness ka-pilay lameness Ibatan piday lame as a result of a birth defect or an injury Ilokano pílay limping; lame ag-pil-pílay to walk with a limp Isneg pílay cripple, limping, lame; occasionally said of both upper and lower limbs, a very general name for paralysis or lameness; more strictly speaking the condition of the legs in which one is shorter and thinner than the other Itawis piláy cripple Kankanaey pílay lame; crippled; limping; halting Ifugaw pílay cripple, somebody who limps pīlay gout or a gout-like inflammation, esp. of the ankle or knee joints, with or without swelling Casiguran Dumagat pilë lame, crippled; to become lame; to injure, sprain or break one’s arm or leg; a cripple Tagalog pílay limp; a lame step or walk; sprain; a dislocation of a bone or joint piláy lame; sprained; (fig.) at a disadvantage; a cripple; a lame person ka-pilay-an lameness Bikol pílay crippled, disabled, lame, maimed; a cripple Hanunóo piláy lame Agutaynen pilay for a person to be paralyzed, crippled in the legs, due to a stroke or accident ag-ka-pilay-en for one’s leg, foot, arm to be asleep, feel numb or paralyzed Cebuano pílay bend or droop at its base limply (as the head of a child that has fallen asleep in his seat) pílay-pílay to sway to and fro (as rice stalks in the wind); spineless, as a person without convictions Mansaka pilay lame, crippled Tausug pilay lame Iban pilay paralyzed (as a hand); to paralyze Formosan Paiwan ma-pilʸay lame, crippled WMP Itbayaten ma-pilay lame, to be lame Isneg ma-pílay to become lame Itawis ma-piláy to be crippled Ibaloy me-pilay to be lame, crippled, both of temporary and permanent disability, either of total or partial disability Tausug ma-pilay to become lame WMP Bontok na-pílay lame Tausug na-pilay was made lame WMP Ilokano piláy-en to cause to be lame; cripple Bikol piláy-on to cripple, disable, maim WMP Cebuano piŋʔut for the nose to be stuffed; have a stuffed nose CMP Rotinese pinu mucus, snot Formosan Kavalan piŋi cheek WMP Subanun (Sindangan) se-piŋi cheek WMP Ilokano piŋíl ankle; edge, corner Tatana pa(m)-piŋil ankle WMP Tagalog piŋkáw crooked or twisted (said of the arm) Cebuano piŋkaw have the arms bent bow-shaped at the elbow, like a scythe OC Tongan piko bent, crooked: if one bend only piko-piko bent, crooked (two or more bends) Samoan piʔo be bent, crooked (as a tree); be crafty, shifty; walk with a limp Rennellese piko to be bent Maori piko to bend, stoop; bent, curved; corner, bend Hawaiian piʔo arch, arc; bent, arched, curved; to arch, of a rainbow WMP Ilokano piŋkí flint and steel used to make fires ag-piŋkí to start a fire with flint; flash in one’s mind; flare up (anger) Isneg piŋkí flint and steel Bontok piŋkí cigarette lighter Ibaloy piŋki wick, perhaps esp. of a cigarette lighter Tagalog piŋkíʔ striking a flash or fire by friction between two hard objects mag-piŋkíʔ to produce fire or flame by rubbing two hard objects or flints together piŋkíʔ-an friction; (fig.) a conflict Bikol mag-piŋkíʔ to brush against someone with the side of the arm Cebuano piŋkíʔ knock lightly, esp. something that produces a clinking noise (as two glasses) WMP Kayan pikuŋ bent at an angle Sangir péŋkoŋ curve WMP Cebuano piŋús-piŋús make quick sniffs at intervals as in sobbing, or simply drawing mucus back into the nose CMP Rotinese pinu mucus, snot Formosan Atayal pipiʔ vulva Seediq (Truku) pipi vulva WMP Cebuano pípi child’s word for female genitalia WMP Tagalog pipíʔ flat, flattened mag-pipíʔ to shape clay (as in pot-making or ceramics) Malay pipeh tape-like, flat-surfaced and tenuous, as paper or anything that is easily blown away by wind caciŋ pipeh tapeworm Sangir ma-pipi pressed flat WMP Ilokano pipíit very small bird Tagalog pipít native sparrow (Panganiban) Iban pipit rice sparrow or munia, esp, Dusky munia:Lonchura fuscana Cassin. Malay pipit small twittering bird; finch, sparrow; generic for many small birds, esp.Munia spp. OC Kilivila vi-vilu-(wa) whirlwind, waterspout Roviana vi-virua whirlwind, waterspout Ghari viru waterspout WMP Tagalog pipís pressed or flattened thin Tausug mag-pipis to crush or press (something so that it becomes fine or soft, as peanuts, pepper, or grains of rice) Kadazan Dusun pipis to oppress, crush, squash; flat pipis-on to be compressed Ngaju Dayak pipis cylindrical roller for crushing foodstuffs fine Iban pipis grind to powder, roll, pound Malay pipis mashing between two hard surfaces; grinding spices for curry Toba Batak pipis crush something with a roller Old Javanese um-ipis to pound, crush p<in>ipis to pound, crush pipis-an place or instrument in which rice is pounded Javanese pipis-an square stone pestle on which herbs, etc. are ground fine by rolling a cylindrical implement over them Balinese pipis grind, stir with a stick pipis to grind; stir with a stick CMP Manggarai pipis to pound flat WMP Isneg pípit harmonica Malay pipit mouthpiece of whistle daun pipit primitive whistle of leaf p<em>ipit rusa deer-call; these whistles are made oflontar (Palmyra palm) ormengkuang (pandanus sp.) leaf or of leaf-like laminae of horn WMP Ilokano pípit vagina (familiar) Ibaloy pipit vagina, female genitals --- the anatomical part, esp. of little girls Malay (Johore) pipit penis of a very young child WMP Iban piak side sa-piak on one side of dua pihak on both sides Malay pihak side Old Javanese pihak-an one side, one half Javanese piak an opening up or breaking apart (as in splitting a melon in half) miak to open something out/apart; to push apart (as curtains) Balinese piyak become separate, split, break open miyak to split, break open Tae' piak to split, cleave; be split apart si-piak one half of something split in two, as a divided rice paddy WMP Ilokano piék chick pi-piek [peep] Ibaloy on-piyek to peep, of the frantic sound of baby chicks Kelabit (Long Napir) piək the peeping of a chick Javanese piek-piek to peep, of baby chicks (Pigeaud) Bare'e ana pio baby chicks, baby birds WMP Javanese piek-piek to peep, of chicks (Pigeaud 1938) Mori me-pio-pio to peep, of chicks (Esser 1927:41) WMP Ibaloy me-miʔpi to pound clothes on a stone in the washing process; clothes are put on a flat stone or concrete and paddled so that dirt is dislodged Bikol mag-piʔpíʔ to wash clothes Hanunóo pipíʔ pounding of clothing in laundering mag-pipíʔ to wash clothes, launder clothes, using apa-mipíɁ pa-mipíʔ wooden mallet or beater for pounding clothing Cebuano piʔpíʔ to hammer or pat something into shape (as a pot, or dented fender back into shape) Maranao pipiʔ to wash, launder Binukid piʔpiʔ to launder, wash clothes (in the river) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) piʔpiʔ to wash clothes OC Gitua pir white pithy ball inside sprouted coconut Roviana piraha sprouting coconut (Ross 2008:375) Nggela pira a coconut on ground showing leaf Kwaio bila sprout 'Āre'āre pira green, unripe Sa'a pile the young areca nut in its early stages Arosi pira young fruit of areca tree Mokilese pir lymph nodes Puluwat piŕ(o) coconut sponge beginning to form; to form such; growth or lump under the skin; to have such OC Gitua pir white pithy ball inside sprouted coconut Chuukese piir hard lump or growth under the skin piir-n taka spore of the ripe coconut when beginning to form Puluwat pír coconut sponge beginning to form; to form such; growth or lump under the skin; to have such WMP Hanunóo pírit twist, twisting p<in>írit twisted (as of the fibers in a rope) OC Label pir to plait, braid (as cords to make a net) Tolai pir to plait, as a basket or mat wir to plait, weave (as a mat) Duke of York wir plait coconut leaves round trees to make them taboo Lakalai viri to constrict, as a python; be mixed up or twisted, of a child's speech; twist, wind up, wind around; too much, a great deal e-viri a malevolent spirit which causes twisted limbs Gedaged pizi to weave (mats, sails, etc.), to braid, to knot (the strands of grass skirts, but usuallyabi is used) Motu hiri-a fasten by twisting round and round; tie up a parcel or bundle, twisting string all round it; to kill for visitors (as a pig) Kilivila vili to turn; to make grass skirts; be twisted Tawala pili fold clothing, wind fishing line Molima vili roll a cigarette luluwe vili put headdress around head Mono-Alu fili a made rope Cheke Holo firi snarl, tangle (as fish in fishing line) Eddystone/Mandegusu viri plait, make a basket Bugotu firi bind, lap with string Nggela viri bind round and round; puzzling, difficult; English twist tobacco virig-i wind round, of a creeper; put a hitch round, make a sail fast when reefing vi-viri to bind, to tie; busy Kwaio fili twist tobacco filis-ia braid together filiʔ-ia tie up, fasten Lau firi twist round, coil round; twist tobacco; tie up, tie up a door 'Āre'āre hiriʔ-ia twist, entwine, tie, bind, with a vine; tighten a vine around the waist of a woman in order to provoke an abortion Sa'a hiri to lap with string, bind spears or arrows Arosi hiri twist, twine round, coil (of a snake), wind a line round hiriʔ-i to twist, twine round, coil (of a snake), wind a line round hiri-hiri twist, twine round, coil (of a snake), wind a line round; a thread for tying a hook to a line Kosraean pihr-aki to braid, plait pihr-ak a braid, a plait Pohnpeian pir turn, spin, twist Woleaian pili-pil tie, twist, fold, lash (as in twisting ropes) Mota vir to twist, wring, squeeze with a twist we vir o tal plait a cord Lonwolwol viri to plait (rope, etc.) Rotuman hiri to plait three strands of sennit, hair, etc., and the "tail" of a basket or floor-mat made of coconut-leaf, this tail itself being called ahiri Tongan fī plait, twist or plait two or more threads together; a plait of hair, or pigtail; pigtail-like part of a plaited basket Niue fili to plait, to twist Samoan fili (of sennit, hair, etc.) plait, braid fili-ŋa action of plaiting, plaited work ta-fili decorate, dress something by plaiting coconut or other leaves around it Tuvaluan fili to string (as flowers or shells on a necklace); braid ma-fili plaited Rennellese higi to braid, lash, twist; construct, build a nest Hawaiian hili to braid, plait, string, as a lei or Candlenuts; a braid, plaiting, string; to turn, deviate, wander, stray OC Bugotu fii-firi to twine Sa'a hiri-hiri a plaited spear Arosi hiri-hiri a thread for tying a hook to a line Niue fili-fili a chain; to chain up, to handcuff Samoan fili-fili chain Rennellese haka-higi-higi wrap, lash, plait, as dolls forkuba (magic) Hawaiian hili-hili to braid, plait, string OC Kwaio filo-a squeeze, wring filos-ia twist, wring Lau filo twist together, as strands, twist round filos-i, filos-ia twisted round filo-fai discuss, talk a thing out thoroughly 'Āre'āre hiro-ato wring out, squeeze, twist Arosi piro to plait the edge of a bag Gilbertese biro tool used to fasten ropes or tighten boards: carpenter's vice, screw jack, tourniquet biro-a to twist, to screw, to tighten with a vice Marshallese piro twins; double; grown together; joined; two pandanus keys joined together Mota viro to turn, go round, change, turn out of the way o qaui we viro twisted knee Fijian viro cross-grained, of timber Tongan fio to mix, mix together, mingle (as with other people in a crowd) Niue filo to twist (as a rope), to plain; string, thread, reel of cotton ka-filo tough, stringy, hard to snap Samoan filo thread; cotton; reel of thread Tuvaluan filo twist; twist fiber on thigh to make cord; a thread; mix, of liquids; mix with other people ma-filo twisted (of string) Nukuoro hilo mix; braid strands of sennit Rennellese higo to coil, braid; to mix, as food, or as persons with others unlike himself higo-higo to mix, connect; be mixed (as a person's ancestry); area between shallow and deep blue sea Hawaiian hilo to twist, braid, spin; twisted, braided, threadlike; faint streak of light hilo-hilo lengthen a speech or story by inserting new matter; embroider or spin out a tale OC Molima vilo-a to twist Kwaio filo-a squeeze, wring Gilbertese viro-a to twist, to screw, to tighten with a vice Fijian viro-viro-a cross-grained, of timber Tongan fio-a beginning to turn grey, of hair fio-fio slightly, somewhat Nukuoro hilo-a mix, braid strands of sennit OC Nggela iga vila sailfin tang:Zebrasoma veliferum Fijian via kind of broad fish with large breast fins WMP Casiguran Dumagat piga juice (from a fruit, usually citrus); to squeeze fruit (to get out the juice) Cebuano pígaʔ press, squeeze something (as juice from grated coconut, a hand in welcome) Formosan Kavalan piRas roe (as of crabs or shrimp) Thao pilhash roe, eggs of fish or crab WMP Itbayaten pyah eggs of fish (also of shrimps, lobsters); spawn, roe ma-pyah having fish, crab, or shrimp eggs Bikol pigá roe, fish eggs, spawn i-pigá to lay eggs, of a fish Gayō pire roe, fish eggs mu-mire to expel eggs, of fish Karo Batak pira eggs of fish or frog; ovary of a hen OC Roviana bira-na the hard roe of fish Nggela mbila organ of a fish Marshallese pia fish roe Wayan via be ready to spawn, have roe; fish eggs, roe Formosan Thao pilhash-an be laden with roe, have eggs, of fish or crab WMP Bikol piga-an a fish with roe WMP Ilokano pigkét the glutinous substance exuded by several trees; gluey, glutinous, sticky Malay perekat lime; mortar; gum; cement; glue; sticking material of any sort Wolio pika stick, adhere, cling WMP Sundanese pipir side, edge, border Tontemboan piʔpir edge, side of a river or path WMP Tagalog p<al>igpíg shaking of the body by birds or animals to get rid of dust or water Karo Batak mirpir to sprinkle mirpir-i to sprinkle something Toba Batak ma-mirpir-hon to shake off so that the droplets scatter WMP Bikol pigsá a boil Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pidsa<A a boil Tiruray finsa a boil or abscess finsa-nan afflicted with boils Tboli hisa a boil Blaan (Koronadal) fisɔ a boil Manobo (Sarangani) pigsa a boil Melanau Dalat re-pisa a boil Iban pisaʔ generic for boil, carbuncle, whitlow OC Lakalai la-vilu-vilu sawfish Roviana viru-viru a variety of swordfish smaller thanikutaina (general term for swordfish) Nggela vilu-vilu swordfish Arosi hiru-hiru a large fish which swims in circles, and is the sign of a shark being near WMP Kankanaey pis hiss, as spouting water Malay pis interjection to frighten cats Javanese pis interjection to frighten cats Balinese pis interjection to call carts Sasak pis interjection to frighten cats WMP Isneg pítaʔ mud, mire Pangasinan pisák lowland Cebuano pisák ~ písak muddy ground, mire pisak-pisak spatter or splatter dirt or liquid; make a spattering sound WMP Isneg pinsān first cousin Kankanaey (Northern) piŋsan cousin, or first cousin Ifugaw (Amganad) piŋsan once pi-piŋsan first cousin Gad'ang ka-pinsan cousin, or first cousin Casiguran Dumagat pensan cousin Sambal (Botolan) piŋhan cousin Tagalog písan staying or living together under one roof or establishment mag-ka-písan staying or living together ma-písan to converge; to be brought together p<um>ísan to live together under one roof; to live together without the benefit of marriage ka-pisán-an club; association; society; a group of persons united by a common purpose or interest; fraternity pisán-an to join someone under one roof (emphasis on person) pinsan cousin Kalamian Tagbanwa pinsan cousin Old Javanese pisan once, the first one, one a-pisan to be one, united, joined pisan once, the first one, one; at the same time, in one act, all together a-misan (to do something or to be done) in one act, at the same time, completely (not by halves, definitely) a-pisan to be one, to be united, joined; in one act, in one go misan first cousin ka-pisa-n at the same time, together, at once; straightaway, completely Javanese pisan once; the first one; the first time; at the same time; all together ka-pisan first, first time ka-pisan-an in the same instant, at once WMP Tiruray fisaʔ to break Iban pisah shift; remove; move house misah nama to change one’s name Malay pisah to sever; separation ber-pisah to be separated pisah-kan to divide; to segregate Bahasa Indonesia bər-pisah-pisah to keep to oneself Old Javanese a-pisah to separate, part; to be separated, parted a-misah to isolate oneself, withdraw WMP Ilokano pisáw kind ofbunéng (large machete-like knife; bolo) Tagalog písaw a long, thin, narrow kind of bolo Mapun písaw a handmade knife with a metal handle Tausug písaw a small knife (esp. used in preparing a betel nut chew) Malay písaw knife (the term includes 1. table knives, 2. clasp knives, 3. razors, 4. knives for Malay wood carving, and 5. jungle knives Karo Batak piso a knife, esp. used of luxury knives Toba Batak piso knife, short sword Javanese piso table knife Mongondow pitow machete or bolo that a Mongondow man always keeps by his side when travelling Dampelas piso machete Balaesang piso machete Tae' piso knife OC Tabar viso bamboo Lakalai la-viso knife Bola viso knife Formosan Puyuma mu-pisəɭ to pinch between the fingers pisəɭ-i pinch it! WMP Ilokano pisél to squeeze; press; knead Tagalog pisíl a squeeze or tight pressure with the hand p<um>isíl to squeeze or press with the hand ma-pisíl to be squeezed WMP Ilokano pisl-én to squeeze; press; knead Tagalog pisil-ín to squeeze or press with the hand WMP Yami (Imorod) pisŋi cheek Itbayaten pisñi cheek Ibatan pisñi the cheeks of a person Ayta Abellan piŋi cheek Tagalog pisŋí cheek Manobo (Dibabawon) písŋi cheek Mansaka písŋi cheek Manobo (Sarangani) pisŋi cheek Tausug pisŋi ~ pisni cheek Proto-East Gorontalic *pusoŋi cheeks OC Halia hisi-n mata eyelash Kwaio fi-fisi i mā eyelash OC Minigir visi to tie Bali (Uneapa) vizi to tie Mono-Alu pi-pisi to tie, as a parcel Chuukese fiti- snarl, tangle, entwining Mortlockese fiti to wrap Woleaian fiti-i tie it, bind it, tangle it, spiral it, wrap it Mota vi-vis to tie, bind round and round Fijian vici to bind, roll up, coil Tongan fihi tangled; fig., intricate, complicated Hawaiian hihi entangle, creep, spread, intertwine, intermingle; entangled; web; a large-meshed fish net OC Mussau pisi fart, break wind Tanga pis to emit wind Lakalai pisi to break wind Gedaged pis pass gases from the bowels Roviana p-in-isi to break wind Nggela pisi be ejected, of feces Puluwat pwit to let wind (vulgar) WMP Kankanaey pisík to cleave, split, slit, burst, crack, chink; to rive (a board, etc.) Toba Batak ma-misik-hon (< pisik) chop off, knock off, break in pieces OC Seimat xixi(o)-<A muscle, flesh Numbami wiso flesh, meat, muscle Motu hidio flesh, lean of meat, grain of wood Mekeo (East) pikio flesh Proto-Micronesian *fiSiko flesh Woleaian fitig(o) meat, flesh Malmariv visio meat Aore visiɣo- flesh Araki visiho flesh, meat Northeast Ambae vihiko flesh Axamb na-vsox meat Wayan viciko flesh, meat; muscles; be meaty, full of substance Fijian viciko flesh, the lean of meat as against the fat; the grain of timber OC Lakalai la-viro a reed:Phragmites spp. Motu hido wild cane growing by the riverside Mota viso a reed,arundo, with edible flower-heads Fijian vico a wild sugarcane:Erianthus maximus Samoan fiso kind of cane-grass (Saccharum sp.?) with edible flower buds, and used for thatch OC Gitua piso navel piso waro umbilical cord Fijian vico-vico the navel wā ni vico-vico the navel string Formosan Kavalan pipis hair on the temples WMP Ilokano pispís temple of the head ma-pispis-an to be hit on the temple of the head Ayta Abellan pihpih temples, the flat part of the head on each side Bikol pispís sideburns WMP Yami pispis sound of things rubbing together Agutaynen pispis cricket (if the sound of a cricket is heard in the house it means that a visitor is arriving) Cebuano pispis kind of green tree insect that makes a shrill sound at night (so called from its sound); it is believed that apispis in the house is the voice of a departed one who has come to ask for help Toba Batak mar-pispis to squeak or squeal, of rats WMP Itbayaten pispis idea of sprinkling pa-pispis-an to sprinkle pa-pispis-en to shake off Karo Batak mispis shake the water from a wet sieve, fishnet, etc. Toba Batak ma-mispis to moisten, spray or sprinkle with water WMP Itbayaten pispis-an to sprinkle, to spray, to sprinkle on Toba Batak pispis-an eaves of the house into which rain from the roof drains off WMP Keley-i pihpih to squeeze Kadazan Dusun pipis to oppress, crush, squash, compress OC Gedaged pipi to squeeze (out), express; crush, pinch, strangle Mota pipis to twist up Formosan Kavalan pipis hair on the temples WMP Ayta Abellan pihpih temple, the flat part of the head on each side Tiruray fifey cheek Tboli hifi cheek Bilaan (Sarangani) fifi cheek Melanau (Mukah) pipəy cheek Ngaju Dayak pipi the cheeks (of people and animals) Malagasy fífi cheek mi-fífi to press against a door, a partition, a wall, etc. Iban pipi cheek (of the face) Malay pipi cheek (of face) Gayō pipi cheek Karo Batak pipi uppermost part of the cheeks, the temples Dairi-Pakpak Batak pipi cheek Toba Batak pipi face Nias fifi forehead Sundanese pipi the cheeks Old Javanese pipi the cheeks Javanese pipi the cheeks Balinese pipi the cheeks Sasak pipi the cheeks Proto-Sangiric *pipi cheek Proto-Minahasan *pipi cheek CMP Ngadha pipi the temples, the cheeks Kambera pipi the cheeks WMP Kankanaey pit to sound slightly, peep Malay pit twitter of finches WMP Kankanaey piták split, cleave (a cane, etc.) OC Fijian vida to split, of certain things only WMP Ilokano pítak mud, mire Isneg pítaʔ mud, mire Bilaan (Sarangani) fitak mud Rejang pitaʔ earth, soil CMP Manggarai pitak mud, morass Soboyo baka-hitaʔ mud OC Lakalai la-pita mud, swamp Wedau biɣa-biɣa swamp, mud WMP Isneg mag-pintáʔ to store the rice harvest in the granary i-pintáʔ to store tobacco leaves inkolapí boxes Tagalog pítak a division, section or compartment in a bookcase; a shelf, box or other kind of compartment; part, portion; pigeonhole ma-pítak having many divisions or compartments piták-piták divided into small sections Aklanon piták granary, warehouse (for grain) Ngaju Dayak pitak the individual compartments in a boat Iban pitak container in which paddy is temporarily stored Malay petak compartment; of a storage hold or compartment in a Malay ship, cubicles or divisions of a house, with floors at different levels, a wardrobe divided into compartments, etc. Javanese pétak compartment, partitioned-off space métak to divide up into compartments; to partition up WMP Kankanaey pitak split, cleave (a cane, etc.) OC Fijian vida to split, of certain things only WMP Ilokano pisát piece of cloth, rope, etc. ag-pisát to cut a piece of cloth Maranao pitas to break, as an engagement for marriage Binukid pitas to cut (something) all the way through Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pitas to cut apart two things that are held together by a rope, cord, strand, or stem Tboli hitas to tear open, as a hole; (of a hole) torn open, as in the earlobe caused by heavy earrings Malay pintas cutting across; taking a shortcut (of making a bee-line for any place) OC Lou pit squeeze juice out Tolai pite to force, press, squeeze, wring pi-pite to express the milk of coconuts through the fiber; to squeeze, to milk; to wring the water out of clothes Mengen (Poeng) pite press, exert pressure, squeeze, press something to break it WMP Bontok pítək mud, especially the mud in a pondfield Kankanaey pítek dirt; mire; mud; slime Ifugaw pítok mud Bilaan (Sarangani) fitak mud OC Gumawana visi to break, crack (of pots) Misima vihi be cracked Fijian viti to break off small branches WMP Ilokano pitík pulsate, beat, throb -- said of the heart, the pulse, the fetus Kapampangan pitík tap, make a tapping noise OC Tolai pidik knock or tap with the fingers, as a door Numbami witi ache, pain; to hurt Motu hisi pain; an epidemic hisi e ania to suffer (‘to eat pain’) Kilivila pisi to hurt, ache pi-pisi to throb Nggela vindi throb or smart, of a cut, the pulse Lau fī to feel pain; to hurt Mota vitig to pain WMP Ilokano pítik corporal punishment: flicking with the finger; flip pitik-en to punish physically; to flip with the finger; flick the ear in punishment Tagalog pitík a flick or toss with the finger and thumb; spark of fire or light; the sudden tensing, tautening, tightening or jerking of a rope, cord, rein, etc., or the flicking of a whip, rope, etc.; a carpenter’s line for marking; to flip; to toss or move by the snap of a finger and thumb Aklanon pitík a flick of one’s finger; to flick with one’s finger; a line (usually made by flicking a taut piece of string coated with ink or dye) Agutaynen mag-pintik to release the rubber strip on a spear gun or slingshot, i.e. to shoot the spear gun Maranao pitik slingshot Rungus Dusun pitik flint and steel pitik flint and steel CMP Buruese pitik to parry, ward off OC Motu pidi-a to fillip pidi-pidi to knock or fillip repeatedly Nggela vindi to flick off, slip off, be knocked off vindi-ki to flick off, let spring back; a grasshopper Fijian vidi to jump, spring, fly up vidi-ka to fillip Tuvaluan fiti-fiti flick with finger repeatedly (as when testing coconut for maturity) OC Leipon pitol hungry Ahus pitol hungry Tanga fitol to hunger; in a state of hunger; hungry Tolai vitolon hunger, famine; immaturity, of trees; hungry, in a state of famine Lakalai vitolo hungry la-vitolo famine Gedaged pitol hunger, famine Motu hitolo hungry; hunger; to hunger hitolo mase be famished Nggela vitolo hungry vito-vitolo long hungry, weak from hunger Tolo vitolo hungry Lau fiolo hungry fiolo-a hunger, famine, scarcity of food 'Āre'āre hioro to fast, starve hioro-na hunger, fasting, famine, starvation mae ana hiorona starve Sa'a hiolo hungry hiolo-ŋa famine Arosi hioro hungry hioro-ha famine, hunger Efate (South) pitol hungry WMP Bontok pitpit the call of theídew bird, signifying a good omen (ídew = a kind of small, reddish bird having a variety of calls) Ifugaw pitpit onomatopaeic word; pit-pit-pit sound produced byído birds (ído = sparrow-like birds with long tail feathers; their quick and protracted pit-pit-pit is believed to predict good luck to headhunters (travelers or hunters), bad luck if theirpit-pit call is slow and short) Ifugaw (Batad) pitpit a short, shrill cry of an omen bird,īdaw; the cry resembles the sound ‘pit, pit, pit’ (this cry does not signal an omen, as do numerous other cries of the omen bird) Cebuano pitpit kind of swift; the mahjong piece with one bamboo that resembles thepitpit bird Tiruray fitfit a bird:Monticola solitaria philippinensis (Linn.) Iban pipit rice sparrow or Munia, especially the Dusky Munia:Lonchura fuscana Cassin. Malay pipit small twittering bird; finch; sparrow; generic for many small birds, especiallyMunia spp.; the sparrow,Passer montanus; the white-headed finch,Munia maja; the rice-eating finch,Munia oryzivora; a finch (Munia punctulata orMunia scuticauda) pipit antu black wood partridge (‘ghost pipit’) Proto-South Sulawesi *piʔpit small sparrow-like bird species Makassarese pippiʔ small bird similar to a sparrow Formosan Kavalan p<m>itpit to pick, pluck off, tear off, as leaves or a fruit pitpit-an be picked by someone Thao pa-pitpit to massage with pinching motions p<in>itpit was pinched or massaged with pinching motions WMP Ilokano pitpít flat, flattened, crushed Bontok ʔi-pitpít to mash, as cooked sweet potato or cassava p<in>itpít food prepared by mashing, as mashed sweet potato, especially when mixed with rice Kankanaey p<in>itpít rice cooked with camotes (sweet potatoes) Ifugaw pitpít to compress a number of things into a single container; to use pressure when closing a pot or a basket which has a fitting cover Mapun pipit narrow, as objects Karo Batak pitpit closed tight (of the eyes) Toba Batak pitpit closed, of the eyes Sundanese mipit pluck with the hand, pluck off (a leaf, flower, or fruit) di-pipit be plucked with the hand Old Javanese pipit close side by side, cheek by jowl ka-pipit squeezed, pinched, jammed p<in>ipit-an to hem in, cut off, squeeze; put in a tight place Javanese pipit close together with no space intervening mipit to press close together Balinese mipit be close, be joined closely Proto-Minahasan *pitpit blink the eyes Tontemboan piʔpit close the eyes, blink OC Nggela mbimbi to fold Lau bibi to crush, weigh down Arosi bibi to crush, squeeze, crowd Formosan Thao pitpit-in be squeezed or massaged with pinching motions WMP Ilokano pitpit-én to forge; crush; flatten; hammer metals Bontok pitpit-én to mash, as cooked sweet potato or cassava Kankanaey pitpít-en to tread, to trample on (ground recently dug) Formosan Puyuma pitpit beat; make (something) move mu-pitpit to whip and make fall (as lychees by typhoon winds); whip a child’s bottom WMP Ilokano pitpít flat, flattened, crushed ma-pitpít to be crushed (fruits); flattened pitpit-én to forge, crush; flatten; hammer metals Bontok pitpít to mash, as cooked sweet potato or cassava p<in>itpít food prepared by mashing, as mashed sweet potato, especially when mixed with rice Ibaloy pitpit-en to flatten, press, compress, press flat (as steel by blacksmith’s hammer, peso bills in money clip, something stepped on) Pangasinan man-pitpít to crush, smash to pieces; hammer metal flat Bikol mag-pitpít to whip lightly, to spank someone; to spank the behind or whip a particular part of the body Proto-South Sulawesi *piʔpi(C) to beat Formosan Basai pitu seven Kavalan pitu seven (cardinal) kin-pitu seven (people) u-pitu seven (objects) u-pitu-btin seventy Atayal pitu seven Seediq (Truku) pitu seven m-pitu seven times kəm-pitu seven days (in the future?) pən-pitu seven each Papora pitu seven Amis pito seven Favorlang/Babuza na-ito seven pana-pito do seven times Thao pitu seven mashi-pitu seven, in counting units of future time (?) mu-pitu do something seven times ma-pitu-ʔun seventy pa-pa-pitu seven at a time, seven-by-seven sh<m>i-pitu seven days ago (?) Bunun pitu seven Puyuma kara-pitu-kar-pitu-pitu-an seven objects per person mia-pitu seven people Puyuma (Tamalakaw) pitu seven maka-ptu-l seventy pitu-a seven (animals/objects) Paiwan pitju seven WMP Itbayaten pito seven kaka-pito a seventh part, 1/7 i-p<am>ito seventh time, seventh object of a series Ilokano pitó seven mamim-pitó seven times pag-ka-pitu-en divide into seven parts Agta (Dupaningan) pítu seven Kalinga (Guinaang) pitú seven Bontok pitu seven; to be seven Kankanaey pitó seven Ifugaw pitú seven Ifugaw (Batad) pitu seven na-pitu seventy Casiguran Dumagat pitu seven Ibaloy pito seven --- the cardinal number man-pito to increase sevenfold pin-pito seven times pito-n polo seventy Isinay pitú seven Pangasinan pitó seven k<om>a-pitó seventh in order labin-pitó seventeen pitó-m-plo seventy Sambal (Botolan) pito seven Kapampangan pitú ~ pitó seven labi-ŋ-pitó seventeen Tagalog pitó seven ika-labi-m-pitó seventeenth ika-pitu-n-puʔ seventieth pam-pitó seventh pí-pitó seven only Bikol pitó seven kag-pitó seventeen pag-pitu-ón divide into seven; send seven at a time Buhid fitó seven Hanunóo pitú seven Romblomanon pitu seven (actions, people, pieces of something, situations, things, times, units of measurement) Masbatenyo pitó seven Aklanon pitó seven tig-pitó seven-by-seven, seven at a time Waray-Waray pitó seven Agutaynen pito seven pito-m-polok seventy Hiligaynon pitú seven Palawan Batak píto seven Cebuano pitú seven tag-pítu seven at a time Maranao pito seven pito poloʔ seventy Binukid pitu cardinal numeral: seven; to be in sevens; to do, make seven (of something) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pitu seven Mansaka pito seven Tiruray fitew seven fitew foloʔ seventy Kalagan pitu seven Tboli hitu seven g-hitu-hen seventh Tausug pitu seven Siang pitu seven Dohoi pihtuʔ seven Dusun Malang pitu seven Paku pitu seven Ma'anyan pitu seven Malagasy fíto seven fito-polo seventy Samihim pito seven Dusun Witu pitu seven Gayō pitu seven mu-pitu-n seven times Simalur ito ~ itu seven Karo Batak pitu seven Dairi-Pakpak Batak pitu seven pe-pitu-ken the seventh Toba Batak pitu seven pa-pitu-hon seventh si-paha-pitu the seventh Batak month si-pitu-pitu the seven days of the week Nias fitu seven ma-mitu divide into seven me-witu seven times Mentawai pitu seven Lampung pitu seven pitu xani celebration of the seventh day (e.g. after a death) Old Javanese pitu seven p<in>itu in seven categories? p<in>a-pitu divide into seven Javanese pitu seven mitu to hold a ceremony for a woman in the seventh month of pregnancy Madurese pittu seven Balinese pitu seven Sangir pitu seven ma-pulo pitu seventeen pitu-m-bua seven pieces Tontemboan pitu seven Tonsawang picu seven Mongondow pitu seven pitu no puluʔ seventy toko-pitu seven times in total topo-pitu every seventh, on the seventh (night, etc.) Totoli pitu seven Boano pitu seven Banggai pitu seven Bare'e pitu seven (only in combination forms) pitu-m-pali seven times pitu-m-puyu seventy Tae' pitu seven Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *pitu seven (bound numeral) *o-pitu seven (independent numeral) Mori Atas o-pisu seven Moronene o-pitu seven Mandar pitu seven sap-pulo pitu seventeen Buginese pitu seven Wolio pitu seven pitu pulu seventy sa-pulu pitu seventeen Muna fitu seven (prefixed to nouns) fitu fulu seventy fitu mo-ghono 700 pitu seven (form used in counting) Popalia pitu seven Palauan wið seven (used when counting in sequence) Chamorro fitu seven (used in serial counting) CMP Bimanese pidu seven Lamaholot pito seven Adonara pito seven Solorese pito seven Kodi pitu seven Anakalangu pitu seven Dhao/Ndao pidu seven Rotinese hitu seven Helong itu seven Tetun hitu seven hitu-n-ulu seventeen Tetun (Dili) hitu seven Vaikenu hitu seven Galoli i-hitu seven Waima'a kai-hitu seven Idate hitu seven Tugun itu seven East Damar wo-itu seven Leti wo-itu seven Luang wo-itu seven Wetan wo-iti seven Fordata i-fitu seven fat-fitu-n seven-by-seven, seven at a time iki-fitu only seven Kei fit seven Teluti fitu seven Gah pitu seven Alune itu seven Wahai itu seven Saparua hitu seven Laha itu seven Seit itu seven Larike itu seven Batu Merah itu-a seven Amblau fito seven Buruese pitu seven SHWNG Taba p-hit seven Buli fit seven fai-fit seven times Misool (Coast) fit seven Ron fik seven Numfor fik seven fik seven Pom itu seven Marau₁ itu seven Ambai itu seven Papuma bo-itu seven Munggui bo-itu ~ itu seven (bo)-itu seven Woi itu seven OC Mussau itu seven Mendak iti seven iti seven Label i-his seven Lakalai -vitu seven Motu hitu seven Halia to-hit seven Haku to-hiti seven Petats to-hit seven Selau witi seven Uruava vitu seven Torau itu seven Luangiua hiku seven Mono-Alu hitu seven Babatana (Avasö) vittu seven Eddystone/Mandegusu vitu seven Zabana vitu-ɣu seven Bugotu vitu seven (va)-vitu-ña seventh Nggela vitu seven vitu-ni seventh Kwaio fiu seven fiu-na seventh Marau₂ hiu seven Lau fiu seven fiu-na seventh Toqabaqita fiu seven fiu-na seventh 'Āre'āre fiu seven fiu-na seventh Sa'a hiu seven Proto-Micronesian *fitu seven Gilbertese iti seven itu-a seven Pohnpeian e-is seven Mokilese ij(i)- seven Chuukese fisu-uw seven (general class or non-specific things) fúús seven (used in serial counting or to name the number in the abstrace, but not used as a numerical adjective) Puluwat fúús seven (sequential) Woleaian fis(i) seven Ulithian fisu seven Haununu piu seven Nokuku pitu seven Tasmate pitu seven Wailengi mbitu seven Raga mbitu seven Makatea fitu seven Rotuman hifu seven Wayan vitu (be) seven; (in card games) a seven Fijian vitu seven Tongan fitu seven Niue fitu seven toko-fitu seven (of persons) Futunan fitu seven Samoan fitu seven fitu sefulu seventy Tuvaluan fitu seven fitu-ŋa-fua seven (of coconuts and bonito) Kapingamarangi hidu seven Nukuoro hidu seven Rennellese hitu seven, seventh, seven times hitu aŋa hugu seventy Anuta pitu seven pua pitu seventy Rarotongan itu seven taki-itu sevenfold, in sevens, multiplied seven times oko-itu seventy doubled, denotes one hundred and forty Maori whitu seven; seventh; elliptically, the seventh month hoko-whitu of an indefinite number of persons, band, force Hawaiian hiku seven; seventh na hiku the Big Dipper WMP Malagasy im-pito seven times man-im-pito to do seven times Mongondow im-pitu seventh mog-im-pitu become the seventh WMP Bontok ka-pitu to do seven times; a seventh Ibaloy ka-pito the seventh day of the Romblomanon ka-pitu seven times Old Javanese ka-pitu the seventh month Javanese ka-pitu seven times; times seven; (for) the seventh time; seventh in a series Mongondow ko-pitu seven times; also ‘seventh’, but it then indicates a closer connection with the preceding ‘six’ thanimpitu Bare'e ka-pa-pitu seventh (also an endearing name for girls) OC Eddystone/Mandegusu ka-vitu seven WMP Agutaynen ma-pito to make something seven Old Javanese ma-pitu divide into seven Buginese ma-pitu seventh Formosan Seediq məkə-pitu for seven days Thao maka-pitu seven units of physical measurement WMP Tagalog maká-pitó seven times Bikol maka-pitó to have seven Cebuano maka-pitú seven times WMP Bikol mag-pitó to become seven Masbatenyo mag-pitó to become seven Malagasy mi-fíto to divide into seven, be in sevens Formosan Amis pa-pito seven (people) Thao pa-pitu seven (of humans) Puyuma (Tamalakaw) pa-pitu seven (people) WMP Ivatan pa-pito seven Manobo (Ata) pa-pitu seven Balinese pa-pitu seven Pendau pe-pitu seven Balaesang pe-pitu seven Bare'e pa-pitu seven (likepitu, also used in combination forms, with stress on the amount) Chamorro fa-fitu seven (of living things) CMP Fordata fa-fitu seven times OC Motu ha-hitu seven (of persons); seven times WMP Malagasy faha-fito the seventh; seven fathoms Dairi-Pakpak Batak paka-pitu the seventh month Chamorro faha-uti seven times OC Sa'a haʔa-hiu seven times Fijian vaka-vitu seven times Rennellese haka-hitu to do seven times; the 5th and 19th nights of the moon; to be a month of the year, from June to July; this month Formosan Siraya pi-pito seven WMP Ilokano sag-pi-pitó seven each Bontok pi-ptu a unit of seven; seven each Pangasinan san-pi-pitó seven each Sambal (Botolan) pi-pito only seven Bikol tig-pi-pitó seven each Muna pi-pitu seven (people) WMP Kapampangan pitu-m-puluʔ seventy Sangir pitu-m-pulo seventy Tondano pitu-ŋa-pulu seventy Tae' pitu-ŋ-pulu seventy OC Fijian vitu-sa-ŋa-vulu seventy Tongan fitu-ŋo-fulu seventy WMP Bare'e pitu-atu 700 Tae' pitu-ratuʔ 700 Mandar pitu-ŋ-atus 700 CMP Tetun atus hitu 700 Kei rat fit 700 Formosan Kavalan saqa-pitu the seventh WMP Old Javanese saka-pitu seven at a time Formosan Kavalan siqa-pitu seven times WMP Itbayaten icha-pito seventh Ilokano ma-ika-pitó seventh Ifugaw n-ika-pitú seventh Casiguran Dumagat ika-pitu seventh Ibaloy ma-yka-pito seventh --- the ordinal number Pangasinan m-ika-pitó seventh Sambal (Botolan) ika-pito seventh Tagalog ika-pitó seventh Bikol ika-pitó seventh Romblomanon ʔika-pitu seventh Masbatenyo ika-pitó seventh Aklanon ika-pitó seventh Hiligaynon ika-pitú seventh Cebuano ika-pitú seventh Binukid ika-pitu seventh Tausug hika-pitu seventh OC Wayan ika-vitu seventh Fijian i ka-vitu seventh Formosan Seediq (Truku) ti-pitu the seventh (in a series) WMP Sambal (Botolan) ti-pito seven each Formosan Puyuma ka-pitu-an the seventh Paiwan ka-pitju-an a July typhoon (very destructive) WMP Itbayaten ka-pitw-an seventh month, April (in the olden calendar) Bikol ka-pitu-án sevenths Hiligaynon ka-pitú-an seventy Cebuano ka-pitu-an seventy Binukid ka-pitu-an seventy Malagasy ha-fito-ana seven days WMP Bikol pitu-ón to go seven by seven Agutaynen pito-on to make something seven Malagasy fito-ina be divided into seven Formosan Favorlang/Babuza a-ito-ito seven and seven, by sevens Puyuma pitu-pitu-a seven things WMP Ilokano pit-pitó only seven Sambal (Botolan) pito-pito seven by seven, seven at a time Bikol pitó-píto only seven Bare'e pitu-pitu seven in playing cards (said to be fromBuginese) SHWNG Buli fit-fit seven each, seven by seven, seven at a time OC Wayan vitu-vitu in sevens, all seven together Fijian vitu-vitu all the seven WMP Malay (Java) periŋ periŋ pituŋ large bamboo:Dendrocalamus spp. OC Fijian bitu bamboo:Bambusa sp. orSchizostachyum glaucifolium Gramineae Formosan Paiwan piuk dimple; dent in something soft WMP Kankanaey piók small dale, depression Karo Batak piuk dented Javanese péyok dented Balinese péok, piok sunken (of eyes, cheeks) WMP Itbayaten mi-pio-piok to sound piokpiok, as the chicken Mapun piyok-piyok a high-pitched sound made by chicks or baby birds when afraid WMP Lawangan piut great grandchild Maloh puʔit<M great-great grandchild (King 1976) Banggai piot youngest child CMP Buruese piu great-great grandfather (FFFF) WMP Ngaju Dayak pijak treading, stepping on; push with the foot Malay pijak setting foot upon mə-mijak to tread pə-mijak kaki sole of the foot Javanese ke-pidak to get stepped on ke-pidak-pikak to get trampled midak to step on something pidak-an pedal, something to step on Muna finda step, tread; tread, step on, trample on finda-hi step on something, trample underfoot WMP Tagalog pindót squeezing or pressing with the fingers Hanunóo pídut pinch Old Javanese pijet press with the fingers, squeeze, crush, knead, massage a-mijət to press with the fingers, squeeze, crush, knead, massage p<in>ijət to press with the fingers, squeeze, crush, knead, massage p<in>ijət-an to massage Javanese pijet have a massage Sasak pijet pinch; squeeze out feces WMP Itawis pirít squeeze between thumb and finger Kankanaey pidít crush, squash, press, squeeze Maranao pindit hold with or between the fingers Malay pijit pinching, compression in the hand; massage Bare'e pindi take between thumb and finger OC Lakalai la-voivoi a variety of pandanus West Guadalcanal voivoi pandanus Uripiv waiw general word for pandanus Wayan voivoi a small pandanus tree planted for its leaves, which are used for making fine mats, baskets and fans:Pandanus tectoriu sp; possibly also applied to cultivars ofP. dubius orP. whitmeeanus Fijian voivoi a kind of pandanus with leaves that are made into mats:Pandanus thurstonii OC Tanga pok to cut down or cut off (something), and by extension to ‘construct’ (something) with that which has been cut off pok palaŋ to clear clumps of bamboo and other low scrub from a garden site Pokau voi gardening (generally); clear garden in grassland after burning Simbo poki clear ground; garden, clearing OC Dobuan pou egg 'Āre'āre pou a green coconut, good to drink Arosi poku a young nut, of coconut poʔu-poʔu-na a round object; an egg OC Lavongai polok to grow (plants) Tigak polok to grow polok-on overgrown Sengseng polok to sprout (of plants, new tooth) Arosi horo to grow tall horo-taʔi to spring up from OC Kwaio folo across Lau folo across; cross over (river, sea); cut across, sever 'Āre'āre horos-ia to cross, go across, swim across Sa'a holo to cross; across (as sea); divide holos-i cut a piece off, sever a pig's head; to cross Arosi horo cross over, lie across Mota wolo-wolo crossways; a crosspiece wolos cut across, cut, chop in lengths OC Roviana volo-voloso lines, stripes Fijian volo small striped fish OC 'Āre'āre horo-horo broken into many pieces Maori horo-horo shattered OC Mussau poso to hold, squeeze in the hand Babatana poso hold in hand, hold onto OC Tabar potu mountain Lihir pot-pot mountain Bali (Uneapa) potu mountain Roviana botu-botu mounds for planting yams, etc; hillocks Nggela pou-potu to push up ground, as seedlings; to rise up, as bread or paint in the sun; to bulge; swollen, as from a mosquito bite; to swell after a blow Arosi pou-pou a round object; knot of a bowstring; lump or knot in wood; pearl; seed of pawpaw OC Halia bout to be cold (as water) Petats pout to feel cold (person) Proto-Micronesian *fou to feel cold Formosan Thao pu- prefix marking the causative of motion verbs;pu-lhilhi ‘to erect something’,pu-taun ‘put in a house’,pu-caqi ‘to defecate’ Puyuma pu- prefix marking the causative of motion verbs;pu-dare ‘throw or put on the ground’,pu-enai ‘to water, put water on’,pu-Taqi ‘spread manure on the fields’ Paiwan pu- prefix marking the causative of motion verbs;pu-zaLum ‘put water on or in’,pu-tsaqi ‘to defecate’ OC Motu hua-ia to carry on the shoulder Niue fua to carry on the shoulder WMP Malay peŋ-hulu headman, superintendent peŋ-lima executive officer Karo Batak puaŋ title given by the Batak of the Dusun areas (Deli, Serdang, Langkat) to the Malay sultans puaŋ kalimbubu mother's brother of a married woman puaŋ-lima commander, war leader Dairi-Pakpak Batak puaŋ bride-givers puaŋ bena kin group represented by the mother's brother Toba Batak puaŋ friend, mate; husband Tae' puaŋ Sir, lord; as title in religious names; also used for those of heavenly origin, the nobility and in particular for the rulers of the regions of Sangallá, Mengkendek and Mákale; God Mandar puaŋ respectful term of address, usually for those who are older than the speaker; term of address by a child to its father when the latter is a noble; God, lord Makassarese puaŋ royal or princely father or mother; royal uncle or aunt (if older than one's father or mother; if younger than one's father or mother thenputo is 'uncle' andaya is 'aunt') CMP Komodo pua mother's brother and his wife; father (in teknonyms) Ende puaŋ friend Sika puaŋ begin OC Tolai puar to break into pieces (as a cup) Iduna fua crush Motu huar-ia to smash, as pottery WMP Bikol mag-puwás to break (a fever); to pass (a feeling of intoxication puwas-án to recover (a person from a fever or from being drunk) Aklanon púas to become clear (said of weather); to become optimistic (after some dark days) Agutaynen mag-poas for the wind to lessen, die down, diminish; for the rain to stop or let up; for a flood to subside, recede; for a fever to go down Maranao poas go away Binukid puwas to remove, take something off; to cause something to come off Tausug puas free (from some obligation) ma-puas to be settled puas-an to untie something; (of a matter or problem) settled Malay puas to have had enough; to have had more than enough puas hati satisfied WMP Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pusek stick a plant into the ground so that it will grow; transplant rice seedlings CMP Manggarai pucek press in by force (as food into someone's mouth) WMP Malay pucok shoot; top branchlet; leaf bud (also numeral coefficient for letters and firearms) Old Javanese pucuk top, highest or foremost point; beginning or end Balinese pucuk tip, point, top Sasak pusuk top, peak Sa'dan Toraja pusuk sprout; budding leaves Proto-South Sulawesi *pucuk sprout; budding leaves Mandar pusuʔ young leaves, as of banana Makassarese pucuʔ young, not yet fully opened leaves; tip of a leaf that is thinner and finer than the rest Muna pusu top, as of a mountain, tip WMP Cebuano pusút for liquid to spurt out OC 'Āre'āre pusu burst, explode, spurt out, squirt, blow (of whale), spray Arosi pusu puff; spurt, splutter, as boiling fat, to discharge, of a boil WMP Ilokano posót wean (a child); deprive, debar, shut out, dispossess, bereave Malay pocot dismissal from office; loss or release from work Formosan Kanakanabu pucaʔ foam Saaroa pucaʔ foam Rukai puca foam (Tona) Paiwan putsaq foam (W) WMP Kadazan Dusun puta foam, lather, froth muta puta foaming Malagasy fota-fota slaver, spittle. Generally used of such as is produced in anger or from eating ravenously mi-fota-fota to slaver, to foam, to rave WMP Bikol ma-pudák light-skinned Kadazan Dusun puak white Central Dusun purak white WMP Itbayaten ma-poraw gray, grayish Ibatan pōdaw pale, of a person’s complexion Ilokano púdaw whiteness na-púdaw light complexioned, white, whitish pa-pudáw-en to make white, bleach p<um>údaw to become lighter in complexion Bontok pulaw white, as clothes; Spaniards, particularly those that lived in Bontoc in the late 19th century Kankanaey mem-puláw white; light; light-colored (as cloth) Ibaloy polaw white animal WMP Yami podpod pull out; snap and fall ka-podpod broken-legged crab podpod-en pull out a tooth Ibatan podpod to break off something (as shrub, broken teeth, etc.) Ilokano p<um>udpód to wear out (shoes, etc.) Ibaloy e-podpod worn out, as the soles of one’s shoes Ayta Abellan podpod worn at the point or ends Tagalog pudpód worn out at the point or ends (as a pencil, toes or heels of shoes); stubby; short, stiff and thick, as a beard pudpur-ín to blunt; to wear at the point or ends Bikol pudpód worn down, or worn out; overused mag-pudpód to become worn down or worn out Agutaynen popod da worn down flat (as a tooth that becomes hard to extract) Cebuano pudpúd wear down or decay at the ends or tips (as teeth from eating too much candy); knock the ashes off something burning slowly; worn down or decayed Maranao popod consume, use up all materials Tausug pudpud a stub, a part (of something) left after the main part is gone or used up WMP Yami ma-podpod to fall out (tooth) Bikol ma-pudpód to get worn out Agutaynen ma-popod to become worn down, small, flattened (as of a lamp wick, tooth, soap, pencil lead) by being consumed in use Mongondow mo-pupud blunt; wasting away, of limbs from sickness; to lose a finger, etc. WMP Bikol pa-pudpod-ón to wear something down Agutaynen pa-popod-on to cause, or wait for, something to be completely consumed, used up, worn down, burned down/up Formosan Puyuma pudu wild betel root that grows in the mountains (its leaves are narrow and long, smells good when chewed) WMP Ilokano pudó fruit of the betel pepper WMP Sambal (Botolan) poról to be dull, not sharp (used of knife, shears, pencil); slow to learn Tagalog puról dullness, lack of sharpness ma-puról dull Buhid pudúl blunt, dull Tausug ma-pundul blunt Malay (Jakarta) pudul blunt, dull (C.D. Grijns, p.c.) OC Motu buru blunt Formosan Amis porod a ball of string or yarn mi-porod to wind string into a ball Thao pusuz tangled ball of thread Paiwan puzuɬ cocoon; spool; stick on which cord is wound pa-puzuɬ-an a spool p<n>uzuɬ to spin a cocoon; to wrap cord around something WMP Ilokano púdon bobbin, spool used to hold thread for the warp pag-pudun-an spool; winder for spooling thread Kankanaey pódon wind thread into balls Tagalog púlun act of winding or coiling (rope, string, thread, yarn, tape, etc.) Bikol purón wind up, coil up Hanunóo purún spool, ball, of anything that can be wound; classifier for same Cebuano púlun wind a string or rope into a ball Maranao poron gather into one place, lump together Kiput muduːn gather Toba Batak pudun knot in a string Nias furu collection, gathering CMP Manggarai puruŋ roll thread into a ball Tetun hurun wind up thread WMP Bikol ali-púros whirlwind, cyclone, tornado Cebuano alim-púlus small whirlwind Tae' talim-puruʔ whirlwind OC Lakalai kali-vuru tornado, waterspout WMP Bontok puwəg knee Kankanaey púeg knee Ibaloy poweg knee Pangasinan poég knee Kapampangan puwád thigh Mansaka pood buttocks; rump Kalagan pud thigh WMP Ilokano púek owl Rungus Dusun puvok owl Gana puək owl Minokok puvək owl Bisaya (Limbang) puok owl WMP Tagalog poʔ honorific: "sir", "madam", answer to the call of a superior or elder Uma pueʔ lord, master pueʔ ue crocodile me-pueʔ to serve, be of use to; to obey Bare'e puë sir, lady; grandfather, grandmother, grandchild (vocative) WMP Tagalog puwít buttocks, backside; rump; the hind part of the body of an animal, where the legs join the back Kelabit puət buttocks, bottom, foundation WMP Casiguran Dumagat pugád nest (of theokong bird, made in the sand) Tagalog púgad nest; a place that swarms, usually with something bad, as a ‘nest’ of thieves Hanunóo púgad nest, as of a bird Aklanon púgad nest; to nestle, be in the nest Palawan Batak púgad bird’s nest Maranao pogad take off the hen’s nest, remove from nest Mansaka pogad nest Tausug pugad a nest mag-pugad to make a hideout (as thieves) WMP Casiguran Dumagat pugad-an chicken nest Aklanon pugar-án nest, nesting place Tausug pugad-an to settle in a nest WMP Ilokano pugrót showing mild displeasure; poor, destitute Bikol pugrót broke, having no more money WMP Ilokano púgi to start weaving p<am>ugi-an first threads of the woof Bikol pugíʔ to start the weaving of cloth WMP Ilokano púgus short-haired, short-tailed pugús-en to cut the web from the loom; to cut testicles off an animal Tausug pugus to roll or knot the hair WMP Ilokano pugót headless Ayta Abellan pogot to cut off someone’s head Tagalog pugót decapitated; headless Bikol ma-púgot be accidentally beheaded Ngaju Dayak pugut to have lost the end or point (hair, grass, leaves, fabric), torn on the side, eaten off, as grass that has lost its tips after being eaten by deer WMP Ilokano pugut-án to decapitate; cut the head off someone Bikol pugút-an to behead WMP Tagalog púhag destruction of a beehive Bikol mag-puhág to cut the honeycomb from the beehive para-puhág one who cuts the honeycomb Maranao poag harvest honey from honeycomb Manobo (Western Bukidnon) puhag subdue a nest of bees with syrope Iban puar drive off bees (to get the honey) OC Lau fui cluster, clump Samoan fui-fui keep, stick together; cluster, bunch (as of fruit) fui-fui-lua (of two people or things) go together, be paired fui-niu cluster of coconuts Rennellese hui bunch or cluster, as ofBarringtonia nuts orPandanus keys; string, as of fish; fruit, as of pandanus Maori hui-hui put or add together; congregate, come together; meet; double up; assembly, group Hawaiian hu-hui cluster (as of grain or fruit); Pleiades hui club, association, society, corporation, firm, partnership, union; form a society or organization; to meet; join, unite, combine; cluster, as of grapes or coconuts; bunch, as of bananas; chorus of a song Formosan Taokas puta navel Basai puna navel Proto-Atayalic *pugaʔ navel Papora puda navel Pazeh puza navel Amis pona navel Thao puza navel Formosan Saisiyat pozok navel Saaroa pəlhəkə navel Puyuma pudek navel; umbilical cord Paiwan pudek navel; umbilical cord WMP Ilokano púro island Isneg pug-puxó island Itawis fugú island in river Pangasinan pogó islet Sambal (Botolan) póloʔ island Tagalog pulóʔ island Bikol puróʔ island Aklanon pueóʔ island Agutaynen poro island poro island Hiligaynon púluʔ island Tausug pūʔ island WMP Itbayaten pok bang, splash Agutaynen pok the sound made by an owl Cebuano puk onomatopoetic word for a rapping sound Ngaju Dayak pok splash softly Iban puk call of any bird of prey with plaintive note Malay pok dull clapping sound Karo Batak puk onomatopoetic: bang! Old Javanese pok onomatopoetic particle: blow, thud Javanese puk representing something falling ŋe-puk-epuk to keep patting (as someone’s back); to keep thudding/plopping OC Tongan fū to clap the hands crosswise so as to make a hollow sound OC Tigak puka to fall Uruava uka to fall Simbo uka to fall Ghari puka to fall Talise puka to fall WMP Cebuano pukák a child’s word for female genitalia Iban pukak vulva WMP Ilokano púkan cut down bamboo or wood Casiguran Dumagat pukán to chop down a tree Bikol púkan to fell (a tree, something cut at the base) Hanunóo púkan chopping down, cutting, felling Aklanon pukán to cut down a tree Waray-Waray pag-ka-púkan the act of falling; collapsing, or dropping down something pukán fell down; collapsed; dropped down Hiligaynon mag-púkan to cut a tree down WMP Ilokano pukán-en to cut down trees; to fell, prune Bikol pukán-on to fell or cut down a tree Hiligaynon pukán-un to cut a tree down WMP Cebuano pukáŋ child's word for female genitalia Malay pukaŋ fork; thigh-joint (of animals); crosspiece (of anchor) Bahasa Indonesia pukaŋ crotch (Echols and Shadily 1963) Old Javanese pukaŋ thigh Balinese pukaŋ leg of animal or bird Sasak pukaŋ thigh WMP Old Javanese pukah with a point broken off, broken in two, truncated Proto-South Sulawesi *po(ŋ)ka split, break apart Makassarese poka cut into pieces CMP Manggarai poka fell, cut, chop down WMP Old Javanese pukah with a point broken off, broken in two, truncated Proto-South Sulawesi *po(ŋ)ka to split, break apart Makassarese poka cut into pieces CMP Manggarai poka to fell, chop down WMP Cebuano pukás lift up something that covers or hides something; become uncovered; for a girl's dress to creep upwards, uncovering her legs Malay pukas nudity; improper or indecent exposure (used esp. oflatah subjects who strip themselves when under the influence of the disease) WMP Maranao pokas disjoin, disengage Tiruray fukas release animal from yoke Kayan pukah loosened, unrolled (as a mat that is rolled up when not in use) Dairi-Pakpak Batak pu-l-kas opened; broken, of a dam or water tap Formosan Kavalan m-puqaw blind Formosan Kavalan m-puqaw blind Thao ma-pukaw having dim vision, especially nyctalopia WMP Ilokano ma-púkaw to lose, be lost; be destroyed, wasted; confused pa-púkaw to rape Itawis fúkaw hypnotized, confused Malay pukau narcotic (commonlydatura seed burnt under a house) used by thieves to drug to sleep people whose quarters they proposed to burglarize Rejang pukeuw hypnotised, put to sleep by magical means (the work of a thief in order to disarm his intended victim) WMP Tagalog maka-pukaw to provoke; to stir up; to excite; to wake; to enkindle; to excite; to inspire; to cause or awaken thought or feeling pa-múkaw incitement; a thing that urges, stirs up or rouses Bikol mag-púkaw to wake someone up; to get someone up; to rouse Aklanon púkaw to awaken, wake up (someone) pa-múkaw serenade; alarm clock Cebuano púkaw wake someone up; awaken an emotion that had become inactive Maranao pokao awaken, revive Binukid pukaw to wake up, awaken; to wake (someone) up Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pukew to waken someone Mansaka pokaw to awaken Tausug mag-pukaw to wake up (someone) Basap pukaw wake up Tunjung pokaw wake up WMP Itbayaten poket a kind of netting (for catching birds?) Tagalog púkot dragnet for deep-sea fishing Bikol púkot deep-sea dragnet mag-púkot to catch fish with such a net Romblomanon pūkut a fishnet Masbatenyo púkot fishing net mag-pa-múkot fish with a net Cebuano púkut general term for fish nets put somewhere, into which the fish are driven and caught by the gills or which are used in trawling Maranao poket net Manobo (Western Bukidnon) puket a net of various kinds used for fishing or for catching birds or animals Mansaka pokot fishnet Mapun pokot ~ pukut long fence-type fish net Yakan pokot fishing net (circular). It is thrown out by hand from a small boat. mag-pokot to fish, catch fish with a net Tboli huket a large net used for fishing in deep water Tausug pukut a large fishing net, seine Kadazan Dusun pukot dragnet Tombonuwo pukot fishing net, seine Ida'an Begak pukut fishing net Kiput pukət dragnet Iban pukat seine or drag-net, as opposed torantau (drift-net) Malay pukat net; drift-net; seine. Specifically of nets that drag fish ashore or into which fish are driven or over which they are attracted;pukat is used also of fowlers’ nets (pukat tanah) Acehnese pukat seine, large dragnet prahō pukat fishing boat used especially for seine fishing Gayō puket fish net Simalur pukeʔ dragnet Toba Batak puhot a large dragnet Nias fuka a bird net Rejang pukeʔ a large fishing net Old Javanese pukət drag-net, seine Tontemboan pukət net, general name for fishnets and hunting nets Tonsawang puhəc net for catching fish or animals Mongondow pukot net for catching wild pigs; spider web Bare'e puka net Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *pukoQ net Makassarese pukaʔ kind of large fishnet without a sack that is spread out over the sea or across a river and is then hauled in Wolio puka seine, dragnet Muna puka long fishnet, dragnet; catch (fish) with a net Palauan wukəd fish or mosquito net CMP Kédang pueʔ dragnet Watubela fukat fishnet Proto-Ambon *pukət dragnet Laha ueta fishnet Asilulu uʔet a round weighted fish net which is cast on the water’s surface Manipa ueke net SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai fuat fishnet OC Vitu vuho fishing net Amara o-puo net Kove puo fish net Lakalai la vuo fishnet or seine; base of fish trap (vo)-vuo to fish with a net Manam u generic for nets; big fish creel (of willow) Motu huo a kangaroo net Kilivila wota (fishing) net Nggela vugo a net; to fish with a net; a cobweb 'Āre'āre huʔo net, fishing net huʔo-a to fish with a net Sa'a huʔo fishing-net, seine Arosi huʔo a large net, seine net Bauro hugo a large net, seine net Proto-Micronesian *wuko fishnet *wuko-ti catch in a net Marshallese wek net; netting; screen Pohnpeian uuk net Mokilese uk round net Chuukese wuuk fishnet, net (general term) Puluwat wuuk seine; to seine Woleaian ug(o) fish net; to go net-fishing WMP Kadazan Dusun ka-pukot (can) catch fish with a dragnet Old Javanese ka-pukět to fish with a dragnet or seine; to catch (in a net) WMP Tagalog ma-múkot to fish with a deep-sea dragnet Mapun mukut to fish with a long fence-type net Kadazan Dusun mo-mukot to fish with a dragnet Kiput mukət to cast a dragnet; to catch with a dragnet Iban mukat fish with a seine or drag-net;pukat empelawaʔ, spider’s webpukat are set with weights and floats across a stream, or may be dragged ashore in shallows Simalur ma-mukeʔ fish with a dragnet Old Javanese a-mukət to fish with a dragnet or seine; to catch (in a net), entrap, entangle, enmesh Tontemboan ma-mukət go hunting for wild pigs Mongondow mo-mukot go hunting with nets Makassarese am-mukaʔ fish with apukaʔ net WMP Romblomanon pa-múkut someone goes net fishing Cebuano pa-múkut fishing with apúkut Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pe-muket to net fish or to set out a net to catch animals Malay pe-mukat-an a long narrow Brunei type of fishing boat Palauan o-múkəd catch (fish) by casting net WMP Nias fa-fuka catch birds with a net fa-wuka get ensnared or entangled Makassarese pa-pukaʔ fishermen who fish together with a dragnet Wolio pe-puka fish with a trawl WMP Kadazan Dusun p<in>ukot caught fish with a dragnet Old Javanese p<in>ukět was caught in a net, entrapped Palauan u<l>úkəd caught, trapped in a net WMP Bikol pukót-on to catch fish with a deep-sea dragnet Mapun pukut-un to fish with a long fence-type net Tausug pukut-un to fish with a seine Kadazan Dusun pukot-on to be caught with a dragnet Palauan ukád-əl caught, trapped in a net WMP Bontok pukət to stick to; to adhere to; to hold on to, as a leech, grass seeds or sticky tape Sundanese pukət wind oneself tightly around something; cling or hold stubbornly to one another (of people fighting); tie around; ensnare Formosan Amis poki women’s genitals; labia; a vegetable calledkomiyat [chayote] is given this term for a nickname because of its shape WMP Ibanag fuki vagina Atta (Pamplona) puki vagina Kapampangan púki female genitals Tagalog púki female genitals Bikol púki vagina Hanunóo pukí buttocks; hindmost part of buttocks Cebuano púki female genital organ (euphemism) Maranao poki external female genitalia Yakan puki female genitals, vulva, vagina Berawan (Long Terawan) pukkeh vulva, vagina Ngaju Dayak puki female genitalia Iban pukiʔ vulva pukiʔ maʔ swearing interjection or gross insult (lit. ‘(your) mother’s vagina!’) Moken pukui vulva Malay puki female genitals (vulgar) puki anjiŋ a plant,Cynometra cauliflora puki maʔ a grossly insulting expression Acehnese pukɔə female genitals pukɔə ma kah your mother’s vagina! (term of abuse) Javanese puki female genitals Mongondow puki female genitals Banggai uki vulva, vagina; little girl Palauan wuk vagina ukí-l her vagina CMP Li'o puki vagina Hawu uʔi vagina Tetun huʔi-n female genitalia Erai ui vagina Dobel wuy vulva, vagina Kamarian ui vagina Asilulu uʔi female genitals (in general); vulva; a common term of abuse Manipa hi-m vagina Wakasihu uʔe vagina Buruese puki vulva Sula poki vagina OC Loniu pwi-n her vulva Nali buyi-n her vulva Ere buʔi-n her vulva Titan bui vulva Papitalai brui- vulva, vagina Tarpia piki- vagina Gitua pugi vagina, cunt OC Roviana vugo tomorrow Zabana fuɣo tomorrow fu-fuɣo morning Tangoa vuho tomorrow Burmbar ma-vuk morning Formosan Puyuma pukpuk hurt; beat; to shell with a flail (as millet) p<ən>ukpuk was hit by someone (as a child being beaten) pukpuk-anay will beat Paiwan p<aɬ>ukpuk to throb, pulsate (as heart) WMP Yami pokpok to knock, hit one’s head Ilokano pukpók sound or use of a hammer Casiguran Dumagat púkpuk to pound with a stick or hammer Ibaloy pokpok scare device for rice birds—constructed of two bamboo halves cut lengthwise to the middle, where a notch is cut to allow the halves to open and close; when the bayon line is pulled one half moves with the line, and when it is released it hits back against the other half, making a clapping sound pokpok-en to knock off; brush off something that clings (as dust on clothes) Pangasinan man-pokpok to shake off dust Kapampangan ma-mukpuk to hammer mi-pukpuk to hit on the head Tagalog pukpók a bang; a banging, rapping, hammering, beating or pounding Bikol mag-pukpók to beat, hit, or strike someone or something with a stick or club; to batter; to paddle Aklanon púkpuk to pound, knock, bang Cebuano pukpuk pound with the fist or something held in the fist, not necessarily with force; masturbate (slang); act of pounding or hammering; drumstick p<in>ukpuk kind of cloth made from fine abaca fiber that has been pounded after weaving; wear, usepinukpuk cloth; makepinukpuk cloth Maranao popok mallet; pound, hammer, knock, beat; copulate, have close or intimate body contact Binukid pukpuk to hit an animal on the head in order to kill it Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pukpuk to hit someone with a stick or similar weapon, but to “pull the punch” so that the blow is not very hard Mansaka pokpok to hit with a stick Tausug mag-pukpuk to hammer, pound (something); strike something with something else Lun Dayeh fufuk a knock on the head Tunjung mupuk to wash clothes (by beating on the river rocks) Siang mupuk to wash clothes (by beating on the river rocks) Malagasy fófoka a blow a-fófokoa to be beaten Dusun Witu sam-pupuk to wash clothes (by beating on the river rocks) Karo Batak pukpuk coarsely pound sugar with maize Toba Batak ma-pukpuk to batter Balinese pukpuk to smack with the open hand OC Nggela ta-vuvu sound of birds’ wings WMP Ilokano parokpók rapids; to bubble, said of liquids: water issuing from a spring or a spout, boiling, etc. Tagalog pagukpók sound of strokes or knocks from a distance Bikol pagukpók knocking sound; sound such as that made by an ax when chopping wood WMP Yami pokpok-en to knock Ilokano pukpuk-en to hammer, hit Ibaloy pokpok-en to knock off, brush off Tagalog pukpuk-ín to bang, beat, hammer or pound; to beat by pounding with a stone, hammer or heavy piece of wood Tausug pukpuk-un be hammered, pounded Lun Dayeh fufuk-in will be knocked on the head Malagasy fofóh-ina to be beaten WMP Lun Dayeh mufuk to knock on someone’s head Toba Batak ma-mukpuk to strike, beat, hit WMP Tagalog pukól a toss; a throw; tossing; throwing; hurling; shot; something like a shot; hitting one thing with another end on end or head to head, as in the egg-breaking game mag-pukól to toss, throw, hurl, cast or fling something (stress on the thing thrown); to pelt; to throw things at púkúl-an hitting one thing with another Bikol mag-púkol to strike with a stick pukul-án to hit a particular part or section with a stick Iban pukul strike, beat, knock Malay pukul strike; hit; knock; to take (at chess); to multiply; to average; an idiomatic word of wide meaning, not confined to any kind of blows, and used loosely in many other senses; give a man a hammering; shoe a horse; beat a gong; to print; to beat a drum; stroke of the clock; etc. Sundanese pukul stroke of the clock, hour mukul strike, hit (as in a fight) Old Javanese a-mukul to beat (with a hammer); to play a percussion instrument a-pukul beating, knocking (against each other); playing a percussion instrument pu-pukul hammer Javanese mukul to strike with a hammering blow (as in hammering in a nail) Tontemboan pukul to hammer, hit with the fist, use the fist as a hammer WMP Ilokano pukól one-handed; one-armed; one-legged pukul-án to cut off one hand or one leg ma-pukul-án to lose one’s hand; to have one’s hand severed Ayta Abellan pokol deformed, maimed Tausug pukul having an amputated leg, arm, finger, or toe OC Biliau fu cough Takia fu-fu cough Nggela vugu a cough, cold nia vugu catch a cold or cough from; to cough Kwaio fuʔu cough; sputum fuʔu-na chest, breast Sa'a huʔu-huʔu to cough, to have a cold in the head huʔu-ŋa coughing Arosi huʔu to cough WMP Ilokano pula yellow or red central part of a crab Ifugaw pulá reddish clay Tagalog pulá redness ma-pulá red Bikol pulá red, reddish Aklanon puea(h) become red or reddish Cebuano pula red; any color ranging from dark yellow through orange, red and brown Subanon pula redness om-pula red Tausug pula red pula-pula a newborn infant SHWNG Waropen ura red color OC Sa'a hule a convolvulus growing on the beaches, used to produce a blue dye for the hair Fijian wā vula-vula a creeper, fam.Convolvulaceae:Ipomoea pes-caprae OC Tabar pura sea cucumber Nehan pul sea cucumber species, sea slug Nggela vula generic for cushion starfishes Rotuman hula sea slug Wayan vula sea cucumber:Holothuria sp. Fijian vula kind of sea cucumber OC Motu hua to increase (as an ulcer, or a wave about to break), to be full (of an udder), to fruit Futuna-Aniwa fu-fula to swell, become swollen (as the foot) Tongan fula to swell up as the result (so it was formerly believed) of breaking atapu, esp. by eating food left over by a chief fu-fula to swell, swell up, swell out; to pout, or to blow out the cheeks Niue fu-fula to swell Rennellese hu-huga to swell up, be swollen (as face or eyes) WMP Ilokano púlad feather of an arrow; vane Tagalog pulád feather vane attached to the end of an arrow; sprouting of feathers of a bird WMP Ilokano púlaŋ to return (what has been borrowed); carry; give back; bring; replace; atone; satisfy ag-púlaŋ to return to one’s original position; come to life; regain consciousness ma-puláŋ-an to recover to normal condition (health, finances, etc.) puláŋ-an to compensate, reimburse, pay a debt Isneg ma-púlaŋ to be returned, sent away Kenyah (Long Anap) pulaŋ turn something around, as a boat in the river Kayan pulaŋ to turn end for end; to reverse Ngaju Dayak pulaŋ be repeated, done again Iban pulai return, go or come back (home), end up at, revert Malay pulaŋ to return to one’s home or first place of departure; to revert Toba Batak pulaŋ come back empty WMP Kalagan ma-pulaʔ red Tboli huloʔ red Blaan (Koronadal) fulɨʔ red SHWNG Waropen ura red color WMP Itbayaten poxaw lack of sleep, idea of long wakefulness at night kapi-poxaw insomnia, staying up late at night ka-poxaw act of being long awake at night ma-moxaw to be long awake at night Tagalog puláw watching at night over a sick person ka-pulaw-án loneliness Hanunóo púlaw waking up, awakening ma-púlaw awake; wake up Aklanon pueáw stay up late at night, go to bed late Agutaynen polaw a wake for the dead Cebuano puláw ~ púlaw stay up very late at night, or the whole night through; keep a fire or lamp going the night through; for a feeling to be kept alive Central Tagbanwa pulaw-an wake, vigil for the dead Mansaka poraw not to be able to sleep, to be wakeful WMP Ngaju Dayak pules twisting, twining; twisted, twined ules twisting, twining; twisted, twined Malagasy fóli silk thread or yarn voa-fóli spun foles-ina to be spun Iban pulas twist, warp, whorl pulas ucoŋ whirlwind, whorl (of hair on the crown of the head) tekuyoŋ pulas snail, unid. (or whorl of snail shell?) Malay pulas wringing; twisting; (fig.) extorting or cheating pulas-kan leher to wring the neck pe-mulas sekerup screwdriver Toba Batak pulos twisted Javanese di-pules twined together Tontemboan puləs twisted, as of plants that have fallen through a twisting motion Bare'e pule knot, hair bun; wear the hair in a bun Tae' pulaʔ twist, wring, as to remove the water from clothes that have been washed CMP Tetun hulas to twist Asilulu pule-k to twist WMP Malay sakit me-mulas gripes, colic Tontemboan muləs pull something down or out with a twisting motion WMP Bikol pulsít slip away (because it is slippery, like a fish when you try to hold it) Iban pelesit slip out, shoot out, press out, extrude (as a small fish from between the fingers)! WMP Ilokano púli to succeed, filling the vacancy Tagalog púli replacement (for persons); by extension, replacement of mechanical parts WMP Ilokano pulí race; breed; bloodline ka-pul-pulí person of the same race; of the same breed Ibaloy poli descendant --- of blood line, esp. with regard to genetic characteristics on-poli to pass on to another generation --- of some trait or characteristic Pangasinan polí ancestry, pedigree, family tree; race of people; inherited characteristics Tagalog pulí tradition; inherited custom WMP Ilokano pulí-an to succeed, filling the vacancy Tagalog pulih-an to replace someone or something WMP Bontok na-púlig to fall, to tumble down Keley-i pulig to roll Ifugaw púlig to tumble down headlong and, eventually roll further down if the one who tumbles descends a steep slope Ifugaw (Batad) pūlig for someone or something to roll, especially down an incline, of his, or its own volition; for someone to roll something relatively spherical along, as by pushing it Ibaloy podig-en to roll something, as a rock down a cliff Waray-Waray pulíd the act of rolling from one side to another; to roll on, move on in rolling motion Maranao polid to roll on the other side Binukid ka-pulid for the sun to move beyond the zenith and the shadows to lengthen in the afternoon Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pulid to push something off of something so that it falls; action (of the earth’s rotation) which causes celestial bodies to recede from the zenith WMP Isneg i-pulín to roll down (a slope) Tagalog pulín roller placed under heavy objects to help move them WMP Miri fuléŋ to turn Old Javanese puliŋ turning round, spinning; dizzy, giddy OC Tolai buli turn, roll, turn something upside down Lakalai buli, buli-buli roll across the ground; teeter; roll back and forth; turn over and over; push or roll something too heavy to carry buli galo turn something away from another person, turn something aside buli tavu turn something towards someone or something else Gedaged buli turn back or into something else; change, transform; turn (over, back, round) Molima puli-a push or roll along, as a log Arosi buri to wallow, roll on the ground, as a dog buriŋ-aʔi to roll on (something) Rotuman huli turn something over; turn oneself over Tongan fuli to turn round, etc. fuli-hi to turn round or (esp.) to turn over, or to overturn; change or vary; inverted, upside down Niue fuli turn over, turn away Samoan fuli turn over, roll over (as a tree trunk) fulis-ia be turned over, rolled over ma-fuli fall over; lean towards; tend towards faʔa-mā-fuli-fuli walk with a swaying, rolling or strutting gait (characteristic of some chiefs and affected by people who want to put on airs ta-fuli to roll fuli-alo turn upside down, bottom upwards Tuvaluan fuli turn (something) over; reveal a hidden object; translate; change into Kapingamarangi huli to turn, to twist, to change Rennellese hugi, hugis-ia push, shove, roll, throw, hurl, turn over; to drop, as heavy objects hugi-hugi turn over, roll; put down, as a burden Anuta puri turn something around puri-i turn something over Maori huri turn round; overturn; overflow, overwhelm; grind; turn; revolve; turn to, set about; mill, grindstone or anything which revolves huri-huri turn over in one's mind, ponder, reflect upon; turn over and over Hawaiian huli turn; curl over, as a breaker; (fig.) to change, as an opinion or manner of living hoʔo-huli turn, change, overturn, convert WMP Yami poling dust in the eye (Tsuchida, Yamada and Moriguchi 1987) Itbayaten poliñ foreign matter in the eye Ilokano púliŋ mote (in the eye) Agta (Dupaningan) puléŋ dirt or other matter stuck in the eye Bikol ma-púliŋ to have something caught in the eye mag-púliŋ to throw dirt in someone’s eye maka-púliŋ to fall into the eye (dirt, dust, cinders) Aklanon púliŋ to get something in one’s eye, get blinded (with foreign elements in the eye) Hiligaynon púliŋ to have a foreign object in the eye Cebuano púliŋ foreign body or matter in the eye or eyes Maranao poliŋ mote Tausug puliŋ dust or tiny particle that lodges in one’s eye ka-puliŋ-an to catch dust or any tiny particle in one’s eye Lun Dayeh fuliŋ dust or any foreign object in the eyes me-fuliŋ blinded with dust, etc. ne-fuliŋ had dust or foreign object in the eyes Bare'e am-puli dust or dirt in the eye WMP Tiruray fulifis cowlick Malay pəlipis temples of forehead bulu pəlipis fine hairs at temples and neck WMP Tiruray fuliʔ to recover from one’s investment, of whatever, a return at least equal to the original outlay Kadazan Dusun puhi to pay back, recover payment Punan Tuvu' puliʔ medicine Malay puleh return, revival, renewal puleh-kan to restore or bring back Old Javanese pulih come back to its former condition; recovered, healed Javanese pulih to recover, to regain a former condition mulih to restore something to its original condition pe-pulih-an reconciliation, restoration to normal pulih-an in the process of recovering Balinese pulih to get back into its former shape, look as it once did WMP Ilokano púlis to wind (a rope) around a tree, pole, etc., so as to keep an animal in check CMP Tetun hulis twist, as a wet towel to wring it out hulis nu twist coconuts off the stem WMP Balinese pulit twine around CMP Manggarai pulit wind a rope around (an animal that is too unmanageable), as in tying a carabao to a large tree WMP Kankanaey pulpúl-an to break off; to nip off; to tear off (wing of a bird, camote leaves, etc.) Ifugaw pulúpul to pluck, pull off all (or almost all) the fruits borne on a given tree or shrub Ibaloy man-polpol to remove all one’s clothes polpol-an to remove, strip all the leaves and/or branches from a tree Tagalog pupól picking or cutting flowers Lun Dayeh fuful cutting off a tree stump Malay pupul cropping, harvest (other than rice harvest); to pluck fruit or flowers (Brunei) Karo Batak pulpul plundered, of plants that people have stripped bare Toba Batak ma-pulpul stripped of leaves pulpul-an a bird; wild jungle fowl Mongondow mo-mupul hack down trees p<om>upul-an time when (or place where) trees are being (or will be) hacked down Makassarese puppuluʔ to gather in, specifically of fruits and crops (as jambu, peanuts, pepper) WMP Bikol mag-pulpól to place a plaster on a cut or wound Malay popol poultice Balinese molpol to plaster with clay or mud, plaster a wall, stop a hole in an earthen wall polpol-an a wall made of nothing but clay Formosan Paiwan pulu handle (as of a hoe) WMP Aklanon púeo handle of a bolo Hiligaynon púlu handle of a knife Cebuano púlu handle of bladed instruments Proto-Sangiric *pulu handle Mongondow pulu handle (as of an axe) Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) puruT a plant:Urena lobata, var. tomentosa WMP Kadazan Dusun pulut-an tree with fruit similar to the jackfruit Kayan pulut rubber trees Malay pulut-pulut generic for various mucilaginous plants pulut-pulut bukit Mallotus griffithianus pulut-pulut hutan Mallotus porterianus pulut-pulut kecil, pulut-an Urena lobata Sasak tem-pulut kind of fruit CMP Manggarai pulut a mucilaginous plant:Urena lobata Formosan Amis poloŋ all, all together (as people gathering for some occasion) WMP Ilokano ag-púloŋ to gather together, assemble Tagalog púloŋ meeting ka-pulúŋ-an assembly, a lawmaking group pulúŋ-in to converse with someone; to hold a meeting with someone Karo Batak puluŋ gathered; to gather, come together, assemble; to be present Toba Batak puluŋ gathered, brought together ma-muluŋ to gather, bring together (what belongs together) Rejang puluŋ a reel kéwéa puluŋ the reel of a fishing rod Sundanese puluŋ gather together Javanese muluŋ to tie harvested rice into bundles Balinese puluŋ roll into a ball with the hands Sasak puluŋ to pick up Mandar puluŋ crowding about, attacking in large numbers naka-puluŋ be crowded about, attacked in large numbers (by bees) Formosan Amis poloʔ group of ten Puyuma puɭuʔ ten Paiwan puluq group of ten WMP Itbayaten poxo group of ten aʔsaa-poxo ten Ilokano púlo group of ten Isneg púlo ten Bontok púlu a unit of ten (in counting) Ifugaw (Batad) him-pūlu the number ten Gaddang ta-fulu ten Casiguran Dumagat sá-pulu ten Pangasinan poló ten (appears only with affixes) Kapampangan a-púluʔ ten Bikol púloʔ ten (base form) Inati poloʔ ten Tombonuwo o-pulu ten Ida'an Begak puluʔ ten Kelabit puluʔ ten Berawan (Long Terawan) pulo ten Kenyah (Long Anap) puloʔ ten Kayan pulu ten Kayan (Long Atip) pulu ten Kiput pulauʔ ten Bintulu puluʔ ten (in multiples of ten) Melanau (Mukah) puluʔ-ən ten Bukat puluʔ ten Kejaman pləwʔən ten Dohoi puluʔ ten Malagasy folo ten Samihim puluʔ ten Malay se-puloh ten Simalur ulu ten Karo Batak se-puluh ten Mentawai pulu ten Lampung sa-puluh ten Mongondow puluʔ ten Dampelas so-pulu ten Wolio sa-pulu ten Chamorro fuluʔ ten CMP Manggarai pulu ten Lamaholot pulo ten Adonara pulo ten Solorese pulo ten Lamboya ka-bulu ten Sula poo ten Soboyo hulu ten OC Mendak saŋaun ten Lakalai savulu group of ten savulu saa ten Samoan se-fulu ten WMP Malagasy im-polo ten times Mongondow im-puluʔ the tenth mog-im-puluʔ become the tenth WMP Ibanag ma-fulu ten Agta (Dupaningan) ma-pulu ten Isneg ma-púlo ten Isinay ma-fúlu ten Sambal (Botolan) ma-púluʔ ten Nias me-wulu ten times Sangir ma-pulo ten Tonsea ma-puduʔ ten Tondano ma-puluʔ ten Mongondow mo-puluʔ ten Formosan Paiwan ta-puluq ten WMP Buhid safólo ten Moronene ho-pulu ten CMP Tugun se-n-ulu ten Wetan anuli ten SHWNG Ron safur ten Munggui saura ten OC Uruava avuru ten WMP Ilokano sa-ŋa-púlo ten Isneg sa-ŋa-púlo ten Itneg (Binongan) sa-ŋa-púlu ten Ibaloy sa-m-púlu ten Pangasinan sa-m-pólo ten Tagalog sa-m-púʔ ten Bikol sa-m-púloʔ ten Toba Batak sa-m-pulu ten Nias ŋa-fulu ten (in plural forms?) Tontemboan sa-ŋa-puluʔ ten Totoli so-m-pulu ten Pendau so-m-pulu ten Lauje so-m-pulu ten Uma ha-m-puluʔ ten Bare'e sa-m-puyu ten Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *puluʔ ten Makassarese sa-m-pulo ten Muna o-m-pulu ten CMP Bimanese sa-m-puru ten Komodo sa-m-pulu ten Li'o sa-m-bulu ten Kambera mbulu ten Hawu he-ŋ-uru ten Dhao/Ndao ca-ŋ-uru ten Rotinese sa-na-hulu ten Tetun (Dili) sanulu ten Idate sanulu ten Leti sanunu ~ snunu ten Luang ha-n-ulu ten Wetan anuli ten SHWNG Dusner sa-m-pur ten Numfor sa-m-fur ten OC Nauna sa-ŋa-hul ten Lou sa-ŋa-ul ten Penchal sa-ŋa-hul ten Lenkau sa-ŋa-hul ten Pak so-ŋ-oh ten Loniu (ma-)so-ŋ-on ten Nali (ma-)-so-ŋ-uy ten Ahus se-ŋ-oh ten Lele soŋuy ten Marau₂ tanahuru ten Likum se-n-oh ten Ponam saŋuf ten Sori sa-ŋ-op ten Bipi sa-ŋ-on ten Mussau sa-ŋa-ulu ten Label saŋahulu ten Bali (Uneapa) zaŋavuluku ten Vitu za-ŋa-vulu ten Amara soŋoul ten Kove sa-ŋa-ulu ten Motu a-hui ten (combination form) Tubetube sa-na-ulu ten Vaghua ŋa-vəl ten Nggela ha-ŋa-vulu ten Ghari sa-ŋa-vulu ten Lau ta-ŋa-fulu ten Arosi ta-ŋa-huru ten Haununu ta-ŋa-huru ten Buma sa-ŋa-ulu ten Mota sa-ŋa-vul ten Merig saŋavul ten Cape Cumberland sa-na-wulu ten Nokuku sonowul ten Malmariv sanavulu ten Lametin saŋavul ten Mafea saŋavulu ten Tambotalo sa-ŋa-vulu ten Amblong sonavul ten Peterara saŋavulu ten Apma te-saŋwul ten Lingarak na-ŋa-vül ten Leviamp snal ten Axamb sŋavür ten Tongan ho-ŋo-fulu ten Niue ho-ŋo-fulu ten Nukuoro mada-a-ŋa-hulu ten Rennellese aŋa-hugu ten Rapanui a-ŋa-huru ten Hawaiian a-na-hulu period of ten days; for ten days; to pass ten days Formosan Paiwan sika-puluq the tenth WMP Ilokano ma-ika-sa-ŋa-púlo tenth Casiguran Dumagat ika-sá-pulu tenth Tagalog ika-sa-m-púʔ tenth Malay yaŋ ke-sa-puloh tenth Tontemboan ka-puluʔ tenth Mongondow ko-puluʔ ten times; the tenth WMP Toba Batak pulu-an ten Lampung puluh-an by tens Makassarese pulu-aŋ group of ten WMP Tagalog sa-m-puʔ-ín make ten times as much, be multiplied by ten; divide into ten equal parts Bintulu puʔ-ən ten Melanau (Mukah) puluʔ-ən ten Malagasy folo-ina be divided into ten WMP Ilokano pulót thick syrup made of sugarcane; molasses Isneg pulút a kind of very small, black honeybee that builds its nest in the hollow of trees; the black wax produced by thepulút bee ma-mulút to gatherpulút wax Casiguran Dumagat pulót honey Kapampangan pulút molasses Tagalog pulót molasses; treacle; a sweet syrup obtained in the process of making sugar from sugarcane; honey Bikol pulót sap, resin; glue ma-pulót sticky; tacky; glutinous ma-pulót na tatarámon a tongue-twister mag-pulót to become sticky Aklanon pueót sticky sap, syrup Cebuano ka-pulut bird trap made of a sticky sap extracted from a tree and placed on a stick tied to a branch; catch something with this trap Maranao polot-an Uvaria Leytensis Elm., Merr.; sticky pink rice Binukid pulut birdlime, sticky material smeared on things to catch birds that light on it; to snare birds with birdlime; to put birdlime, etc. on the perching place of birds Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pulut a sticky sap used for birdlime; to snare birds with birdlime Mansaka porot sticky substance used for catching birds or flies Yakan pūt-an a type of glutinous rice or maize; sticky rice Tboli hulut glutinous (sticky) rice or corn; sticky tree sap used to trap birds h<m>ulut to set a sticky trap for birds Tausug pūt a kind of tree whose sap is flammable, and is a medicine for certain diseases pūt-an sticky rice (a variety of rice that becomes sticky when cooked) Kadazan Dusun puhut sap of trees mo-muhut to tap rubber tree po-muhut thing one uses for tapping rubber po-muhut-an the place where one taps rubber Abai Sembuak fulut sap Basap pulut sap Kelabit pulut glue, anything sticky; birdlime (obtained from the fruit of a tree) mulut to glue something, stick something onto something else Kenyah pulut the rubber tree (Euphorbiaceae); sap, sticky; euphemism for blood Kayan pulut rubber trees; elastic made from rubber Kayan (Uma Juman) pulut adhesive substance, as the sap of the breadfruit; rubber Kiput pulot latex, rubber pulot tərəp birdlime (tərəp = ‘tree similar to breadfruit with sticky sap used to catch birds’) mulot to catch birds with birdlime Bintulu pulut sticky substance; latex pulut manuk birdlime Ngaju Dayak pulut a type of rice; the plant is taller than ordinary rice, the grains are thicker and rounder, and when cooked it is stickier than ordinary rice ma-mulut to cook sticky rice and coconut together Iban pulut glutinous rice,Oryza glutinosa; it is fermented, cooked (sometimes sweetened) in bamboo or leaf packets for offerings and to eat at rites Malay pulut sticky; a name for glutinous rice (Oryza glutinosa) and for cakes made from glutinous rice ter-pulut adhering to, attached to pulut-pulut ~ pe-pulut generic for various mucilaginous plants Gayō pulut glutinous rice; sticky Toba Batak pulut glue, anything that adheres ma-mulut to glue, stick to mar-pulut catch birds with birdlime si-pulut kind of rice that yields a good glue Javanese pulut resin from breadfruit or papaya (used as glue) mulut to smear with resin; to trap [birds, small animals] with resin; (slang) to bribe CMP Fordata pulut sticky sap of breadfruit, birdlime Asilulu ala pulut kind of glutinous rice Buruese polot pitch, gum, resin em-polot sticky; faithfulness Tifu polot breadfruit sap OC Tanga bulut birdlime Bali (Uneapa) vulu-vulutu tree sap Nggela mbulu a torch, lamp; to light a path, or a person Lau bulu torch bulu ngali torch of nut gum 'Āre'āre puru puttynut, used to caulk canoes; a tree gum,puru nari, a resin puru-i-a to gum, stick, caulk the joints of canoe planks with puttynut Sa'a pulu the putty nut,Parinarium laurinum used to caulk canoes); tree gum pulut-e sticking a thing with gum Arosi buru a tree,Parinarium laurinum; the gum of this tree, rubbed into paste and sets hard quickly; glue, paste; a torch of gum Wayan bulu what is stuck on; adhere, be attached, stick to a surface; be patched, sealed, filled (of a tooth); have something glued on to cover it bulut-i patch something, stick a patch onto something bulu-bulu given to sticking, adhering; be patched, sealed with a patch; be sticky, gluey, adhesive, cloggy, e.g. of clay or cloggy soil, too wet and lumpy to dig vaka-bulut-i cause something to stick, seal something up Tongan pulu white sap, especially of the breadfruit tree Niue pulu stale, fusty, mouldy kano pu-pulu glutinous (as taro) Futunan pulut-i to dress a wound Samoan pulu breadfruit gum (used as putty, especially for caulking canoes); chewing gum; rubber; herb (Euphorbia sp.), a common coastal plant with white latex pulut-i to caulk, plug a leak pulut-ia to be caulked, plugged or glued Tuvaluan pulu gum or resin (from breadfruit, mango orfetau [Calophyllum inophyllum] tree; whatever is used to caulk a canoe, including chewing gum Kapingamarangi bulu-bulu to hold in one’s arms; to encircle in one’s arms, to embrace Nukuoro bulu giidagi a type of caulking compound, made frombulu (the short fibers of the mature coconut husk) and sap bulud-ia to hug Rennellese pugu resin as used for tattooing or torches; candle, torch; glow, as of sunset pugut-ia to be ordered, invoked, requested; to order, request Rarotongan puru adherence; compress, any soft or suitable material used as a compress; clingy, sticky, adhesive, apt to adhere purut-ia be plugged or stopped with a plug Maori puru plug, cork, bung; plug up, stuff up; confine by means of a plug; thrust in, stuff in, cram in; crammed, stuffed; pulp pu-puru pulpy, thick, stiff, semi-solid; fusty, mouldy whaka-puru to cram; protect with a pad; thatch a house; a protective spell puru-puru stop the chinks of anything; caulking of a canoe Hawaiian pulu wet, moist, soaked; a soft, glossy, yellow wool on the base of tree-fern leaf stalks (Cibotium spp.); it was used to stuff mattresses and pillows pulu-pulu tinder, kindling; cotton, as for quilt padding; fine linen WMP Ngaju Dayak puna original, primary OC Samoan puna spring, source Hawaiian puna spring (of water) WMP Kelabit punaŋ source, headwaters of a river; source Mongondow punaŋ source, origin; cause (as of a dispute) OC Tolai vuna beginning, cause, origin, source, basis, root, foundations; used either of material things like trees or houses, or of ideas; to begin, commence, cause Bwaidoga/Bwaidoka vu-vuna cause, origin, foundation of anything; (of a tree) the root Eddystone/Mandegusu vuna root; thick end of a bunch of bananas Tongan puna of liquids, to squirt, to issue forth ma-puna to spout or squirt upwards Samoan puna spring, source Hawaiian puna spring (of water) WMP Yami ponas wipe off with hand Itbayaten ponas idea of wiping off ma-monas to wipe off, to remove soil from ovi (yam) and then store it ponas-en to wipe Ilokano púnas rag, dust cloth ag-púnas to dust furniture, wipe ma-púnas to be wiped; to be erased pag-púnas towel, rag, anything used to wipe punas-an to wipe clean or dry punas-en to be wiped off Ibanag funat-an to wipe Isneg púnās to wipe, to clean or dry by rubbing (dishes, etc.) Itawis af-fúnat rag for wiping maf-fúnat to wipe Bontok púnas to wipe; anything used for wiping; to put out fire by rubbing it into the ground; to extinguish, of a fire Ifugaw (Batad) púnah wiping material, as a cloth, paper, rice straws, leaves ma-múnah to wipe away, to wipe up something from a body part, object, an area with wiping material, as to wipe perspiration from the face, excretion from the eyes, mucus from the nose, charcoal from a table, water from a floor Casiguran Dumagat punas to wet down; to sponge bathe; to wipe the hands or body with cloth (as in drying off) Ibaloy i-ponas to use something to wipe (as cloth); proper cloth to wipe with ponas-an to wipe something to clean it (as one’s face, table) ponas-en to wipe something from something else (as soot) Pangasinan ponás sponge bath ma-monás to wipe kolaay punas-án place where towels are kept Tagalog púnas a sponge bath i-púnas to use something to wipe with mag-púnas to wipe up something with a cloth; to mop; to wipe the dirt off someone or something; to dry; to dry by wiping with a handkerchief, cloth, etc.; to take or give a sponge bath pa-múnas wiping rag Bikol mag-púnas to take a sponge bath pa-mánas a rag or cloth used for wiping up spills, a sponge punás-an to wipe with a cloth or sponge (as a table) punás-on to wipe or sponge something up (as spilled milk) Masbatenyo mag-púnas to wipe ma-punás-an be bathed, be swabbed punás-an be wiped off, be rubbed, be swabbed Cebuano púnas wash the face and limbs with a soapy washcloth ma-múnas wash oneself off with a washcloth Maranao ponas erase, clean up Manobo (Western Bukidnon) punas to wipe something Mansaka ponas to erase; to sweep away; to clean off Yakan mag-punas to wipe something (as the floor) Iban punas barren, childless, with no direct heirs; died out, having no survivors; wipe out, destroy Sangir ma-munasəʔ wipe off crumbs, dust, etc. (as from a table) Chamorro funas eradicate, erase, rub out, , wipe out, put an end to, clear (of sin) OC Tolai pun delete, erase, efface, eradicate, rub out Duke of York una efface, wipe out; disappear, go out of sight Mota pun to dash out by hand or foot, rub out, as fire or anything written on a slate; to satisfy, said of food Maori huna conceal; destroy, devastate, lay waste Hawaiian huna hidden secret; hidden Formosan Saisiyat ponay bad omen bird Tsou pnoy turtledove Rukai (Budai) punáy wild pigeon Puyuma punay green dove:Chalcophaps indica? Paiwan punay pigeon, dove WMP Itbayaten ponay a kind of bird (green, male one has white beard), wild dove:Ptilinopus m. Merrill (female green as a whole; fruit dove) Ilokano púnay kind of large turtledove with dirty green plumage Isneg punáy a spirit in the shape of a large bird; betel is offered to him at the beginning of the harvest Bikol púnay species of pigeon with green feathers and a brownish breast Hanunóo púnay pigeon, wild dove, possiblyTreron pompadora axillaris Aklanon púnay type of dove Waray-Waray púnay pigeon Cebuano púnay the pink-necked green pigeon:Treron vernans Maranao ponai Osmotreron sp. --- green pigeons Mansaka ponay kind of bird, a member of the dove family (eats the fruit of thekaramoging vine) Kadazan Dusun punai fruit-eating pigeon Kenyah punay thick-billed green pigeon Kayan manuk puney pigeon:Ptilopus jambu Kayan (Busang) pune kind of wild dove, green with yellow legs Bintulu punay kind of wild dove Ngaju Dayak punæy kind of wild dove, a little smaller than the ordinary house dove; the back and legs are red, the breast green, and the upper body brownish-gray Malagasy funi a species of pigeon belonging to a genus peculiar to MadagascarAlectroenas madagascariensis funi maitsu a species of pigeon:Columba Polleni Schleg. (‘green pigeon’) Iban punai pigeon, including Green Pigeon,Treron spp., Jambu Fruit Pigeon,Ptilinopus jambu Gmelin, and Spotted-Neck Dove,Streptopelia chinensis Scopoli Malay punai small pigeon, generic for a number ofColumbidae, especiallyTreron spp. Gayō pune small pigeon Karo Batak pune a green wild dove:Osmotreron pune taneh a steel blue dove with red feathers under the wing Toba Batak pune kind of wild dove Nias fune kind of small dove Sasak puneʔ green bush dove:Osmotreron vernans L. Sangir pune dove Tontemboan puney small green dove Pendau pune buff-bellied fruit dove Bare'e pune a green dove,Treron sp., that makes a melancholy sound heard from afar Buginese punne turtledove Wolio pune pigeon OC Nauna pun small red, blue, and green dove, rarely eaten Wuvulu pune small dove with green, purple, etc. on breast Mendak buna small dove with red, green, and blue breast feathers Tolai buna a small dove:Aldirhinus insolitus Kairiru pun pigeon Manam bune dove Gedaged bun general name for pigeons, doves Keapara pune dove sp. Hula pune dove Motu pune Torres Straits or nutmeg pigeon:Myristicivora spillorrhoa pune-duba large blue pigeon Tawala bune-tutu pigeon type, similar to Fisher’s fruit dove Tubetube bune-tutu small green tropical bird Nehan bun(a) bird species, familyColumbidae, Yellow-bibbed fruit dove Proto-North-Central Vanuatu *bune fruit dove (Ptilinopus) Araki va-pune red-bellied fruit dove:Ptilinopus greyii Fijian bune damu Orange Dove:Ptilinopus victor (on Vanua Levu and Taveuni); its call is like the tock of a giant clock bune dromo Golden Dove:Ptilinopus luteovirens (on Viti Levu); its call is like the bark of a small dog bune karawa green dove (the females of the preceding) Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) puna-punay green dove:Chalcophaps indica? WMP Buginese punne-punne turtledove Makassarese pune-pune kind of wild dove with metallic green feathers; considered a delicacy OC Manam bune-bune small dove with red, blue, and green breast feathers Bunama bune-bune white pigeon Tawala bune-bune pigeon Dobuan bune-bune dove, pigeon Molima bune-bune white pigeon WMP Ida'an Begak punsok top Melanau (Mukah) pusək promontory, peak, as of a mountain Malay puncak apex; summit; knob (on flagstaff); ornamental top (of umbrella) WMP Toba Batak punsu point, peak, end punsu ni ari last day of the week, month, year punsu ni dolok peak of a mountain mar-punsu have a peak Javanese puncu project outward with a point (as a mountain) muncu project outward with a point, as a mountain (Pigeaud) Muna pusu top, as of a mountain, tip WMP Itbayaten purut-en pick up with the finger tips Casiguran Dumagat pudút in eating, to pick up the rice with the fingers Maranao pondot pick up with fingers Old Javanese puṇḍut pick up and carry off; take along; carry with one WMP Maranao poni Marattia sp. -- tree fern Tontemboan puni tree fern:Alsophila Bare'e am-puni tree fern,Alsophila sp. The pith is fed to pigs, the wood is burned to repel mosquitos, the shiny black roots are chopped up and used to make beads and as a ritual substance in ceremonies to assist the rice, because the plant is very tenacious CMP Manggarai puni tree fern:Cyathea sp. WMP Ilokano púnit small hole or rip púnit small hole or rip ag-púnit to close, shut; heal (wounds) i-púnit to shut, close punit-an to shut in, confine, lock up; sew closed; cover a hole Pangasinan pónit to cover or close off small holes or openings Sambal (Botolan) pónit to close up, to stick together, to pull something together Tagalog púnit a tear, a rent (as in a dress); rip; a torn place or part; slit; a straight narrow cut or opening ma- púnit to be torn, ripped or rent p<um>únit to tear; to rip; to rend; to tear apart, as a garment or paper; to slit; to cut or tear along a line WMP Casiguran Dumagat pónpon to save up, to hoard, to keep something in safekeeping (esp. of money or food) Ibaloy i-ponpon to pile something up in a big heap Bikol púnpún gather together with the hands Abaknon pumpon to gather; to store; to heap up Cebuano punpún gather powder, grains into a heap by scooping them with the hands; compile, collect Maranao popon appropriate all to oneself Binukid punpun to scoop up (something with the hands) Malay pumpun assemble, gather Balinese pumpun ~ punpun to gather, collect, provide (as wood for fuel) Formosan Basai puti banana Trobiawan puti banana WMP Kalamian Tagbanwa puntiʔ banana Agutaynen ponsi banana Palawan Batak púnti banana (Musa sapientum) Aborlan Tagbanwa punti banana Central Tagbanwa punti banana plant Dumpas punti banana Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan punti banana Tombonuwo punti banana Murut (Paluan) punti banana Abai Sembuak fundi banana Kujau punti banana Minokok punti banana Murut (Tagol) punti banana Tingalan (West) punti banana Basap punti banana Dali' putay banana Murik putiʔ banana Kayan (Uma Juman) putiʔ banana Kiput puttay banana (various types are named) Siang punti banana Lawangan putiʔ banana Ma'anyan punsi banana Tsat u¹¹ tai¹¹ banana Jarai pətəy banana Rhade mətey banana Lampung punti banana Old Javanese punti banana Sasak puntiʔ banana Tontemboan punti banana (a number of varieties are named) Petapa Taje punti banana punti banana Bare'e punti kind of banana punti-ana kind of small bat that is fond of bananas Tae' punti banana tree and fruit (several named varieties) Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *punti banana Mori Atas punsi banana Wawonii punti banana Kulisusu punci banana Wolio punti-olo kind of banana CMP Manggarai (Pacar) punti kind of short, sweet banana Rotinese huni banana Tetun hudi banana West Damar usso banana Wetan udi banana Gah fudia banana Alune uri banana Larike ure banana Wakasihu ure banana Sekar fúdi banana SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai fun banana Irarutu fude banana Moor húta banana Waropen ui banana OC Pak pun banana Loniu pu banana Nali brun banana Titan brul banana Leipon brudr banana Ahus buh banana Lele b̃ul banana Papitalai brur banana Pelipowai puk banana Levei puŋ banana Drehet puŋ banana Likum puh banana Sori bruh banana Lindrou bur banana Bipi pux banana Mussau uri banana Tigak ur banana Mendak undu banana Lusi puri banana Kove puri banana Mengen puri banana Kairiru wurr banana (generic) Manam udi banana Gedaged fud banana (thirty four varieties distinguished by name) Takia fud banana Numbami undi banana Bunama hudi banana Kilivila usi banana Dobuan udi banana Molima wudi bananas in general Takuu huti banana Lungga vundi banana Eddystone/Mandegusu vudi banana (general term) Bugotu vudi plantain, banana Nggela vundi banana, plantain, both plant and fruit Talise vuči banana Lau fudi banana (bou substituted in recent times becausefudi occurred in name of a well-known woman) Toqabaqita fudi (archaic) banana tree and fruit 'Āre'āre husi banana (there are many varieties) Sa'a hudi a banana; twenty-one kinds of native bananas are named at Sa’a; the cultivation of native bananas ceased at Ulawa owing to ceremonial restrictions Arosi hugi banana or plantain (many named varieties) Santa Ana fuki banana Kosraean usr banana Pohnpeian ūt ~ uti- banana (many varieties) Mokilese wus banana Chuukese wuuch ~ wuchu banana (fruit and plant) Puluwat wuur ~ wurú-n banana, the tree and fruit Woleaian wish(i) banana (Musa). Four varieties are found on Falalus which are named after their supposed islands of origin, Truk, Saipan, Yap and Ponape Haununu huki banana Lingarak na-vuns banana Axamb na-vüč banana Southeast Ambrym his banana Makatea futi banana Anejom no-hos banana Wayan vudi plantain,Musa cultivar (Musaceae), bananas whose fruits are edible only when cooked; used by some as generic term for bananas Fijian vudi bananas in general,Musa sapientum,Musa paradisiaca, Musaceae Tongan fusi plantain or banana of any kind Niue futi banana, plantain (many named varieties) Futunan futi banana Tuvaluan futi banana Kapingamarangi hudi banana plant:Musa paradisiaca andMusa nana Nukuoro hudi banana tree Rennellese huti banana or plantain (either a single fruit or a bunch) Anuta puti banana (generic term) WMP Cebuano mala-puntí kind of red deep-sea fish with big reddish scales, two feet by six inches, similar to a snapper, but with a filament projecting from the tip of the tail Samal mala-punti blue-spotted sea perch Malay ikan punti-punti marine fish, sp. unident. WMP Tagalog puntók cone; apex of a cone Tausug puntuk top, apex, peak, summit (as of a mountain or building) Javanese punṭuk mound; hill; peak munṭuk mound-shaped Sasak potok tip of the nose; nipple of the breast Formosan Kavalan punuq scalp infection Pazeh punu head ma-punu stupid Amis ponoʔ brain Thao punuq head pam-punuq put something on the head, as a head decoration Bunun punuq brain Rukai (Budai) pono forehead Puyuma (Tamalakaw) punuH brain Paiwan punuq brain; (in Western dialect: bone marrow) Formosan Thao puzi whiteness mim-puzi become white Rukai (Budai) po-poli white Formosan Favorlang/Babuza ma-usi white Thao ma-puzi white Saaroa ma-polhi white Siraya ma-pule white Rukai (Mantauran) ma-poli white Rukai (Tona) ma-ʔoli white OC Sa'a huŋe to be many, enough, too much, to abound huŋe-huŋa-ʔa frequently Ulawa huŋa to be many, enough, too much, to abound Arosi huŋa a crowd of people; all the people of a place; many, a mass; to crowd inoni huŋa crowd of men huŋa-ʔi heap together a number of things Maori huŋa company of persons, people WMP Itbayaten poŋan pillow Ibatan poŋan a pillow Ilokano puŋán pillow; cushion puŋán-an to supply someone with a pillow; use someone as a pillow Ibanag fuŋan pillow Isneg puŋān pillow, cushion p<in>uŋān laying one’s head on somebody’s arm Itawis fuŋán pillow maf-fuŋán to use a pillow Kankanaey puŋán pillow Yogad fuŋan pillow Casiguran Dumagat puŋán to rest the head against something puŋan-an pillow Ibaloy poŋan pillow i-poŋan to use something as a pillow (as coat, forearm) man-poŋan to lay one’s head on a pillow poŋan-an to supply something (as one’s head) with a pillow Ayta Abellan poŋan pillow OC Bugotu vuŋao(-ña) relations in law Nggela vuŋo parents-in-law; those of their standing in the clan Sa'a huŋao father-in-law, mother-in-law, son-in-law, daughter-in-law huŋao-na used withro ma of two people who call one anotherhuŋao-ku Lonwolwol wUɔŋ- wife's mother of- wUŋɔ- used by a small boy of his MBD, who also happens to be his FZD; wife's mother, wife's father Fijian vuŋo descripive term applied to one's relations in law: father or mother, son or daughter, mother's brother (whose daughter one normally marries), niece and nephew to the same Rennellese huŋa son-in-law, daughter-in-law (classificatory daughter's husband, classificatory son's wife, brother's daughter's husband, brother's son's wife, sister's son's wife) huŋa-bai husband's parents, wife's parents, husband's parents' classificatory siblings, wife's parents' classificatory siblings, father-in-law, mother-in-law OC Sursurunga puŋ-puŋ mountain Ghari vuŋa-vuŋa mountain Ulawa huŋa-na hillock huŋa-huŋa-ʔa mound, hillock Arosi huŋa-na above, upon; the to,p of the roof of a house huŋa-huŋa a hill or mountain Haununu huŋa-huŋa mountain Tongan fuŋa top, upper surface Niue fuŋa surface Anuta puŋa top surface of something WMP Hanunóo puŋáw sorrow, gloom, grief Kalamian Tagbanwa ma-puŋaw lonely Palawan Batak ma-puŋaw lonely Iban puŋau puŋau looking forlorn WMP Balinese puŋgal break off, snap Sasak puŋgal cut off the head Gorontalo puŋga tailless (of birds) WMP Hiligaynon púŋgul cut off from a plant, prune Ngaju Dayak puŋgel piece (of something broken) Malay puŋgel cut off the tip; to dock (Jakarta;Chaer 1976) Sundanese puŋgel cut off the top of a plant or tree Javanese puŋgel lopped, cut off Sasak puŋgel break off the tip of young plants so the leaves will grow thicker Gorontalo puŋge pick, break off the stem WMP Ilokano puŋgó tailless (bird) Kadazan Dusun puŋgu to prune, cut or break off top of tree WMP Ilokano puŋgók tailless (birds); with a short rear (cars) Tagalog puŋgók with tail feather absent, lacking or cut off Malay puŋgok stumpy; bobtailed; short and squat ayam puŋgok tailless fowl Sangir puŋguʔ tailless (as a chicken or brush turkey) WMP Hiligaynon púŋgul cut off from a plant, prune Balinese puŋgul to top (a tree that will be felled); broken off (of the horns of a cow) CMP Kambera puŋgu hack, chop down WMP Ilokano puŋpóŋ stump, stub of bamboos Iban pumpoŋ break or cut the top off (as wind breaking off the top of a fruit tree), behead (as an enemy) Balinese pungpuŋ-an a piece, a leftover, a remnant, a stump, a candle-end Wolio pupu rest, remnant; to finish off WMP Bikol puŋpóŋ a string of (garlic, coconuts, onions, etc.), a bundle of mag- puŋpóŋ to braid together in a string; to tie into small bundles (as rice stalks) Aklanon púŋpuŋ to bundle up; a bundle Agutaynen poŋpoŋ ~ pompoŋ a cluster of fruit, berries, or grain heads on the end of a stalk p<ar>ompoŋ a kind of white rice with very small kernels; the grain heads are numerous, and are in clusters on the end of the stalk Cebuano p<al>uŋpuŋ a cluster or bunch (as keys, grapes) Binukid puŋpuŋ cluster or bunch; to be or grow in a cluster or bunch; to gather (something) in a cluster or bunch Tausug mag-puŋpuŋ to grasp or clutch things together Melanau (Mukah) pupuŋ bunch, cluster (of fruit) Ngaju Dayak pumpuŋ what is gathered or brought together Malagasy mi-fómpona to assemble, gather Sundanese puŋpuŋ to appear in large quantity WMP Tagalog punsó anthill; mound; a hillock Hanunóo púŋsu anthill, i.e. a termite hill Agutaynen poŋso small mound of earth Malay poŋsu knoll; mound; barrow; (loosely) anthill WMP Ilokano poŋó large bundle of palay (rice plants) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) puŋu head of grain on a rice stalk SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai fuŋ bunch, cluster (of bananas, bamboo, etc.) OC Loniu he-puŋ one cluster (as of areca nuts) Titan sa-buŋ one cluster (as of areca nuts) Nggela vuŋu grain of maize; pod; bunch, cluster of fruit Arosi huŋu(-na) bunch or cluster of fruit bu-buŋu(-na) bunch of betel nuts or almonds Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) sa-puŋul-an one cluster of areca-nuts CMP Tetun hunun a bunch of flowers from some palms; many flowers or fruit on the same branch Yamdena fuŋun cluster of palm trees Buruese puŋun cluster OC Loniu he-puŋ one cluster (as of areca nuts) Titan sa-buŋ one cluster (as of areca nuts) Nggela vuŋu grain of maize; pod; bunch, cluster of fruit Arosi huŋu(-na) bunch or cluster of fruit bu-buŋu(-na) bunch of betel nuts or almonds WMP Itbayaten poŋos wrap, wrapping, envelope, wrapper ma-moŋos to wrap ma-poŋos wrapped Ayta Abellan poŋoh one bunch or bundle of something, as corn tied together; to bunch together Cebuano púŋus to gather the hair and tie it in a knot WMP Maranao popo harvest fruit Gayō pupu pick, pluck (leaves from twig, flowers, etc.) Karo Batak pupu loose, of the teeth, of rice in its panicle, etc. Toba Batak ma-pupu fallen out, of hair or feathers, as of ponies that are replacing their fur Sundanese pupu to pluck (anything on a tree or plant); pick flowers, gather fruits ka-pupu plucked, collected Old Javanese pupu to collect, gather in, pluck p<in>upw-an to collect, bring in Balinese mupu produce a crop; to harvest, pluck, reap, get gain pupo-nin be harvested, be reaped pupu-haŋ be reaped, be harvested; take the landlord’s share of the crop Sasak pupu collect money for pious purposes Dampelas pupu to pick, pluck Tajio pupu to pick, pluck Balaesang pupu to pick, pluck Balantak pupu to pick Banggai pupu pluck Bare'e pupu pluck Tae' pupu pull off, tear off, pluck; pick or scrape kernels from a corn cob; pick coffee beans OC Bunama pupu pluck a bird, remove leaves from stem; sticks off trees Motu huhu-a break off bananas singly Lau fufu pluck fruit Sa'a huhu pluck, pick off Arosi huhu pluck fruit OC Lakalai pupu- bladder Neve'ei nu-vuvu bladder Jawe phūp bladder OC Arosi huhura scar; sore under skin of sole of foot Rotuman huhula to swell (esp. through disease, etc.) Fijian bubula spoken of the flesh when it rises after being cut or burnt for ornamental scars Tongan fufula swell up, swell out, pout, blow out the cheeks pupula swell, be or become swollen, expand, bulge; swell-headed Niue fufula to swell Rennellese huhuga swell up, be swollen (as face, eye with epicanthic fold) OC Gitua vuvula spotted herring Numbami ulana oxeye herring:Megalops cyprinoides Motu huhula fish sp. Fijian vuvula a white fish, bony to eat (easily chokes people):Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet) CMP Leti pupru rinse the mouth OC Tongan pūpū rinse the mouth, gargle Samoan pūpū rinse the mouth, gargle WMP Hiligaynon púʔas to calm, to ease, to become less strong Iban puas satisfied, satiated Malay puas to have had enough; satisfied CMP Manggarai puʔas to have had enough; satisfied OC Lakalai vuhi to rinse, to baptize (?) Longgu vui to wash Fijian vū to wash, cleanse with water, as the feet or hands vū-ya to wash something, cleanse something with water Tongan fuʔi-fuʔi to throw or pour or sprinkle water on, or to douse Niue fu-fui to dip in water fui-fui to wash, to water (as plants), to fill with liquid (as a sponge) Samoan fui to water, throw water on fu-fui to put into water, steep Kapingamarangi hui to immerse in water WMP Aklanon poʔpoʔ gather, harvest (fruits) Cebuano puʔpuʔ pick fruits, leaves, flowers from a tree by breaking off the peduncle Bare'e pupu pluck OC Motu huhu-a break off bananas singly Lau fufu pluck fruit Sa'a huhu pluck, pick off Arosi huhu pluck fruit WMP Bikol puʔpóʔ to wash the behind after defecating Maranao popoʔ wash private parts Kadazan (Kimanis) pupuʔ to wash (cloth type material) mo-mupuʔ to wash (clothing) Lun Dayeh fufuʔ the cleaning or washing of something Kelabit pupuʔ washing of clothes kə-pupuʔ washing (as a habitual activity) WMP Lun Dayeh fufuʔ the debarking of a tree by beating the bark, for making walls of a house, or a barrel for storing rice Kelabit pupuʔ thing used to hit; hitting Kiput pupuəʔ hitting mupuəʔ to hit Old Javanese pupuh stroke, blow; a fight (in general), battle; mallet for striking a musical instrument a-pupuh to come to blows OC Loniu pun betel leaf Levei puʔuŋ betel leaf Sori bruŋ betel leaf Lindrou buʔún betel leaf Bipi pun betel leaf Manam ulu-salaga big variety of betel vine (salaga ‘be long’) Takia ful betel pepper:Piper betle Bugotu vu-vulu the leaf of the betel pepper WMP Ilokano puón beginning; origin, source; base; root; trunk; lower part; parentage; ancestry; unit for counting trees; cause, reason (-en,-in-, i-) Itawis fun base or trunk of tree Ifugaw puún lower or lowest part of the trunk of a tree or of whatever is planted in the ground (posts of a house, granary or hut); of growing stalks of plants, that part above the roots Kapampangan pun tree trunk;peka-pun source Tagalog púnoʔ chief; trunk (of tree); beginning, source, origin p<in>únoʔ officer, official púno-ŋ abala host, master of ceremonies púno-ŋ gúroʔ chief teacher, principal teacher Bikol puʔón a leader; stalk of a plant or trunk of a tree; a single plant mag-puʔón to begin or start, set off púnoʔ chief , headman, leader Hanunóo púʔun base of a plant stem; trunk; stump; an officiating elder at a panagdáhan ritual (not to be confused with a shaman Masbatenyo púnoʔ tree trunk; head, chief, leader Aklanon púnoʔ tree, trunk (of tree); base, bottom; beginning, start; leader, head Hiligaynon púnuʔ tree trunk; leader, chief punúʔ-an beginning, start; authority, leader Cebuano púnuʔ trunk of a tree, main stem or body of a tree apart from the limbs and roots; base, lowest part of something; point of attachment of a part of the body; officials in charge of an office; main office of a company Maranao poʔon begin, emerged out of; cause, derivation Binukid puun base, lowest part (of an object); trunk (of a tree) puun-aʔ to start, begin something Manobo (Western Bukidnon) puʔun come from somewhere, start from somewhere puʔun-aʔ dating from Mansaka ponoʔ begin, beginning; lower trunk (of a tree); because of Tiruray fuʔun ancestor; beginning; root or base Mapun poon tree, trunk of a tree; capital for investment; beginning, origin, source; reason or cause of something Yakan poʔon base of a tree; source, origin or beginning of something (as the source of a river, foot of a mountain, beginning of a rumor); classifier for plants; clump, trunk, stalk, plant, etc. udjuŋ poʔon the reason, cause for something Tboli fun (of land, fields, houses, possessions, bamboo, slaves) the owner Tausug puun cause; origin, source, beginning; the first wife (of multiple wives); a tree, trunk (of a tree); money invested, capital investment Kadazan Dusun puun stalk, trunk, stem; source, root; foot of a hill Murut (Paluan) puun tree Kujau puun tree Minokok puun tree Murut (Tagol) puun tree Kelabit puʔun origin, beginning (used when introducing a conversational subject) Kenyah puʔon beginning, origin; motive; the basis of anything puʔon sae wise, considerate (sae = ashamed, self-conscious) Murik puʔun base, foundation; beginning Kayan (Uma Juman) puʔun base, foundation; origin, beginning Kiput pun base, foundation; beginning, origin Bintulu puʔun base of a tree puʔun kazəw tree Melanau (Mukah) puʔun base; source; origin, beginning; molar tooth Iban pun origin; basis, cause; occasion; start; stem pun bilik senior member of abilik family by descent (who would erect the first post of new building) pun berita source of news pun buloh clump of bamboo pun kayu foot or trunk of standing tree pun rumah founder of a longhouse;padi pun primary sacredpadi ofbilik family Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong) puun base; main part; beginning, origin Cham phǔn tree Rhade phun base of plant stem, base of tree trunk; noun classifier Malay pohon stem or trunk of tree; beginning of anything pohon aŋin storm cloud pohon mata interior angle of eye pohon teliŋa junction of ear with head Proto-Moken-Moklen *pɔkɔn tree trunk, plant, nominal classifier for trees Gayō pun mother’s brother Karo Batak beru puhun-na the ‘true’ wife of someone, namely the mother’s brother’s daughter, in opposition to other wives Dairi-Pakpak Batak beru ni puhun mother’s brother’s daughter; also used of one to whom one is pledged in marriage Rejang pun/puen tree Sundanese puhun beginning, origin; first; most important puun title for the spiritual leader of the Badui Balinese puhun tree; classifier for trees Sangir pueŋ cause; origin Banggai uu base of a tree; origin; cause Bare'e puʔu trunk of a tree, especially the lower part; foundation; origin, beginning from which something arises puʔu buyu foot of a mountain puʔu eja foot of a ladder tau puʔu the first wife of a man sam-puʔu a model or example, with reference to objects that are counted bypuʔu, as trees or plants mam-puʔu pregnant, of animals Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *puquN base; trunk; origin; cause Mori Atas puʔu tree Buginese poŋ tree; capital (for business) ap-poŋ-eŋ origin Makassarese pooŋ tree trunk anroŋ tau mappoŋ chiefs who have a pedigree of chiefs Wolio puu stem, trunk (of plant or tree, in upright position); handle, hilt; opening capital (financial); point, subject, problem Palauan uʔúl base (of tree); reason; cause; basis uʔəl-el beginning, start, origin; ancestors uʔúl a yaŋd horizon CMP Bimanese fuʔu tree; base, foundation; capital (in trade or business) fuʔu ŋgahi topic of conversation Komodo puŋ origin; beginning Rembong puʔun tree; tree trunk; beginning; since Ngadha puu stalk, stem, tree trunk; beginning; upper, outer part of a limb; lower part, foundation, foot of something puu lizu horizon; root; capital; source, origin, the first; genuine, authentic; one’s own, proper Sika pu term “prefixed to the category for mother’s brother to express the derivation of the sister’s child from him” (Fox 1980:14) Kédang epu puén mother’s brother Kambera puŋu post, tree trunk; classifier for long objects; upper arm, hand pola pu mother’s brother (pola = ‘trunk, stem’) (Fox 1980:14) Rotinese hu(k) trunk; root; origin; cause, reason; counter term for trees hu term suffixed “to the terms for the mother’s brother and the mother’s mother’s brother to signify these men as the “origin” of their sister’s children, who are described as their “plants” (Fox 1971,Fox 1980:14) Atoni hau uf mother’s brother (lit. ‘tree trunk’) (Fox 1980:14) Tetun hun base, foot, bottom, the lower part of flank; beginning, source; trunk of tree Erai un tree Talur ai-ʔun tree Tugun ai ʔun tree OC Lakalai la-vuhu-la trunk or base of a tree; stem of a leaf; base of a pearl shell; first part of a story; the reason; because of; origin, story of one’s ancestry Gedaged fun origin, beginning; derivation, source; foundation, base; originator, creator, author, composer; home; kind, species, sort; reason, meaning, cause; fact Watut fugu- base of a tree Kilivila uula cause, source, origin, root, basis/base; because of, therefore Lau fū stock, root, origin Arosi huu beginning, origin; mass, clump, cluster Rotuman huni lower end, end of origin, fixture or support; (of tree) root and lower part of trunk; (of tooth) root; (of district) capital, principal village (where the chief resides); origin, cause; be about or concerning (< *puqun ni ‘foundation of’, with fossilized genitive marker) Fijian vū bottom, basis, root (tuberous or bulbous; fibrous root iswaka); cause vū ni saŋa hip joint vū ni taba shoulder (taba = upper arm) vū-na to begin WMP Tagalog púno-ŋ kahoy tree Hanunóo púʔun kayu tree Dumpas puun do kayu tree Kelabit puʔun kayuh base of a tree (part which enters the ground) Kenyah puʔon kayu base of a tree Murik puʔun kayu base of a tree Kayan puʔun kayuʔ base of a tree Kiput pun kacəw base of a tree, place where a tree emerges from the ground Melanau (Mukah) puʔun kayəw base of a tree Bidayuh (Bukar-Sadong) puun kayuh base of a tree trunk Malay pohon kayu tree Sangir pueŋ u kalu base of a tree Bare'e puʔu ŋkaju tree trunk Wolio puuna kau tree Muna puu financial capital, stake puuno lambu main part of the house Palauan uʔúl a kərrəkar base of tree; butt end of log OC Fijian vū ni kau tree (often coupled with name of tree instead of generickau, as invū ni vudi ‘a banana plant’) WMP Sangir pueŋ u laŋi/pueŋ u laude horizon, the place where sky and sea appear to touch, so that one can equally call it ‘beginning of the heavens’ or ‘beginning of the sea’ Palauan uʔúl a yaŋd horizon ʔad ər a uʔúl a yaŋd foreigner OC Fijian vū ni laŋi horizon vū laŋi stranger WMP Ilokano ka-puón number of trees in a given area;ka-puón-an lineage, pedigree, genealogy; line of descent, stock Bikol ka-p<in>uʔn-án beginning, commencement, initiation Binukid ka-puun origin, where something came from Manobo (Western Bukidnon) ke-puʔun ancestor WMP Ilokano p<am>uon foundation Aklanon p<am>únoʔ to lead, start out first Iban p<em>un first post of longhouse to be erected WMP Ilokano puon-an capital (in business), stock Bikol puʔón-an to emanate from Aklanon puno-án leader, leadership Maranao ponoʔ-an tree trunk; mainline, ancestry poʔon-an cause, source, basis; capital Mapun poon-an cause, reason; source; having unhusked grains mixed in with husked grains of rice; start doing something Yakan poʔon-an capital (the beginning to start a business venture) Tausug puun-an invest money, have capital Kadazan Dusun puun-an sip a little bit; start WMP Ilokano puon-en to begin Kadazan Dusun puun-on reason for starting OC Kairiru -fur to appear, arrive on the scene Roviana vura to appear va vura-ia cause to appear, reveal Lonwolwol fur to appear, come clear, come 'out' (as when a cloud covers the moon) fur-fur to appear, come clear, come ‘out’ (as when a cloud passes over the moon) Wayan vura to appear, come into view; to show up, arrive Fijian vura arrive, emerge, appear vura! interjection of welcome to a stranger arriving a waŋga vura a canoe arriving with visitors OC Wuvulu puxe navel Wayan vure navel OC Mussau puli to roll something Dobuan puli to roll (of a stone) Molima puli-a to push or roll along, as a log Wayan vuli move position or turn over while lying down (as a baby) Tongan fuli to turn round, etc. Samoan fuli turn (over), roll (over) ta-fuli to roll (as a coconut trunk being rolled to sea) fuli-sia be turned over, rolled over Anuta puri to turn something around OC Kilivila polu<M to boil Molima pulo bubbles Mota vuro volcanic vent, hot spring OC Molima pulo-pulo foam; to bubble the lips Arosi huro-huro to bubble, boil, be churned up Proto-Micronesian *pwuro-pwuro foam WMP Lun Dayeh fufur powder, sand fefur-in will be splashed with powder or sand Malay popor ~ pupur scented white rice powder used as a cosmetic Sundanese pupur powder made of rice meal Old Javanese pupur powder, scented white rice powder used as a cosmetic a-pupur wearing powder, powdered Balinese pupur cosmetics, face-powder, face-cream Sasak pupur powder (used as a cosmetic) mupur to powder Mongondow pupur powder WMP Lun Dayeh mufur splash powder or sand on someone Mongondow mo-mupur to strew powder OC Adzera bururuŋ burn, be on fire Motu hururu to blaze, of fire or torch; a flame Ghanongga vuru-vuruŋu flame Talise vuru to burn Maori huru glow; glow and so rise, of the sun huru-huru diffused glow OC Lukep (Pono) puru<A whale Molima wula-wula whale Misima ula-ulas whale (generic) Sudest ura-uras-i whale Bugotu vua-vula whale OC Lakalai ka-vuras-i to spit a spray into the air Mbula -pures spray out of one’s mouth, blow out from the mouth Dobuan ulasa to spit, as in sorcery Molima wula to blow out water, as whale Paamese vula-i spray; ejaculate WMP Ilokano pugsít spurt out, gush out OC Tongan puhi blow energetically with the mouth; (of a whale) to spout; to puff, puff at OC Motu hure drift, float hure aisi to be drifted by tide or current eastward; to be lifted up on beach by tide or current Wayan vue drag the anchor, drift after breaking away from moorings vue-ti refloat a boat that has sunk; pull up a net Fijian vue to lift up, generally from water or mire (as a fishing net) OC Lou pwi-pwi vine which grows on the sand Zabana fu-fure beach creeper:Ipomoea pes-caprae Lakalai vule Crinum sp. Arosi hure beech creeper:Convolvulus sp. Paamese hua-hue beach morning glory Kwamera nə-fua beech vine with yellow trumpet-shaped flowers Tongan fue creeper of various kinds Niue fue a creeping vine:Merremia peltata Samoan fue general name given to creepers and lianas Nukuoro hue vines (several spp.) Rennellese hue beach creeper:Ipomoea pes-caprae WMP Kenyah (Lepu Tau) puhu pustule, boil Malay puru sore; ulcer; (specifically) sores due to yaws orFramboesia tropica, a tropical disease caused by aspirochaete (Spironema pertenue) and bearing certain likenesses to syphilis ber-puru to suffer frompuru CMP Sika puru sore, boil; pimples, pustules OC Patpatar puruk spit with a lot of air Tolai puruk to blow, of the wind; to blow from the mouth in such a way as to scatter its contents, as a wizard blows lime into the air, and as a doctor blows saliva onto a wound Lukep puru to spew; whale Kwaio fulu to blow Formosan Amis puluʔ quail, partridge WMP Ilokano púgo quail Tagalog púgoʔ quail (ornith.) Bikol púgoʔ mountain or forest quail Hanunóo púguʔ quail (probably the barred button quail,Turnix suscitator fasciata) Balinese puhuh, puh quail (bird) Mori puru quail (Esser 1927:41) WMP Kankanaey pus break wind noiselessly Malay pus interjection used to drive away cats Karo Batak pus interjection used to drive away cats Javanese pus interjection used to drive away cats CMP Manggarai pus imitative of the sound of flatulence Buruese pu release flatus OC Manam pura (of a baby) be born; come, arrive Bugotu vuha to begin, to be, become, appear, to conceive, be born va-vuha to beget, bring forth, produce, make, create Nggela vuha be born, become; make, create; originate, as an island or poem Kwaio futa be born, be related by kinship; appear, come out faʔa-futa-a bear, beget; make pregnant futa leʔa closely related futa-laa kinship, kinship reckoning futa-lana kindred (category of a person's relatives) futa-ŋa kinship, kin relationship, line of descent, kindred; category of places to which one is related Lau futa be born, originate, create futa lā a generation futa fera native place, home, one's country or island to futa relatives by birth 'Āre'āre huta be born, appear, rise up hutā blood relatives; birth, generation Sa'a hute be born hute liuliu be born on different sides of the family, of cross-cousins huta-ŋa birth; generation Arosi huta be born haa-huta to bear, beget (of either parent) Fijian vusa almost synonymous withyavusa (the largest kinship and social division of Fijian society), but used more generally of a group, tribe, either of people or animals, etc. OC Lusi βura rotten Fijian vuca rotten vuca-loa bruised, of fruit OC Loniu pusa-sa heart Ere brusa- heart Titan brusa-i heart Araki ma-vusa- heart Baetora vusa- heart Vowa a-vuha heart WMP Kayan (Uma Juman) pusər ball of thread wound round and round Melanau (Mukah) pusəd whirlpool Malay pusar spiral; circular or eddying motion; whorl of hair (e.g. as identification mark for buffalo) pusar-an aŋin eddying wind; whirlwind pusar-an ayer whirlpool pusar-an geloŋ rotan loop (in finger-impressions) Toba Batak pusor whirlpool, eddy mar-pusor-pusor to eddy, of water pusor-an hair whorl (on the crown in people, but the forehead in animals) Sasak pusər midpoint, center WMP Itbayaten posed navel, end of the umbilical cord; axis or arbor of stonemill Ilokano púseg belly button, navel; umbilical cord; eye of an apple; innermost part of a cave na-pusg-an sincere, ardent, passionate púseg ti íli heart of town, downtown Agta (Dupaningan) púsad navel Isneg púsag the navel or umbilicus; the umbilical cord Itawis fútag navel Arta pused navel Bontok púsəg navel Kankanaey púseg umbilicus, navel, umbilical cord Ifugaw púhog navel; it is also applied to cavities which serve as mortise for a tenon, the undeep cavity being navel-like Ifugaw (Batad) pūhog the navel of a person or animal, the umbilical cord; exclamation: Rascal!(this is a set expression consisting of a noun,pūhog, followed by a possessive pronoun or possessive noun; it is a non-vulgar expletive, classed as mild scolding) Casiguran Dumagat pusəd navel; to cut the umbilical cord (of a newborn child) Umiray Dumaget pusid navel Ibaloy poseg navel, umbilical cord poseg-an to cut the cord of a newborn baby Kapampangan púsad navel Tagalog púsod navel; the hollow in front of the abdomen; hub, the center of activity; the deepest part of a river or ocean Bikol púsod navel, umbilical cord púsod nin banwáʔ-an the center of town Hanunóo púsud umbilicus, navel Romblomanon pūsud umbilical cord Masbatenyo pusód umbilical cord, navel Aklanon púsod navel, belly button Waray-Waray púsod navel; the rock bottom of the sea Hiligaynon púsud navel, belly button Palawan Batak pusúd navel Cebuano púsud navel; center point of something (as the center of a city) hin-púsud cut the umbilical cord; instrument for cutting the umbilical cord kina-pusur-an centermost portion; at the very heart; core, innermost; heart of the thing Maranao posed navel; deepest part of water; deep posed-an hole where powder is ignited in cannon Binukid pused navel, umbilical cord Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pused the navel Mansaka posod navel; middle (as of a river) Tiruray fused an umbilical cord, the navel Klata pussod navel Mapun ponsot bellybutton, navel; the central area of a place bataŋ ponsot umbilical cord Yakan ponsot navel, umbilical cord Tboli huhed umbilicus, navel; core of the ocean Tausug púsud navel, umbilical cord Dumpas pusod navel Kadazan Dusun pusod navel, belly button moŋ-im-pusod to cut the umbilical cord, help the mother deliver the baby Tombonuwo pusod navel Abai Sembuak fusod navel Ida'an Begak pusod navel Basap posən navel Lun Dayeh fuəd navel, umbilical cord Kelabit puəd navel Sa'ban ɸət navel Berawan (Long Terawan) pusən navel Narum puat navel Dali' puəd navel Kenyah pusət navel Murik puhən navel Kiput puət navel Bintulu pusəd navel Melanau (Mukah) pusəd navel Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh) pusəd navel Ngaju Dayak puser navel Malagasy foitra the navel, the central part of a thing didiam poitra to be cut, as the navel string; also a euphemism employed in speaking of circumcision in the presence of women Iban pusat focus, navel, center or hub (of organization) tali pusat umbilical cord Jarai phun sət navel Malay pusat center of circle; focus; navel pusat jala apex of casting net pusat kampoŋ center of village pusat tasek center or ‘navel’ of the great Ocean tali pusat umbilicus (after severance; cf.tali uri ‘navel cord before severance’) Acehnese pusat navel, mid-point; also, touch-hole of a cannon or other weapon talɔə pusat umbilical cord Gayō pusok navel, shallow hollow in the middle of the abdomen Simalur uxə̅ʔ navel uxə̅ʔ bano mid-point of the world Karo Batak pusuŋ navel; umbilical cord pusuŋ-na the real thing, the genuine thing Toba Batak pusok navel; the umbilical cord with the placenta; middle point, center pusok-pusok bellyache pusok-pusoh-on have pain in the area of the navel (of children) Nias fusõ navel tali fusõ brother, sister, kinsman Mentawai pusou umbilical cord; navel; lower point on a casting net Sundanese pusɨr navel; center, mid-point pusɨr nagara center of the country pusɨr bumi center of the earth Old Javanese pusər navel; center, apex (of casting net) Javanese puser umbilical cord; navel; center Madurese poser umbilical cord Balinese tali puŋsed umbilical cord Balinese (High) puser navel Balinese (Low) puŋsed navel Sasak pusət navel Sangir puidəʔ navel; boss on a gong; center or middle of something Tontemboan pusər navel, umbilical cord əsa pusər kami we are full brother and sister (‘we have one umbilical cord’) Tonsawang pusəd navel Lolak pusod navel Mongondow putod navel, mid-point; in the middle Lauje puse navel Dampelas puse navel Uma puhe navel Bare'e puse navel puse ntana mid-point of the land puse ntasi mid-point of the sea wayaa mpuse umbilical cord saŋkoe mpuse full brothers and sisters Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *puhoy navel Wolio puse navel; origin Muna puhe navel puhe-no liwu village chief (lit: village navel) Palauan wúdəs navel CMP Komodo pusé navel Manggarai putes umbilical cord Rembong pusor<A navel Ngadha pusé navel, middle, mid-point pusé vatu mid-point of the earth; related, from the same family Li'o puse navel Sika puhe navel rabaŋ puhe highest part of a casting net Lamaholot (kə)-puhur navel Kambera puhu navel Tetun husar umbilicus, navel Selaru usa navel Laha use navel Seit use navel Kayeli huse-n navel Sekar fusal navel SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai fusar navel OC Levei moto-pusu-ŋ<A his/her navel Bali (Uneapa) puro- navel Vitu puzo navel Kilenge puso navel Takia buso navel Hula vuro navel Kilivila puso navel, umbilical cord Selau busu<A navel WMP Bontok p<in>usəg-an a kind of basket weave, having a series of points (póseg) from which the pattern radiates Manobo (Western Bukidnon) p<in>used a type of design; a type of circular wrapping or binding with rattan WMP Itbayaten posek idea of being trapped in a pit ma-posek to be dropped into a pit or hole Ayta Abellan pohek to insert inside something else Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pusek to stick a plant into the ground so that it will grow; to transplant rice seedlings Tboli husek to enter WMP Ilokano puslít smuggled; smuggled items, contraband i-puslít to smuggle Pangasinan póslit smuggling; obtain without permission; escape Ayta Abellan pohlit to have something or someone slip out of one’s hands and get away (can be a fish or a person) Kapampangan mag-puslit to sneak in Tagalog puslít spurt, squirt; uninvited guest, gate-crasher; contraband; smuggled goods puslit-an to escape or run away secretly from; to smuggle something from Bikol ma-puslit-án to slip through, as a police watch, a defense line in basketball Aklanon púslit to spurt, gush out WMP Yogad futún lower abdomen Tagalog pusón abdomen; lower part of the belly pusún-in having a large abdomen pusun-ín to suffer from abdominal pain Bikol pusʔón diaphragm; loin Hanunóo pusʔún abdomen Masbatenyo pusʔón abdomen Aklanon púsʔon stomach area below the navel Kinaray-a pa-músʔun to defecate, move the bowels Waray-Waray púsʔun lower abdomen Hiligaynon pa-músʔun to move the bowels Cebuano púsʔun the outside region of the body in the front, just below the stomach, and by extension the part underneath pusʔún-un having a prominent belly WMP Ilokano pusʔóŋ hypogastrium, lower, front-central region of the abdomen below the navel Isneg pusóŋ the hypogastrium Maranao posoŋ epigastrium, epigastralia OC Sengseng pe-puh wind Numbami pusi-e to blow (wind) Hahon vus wind Rennellese pusi to blow, as a flute or as the wind; to blow out Maori puhi wind WMP Itbayaten posiñ idea of weaning icha-posiñ cause of weaning ma-mosiñ to wean posiñ-en to wean (after nine months) Ibatan pusin to wean a child Ilokano i-pusíŋ to separate, detach; disconnect kap-pusíŋ baby who just stopped breast-feeding OC Tolai vuirə a bird:Aplonis spp. Samoan fuia Samoan starling:Aplonis feadensis Luangiua huia a bird:Aplonis feadensis WMP Itbayaten posit squid Ibatan pusit cuttlefish Ilokano pusít squid Casiguran Dumagat pusit myopsid squid:Loligo sp. Pangasinan pusít squid Tagalog pusít squid Bikol pusít squid, cuttlefish Agutaynen posit squid ma-mosit to go out looking for squid Cebuano pusít kind of small squid OC Mussau uso-uso-ana white Lakalai pu-puso pumice Central Santo βuso white Mpotovoro tu-puho white Vovo tu-βuso white OC Levei puro-h heart Patpatar puso-puso heart Manam a-buro heart Mafea fuso- heart Fortsenal ma-vuso- heart Namakir wus heart WMP Ibaloy pospos-en to finish something, come to the end of something --- of serial actions (as taking the prescribed number of pills), or of something that can be viewed as serial (as climbing rope, planting field) Pangasinan pospós end, finish, termination Tagalog puspós replete; full; full to overflowing; thorough; all-out puspus-án to complete; to make complete Bikol puspós worn out or worn down; overused (as a broom) Cebuano púpus coming to its end ka-pupús-an coming to an end Maranao popos perform as scheduled, finish as scheduled (as a job) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pupus to use up something, as seed or a person’s life Kimaragang Dusun pupus end Iban pupus all , complete, done with p<em>upus last of a series Old Javanese pupus the limit, utmost Balantak pupus finished Proto-South Sulawesi *puʔpus to consume, use up Makassarese puppusuʔ to run out, get low (in supply); remainder Muna pupu finished, gone, disappeared WMP Bikol mag-puspós to beat down; to hit or strike puspos-án beaten down Cebuano puspús strike hard with something stiff and long; be dashed onto something; fall heavily Old Javanese ka-pupus to beat, thrash, crush? p<in>upus to beat, thrash, crush? WMP Binukid puspus for leaves to wither Malay pupus blighted; withered but not actually dead (of plants that seem done for but may actually revive; men who are bankrupt but who may yet make a fortune; people who have lost all their relatives and are left desolate WMP Kayan pusuŋ tied up, of a bag or sack Balinese pusuŋ tie up hair in a coil WMP Maranao posoŋ epigastrium Subanen/Subanun pusuŋ heart Binukid pusuŋ heart Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pusuŋ the heart of a person or animal Tiruray fusuŋ heart Gorontalo putuŋo heart of banana CMP Sika puhuŋ bloom, blossom puhuŋ wua-ŋ kidneys Manipa sun heart Buruese poson fua-n heart (may be either emotional or physical) WMP Ilokano púso heart ipa-púso to take sincerely ka-pus-púso of similar feelings, desires maka-pus-púso kind-hearted Ibanag futu heart Atta (Pamplona) putu heart Agta (Dupaningan) pusú heart Isneg púso the heart; the top or unopened part of the inflorescence of the banana, also calledpúso baxat [heart of banana] maxi-púso to cut down a bananapúso Itawis fútu heart Bontok púsu heart, used of the physical organ only; fruit of the banana plant; the red, flower-like end of a banana stalk Kankanaey púso heart púso-n di baát heart of banana; flower bud of the banana tree; the young inclosed flowers are edible when the pistil has been torn out Ifugaw púhu heart Ifugaw (Batad) pūhu the heart of a person, animal, bird, chicken; the heart of a banana plant, i.e. the inflorescence Gaddang fu:tu heart Casiguran Dumagat pusó heart (of people and animals); blossom of the banana plant; ear (of corn); new stalk of the coconut, of which the coconuts grow; to blossom, to bud, to sprout Ibaloy poso heart (regarded as the seat of various emotions, as love, sympathy, generosity) man-poso to suffer from heart disease Pangasinan póso heart posó heart of a banana fruit sinam-púso heart-shaped Sambal (Botolan) pusuʔ heart Ayta Abellan poho heart; banana blossom Kapampangan púsuʔ heart púsu-ŋ sagin banana heart Tagalog púsoʔ heart; center; heartily, with a good will; in good spirits; to take to heart isa-púsoʔ to engrave in the heart ma-pusúʔ-an to be enamored of wala-ŋ púsoʔ heartless, merciless, unfeeling; cruel Bikol púsoʔ heart púsoʔ kan batág banana blossom [heart of banana] ma-púsoʔ to suffer a heart attack pusóʔ-an brave, daring, intrepid, stouthearted pusóʔ-on to suffer a heart attack daʔí-ŋ púsoʔ heartless, callous, cold, hardhearted Hanunóo púsuʔ heart púsuʔ maʔís ear of corn Romblomanon pūsuʔ the heart of a person or animal; a banana heart, i.e., the inflorescence of a banana plant pusuʔ an unshucked ear of corn; a bulb of garlic Masbatenyo púsoʔ heart; banana plant heart (refers to the interior of the banana plant which is eaten as a vegetable) ka-púsoʔ heart (physical organ) tagi-pusúʔ-on inner being pusuʔ-án-on brave, daring, courageous, fearless Aklanon púsoʔ banana flower, banana heart tagi-pusóʔ-on heart Agutaynen potok banana heart Hiligaynon púsuʔ heart; banana flower Cebuano púsuʔ banana blossom, including the petals; ear of corn; for corn to have ears or bananas to develop their blosssoms; woman’s breast (euphemism); gather, get banana blossoms for food pusuʔpúsuʔ sa bitíʔis biceps, or the muscles of the lower legs Maranao posoʔ banana flower; heart Binukid púsuʔ blossom (of a banana, coconut, etc.); for coconuts, bananas, etc. to develop their blossoms; ear of corn pa-músuʔ for corn to ear out Manobo (Western Bukidnon) pusuʔ an ear of corn; a banana blossom Mansaka posoʔ banana blossom (cooked as a vegetable) poso naŋ batad (from posoʔ) ear of corn Tiruray fusuʔ a banana blossom; an ear of corn; (of a cornstalk) to produce an ear Yakan pusuʔ lower leg; calf of leg buaʔ pusuʔ calf of the leg pusuʔ uyat flower (blossom) of the banana (cooked as a vegetable) Tboli hosoʔ heart hosoʔ ti the calf of a person’s leg Tausug pusuʔ the flower of the banana (used as a vegetable) Ida'an Begak pusuʔ heart; brave Berawan (Long Teru) puso heart; heart of banana Kenyah (Long Ikang) pusuʔ heart Kayan pusu the heart organ of the body pusu puteʔ the flower of banana fruit [heart of banana] Kayan (Long Atip) pusu heart Kayan (Uma Juman) pusu heart Kejaman pusəwʔ heart Lahanan pusu heart Taboyan lɨ-pusu heart Dusun Deyah lum-pusuʔ heart Malagasy fu the heart, physical and moral; the will, sentiment, desire; intention, disposition Karo Batak pusuh the heart, heart muscle; fig. the mind, feelings, inner being Toba Batak pusu-pusu the heart; metaphorically sentiments, emotion Old Javanese pusuh flower-bud, unopened or closed flower a-pusuh to die (close like a flower?) pusuh-pusuh ~ pu-pusuh liver Javanese pusuh lung (Pigeaud 1938) Balinese pusuh bud, flower bud, flower of a plantain Sangir puso the inflorescence of the banana plant pə-puso heart (from its resemblance to the inflorescence of the banana plant) Tontemboan pusuʔ heart; the male spadix of the areca palm; the young maize fruit ma-pusuʔ send out a spadix, of an areca palm məki-pusuʔ look for the inflorescence of a plant Mongondow putuʔ heart; also heart-shaped inflorescence of the banana plant mo-mutuʔ to bloom, of a banana plant tom-putuʔ resembling a heart; heart-shaped Boano pusuʔ heart Uma puhuʔ banana blossom Bare'e pusu loka heart of banana, banana blossom mo-pusu to bloom, of the banana plant, produce fruit, of maize Ampana pusu mbua inflorescence of the areca palm Tae' puso the heart-shaped inflorescence of the banana plant Proto-South Sulawesi *puso heart Mandar puso heart, heart of banana mep-puso to blossom, produce an inflorescence Buginese uso blossom of the banana tree (red and heart-shaped;Mills 1975:808) Muna ko-puhu banana blossom, banana flower which hangs from the stalk (eaten as a vegetable) CMP Manggarai pucu heart (physical and metaphorical) Rembong pusuʔ heart wuaʔ pusuʔ heart of banana Ngadha pusu heart pusu lié apple of one’s eye, heartthrob pusu muku end of the banana blossom Riung pusu heart Ende pusu heart Kodi puhu heart Waiyewa pu heart Anakalangu puhu heart Kambera puhu heart (as of pig or chicken) Hawu uhu heart Dhao/Ndao usu heart Kayeli hoso-n heart Sula poo banana inflorescence Soboyo fiaʔ pusu-ñ heart-shaped inflorescence of the banana plant WMP Romblomanon pusúʔ apusu sticky-rice cake (made from either white sticky rice matagkit or black sticky rice tapuy. The rice is soaked in coconut milk extract until somewhat tender, wrapped in young coconut fronts hanig and boiled in coconut milk extract. Binukid pusúʔ rice cooked in woven coconut leaves CMP Kambera ana puhu small packet of steamed rice Formosan Kavalan qi-pusan the second; twice Thao mu-pushaz twice Tsou eipo-psoh-i twice o-psoh-i go twice Formosan Taokas mapusan twenty Proto-Atayalic *ma-pusal twenty Thao ma-pushaz twenty Bunun ma-pusan twenty Tsou m-pusku twenty Rukai (Budai) ma-posale twenty Rukai (Tona) ma-ʔosale twenty WMP Maranao pot puffing sound, as from exhaust Bintulu put flatulence OC Loniu put fishnet float Likum puk fishnet float Bipi puk fishnet float Rotuman hufa float on fishing net WMP Malay putar rotation, e.g. of the earth or of a wheel or top putar-an windlass Mongondow putag turning CMP Kambera putaru rotate, turn SHWNG Kowiai/Koiwai na-futar to twist, turn WMP Malay me-mutar to turn, rotate Mongondow mo-mutag to turn, revolve WMP Casiguran Dumagat putat shrub or small tree, with trunks valued as fence posts, since they grow when stuck in the ground:Barringtonia racemosa Kapampangan putat a tree:Barringtonia acutangula (Madulid 2001) Tagalog putat a tree:Barringtonia acutangula (Madulid 2001) Bikol pútat tree sp. with red and green leaves, producing necklace-like fruit stems Hanunóo pútat a species of tree (probablyBarringtonia racemosa [Linn.]) Ngaju Dayak putat name of a tree; sap pressed from the bast fiber is used to make a soap Malagasy fótatra a large tree:Butonica apiculata Malay putat generic forBarringtonia spp. akar putat Gnetum funiculare Sundanese taŋkal putat kind of tree similar to therambutan (the leaves are used as a condiment with rice) Old Javanese putat kind of tree and its flower:Barringtonia Javanese putat a variety of tree OC Loniu put a tree:Barringtonia sp.; fishnet float Likum puk a tree:Barringtonia sp.; fishnet float Bipi puk a tree:Barringtonia sp.; fishnet float Rotuman hufa float on fishing net Formosan Kavalan puti eye secretion WMP Hanunóo pútaʔ stickiness, glutinousness ma-pútaʔ sticky, gluey WMP Malagasy fútitra reversement, turning about Toba Batak ma-mutor to turn, to roll mar-putor-putor making a turning movement Old Javanese putər turning, rotating, gyrating a-mutər to turn, rotate, spin; to churn, to produce as if by churning; to meditate in order to bring forth the deity; “to make go round”’ Javanese puter to go around; to make rounds muter to turn something; to go around someone Bare'e ka-puto-puto to keep turning around (as in looking for something lost) mam-puto-si rub something between the hands (as leaves to soften them) WMP Gayō putik cataract of the eye Old Javanese putik-en to suffer from a certain eye disease (cataract?) WMP Ngaju Dayak tam-putik to pluck off (small twigs, grass, etc.) Iban putik ~ putit pick up or out Malay putek rudimentary fruit; the fruit as it appears when the blossom has just been shed Simalur putiʔ newly-formed fruit Karo Batak putik snapped, as a branch under the weight of too much fruit mutik to pluck; also to begin the rice harvest by plucking a single ear that is then kept above the sleeping place of the owner Toba Batak ma-mutik to pluck off (fruit) ma-putik broken off, plucked off WMP Casiguran Dumagat pútik mud; muddy; become muddy Maranao potik mud; rice paddy WMP Ibaloy poti whiteness em-poti white; also of light hues such as yellow, pink, pastel blue and green man-poti to wear white on-poti to become white, as by bleaching Pangasinan putí fairness, beauty Tagalog putíʔ white (the color); whiteness; lightness in color Remontado putíʔ white Bikol putíʔ white; lime (mineral) Romblomanon putíʔ white Masbatenyo putíʔ white, colorless Inati potiʔ white Bantuqanon putiʔ white Aklanon putíʔ to become white(r) Hiligaynon putíʔ white, fair in complexion Cebuano pútiʔ white; in plant description, green varieties of plants that have green varieties and red or brown varieties; white race Maranao potiʔ whiten, bleach; sharpen Manobo (Western Bukidnon) putiʔ white; to whiten Tiruray futeʔ white Klata puttiʔ white Mapun poteʔ white Yakan poteʔ white Tausug putiʔ white Tombonuwo o-putiʔ white Ida'an Begak putiʔ white Berawan (Long Terawan) pute white Narum putaiʔ white Miri futaiʔ white Kenyah (Long Anap) puteʔ white Kenyah (Long Ikang) putiʔ white Kiput putaiʔ white Melanau Dalat (Kampung Kekan) putiʔ white Melanau Dalat (Kampung Teh) putəiʔ white Kejaman putəyʔ white Lahanan puti white Dohoi puhtiʔ white Ngaju Dayak puti white; whiteness, white color ba-puti white Ba'amang ba-putiʔ white Malagasy fótsi white; disregarded, vain, worthless, disparaging Iban putih white Tsat ti⁵⁵ white Cham patih white patih white Malay puteh white Acehnese puteh white, gray (of hair); pure, upright, good-natured Gayō putih white Karo Batak putih entirely white, as a chicken or goat oraŋ putih Caucasians, white people Toba Batak puti pure, white Nias fusi white a-fusi white Sundanese putih white Old Javanese putih white a-putih white pu-putih white of the eye Javanese putih white; pure Balinese putih white Sasak puteʔ white Proto-Minahasan *putiʔ white Tonsea putiʔ white Mongondow pusiʔ white Totoli puti white Boano putiʔ white Bare'e pute white fighting cock Tae' pute white; white chicken Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *pute white Buginese pute white Muna pute white no-pute wula full moon CMP Hawu pudi white Dhao/Ndao pudi white Idate pudi white Erai puti white Kamarian puti white Amblau puri white Buruese poti white SHWNG Irarutu fut white WMP Romblomanon ka-putíʔ white Aklanon ka-putíʔ whiteness Cebuano ka-pútiʔ whiteness Maranao ka-potiʔ whiteness, paleness Ngaju Dayak ka-puti white, whiteness, white color Mongondow ko-pusiʔ whiteness WMP Tagalog ma-mutíʔ to become white; to whiten, to bleach Mapun moteʔ whiten something; become white Yakan moteʔ to turn white or pale, to blanch (because of fear or pain) Tausug mutiʔ to become white, as cloth that is bleached ma-mutiʔ to turn pale Ngaju Dayak ma-muti make something white, bleach Malagasy ma-mótsi to whiten Malay me-muteh to become white Nias ma-musi make something white Sundanese mutih to go some days eating only rice with salt (as penance) Javanese mutih to have something made white Mongondow mo-musiʔ make something white, as in whitening the teeth Popalia ma-hute white WMP Pangasinan am-putí white, fair, light colored Sambal (Botolan) ma-putiʔ white Kapampangan ma-putiʔ white mani-mutiʔ grow white, fade Bikol ma-putíʔ white, fair or light skinned Romblomanon ma-putíʔ white Aklanon ma-putíʔ white Hiligaynon ma-putíʔ white Maranao ma-potiʔ white Binukid ma-pútíʔ white; to get white, bleached Mansaka ma-potiʔ white Mapun ma-poteʔ to whiten something; to become white Tausug ma-putiʔ white Mongondow mo-pusiʔ white Tae' ma-pute white Mori Atas mo-pute white Padoe mo-pute white Mandar ma-pute white Buginese ma-pute white CMP Helong muti white Atoni mutiʔ white Vaikenu muti white Mambai buti white Galoli buti white Watubela m-futik white Buruese boti white Tifu boti white Sula boti white SHWNG Misool (Coast) būs white WMP Tagalog ka-puti-án white (the color); whiteness; lightness in color Mapun ka-pote-an having lots of white in something Old Javanese ka-putih-an to cause to become pale (with fright, shame, etc.) WMP Tagalog putiʔ-án whitish, somewhat white; to color something with white coloring (stress on the object) Cebuano putiʔ-an a variety of coconut and pineapple more orange in color than the ordinary Mapun pote-an to whiten something; to become white Malagasy fotsíana to be made white Sundanese putih-an strips of pandanus leaves that are dried and used to plait mats Javanese putih-an white or whitened WMP Cebuano putiʔ-un whitish, fair-skinned Tausug putiʔ-un to make something white Malagasy fotsí-na to be made white WMP Nias a-fusi-fusi whitish Balinese putih-putih whitish Mandar ma-pute-pute whitish, somewhat white WMP Tausug putiʔ mata a coward (lit. ‘white eyes’) Malay puteh mata the pallor of shame; to be shamed or scorned off or “done in the eye” WMP Aklanon pa-putíʔ to whiten, make white Ngaju Dayak pa-puti whitish CMP Erai pa-puti who is white, being white Tugun pa-puti white WMP Cebuano puntíl small bag of cloth, paper i-puntíl to put into a bag; make a bag Maranao pontir bag Binukid puntil small cloth bag, pouch Manobo (Western Bukidnon) puntir a cloth bag Singhi Land Dayak putir bag Formosan Amis potapot to work in the rice field pulling weeds and cultivating young rice plants WMP Agta (Dupaningan) mag-potpot harvest a vegetable that grows in the ground; pluck, uproot potput-an pluck, pull out, uproot, as a hair or a vegetable in the ground Agta (Eastern) putput pull out of the ground; shed (feathers or hair) Casiguran Dumagat potpot to pluck out weeds by the roots Maranao popot rubbish Toba Batak putput fall out, of feathers Tae' puppuʔ to pluck OC Tongan fusi (< *puput-i) to pull or tug, to pull or haul in; to pluck (a fowl, etc.) Samoan futi (< *puput-i) (of weeds, hair, etc.) pull off; pluck WMP Ilokano ag-putpót the sound of a car horn p-an-utpót sound of a car horn or repeated farting Bikol putpót the sound of beep-beep, honk-honk, toot-toot mag-putpót to make the sound of beep-beep, honk-honk or toot-toot Aklanon pútput to putt (make the sound of a slow engine) Maranao potpot puff, blow; launch Tausug mag-putput to puff, blow Melanau (Mukah) puput spray water from the mouth, blow suddenly, puff; anything spat out (food, etc. mixed with saliva) Malagasy fófotra the blowing of the bellows, etc. ma-mófotra to blow a fire with a pair of bellows, etc. Iban puput blow, fan Malay puput blowing upon; of anything fanned by zephyrs, or blown away by a storm, a wind blowing lustily, a wind instrument imitating bird calls, squalls blowing down from the hills; also of smelting CMP Kambera puputu to blow, blow on WMP Ifugaw palutpút spattering defecation Aklanon pagútput let out much air while defecating Cebuano pagutput put-put sound; croaking sound of frogs WMP Tausug putput-an chimney, smoke shaft, flue, funnel (as of a steamship) Lun Dayeh fufut spitting out liquid from the mouth Malagasy ta-fofór-ana bellows Iban put-an forge bellows Malay puput-an bellows Makassarese puppuk-aŋ blowpipe WMP Ilokano putpot-en to do entirely, finish ma-putpót to be able to do entirely, able to finish Old Javanese puput end, result; culmination, summit maka-puput having as end, finally, end in, result in, turn into WMP Bontok putud-ən to snap, as a twig, or the brittle stem of a plant Manobo (Western Bukidnon) putud to snap off something long, as an ear of corn or a piece of cassava, so that part remains in the husk or in the ground Formosan Amis poton to cut off, referring to someone or thing with a stump from a missing limb ma-poton bobbed, as a cat’s tail; amputated, as a person’s arm Thao mutun to break, as a rope; be severed, as a limb m<in>utun was broken, as a rope that snapped in two and then was spliced together again putun-ik I am breaking it Puyuma putun break (body parts) ki-a-putun get a fracture ma-putun has a break WMP Ilokano pútol beheaded, decapitated; manner in which a woman’s dress, neckline, or hair is cut putól cut, with a part cut off putul-an to decapitate, behead Isneg p<um>útul to organize a headhunting expedition Bontok pútul to cut off the head of a person or animal; to break off the tips of plants Ifugaw pútul decapitation; to cut off the head of a man (not of animals), to behead Ifugaw (Batad) pūtul the neck stump of an animal, chicken, person, after the head has been removed ma-mūtul for someone to cut off the head of an animal, chicken or person with a bolo or head axe p<um>ūtul for someone to cut off the head of an animal, chicken or person with a bolo or head axe Casiguran Dumagat putól to behead Ibaloy potol-en to sever, cut off something me-potol be cut off, cut short, truncated Isinay maf-fútul to behead Kapampangan ma-mutul to harvest Tagalog pútol a cut; a cutting; a piece cut off putól cut off, severed; blind, closed at one end (as a street) ka-pútol a fragment, a piece broken off ma-pútol to be cut off; fig., to be disrupted pag-pútol the act of cutting; amputation p<um>útol to cut down; to fell; to lop off, to shorten by cutting off the extremities; to prune, to cut off, to cut; to sever, to cut apart; to amputate; to cut off putúl-an to cut down; to fell; to lop off putúl-in to cut down; to fell; to lop off Bikol ka-putól that which has been cut off ma-putól to get cut off or severed mag-putól to cut; to amputate, dismember, sever; to cut something from putul-ón to cut; to amputate, dismember Hanunóo pútul a cut-off section, as of a stick p<in>útul club, cudgel; a hardwood baton carried by young men Masbatenyo mag-pútol to cut off, excise, cut down, cut back Aklanon putóe short, brief; trimmed, clipped; cut off, amputated; to shorten, clip off; amputate Agutaynen ma-potol to cut off mag-potol to cut something off potol-on to cut something off (as bamboo that has grown too long) Hiligaynon mag-putúl to sever, cut off; to break off (as wood) Cebuano putúl sever with a bladed instrument or by snapping; cut down; cut something out; break a connection; cut something short; put an end to something; cut something off from something Maranao potol cut (as wood), break (as in breaking twigs off a tree) Kadazan Dusun putul to perforate Murut (Timugon) maka-putul able to be cut or severed mam-putul break or cut in order to share putul-putul break or cut repeatedly Abai Sembuak mutul broken (as a bone) Kelabit putul broken, of something hard mutul to break Kelabit (Long Napir) putul broken (as a stick) Kenyah (Long Ikang) putun broken Kayan putun cut off, amputated surgically; cut short, as hair Kiput puton broken, as a tree branch or a bone Bintulu mutun to break off (something) Iban puntul stubby, bob-tailed, partly cut off, cut short, blunt and short Malay puntul stumpy, blunt Old Javanese puṭul ~ mu-muṭul-i having the antlers broken off Javanese puṭul to break off Balinese puntul blunt, dull puntul-puntul-an be very blunt Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *putu short OC Kove putu to break; collapse Petats put to cut WMP Ilokano potóŋ internode of bamboo used for holding water Isneg potóŋ large bamboo tube consisting of two internodes. It is used for storing honey, etc. Iban putoŋ bamboo container CMP Soboyo pontoŋ bamboo-betung:Gigantochloa aspera Kurz WMP Itbayaten potoŋ idea of shortening ka-potoŋ shortened/abridged thing Ngaju Dayak potoŋ what is cut off or deducted Malay potoŋ cutting; slicing; cutting off a portion; deducting WMP Itbayaten potoŋ-an to cut, make short Malay potoŋ-an a ‘cut’, or tailor’s method of cutting out garments Javanese putuŋ-an a broken-off piece; that which is broken WMP Kadazan Dusun putus decide Old Javanese putus end, completion, conclusion, result WMP Sambal (Botolan) pótoh to cut in pieces Maranao potos to breathe last breath, die Ngaju Dayak putus broken off, come to an end Iban putus break, part (as cord); sever (as in losing a finger Malay putus severance; breaking away; (fig.) of the settlement or end of a dispute putus asa end of hope, despair (asa = ‘hope’) putus rasa to become indifferent (rasa = ‘taste; feeling; sensation’) Toba Batak putus come to an end, as a conflict; dead, of men and animals Sundanese putus finished, ended; decided (as a legal case) Old Javanese putus end, completion; conclusion, result; acme, last word; having completed, having reached the highest degree; accomplished, perfect Balinese mutus to break off, break putus be finished, have finished learning, highly experienced putus-an one who is sent; ambassador, apostle putus-iŋ an expert in Sasak putus broken (of family ties) WMP Itbayaten potot idea of breaking (of bone), fracture ma-potot to break off, be broken (as bone, branch) poto-potot-an to break off from potot-en to break into two, or apart; to snap Pangasinan man-potót to cut with a knife Kadazan Dusun putut to break off (as rope, string, belt, etc.) Kelabit putut broken (of something long and soft, as string) WMP Ilokano putót shorts; short-sleeved coat; bobtail putut-an to shorten (parts of garments) Sambal (Botolan) potót tail cut off, to cut off tail (as of a pig) Kapampangan putut cut Tagalog putót cut short, very short; shorts, short pants Aklanon putót short, little, small, runt Agutaynen potot a short person Maranao potot diminutive person of very small stature Kadazan Dusun putut to break off (as rope, string, belt, etc.) mo-mutut to break, cut WMP Ilokano púyat sleeplessness ag-púyat to stay up all night, to refrain from sleeping Casiguran Dumagat púyat sleeplessness, lack of sleep; tired or exhausted for want of sleep; to stay up late at night Pangasinan man-púyat to be sleepless Sambal (Botolan) póyat to keep vigil, to not sleep, to be wakeful Tagalog púyat want of sleep; insomnia puyát tired or exhausted for want of sleep mag-puyát to stay awake, as in watching at night; to keep vigil; to sit up or stay up late instead of going to bed ma-pag-puyát having the habit of staying up late at night puyat-án devotional night watch or vigil Bikol púyat describing a feeling of sleepiness after waking up; groggy Hanunóo púyat sleepiness pag-puyát-un overcome by sleepiness WMP Ilokano ma-púyat to feel sleepy Bikol ma- púyat to have one’s sleep disturbed by talking, noise Hanunóo ma-púyat sleepy? Agutaynen mā-poyat to go to bed; to sleep, be asleep; to fall asleep WMP Ilokano puyat-en to cause someone to stay up all night Tagalog puyat-ín to keep someone up (awake) late at night, or all night Bikol puyat-ón to keep someone awake Agutaynen poyat-en to feel sleepy, drowsy, tired WMP Bikol puyó small mudfish or climbing perch found in fields and rivers Aklanon puyó mudfish Cebuano puyú the climbing perch:Anabas testudineus Iban puyuɁ a river fish:Anabas testudineus WMP Tiruray fuyu-fiyu a climbing perch Sama Linungan puyu-puyu netlike Threadfin Bream:Pentapodus caninus Malay ikan puyu-puyu the climbing perch:Anabas scandens WMP Casiguran Dumagat puyo hair colic (sic! = cowlick) Tagalog puyó whirl; eddy; vortex; whirling motion; cowlick; a small tuft of hair that will not lie flat alim-puyo whirlwind, eddy Malay aŋin puyu whirlwind WMP Casiguran Dumagat púyud to wear the hair in a bun Tagalog puyód topknot WMP Ilokano i-puyóŋ to put into an improvised purse puyóŋ form into a purse; gathering together and fastening the four corners of a handkerchief, net, etc.; improvised purse or bag contents of an improvised purse or bag puyoŋ-en to form into a purse or bag (joining together four corners of a cloth, etc.) Cebuano púyuŋ gather together the ends of a sack or bag to close it up, or take something flat and fold up the ends to put something inside it Iban puyoŋ do round a center, surround Mongondow puyuŋ bun (of hair) Bare'e puju cover, wrapper WMP Malay puyoh bustard quail:Turnix taigoor. A fighting bird sometimes kept as such by Malays and classified according to its "lucky" colors or markings Sundanese puyuh the female of the quail Balinese puyuh quail (bird) Tae' puyo a bird: the quail WMP Itbayaten porot-en to take with the finger tips, to pick up with finger tips Ayta Abellan polot to pick up something Tagalog púlot pick up from the floor Bikol púrot pick up something Maranao pondot pick up with fingers Tiruray furut to pick up Miri fujut pick a fruit; pick up something from the ground OC Mussau posala-i to slap Sursurunga posar slap, clap, hit with the open palm Babatana po-posara clap hands Kwaio fodal-ia to slap Mota wosa to smack, slap, clap Tamambo voja-i to strike, slap Wayan voca slap or smack something with the open hand or hands together OC Sissano pak come up, appear, come into view, stay close Mbula pok burst up into view, appear, come up into view, rise up (as sun rising above horizon, creature emerging from water) Sa'a pwaʔa to rise, of heavenly bodies Arosi pwaa to rise, rising, of the sun OC Kove i-pala to split wood Bilur parak to split wood Gitua pala cut open, slice lengthwise Carolinian fala to chop, split, cut wood or other relatively large objects, with a machete, axe, or hand; to split coconuts to get at the juice OC Muyuw pano-pan Guettarda sp. Motlav pʷon-pʷon a plant:Guettarda speciosa Niue pano-pano a plant:Guettarda speciosa Rarotongan ano a native tree:Guettarda speciosa; wild pigeons feed on the berries, and the seasoned wood is used in the northern islands of the Cook group for making furniture and house building OC 'Āre'āre pana-a to fill a hole Proto-Micronesian *pʷaŋa hole Gilbertese bʷaŋa hide in a hole (Bender et al 2003) Chuukese pʷaaŋ, pʷaŋa hole, cave, cavity, pit, tunnel, hollow Puluwat pʷaŋ hole (in counting holes) Proto-Southern Vanuatu *nə-pwaŋV hole Lenakel nə-pwaŋ hole North Tanna nə-mpaŋ hole OC Kilivila pwasa pus, ulcer; rottenness Tawala paga a sore Nggela posa to break, of a boil Mota wosa a boil OC Mussau posala to slap someone Sursurunga posar slap, clap, hit with the open palm Patpatar pasar slap; beat a drum Mota wosa to slap, smack, clap OC Drehet pʷah broad-leaved pandanus used to weave Misima pala mat made of pandanus Cheke Holo vahara Pandanus conoideus Bugotu vaha Pandanus aff.compressus martalli East Uvean faha Pandanus sp. Samoan fasa Pandanus tectorius OC Lou puet Dioscorea bulbifera Mendak patik lesser yam Boanaki posika yam Kwara'ae (dau)-fasia Dioscorea bulbifera cultivars OC Mussau patu joint, node patu keke knee patu nima elbow patu tou node of sugarcane stalk Gitua patu- elbow, knee Nggela patu joint in bamboo, knot Arosi pwa-(ruru) knee (ruru = ‘knee, elbow’) OC Mussau pou-(ŋ alo) back of head (alo = ‘neck’) Mangseng pou-(ŋa) head Kokota pau head Bugotu pau head Nakanamanga na-pwau head Caaàc bwa- head OC Iduna fififi Rufous-necked Stint:Calidris ruficollis Roviana pivivi a small nonedible variety of sand snipe Marovo pivivi godwit:Limosa spp. Lau kwi-kwī a bird, the snipe OC Roviana vili-suru a small noisy greenish bird often found at coconut andBarringtonia blossoms Buma vili a parrot:Trichoglossus haematodus, and Palm Lorikeet:Charmosyna palmarum Pileni vili parrot Nêlêmwa pwīrip Horned Parakeet:Cyanorhampus cornutus Caaàc pwīrip a parrot:Trichoglossus haematodus OC Lou pi filariasis, swelling of leg Gitua pira (leg) swollen Arosi pura dropsy, elephantiasis Mota pura elephantiasis Tongan fua of limb, etc. (not person) be afflicted with elephantiasis OC Patpatar posa to appear, stick out Mengen (Poeng) pota to appear Dobuan a-pwesa to appear, arrive, depart, happen Sa'a u-wota to appear on the horizon (as hills)
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email:Blust (content) –Trussel (production)
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp