Updated: 6/21/2020
| Updated: 6/21/2020 |
Austronesian Comparative Dictionary
Cognate Sets ŋa 30813 8563 PMP *ŋalinker formultiples often Note: ForPalawanoRevel-Macdonald (1979:178) gives forms of ‘one-LIG’ with nasal place assimilation before an initial obstruent, but with unambiguous velar nasal before sonorant consonants (sä-m-puluq ‘10’,sä-ŋ-gatus ‘100’, butsä-ŋ-ribu ‘1,000’,sä-ŋ-laksaq ‘1,000,000’. According toKähler (1961),Simalur uses the ligatureŋa only when multiplying 6, 7 or 8 times a power of ten; when other numerals serve as the multiplier there is zero linkage. ForNiasSundermann (1905) givesfulu ‘10’ (in plural:ŋa-fulu). This somewhat obscure remark is clarified bydua ŋa otu ‘200’, whereNiasŋa is clearly the multiplicative ligature. According toStevens (1968),Madurese reflects *ŋa only in 7-9 x 10n (70, 80, 90, 700, 800, 900, 7,000, 8,000, 9,000, etc.).Sneddon (1975:108) notes that inTondano ‘10’, ‘100’, and ‘1,000’ all take the prefixma- (ma-puluʔ,ma-atus,ma-riwu) but that higher multiples of ‘10’, ‘100’, and ‘1,000’ take the multiplicative ligatureŋa (rua ŋa-puluʔ,təlu ŋa-atus ‘300’,siow ŋa-riwu ‘900’, etc.). ForMotuLister-Turner and Clark (1954) giveahui ‘ten. Used in counting after the first ten, asrua ahui, twenty’.Motu regularly loses *ŋ (*haŋin >lai ‘wind’, *taŋis >tai ‘cry, howl’, etc.), as doesGabadi/Abadi. For further discussion of this grammatical morpheme seeBlust (2012). 28810 *ŋabŋabbiteoff thesurface ofsomething 6040 PAN *ŋabŋabbiteoff thesurface ofsomething Note: Minangkabauŋaŋap is assigned to a root *-ŋap ‘open, of the mouth’ inBlust (1988). 30804 8552 PWMP *ŋadaqlookupward [doublet:*tiŋadaq] 30800 *ŋadaspalate 8544 PMP *ŋadaspalate 8545 POC *ŋadasₐgums Note: AlsoPazehŋaras (<*ŋalaS),Hanunóoŋárus ‘palate’. This term evidently coexisted with the more metaphorical *laŋit laŋit (< *laŋit ‘sky’).Ilokanoŋádas andAgta (Dupaningan),Agta (Eastern)ŋadas are ambiguous for *ŋa(dz)as, andWolioŋara is ambiguous for *ŋa(djz)as, butMunaŋara disambiguates this form as *ŋadas, since *j produced /y/ (or *aj >e), and *z produced /s/. Despite its straightforward appearance,Arosiŋada may be a convergent development, given the pervasive use of the phonestheme *ŋ- in Austronesian languages for words relating to the oral-nasal areas (Blust 2003a). 30393 *ŋajanname 7493 PAN *ŋajanname 7494 PMP *ŋajanname [doublet:*ajan] 7495 POC *ŋacanname 7496 PWMP *i-ŋajan(-an)toname,give anameto;tocall byname 7497 PMP *i-pa-ŋajantoname,give anameto Note: Old Javanesepa-ŋaran andYamdenana-f-ŋare may reflext *pa-ŋajan. 7498 PWMP *ka-ŋajan(-an)namesake (?) 7499 PWMP *paŋ-ŋaranname 7500 PAN *pu-ŋajan(glossuncertain) Note: Possibly a product of convergence. 7501 PWMP *ŋajan-antogive anametosomeoneorsomething Note: AlsoSeediq (Truku)haŋan ‘name’,Thaolhanaz (<*ŋaRaj, with metathesis?),Puyumaŋaɭad (< *ŋalaj?),Ida'an Begaknaran,Kenyah (Long Selaaʻn)karan,Narumñadin,Bintuluñaran,Simalurkaxan,Mentawaigagan,Bare'egara,Sikanaraŋ,Rotinesenade(k) ‘name, to name, be named’,Atonikana-k,Kemakgalan ‘name’,Keinaram ‘fame, reputation, name’,Cheke Holonahŋa ‘name’.Seediq (Truku)haŋan may reflect *ŋajan with metathesis, but this is unclear, since *-j- usually becames and occasionally disappeared, possibly through intermediateh (cf.Li 1981). I assume that the initial alveolar nasal in reflexes such asRukainaganə,Ilokanonágan,Itawisnáhan, and possiblyChamorronaʔan is a product of dissimilation between the onset of successive syllables at a time when *j [gʸ] still had a velar place feature. 32603 10991 Note: TheKavalan form is assumed to show reshaping fromŋanay, much asAmisŋaŋan ‘name’< *ŋajan shows reshaping fromŋanan. 33696 *ŋajesgums 12444 PPh *ŋajesgums 28811 6041 PMP *ŋakraucoussound [doublet:*ŋakŋak] Note: AlsoBalineseŋaak ‘honking of a goose’. 28812 6042 11924 Note: AlsoKankanaeyŋáŋak ‘cry, weep (used only in tales)’. 30789 *ŋali-ŋalimoveaboutinrestlessanger 8521 POC *ŋali-ŋalimoveaboutinrestlessanger 30918 8764 Note: AlsoAmisŋaŋal ‘ulcerated mouth from betel’.Kavalanŋaŋŋar is assumed to show sporadic assimilation of preconsonantal *l to the following nasal. 33529 12261 30096 6816 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance.POc *napok clearly meant ‘surf, breakers’, and *Ruap meant either ‘high tide’ or ‘tide’ in general, leaving the gloss of this form unclear. 30805 *ŋaniindeed;interjectionexpressingvalidityto aninterlocutor 8553 PPh *ŋaniindeed;interjectionexpressingvalidityto aninterlocutor Note: AlsoAklanonŋániʔ ‘particle used as an interjection, expressing the certainty or truthfulness of a statement; sometimes it can imply annoyance; indeed, precisely, I know’,Manobo (Western Bukidnon)ŋaniʔ ‘emphatic particle’. These forms with final glottal stop suggest either that reflexes of *ŋani ‘indeed’ have been contaminated by reflexes of *ŋaniq ‘even’, or that the two comparisons are identical, and that the semantic distinction recognized here is better treated as part of a wider range of meanings than either of these glosses imply. 30806 *ŋaniqeven 8554 PPh *ŋaniqeven Note: AlsoAgutaynenŋani indeed; really; definitely; very,Cebuanogániʔ ‘even’,Binukidgániʔ ‘used to express an extreme case or an unlikely instance; even, at least’. 28819 6050 PMP *ŋaŋinarticulatesound [doublet:*ŋa(ŋ)ŋaŋ] 30367 7406 30589 7984 7985 PMP *ŋaŋa₂open themouthwide,gape;gaping;opening of a Note: AlsoTruku Seediqŋaŋax ‘idiot’,Tbolinaŋa ‘to open one’s mouth wide’,Ngadhanaŋa ‘to gape; to howl, cry (vulgar)’.Cebuanoŋaŋhá ‘be openmouthed with sudden surprise’ points toPMP *ŋahŋah,PAn *ŋaSŋaS but this inference is counterindicated byBasailo-ŋaŋa. The form *ŋaŋa is clearly iconic, since a velar nasal followed by a low vowel is difficult to produce without holding the mouth wide open. The additional syllable inSangirŋ 28821 *ŋa(ŋ)ŋaŋinarticulatesound 6052 PMP *ŋa(ŋ)ŋaŋinarticulatesound 11925 PCEMP *ŋaŋaŋinarticulatesound Note: The length of the last syllable vowel in theTolai,Maori, andHawaiian reflexes of *ŋa(ŋ)ŋaŋ is unexplained. 30520 *ŋapa₁fathom 7762 POC *ŋapa₁fathom 33796 *ŋapa₂long 12584 POC *ŋapa₂long Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. 33808 *ŋapa₃limegourd (forbetelchew) 12601 POC *ŋapa₃limegourd (forbetelchew) Note: AlsoMussauŋaapa ‘lime gourd’. 32570 10935 PWMP *ŋaqŋaq₁open themouth,gape 33562 12298 Note: This comparison was first noted schematically byZorc (1986:164). 30417 7551 33743 *ŋarabblade,cuttingedge ofknife, etc. 12499 PPh *ŋarabblade,cuttingedge ofknife, etc. 33797 12585 Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. 28816 *ŋarŋarfragment,split-offpiece 6047 PMP *ŋarŋarfragment,split-offpiece 11926 PCEMP *ŋaŋarfragment,piece ofsomething 28815 6045 Note: AlsoSasakŋaʔ ‘wild duck’,Lauŋā ‘a duck’. The precise referent ofPCEMP *ŋaRa is unclear, though it appears likely that it is the same asPWMP *bariwis (viz. ‘wild duck:Dendrocygna sp.’). Given the zoographical facts (Peterson 1931-1951) aPMP term forDendrocygna sp. almost certainly existed, but no etymon has yet been inferred. For this reason it is impossible to determine whether one of these terms (*bariwis or *ŋaRa) existed inPMP and was replaced by the other, whether both existed with somewhat different referents, or whether some third term designatedDendrocygna sp. and was replaced both inPWMP and inPCEMP by the terms we reconstruct. The sequenceŋag-, which arose after the change *R >g in languages such asBikol andChamorro, evidently presented problems of segmental compatibility, and was modified by dissimilation ofŋ inBikol and assimilation ofg inChamorro, a pattern of sporadic change that is also seen with reflexes of *ŋajan ‘name’ in some languages. 28817 6048 11927 PCEMP *ŋaŋaschewsomethingtough, assugarcane Note: Originally proposed inBlust (1977a:8), where only one non-Oceanic witness (Chamorro) was cited. 32945 11414 30919 8765 Note: AlsoIlokanoŋatíŋat ‘to chew the cud; to chew betel’. 32591 10971 10972 PPh *i-ŋatu(glossuncertain) 30089 6807 6808 31135 9119 Note: Possibly a convergent innovation. 30825 *ŋawŋawsoundproduced by ananimal;unintelligiblemuttering of aperson 8594 PAN *ŋawŋawsoundproduced by ananimal;unintelligiblemuttering of aperson 29871 *ŋayawheadhunting 6526 PAN *ŋayawheadhunting 6527 PMP *kayawheadhunting 6528 PMP *ma-ŋayawgoheadhunting 6529 PWMP *pa-ŋayawheadhuntingexpedition Note: AlsoTbolinayaw ‘(of people) to raid at night, to kill and take things’,Kayanayaw ‘an enemy in war’. It is unclear whether a separate base *ŋayaw is also justified forPMP. This form is reconstructed forPAn, since the only Formosan language that has a related form isPuyuma , in which the base isŋayaw. Cognates such asIfugawŋáyo,ŋáyaw andTboliŋayaw may be affixed forms ofkáyaw, or reflexes of a doublet that began with a velar nasal. 30976 8874 8875 Note: AlsoIlokanoŋudél ‘dullness’,ma-ŋudél ‘dull, blunt’,Atta (Pamplona)na-ŋural ‘dull (as a knife)’,Agta (Dupaningan)ma-ŋudal ‘dull’,Casiguran Dumagatŋudél ‘dull (of a knife, bolo, razor blade, axe’,Mansakaŋaŋul ‘to be dull (as a blade)’,Sa'banpadəl,Kenyah (Long Wat),Penan (Long Lamai)kajən ‘dull, blunt’,Kayan (Uma Juman)kasəl ‘dull, blunt’,Melanau Dalatñəl ‘dull, blunt’,Melanau (Matu)tajəl ‘dull, blunt’. 30639 8147 8148 Note: AlsoKankanaeymen-ŋét ‘to grate; to creak; to gnash’. 28823 *ŋek₁grunt 6054 PMP *ŋekgrunt [doublet:*ŋekŋek 'mumble, etc.'] 11928 POC *ŋokgrunt Note: AlsoKankanaeyŋéek ‘to snore’. 33810 12602 POC *ŋek₂tosqueal,cryout, as apig Note: Possibly a chance resemblance. 28824 *ŋekŋekmumble, etc. 6055 PMP *ŋekŋekmumble, etc. 11929 Note: AlsoMakassareseŋeŋe ‘whimper, whine’. 28825 6056 11930 Note: Milke (1968) reconstructedPOc *noŋi ‘beg’. It is unclear whetherArosiŋoni is an isolated retention of aPOc variant, or a product of secondary metathesis which restored the original order of consonants. 28828 6059 PMP *ŋeŋbuzz,hum [doublet: *ŋe(ŋ)ŋeŋ] 30418 7552 Note: AlsoTonganŋā,ŋē,ŋēŋē ‘to pant, to struggle for breath, as a person with asthma does; (of a small child) to bawl, cry loudly’. Possibly a chance resemblance. 28829 6060 11931 33758 *ŋepŋeptogasp,havedifficultybreathing 12519 PMP *ŋepŋeptogasp,havedifficultybreathing 12520 POC *ŋoŋoppanting,gasping forbreath 30801 *ŋerŋergrowl 8546 PAN *ŋerŋergrowl Note: Lun Dayehŋeŋer is said to derive from a baseeŋer, with active verb-forming prefixŋ-. Given the comparative data cited here I assume thateŋer is a back-formation from a base with initial velar nasal. 30807 8555 PAN *ŋesŋestopant,beout ofbreath Note: AlsoPaiwanŋasŋas ‘to pant’ (< *ŋaSŋaS),Melanau (Mukah)ŋus ‘to exhale’,Rejangŋas ‘to breathe heavily; out of breath’. 30808 8556 8593 ŋi 28831 6062 PWMP *ŋiakcryloudly [doublet: *kiqak 'to squawk'] Note: AlsoJavaneseŋiyék ‘to scream (of an animal)’,ŋéyok ‘to scream (in terror, of a victorious cock, etc.)’. 28832 *ŋiaŋwhine 6063 PWMP *ŋiaŋwhine Note: AlsoManggaraiŋiéŋ ‘shrill sound, cry of a cat’. 33182 11681 Note: AlsoIlokanoŋíraw ‘to meow (said of cats)’,Mongondowŋeow ‘the sound of a cat’. Probably a convergent innovation, since domestic cats must have been introduced after the Austronesian settlment of island Southeast Asia. 30826 *ŋiCŋiCshowannoyanceorirritation 8595 PAN *ŋiCŋiCshowannoyanceorirritation 8596 PMP *ŋitŋit₂annoyance,irritation Note: With root*-ŋiC ‘anger, irritation’. 28833 *ŋidamcravings of apregnantwoman 6064 PWMP *ŋidamcravings of apregnantwoman [doublet:*kidam 'miss, crave, long for'] 30814 *ŋidawtoothless 8564 PAN *ŋidawtoothless Note: Given the extremely strong tendency for referents relating to the nasal and oral area in Austronesian languages to be represented by morphemes that begin with a velar nasal (Blust 2003a) this comparison could be a product of convergence. However, given the perfect agreement between these words in both form and meaning it must be assumed provisionally that they are valid cognates. 28834 *ŋijuŋnose 6065 PMP *ŋijuŋnose [doublet:*ijuŋ] Note: It is possible that all of these items reflect *ijuŋ ‘nose’, with an initial velar nasal that was acquired either by loss of a morpheme boundary in an earlier affixed form *maŋ-ijuŋ, or by metanalysis in an earlier reduplicated form *ijuŋ-ijuŋ. 28835 *ŋiksqueal,screech,shriek, etc. 6066 PMP *ŋiksqueal,screech,shriek, etc. [doublet:*ŋikŋik] 28836 *ŋikŋiksqueal,screech,shriek, etc. 6067 PMP *ŋikŋiksqueal,screech,shriek, etc. [doublet:*ŋik] 11932 POC *ŋiŋikhigh-pitchedcry Note: AlsoKankanaeyŋíŋik ‘to grunt’,ŋikíŋik ‘jabber, chatter, gabble’. 30395 *ŋilupainfulsensationinteeth, as fromeatingsomethingsour 7503 PAN *ŋilupainfulsensationinteeth, as fromeatingsomethingsour [doublet:*ñilu] 7504 PWMP *ka-ŋilu(glossuncertain) 7505 PAN *ma-ŋilupainful, as ofteethonedge fromeatingsomethingverysour 7506 PWMP *ŋilu-anhave apainfulfeelingin theteeth, aswheneatingsomethingverysourorcold,orhearing ascreechingorscratchingsound Note: AlsoThaokun-nishir ‘get a sudden, strong sensation of sourness in the teeth, as when eating an acidic fruit’,Hanunóoŋídlis ‘setting of the teeth on edge’,Malagasymaha-dilo ‘to set the teeth on edge’,ma-dilo ‘the tamarind tree’,Old Javaneseŋelu ‘headache’,a-ŋelu ‘to have a headache’,Manggaraiŋilur ‘set the teeth on edge’,Letim-li-lilu,nam-lilu ‘sour’. Although the aberrantManggarai formŋilur retains the meaning reconstructed for this form in at leastPMP, all other reflexes recorded so far in CMP languages mean ‘sour’, suggesting that in the languages of eastern Indonesia the sense had begun to shift from a description of the sensation of the experiencer to a description of the quality of the substance that produced this sensation. 32592 10973 28841 6072 PMP *ŋiŋbuzz,hum [doublet:*ŋi(ŋ)ŋiŋ] Note: AlsoMalayŋéŋ ‘exclamation for driving away dogs’. 28840 6071 PWMP *ŋiŋigrin,show theteeth [doublet:*ŋisŋis₁] Note: AlsoToba Batakŋilŋil ‘show the teeth’. 28842 6073 11933 30257 *ŋipentooth 7138 PAN *ŋipentooth 7139 POC *ŋipontooth 28837 6068 PWMP *ŋiqiktoscream, of ananimal 33563 *ŋisaname 12299 POC *ŋisaname [doublet: *isa] 30238 7107 PMP *ŋisitogrin,show theteeth [doublet: *ŋiŋis₁] Note: The basic meaning of this term appears to have been ‘to show the teeth by raising the upper lip’, a gesture characteristic of both joyous and sardonic laughter, and one that is explicitly spelled out inNgadha, and inMakassarese, where the whinnying of a horse is viewed as the raising of the upper lip before producing sound. Given this interpretation it appears likely that reflexes of *ŋisi ‘tooth’ belong to the same set. Because it contains the phonestheme *ŋ- it is not always easy to distinguish reflexes of this term from other, convergently similar forms (thusRovianaŋiŋisi ‘to grin’ probably reflects *ŋisŋis (> *ŋiŋis >ŋiŋisi) rather than *ŋisi with CV- reduplication). 28838 6069 PMP *ŋisŋis₁grin,show theteeth [doublet:*ŋiŋi,*ŋisi] 8108 33490 *ŋisŋis₂high-pitchedvocalization 12212 PPh *ŋisŋis₂high-pitchedvocalization 29992 *ŋiSŋiSbeard 6683 PAN *ŋiSŋiSbeard Note: If found inPAn, this term was replaced by one or more of thePMP doublets *gumi, *kumi, *gumis, or *kumis. 28839 *ŋitŋit₁gnaw 6070 PAN *ŋitŋit₁gnaw [doublet:*ŋatŋat,*ŋetŋet 'gnash the teeth'] 12595 POC *ŋiŋit-itohusk acoconutwith theteeth 33625 *ŋitŋit₂pitchblack, as amoonlessnight 12366 PPh *ŋitŋit₃pitchblack, as amoonlessnight 33782 12561 POC *ŋodragrunt;snore [disjunct:*ŋodro] 33783 12562 Note: AlsoBugotuñuru ‘to snore’. 33814 12607 POC *ŋoRotosnore,grunt, etc. [doublet:*ŋodro] [disjunct:*ŋek] ŋu 28856 6091 PMP *ŋudayoung, ofplants [doublet:*muda] Note: AlsoMalayuda ‘young (in certain expressions only),Toba Batakuda ‘father’s younger brother’,Simalurudo ‘father’s sister’s husband’,Balineseuda ‘young, fresh; naked’,Sasakodaʔ ‘unripe (of fruits), not yet fully developed (bones)’,Tae'ura ‘young’. Dempwolff (1938) posited *uda, assuming that the forms cited here under *muda and *ŋuda contain fossilized affixes. Although a morphologically complex analysis is possible to maintain in some languages withmuda (< *ma-uda?), it is more difficult with *ŋuda, where no appropriate affix of the shape *ŋ is available. To account for the variation in initial consonant across a wide range of languages I prefer to reconstruct doublets, and assume that *ma-ŋuda (with stative prefix *ma-) was reanalyzed in a few languages as a dynamic verbmaŋ-uda, thus giving rise to a new baseuda, which then underwent a new cycle of affixation with *ma- The motivation for such reanalysis seems fairly transparent, since *ŋ-initial bases are rare, and most of these refer to the oral or nasal region of the face (Blust 2003a). 33154 *ŋuhedyoung,immature,primarily ofplants 11650 PPh *ŋuhedyoung,immature,primarily ofplants [doublet:*aŋ(e)hud] 11651 PPh *ma-ŋuhedyoung,immature,primarily ofplants 11652 PPh *ka-ŋuhed-anyoung Note: This comparison was pointed out courtesy of David Zorc. 28857 6092 PMP *ŋukgrunt,moan, etc. [doublet:*ŋukŋuk] 28858 6093 11934 28859 *ŋulŋul₁arthriticorrheumaticpain 6094 PMP *ŋulŋul₁arthriticorrheumaticpain [doublet:*ŋutŋut₂ 'throbbing pain'] 11935 POC *ŋuŋularthriticorrheumaticpain 30827 8597 PWMP *ŋulŋul₂towail,cryoutingrief 28865 6100 PMP *ŋuŋbuzz,hum [doublet:*ŋu(ŋ)ŋuŋ] 28866 6101 11936 28860 6095 8756 Note: AlsoHanunóoŋúrub ‘dog’s growl (with the mouth closed)’,Cebuanoŋúlut ‘growling in defiance or complaint (of a dog)’,Lauŋū ‘to hum, chant, sing; a song, chant, humming’,ŋudu ‘mumble; mew’,ŋunu ‘murmur, whisper’,'Āre'ārenuu ‘sing, hum; to sing (of birds), whistle, chirp’. An initial velar nasal appears in a number of apparently unrelated words meaning ‘growl, grunt, roar’ and the like. It is possible that eitherHanunóoŋúrub orCebuanoŋúlut are related to reflexes ofPOc *ŋuru (asPMP *ŋudub, or *ŋudut) but the presence of multiple possibilities for comparison weakens each comparison individually, and strengthens the hypothesis that some of these forms are products of chance convergence brought about by frequent use of the phonestheme *ŋ (Blust 2003a). 30145 6889 30828 8598 PAN *ŋusŋustosnore,growl,grunt 33405 *ŋusŋústograte,scour,rubhardonsomething 12086 PPh *ŋusŋústograte,scour,rubhardonsomething 30419 7553 Note: AlsoAtayal (Squliq)ŋuhuu ‘nose’,Kankanaeyŋosʔó ‘projecting, shooting forward (applied to the lips)’,Rejangŋus ‘mouth’,Balaesangŋudu,Dampelasŋuju,Pendauŋunju ‘mouth’,Bare'eŋuju ‘external mouth; snout (as of a pig); beak of a bird’,Letinursu ‘snot, nasal mucus’,Naunakuc,Pakmusu-,Likumkusu- ‘lips’. 29916 *ŋuSuNnosebleed 6589 PAN *ŋuSuNnosebleed Note: Given just two witnesses that differ in the order of consonants it is impossible to determine the directionality of change, and this reconstruction may therefore have been *ŋuNuS rather than *ŋuSuN. 29985 6674 7162 28862 6097 Note: Ibanŋut ‘pig’,Malayŋutŋut (secondary reduplication) ‘mumbling (from age)’ may reflect the simple root.Tolaiŋut ‘whine, murmur, cry’ could reflect either the simple or the reduplicated root (cf.Blust 1977a). 30203 7035 PMP *ŋutŋut₂throbbingpain [doublet: *ŋulŋul] 7036 Note: AlsoIbanuŋut ‘(fig., of pain) nagging’ 30829 8599 PWMP *ŋutŋut₃tosmoulder, of afire Note: AlsoIbanuŋut ‘burning slowly, smouldering; (fig.) making slow progress’. I assume that this form is reanalyzed fromŋuŋut on the assumption that the base-initial consonant was an active verb prefix, since the great majority of words that begin with a velar nasal are affixed bases that begin with a vowel. 32593 10974 12624 10975 PPh *ŋutŋut-entocheworgnawonsomething Note: TheTolai monosyllable is assumed to be a back-formation from a baseŋuŋut which was reinterpreted as a durative form of the verb. 30462 *ŋutulouse 7654 POC *ŋutulouse [doublet: *kutu] 30920 8766 Note: This is an extremely problematic comparison, and it is difficult to know how to treat it. While the forms cited here clearly suggest a historical connection that is not based on borrowing, none of them agree with regard to recurrent sound correspondences.Kadazan Dusun,Iban andMalay point to initial *k, butTagalog andBikol indicate *ŋ-, whileTagalog,Bikol andKadazan Dusun point to medial *y, whileIban andMalay point instead to a palatal nasal. Tentatively I posit *ŋuyaq and assume thatKadazan Dusunkuzaʔ andIban andMalaykuñah are back-formation frommo-ŋuyaʔ, with rightward-spreading nasality altering *y to /ñ/ in the latter two languages prior to denasalization of the base, hence *maŋ-ŋuyaq >*maŋ-ŋuñaq (base *ŋuñaq) > *ma-ŋuñaq (reanalyzed base *kuñaq). It may appear equally likely that theTagalog andBikol forms are products of metanalysis from earlier *maŋ- + *kuyaq, but given the far greater frequency of homorganic nasal substitution in *k-initial bases than of nasal deletion in *ŋ-initial bases, the psychological precondition for a reanalysis of *ŋ- ask- would appear far stronger than any condition favoring a reanalysis in the opposite direction. 28863 6098 28864 *ŋuyŋuywhine,whimper, as achild 6099 PPh *ŋuyŋuywhine,whimper, as achild Note: AlsoTonganŋī ‘whimper’.Zorc (1971) reconstructsPPh *ŋuyŋuy ‘weep’. a b c C d e g h i j k l m n N ñ ŋ o p q r R s S t u w y z Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
*ŋ
WMP Ilokano sa-ŋa-púlo ten Isneg sa-ŋa-púlo ten Itneg (Binongan) sa-ŋa-pólo ten Ibaloy showa-n polo ten Kapampangan a-dwa-ŋ-pulu twenty Remontado sá-ŋ-puʔ ten Kalamian Tagbanwa du-rua-ŋ-puluk twenty Palawan Batak sa-ŋ-púlok ten Palawano sä-ŋ-ribu 1,000 Aborlan Tagbanwa sa-ŋ-pulu ten Tausug ha-ŋ-puʔ ten Sama (Pangutaran) sa-ŋ-puʔ ten Kadazan Dusun duvo ŋo-opod twenty Murut (Timugon) ruo ŋo-opor twenty Tingalan (West) duo-ŋa-puluh twenty Kelabit duəh ŋəh puluʔ twenty Simalur ənəmə ŋa ulu sixty Nias ŋa-fulu ten Mentawai ŋa ‘suffix’ for numerals Enggano ha numeral ligature Old Javanese rwa-ŋ-puluh twenty Madurese pittu-ŋ-pulu seventy Balinese dwa-ŋ-dasa twenty za-ŋa-vuluku ten Tondano rua ŋa-puluʔ twenty Tontemboan sa-ŋa-puluʔ ten Banggai so-ŋ-ulo ten Tae' sa-ŋ-pulo ten Mandar dua-ŋ-atus 200 CMP Kambera ha-ŋa-hu hundred Hawu he-ŋ-uru ten Dhao/Ndao ca-ŋ-uru ten OC Lou sa-ŋa-ul ten so-ŋ-ot 100 Penchal sa-ŋa-hul ten sa-ŋ-ɨt 100 Loniu (ma-)-so-ŋ-on ten (ma)-sa-ŋ-at 100 Nali (ma-)-so-ŋ-uy ten (ma)-sa-ŋ-at 100 Bipi sa-ŋ-on ten sa-ŋ-ak 100 Mussau sa-ŋa-ulu ten Lavongai sa-ŋa-uli ten Tigak sa-ŋa-ulu-ŋ ten Nalik sa-ŋa-flu ten Mendak sa-ŋa-un ten Pala sa-ŋa-hul ten Label sa-ŋa-hulu ten Vitu za-ŋa-vulu ten Arop sa-ŋa-ul ten Lusi sa-ŋa-olu ten Motu a-hui ten Gabadi rua a-vui twenty Hoava tolo-ŋa-vulu thirty Roviana tolo-ŋa-vulu thirty Bugotu ha-ŋa-vulu ten Nggela ha-ŋa-vulu ten Ghari sa-ŋa-vulu ten Longgu ta-ŋa-vulu ten Lau ta-ŋa-fulu ten Arosi ta-ŋa-huru ten Proto-Micronesian *-ŋawulu unit of ten, in counting Gilbertese ŋa-un ten; tens Kosraean lo-ŋo-ul twenty Woleaian se-ŋa-ul sho ten groups of copra Utupua/Tanimbili a-ŋa-ru ten Vanikoro te-ŋa-ulu ten Buma sa-ŋa-ulu ten Mota sa-ŋa-vul ten Tur sa-ŋa-ful ten Araki sa-ŋa-vulu ten Central Maewo sa-ŋa-vulu ten Raga ha-ŋ-vulu ten Naman sa-ŋa-vəl ten North Ambrym sa-ŋ-ul ten Rotuman sa-ŋ-hulu ten Fijian sa-ŋa-vulu ten Tongan ho-ŋo-fulu ten Nukuoro mada-a-ŋa-hulu ten Rennellese aŋa-hugu ten Maori ŋa-huru ten Rapanui a-ŋa-huru ten Formosan Amis ŋafŋaf eat grass, as a cow does WMP Ilokano ŋabŋáb to devour foods noisily (pigs) Agta (Eastern) ŋábŋab crunching sound of chewing on something hard Bontok ŋabŋab eat corn on the cob Kankanaey ŋabŋáb bite from, take a bite from Ifugaw ŋabŋáb bite off a mouthful out of something edible, e.g. a piece of meat, a cake Ibaloy ŋabŋab-an to bite off the surface of something (as skin of guava, dog’s bite that takes a little skin, bulldozer skims only surface) Tagalog ŋabŋáb bite off (meat from bones) Minangkabau ŋaŋap snap at flies, of a dog WMP Malay ŋadah looking upwards Chamorro ŋahaʔ look up, with head tilted back WMP Ilokano ŋádas palate, roof of the mouth; the rice that cleaves to the upper half of the jar in which it is cooked; the concave side of a jar or pot ag-ŋádas to have a sore palate; to be unable to pronounce (said of dying people) Agta (Dupaningan) ŋadas gums Agta (Eastern) ŋadas palate Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *ŋara palate Wolio ŋara palate Muna ŋara palate CMP Buruese ŋara-n roof of the mouth; throat, larynx; the inside of the mouth and throat OC Arosi ŋada the gums Formosan Basai nanan name Kavalan naŋan<M name mnani-naŋan person with the same name pa-si-naŋan to name someone or something, give a name to si-naŋan to be named Sakizaya ŋaŋan name Amis ŋaŋan<A name, title, designation; character, reputation mili-ŋaŋan to take the name of someone else for oneself; to take land distributed for oneself Bunun ŋaan name (given name) Rukai naganə name Paiwan ŋadán a name WMP Yami ŋaran name Itbayaten ŋaran name mi-ñaran to have the name of Ilokano nágan name; term; appellation nagán-en to name, mention by name, designate Ibanag ŋágan name Atta (Pamplona) ŋágan name Itawis náhan name Malaweg ŋágan name Kalinga (Guinaang) ŋálan name Arta ŋadin name Bontok ŋádan name Kankanaey ŋádan name; appelation, denomination, title Ifugaw ŋádan proper name of a person, also the particular name of a village, a mountain, a forest, a group of rice terraces, and so forth ma-ŋádan to be named Ifugaw (Batad) ŋādan a name by which something or someone is identified (people, spirits, geographical divisions, flora and fauna); what?, when?, where?, who? Yogad ŋágan name Gaddang ŋáan name Casiguran Dumagat ŋahen name Umiray Dumaget ŋalan name Ibaloy ŋaran name (as of person, town); also, what a thing is called Pangasinan ŋarán name Tagalog ŋálan name; reputation; denomination, a name, especially for a class of things Remontado ŋáran name Bikol ŋáran a name, title; noun Buhid ŋáyan name Hanunóo ŋáran name Masbatenyo ŋáran name Inati ŋaran name Bantuqanon ŋayan name Aklanon ŋáean name (one’s personal name); give a name to hi-ŋáean to pronounce, say, name Waray-Waray ŋáran name Hiligaynon ŋálan name Maranao ŋaran name Binukid ŋaran name; to give a name to someone or something; to call someone by a specified name Manobo (Western Bukidnon) ŋazan a name; to name something or use someone’s name Mansaka ŋaran name paga-ŋaran-an to call someone something [Manobo (Kalamansig Cotabato) ŋadan name; what?] Kalagan ŋa:lan name Tausug ŋān a name (of something) Kadazan Dusun ŋaan name; reputation Tombonuwo ŋaran reputation Minokok ŋaran name Supan ŋaran name Bisaya (Limbang) ŋaran name Basap ŋadan name Kelabit ŋadan name te-ŋadan be given a name pe-te-ŋadan name-calling Berawan (Long Terawan) (ŋ)aran name Dali' adin name Sebop ŋaran name Kenyah (Long Anap) ŋadan name Kenyah (Long San) ŋaran name Melanau (Balingian) ŋaran name Melanau (Mukah) ŋadan name Katingan ŋaran name Paku ŋaran name Ma'anyan ŋaran name Malagasy a- nárana name, appellation, honor; rank, position Mentawai ŋagan name Sundanese ŋaran name; also, to name, call the name of Old Javanese ŋaran name maka-ŋaran with the name, called Balinese ŋadan to name, give a name to ŋadan-in to call by name; regard someone as being; accuse someone of Tonsea ŋaran name Tontemboan ŋaran name; position, function ŋ<um>aran give a name to someone mapa-ŋaran be given a name Tonsawang ŋalan name Totoli ŋalan name Boano laŋan<M name Balantak naan name Bare'e ŋaya kind, type, sort Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *ŋeaN name Padoe ŋee name Bungku ŋee name Moronene nee name Bonerate ŋa name Muna nea name Popalia ŋa name Palauan ŋakl name Chamorro naʔan name CMP Bimanese ŋara name Komodo ŋaraŋ a name; to name Manggarai ŋasaŋ a name; to name; named; kind, type Ngadha ŋaza name; reputation; fame, renown Ende ŋara name Palu'e ŋara name Lamaholot narã name Kédang naya name Kodi ŋara name Lamboya ŋara name Anakalangu ŋara name Hawu ŋara name Dhao/Ndao ŋara name Helong ŋala name, kind; descent group ŋala name Atoni kana-f clan Tetun naran name naran ida whoever naran buat anyone Tetun (Dili) naran name Galoli naran name Erai nean name; named, be named na-nean whose name is, named Tugun nean name Kisar naran name Roma naran- name West Damar nono name Leti nāna name Yamdena ŋare name; namesake Kola ŋahan name Ujir ŋeen name W.Tarangan (Ngaibor) ŋarin name ŋarin name Nuaulu nana- name Kamarian nala name Paulohi nala name Laha nalaŋ name Hitu nala name Asilulu nala- name Boano₂ nana name Tifu ŋaa-n name Soboyo ŋaañ name SHWNG Buli ŋasan name; rank; occupation; function Moor nàtana name Ron nasan name Numfor nasan title; office Waropen nasano name OC Lou ŋara-n his/her name Lenkau ŋaha- name Loniu ŋaʔa-n his/her name Nali ŋala-n his/her name Ere ŋira-n his/her name Andra laŋa-n<M name Leipon ŋidre-n his/her name Ahus laŋa-n<M his/her name laŋa-<M name Lele ŋala-n his/her name Ponam laŋa-<M name Sori aha-ŋ his/her name Bipi kaxa-n his/her name Seimat axa-n his/her name Wuvulu axa-na his/her name Sio ŋaa name Keapara ara name Nehan haŋan<M name WMP Ilokano i-nagan-an to nominate, to name, call by name Ibaloy i-ŋadn-an to call, mention someone’s name Tagalog i-ŋálan to use a term as name for something Bikol i-ŋáran to name someone after Hanunóo pag-i-ŋárn-an to be named or called (something) Old Javanese i-ŋaran(-an) give a name to, call, give or mention the name of someone; to regard, consider, believe to be WMP Ilokano ipa-nagan to name; give a name to Tagalog ipa-ŋálan to call, to name, to give a name Old Javanese pa-ŋaran name, named, called CMP Yamdena na-f-ŋare give a name to WMP Itbayaten ka-ŋaran namesake Ilokano ka-nagan(-an) namesake; birthday Bontok ka-ŋád-ŋádn-an to have the same name as another Tagalog ka-ŋálan namesake Kadazan Dusun ka-ŋaan can name; can be reputed Old Javanese ka-ŋaran-an give a name to, call, give or mention the name of someone; to regard, consider, believe to be WMP Tagalog paŋ-ŋálan noun, substantive, the name of a person or thing wala-ŋ-paŋ-ŋálan nameless, having no name Bikol paŋ-ŋáran a name Old Javanese pa-ŋaran name, named, called Formosan Paiwan pu-ŋadán to have a name WMP Kadazan Dusun pu-ŋaan-an to name WMP Yami ŋaran-an give a name to, call by a name Itbayaten ŋaran-an give a name to Ifugaw ŋadán-an to give a name to somebody or something Ifugaw (Batad) ŋatn-an for someone to name someone or something Casiguran Dumagat ŋahin-an to name, give the name of something or someone Ibaloy ŋeshan-an to give someone or a place a name Tagalog ŋalán-an to name, give someone or something a name Bikol ŋáran-an to name, christen; to call someone by name Masbatenyo ŋarán-an be named Tausug ŋān-an to name something Kadazan Dusun ŋaan-an to be named Sundanese ŋa-ŋaran-an give a name to someone or something Formosan Kavalan ŋaŋay saliva, drivel sa-ŋaŋay to drivel, to drool tar-ŋaŋay to keep drivelling Paiwan ŋadjay saliva, drivel pe-ŋadjay to salivate, slobber, drool WMP Yami (Imorod) ŋahay drivel, drool Ivatan (Isamorong) ŋahay drivel, drool WMP Yami ŋares gums Itbayaten ŋares gums (of the teeth) Ibatan ŋares gums (of the teeth) Casiguran Dumagat ŋahes gums (inside the mouth) Hanunóo ŋárus palate WMP Kankanaey ŋak screech, shriek, scream Karo Batak ŋak smack; make a smacking sound Javanese ŋak honking of a goose CMP Manggarai ŋak row, disturbance, argument OC Rotuman ŋā squeal, squawk; neigh Tongan ŋā (of a small child) to bawl, cry loudly WMP Itbayaten ŋakŋak sound of eagles Bontok ma-ŋakŋák to laugh loudly; the sound of loud laughter Kankanaey ŋakŋák howl, yell, as dogs do Ifugaw ŋakŋák howling of dogs Aklanon ŋákŋak babble, sing or say meaningless syllables Karo Batak ŋakŋak howl, set up a wail Javanese ŋakŋak honking of geese OC Tongan ŋāŋā (of a small child) to bawl, cry loudly Maori ŋāŋā make a hoarse, harsh noise, screech, as a bird OC Tolai ŋa-ŋali gesticulate, especially as a result of anger, to stamp the foot Arosi ŋari-ŋari-a move about, annoy by change of position hau-ŋari-ŋari angry ma-ŋari-ŋari angry Formosan Kavalan ŋaŋŋar move one’s mouth as one chews Pazeh ŋaraŋar to bite little by little WMP Ilokano ag-ŋalŋál to chew ŋalŋal-en to masticate, chew on Agta (Dupaningan) mag-ŋalŋal to chew, gnaw Bontok ŋalŋal-ən to chew meat Ifugaw ŋalŋál mastication, but not applied to betel nut chewing Ibaloy ŋalŋal to chew, perhaps especially to chew something for a long time ŋalŋal-en to chew on something for a long time, with the jaws working hard and perhaps noisily (as dog chewing on bone) Pangasinan ŋalŋál crush something hard or brittle with the teeth; chew WMP Pangasinan ŋalŋál bellowing of a carabao or bull Tagalog ŋalŋál prone to grumble and sob; wailing; loudly lamenting; weeping aloud Aklanon ŋáeŋae to cry, whimper Palawan Batak ŋálŋal pain Proto-Minahasan *ŋalŋal to groan, moan (with pain) Tombulu ŋalŋal to groan, moan (with pain) Tontemboan ŋaʔŋal a moan, groan (in pain, difficulty, or when sleeping) OC Vitu ŋalu tide Tongan ŋalu wave (when rolling in), breaker or surf ŋa-ŋalu (of the sea) to show a track where a fish has just been swimming near the surface Samoan ŋalu wave, breaker; (of the sea) be rough ŋa-ŋalu (of the sea) be rippled, ruffled Tuvaluan ŋalu a wave; rough (of sea); raised part of canoe foredeck designed to prevent entry of waves Kapingamarangi ŋolu<A large wave Rennellese ŋagu wave; to form waves Anuta ŋaru breakers, surf (rarely: wave) Rarotongan ŋaru wave, ocean swell Maori ŋaru wave of the sea; corrugation ŋaru-ŋaru rough with waves Hawaiian nalu wave, surf; full of waves; to form waves; wavy, as wood grain nalu-nalu rough, of a sea with high waves WMP Casiguran Dumagat ŋani indeed, precisely, really, truly, actually (used as an interjection expressing the certainty or truthfulness of a statement) Hanunóo ŋáni indeed (asserting validity, as in ‘This is alright, isn’t it? Yes, indeed!’) Agutaynen ŋani indeed; really; very maŋ-ŋani to definitely, really do something WMP Itbayaten ŋani even Ilokano ŋan-ŋani nearly, almost, a little short Bontok ŋani nearly, almost Casiguran Dumagat ŋani indeed, precisely, really, actually Cebuano ŋániʔ even (as in ‘I don’t even have a peso’) Binukid ŋániʔ used to express an extreme case or an unlikely instance; even, at least Manobo (Agusan) ŋani even WMP Kankanaey ŋaŋ to gnarl, snarl, growl Javanese ŋaŋ whine of an engine OC Tolai ŋa gasp, breathe with difficulty Niue ihu-ŋā one who speaks through the nose Maori ŋā breathe, take breath Hawaiian nā moan, groan, wail OC Gilbertese ŋaŋa food poisoning (esp. by fish); suffer from poisoning ka-ŋaŋa to poison Wayan ŋaŋa be poisonous, toxic; bitter or sour in taste, astringent; pungent, hot in taste; poison, toxic quality; bitterness Fijian ŋaŋa bitter, sour, poisonous Formosan Basai lo-ŋaŋa open the mouth WMP Ilokano a-ŋáŋa to open the mouth wide naka-ŋáŋa agape, unshut napa-ŋáŋa amazed, astonished, perplexed Bontok ŋaŋá to be astounded; to be surprised; to be open-mouthed with surprise Ifugaw ŋaŋá big fissure in a piece of wood, e.g. in a board, a beam Isinay ŋaŋá open-mouthed, gaping maŋ-ŋaŋá to open one’s mouth Pangasinan ŋáŋa open mouth Tagalog (pag)-ŋaŋá act of opening the mouth i-ŋaŋá to open one’s mouth naka-ŋaŋá open-mouthed; agape, gaping with mouth wide open in wonder or surprise Bikol ŋáŋa open (the mouth) i-ŋáŋa to open the mouth in order to show something inside mag-ŋáŋa to open the mouth, to gape mapa-ŋáŋa to gape in bewilderment Hanunóo ŋáŋa open-mouthed mag-ŋáŋa keep one’s mouth open pa-ŋaŋah-ín to get someone to open his mouth Romblomanon naga-ŋaŋá the mouth of a mollusk opens Masbatenyo i-ŋaŋá be opened (as the mouth) mag-ŋaŋá to open the mouth Aklanon ŋáŋa(h) to open up (as the mouth) Cebuano ŋáŋa ~ ŋaŋá open the mouth; be unable to speak, usually for not knowing what to say; for things that have edges to gape (as a wound, overfull suitcase) Mansaka ŋaŋa open (as mouth); to open (as one’s mouth) Tboli ŋaŋa to open one’s mouth wide Kelabit ŋaŋəh mouth of abubuh (bamboo basket trap for fish) [Melanau Dalat ŋaŋa mouth of abubəw (bamboo basket trap for fish)] Melanau (Matu) ŋaŋa bucktoothed, sticking out, of the teeth Malagasy nana-nana a cry, a scream, a shout Malay ter-ŋaŋa agape ŋaŋa-kan mulut to open the mouth wide me-ŋaŋa-ŋaŋa-kan paroh to keep opening and shutting its beak (of a bird) Karo Batak ŋaŋa wide open, gaping, of a hole or the mouth Nias mo-ŋaŋa to chew betel Sasak ŋaŋaʔ open the mouth, gape (in astonishment) Sangir bu-ŋaŋa to howl (of a child) ŋ<um>aŋaŋa to gape, keep the mouth open Tontemboan ŋaŋa open, opened, of the mouth; gaping, of living things, of a sack, a basket, etc. i-ŋaŋa open (your mouth) ma-ŋaŋa to open the mouth (<*maŋ-ŋaŋa) maka-ŋaŋa stay wide open, as the mouth ŋ<um>aŋa to open the mouth; open the mouth of a sack Mongondow ŋaŋa opening or entrance of an elongated object, as a bamboo internode used in cooking, or a long passage; can also be used for opening of the mouth or the entrance to the gullet Uma ŋaŋa mouth Bare'e ŋaŋa mouth cavity; voice me-ŋaŋa gape, open the mouth wide Tae' me-ŋaŋa opened, spread apart, of the mouth of an opening me-ŋaŋa buŋga open-mouthed in wonder or surprise Koroni ŋaŋa mouth Wawonii ŋaŋa mouth Makassarese aʔ-ŋaŋa wide open; have the mouth wide open; open the mouth, gape CMP Manggarai ŋaŋa agape; opened wide (as a gaping wound) Rembong ŋaŋa mouth; chatter ata ŋaŋa person who talks a lot ŋaŋa-n waeʔ mouth of a river, estuary Ngadha ŋaŋa opening; open the mouth; open the rim of a container wide in order to insert things ŋaŋa bhoa open the mouth wide; call loud and long (with open mouth) Kambera ŋaŋa opening of the mouth; also: mouth ŋaru ŋaŋa wide open mouth Tetun (ha)-nana to open OC Tolai pa-ŋaŋa to open one’s mouth, open; yawn; gape Gitua ŋaŋa carry off in the mouth (as a dog taking food away) WMP Kankanaey ŋaŋáŋ pronouncing inarticulate sounds, as mute persons Karo Batak ŋaŋŋaŋ snarl; have a "big mouth", quarrel Javanese ŋaŋŋaŋ whine of an engine CMP Manggarai ŋiŋi-ŋaŋaŋ stutter, become confused, be unable to reply OC Tolai ŋaŋā breathe heavily, draw a long and deep breath; heave the chest in breathing Maori ŋaŋā breathe heavily or with difficulty Hawaiian nanā snarling OC Loniu ŋah fathom ha-ŋah one fathom maʔu-ŋeh two fathoms Nali ŋah fathom ha-ŋah one fathom Tanga na:f fathom, length Roviana ŋava fathom Eddystone/Mandegusu ŋava a measure of distance, fathom ŋava- ŋava a long distance Bugotu ha-ŋava a fathom Sa'a ta-haŋa<M a fathom Gilbertese ŋaa fathom (Bender et al 2003) Pohnpeian ŋaap fathom, the distance between outstretched arms, approximately six feet Mokilese ŋaap fathom; to measure with outstretched arms Chuukese ŋaaf fathom (distance from fingertip to fingertip of outstretched hands and arms) Puluwat ŋaaf fathom ye-ŋaf one fathom Woleaian ŋaf(a) fathom, the distance from one fingertip to another when the arms are outstretched Tongan ŋafa length or section of tapa cloth ʔeku ŋafa fathom, six feet; butofa is more usual in this sense Samoan ŋafa fathom ta-ŋafa to measure in fathoms Tuvaluan ŋafa a fathom; distance encompassed by outstretched arms Rennellese ŋa-ŋaha to measure distance in approximate fathoms (distance between fingertips, arms extended) OC Babatana ŋava long Raga ŋafa long OC Loniu ŋah lime Leipon ŋah lime Bipi ŋah lime Emira ŋapa betel nut lime pot (Chinnery 1927) WMP Lun Dayeh ŋaŋaʔ wide open te-ŋaŋaʔ to open wide (as the mouth, so that all the teeth can be seen) Chamorro ŋaʔŋaʔ open-mouthed while staring blankly; look up with mouth open; gape WMP Ayta Abellan ŋaʔŋa to chew Tagalog ŋáŋaʔ prepared buyo or betel nut ready for chewing Proto-Minahasan *ŋaʔŋaʔ to chew Tonsawang ŋaʔŋa to chew betel nut OC Tolai ŋa-ŋara to cry, scream, squeal, as a pig (applied to a person who laughs) Halia ŋala to cry Bugotu ŋara to rail, shout at, threaten Lau ŋara to creak, of trees rubbing together Arosi ŋara to cry ŋara-si to cry for ŋara-ŋara to cry WMP Itbayaten ŋarab blade, cutting edge Isneg ŋárab the edge of a cutting instrument Ifugaw ŋaláb the sharp and whetted side of the blade of a knife Ifugaw (Batad) ŋālab the thin edge of the blade of an axe, bolo, or knife Casiguran Dumagat ŋahab sharp edge (of the sharp edge of a mountain, or the sharpened edge of a bolo or arrowhead) OC Wogeo ŋaraŋar to swim Manam ŋara to swim Nasarian i- ŋarŋar to swim WMP Toba Batak ŋarŋar fragment, shard CMP Manggarai ŋaŋar crack, split; in pieces, cracked (of soil, earthenware pot, wood) WMP Ibaloy ŋala kind of wild duck Bikol nagáʔ wild duck Sasak ŋaraʔ wild duck Chamorro ŋaŋaʔ duck (fowl) CMP Bimanese ŋara kind of small duck that lays numerous eggs Manggarai ŋara wild duck OC Kuruti ŋay ducklike wildfowl with webbed feet Wedau nara duck, shag Roviana ŋara the wild duck Arosi ŋara i suʔu a duck (suʔu = swamp) Proto-Micronesian *ŋaa-ŋaa sea bird, duck Fijian ŋā the grey duck WMP Agta (Eastern) ŋasŋas chew through (as for a dog to chew through his leash and get away) Kankanaey ŋasŋás to crunch, craunch; sound produced by chewing half-cooked camotes, etc. Cebuano ŋasŋas damage by scraping Karo Batak ŋasŋas of goats, nibble all over the bushes Nias mo-ŋaŋa to chew; chew betel Chamorro ŋaŋas chew ŋaŋas chew, masticate, grind with the teeth OC Label ŋas chew Nggela ŋas-i suck, as sugarcane; bite; husk with the teeth, of coconuts 'Āre'āre nas-i chew, gnaw Sa'a ŋäs-i to chew Ulawa ŋaŋas-i to chew, to roll about in the mouth Arosi ŋaŋa to eat ŋas-i to chew, as sugarcane Southeast Ambrym ŋas to chew, bite, sting ŋasi-en chewing, biting, stinging OC Nali ŋara(a) hole Woleaian ŋat(a) hole, hollow, concavity WMP Ilokano ŋatŋát to gnaw, tear with the teeth Agta (Eastern) ŋátŋat chew food, betel nut, gum, etc. Isneg ŋaŋát to masticate, to chew Itawis ŋáŋat chewing tobacco maŋ-ŋáŋat to chew Casiguran Dumagat ŋátŋat to chew through (as for a dog to chew through his leash and get away) Tagalog ŋ<um>atŋát to gnaw; to bite and wear away Karo Batak ŋatŋat to chew, bite ŋatŋat-i chew on something Toba Batak mar-ŋatŋat-i to gnaw off, gnaw on something that isn’t yet ripe Nias mo-ŋaŋa to chew, as betel WMP Yami ŋato upgrade, on top, above ma-ŋato upper tey-ŋato above, on top Ilokano ŋáto height; upstairs ag-pa-ŋáto to ascend; climb up; go up na-ŋáto high (in position, location, social standing) pa-ŋatú-en to raise, increase ŋ<um>áto to rise; attain a better position; go up Isneg ŋáto height ka ŋáto above Bontok ŋátu above, up Ibaloy on-ŋato to go high --- esp. of a person’s station in life, and prices (said to be fromIlokano) pe-ŋato to raise, cause something to go up, go higher WMP Yami i-ŋato on top Ilokano i-ŋáto to raise, lift, promote; advance Isneg i-ŋáto a spirit OC Gitua ŋau pre-masticate food for an infant Sa'a ŋäu to eat ŋäu-he a feast; food Arosi ŋau to eat food ŋau-ŋau-raa gluttonous; a glutton Gilbertese ŋau gluttony, voracity; gluttonous Mota ŋau gnaw, champ, bite Tongan ŋau gnaw, chew, as sugarcane, in order to appropriate the juice only Niue ŋau to chew, as sugarcane Samoan ŋau to chew, as sugarcane Tuvaluan ŋau chew (but not swallow, as of sugarcane) Kapingamarangi ŋau to chew Nukuoro ŋau chew (to suck juice out) Rennellese ŋau to chew, as pandanus, sugarcane, betel husks; to bite Anuta ŋau to chew Maori ŋau bite, gnaw Hawaiian nau chew, munch, masticate; gnash the teeth; grinder, as of a sugar mill OC Sa'a ŋäu-ŋeu to eat Arosi ŋau-ŋau to eat; a meal Gilbertese ŋau-ŋau very gluttonous; to gulp down, cram, devour Niue ŋau-ŋau to bite OC Tolai ŋau strike with a stick in theŋauŋau ceremony Arosi ŋau to beat, strike Formosan Pazeh ŋawŋaw sound of a bird, insect; voice mu-ŋawŋaw to chirp (as a bird, insect) WMP Itbayaten ŋawŋaw cat sound mi-ñawŋaw to mew Ilokano ŋawŋaw mouth (of a river), gorge; entrance to throat ag-ŋawŋaw to meow (said of the cat), speak softly, under one’s breath; gossip Ibaloy on-ŋawŋaw to mew---the sound of a cat Tausug ŋawŋaw a muttering, mumbling, grumbling; low unintelligible sound in the throat mag-ŋawŋaw to utter such a sound, mumble, mutter, grumble Formosan Puyuma ŋayaw headhunting ka-ŋayaw-an headhunting festival (Cauquelin 2011) Puyuma (Tamalakaw) ma a ŋayaw (of many people) to go headhunting (Tsuchida 1982) WMP Isneg káyaw headhunting Casiguran Dumagat ŋayɔ raider; a killing raid; to attack a house or village for the purpose of killing Manobo (Western Bukidnon) kayew be in readiness to fight Kenyah kayaw a warrior Kayan kayaw war; headhunting raid; pagan ceremony simulating battle with spirits, performed in old customs bydayuŋ (shaman) Kayan (Uma Juman) kayo post-harvest ceremony for the ritual purification of weapons Ngaju Dayak kayaw headhunter Iban kayaw raiding, war, foray because of a feud, headhunting Maloh kayo to hunt heads Karo Batak ŋ-kayo-i attack someone, plunder a conquered village Boano kayo headhunting WMP Isneg maŋáyaw go headhunting Ifugaw ŋáyo, ŋáyaw headhunting raid, revenge expedition Ifugaw (Batad) ŋāyaw for a group of men … to go on a headhunting raid (a raiding party traditionally consisted of about five to ten men, usually from a single clan) ŋ-um-āyaw waylay an enemy … for the purpose of taking a head in revenge Manobo (Western Bukidnon) meŋayaw a raider Tboli ŋayaw (of people) to raid at night, to kill and take things Kenyah ŋayaw go headhunting Kayan ŋayo go headhunting Ngaju Dayak ma-ŋañaw go headhunting Iban ŋayaw make war on Boano maŋayo go headhunting WMP Maranao paŋayaw engage in piracy paŋayaw-an place where slaves are captured Manobo (Western Bukidnon) peŋayaw raid a house or village in order to kill someone Tiruray feŋayaw invade, attack another tribe or country Dampelas paŋayaw headhunting WMP Yami (Imorod) ŋaleh dull Itbayaten ŋarex dull Ibatan om-ŋare-ŋareh to blunt or dull a blade Bisaya (Limbang) ŋalol dull, blunt Lun Dayeh ŋadə blunt Kelabit ŋadəl dull, blunt Kenyah ŋajən blunt Kenyah (Long Anap) ŋajən dull, of a blade (not of a point) Kenyah (Long Dunin) ŋasən blunt Murik ŋajən dull, blunt WMP Itbayaten ma-ŋarex dull (of knife), to be dull Ibatan ma-ŋareh the cutting side of a blade is blunt, dull Lun Dayeh mə-ŋadəl blunt Bintulu mə-ŋajən dull, blunt Formosan Puyuma (Tamalakaw) ŋeTŋeT-i to bite severely WMP Itbayaten ŋetŋet idea of mastication ŋetŋet-en to gnaw, to chew, to nibble Agta (Dupaningan) mag-ŋatŋat to chew, gnaw Itawis ŋáŋat chewing tobacco Bontok ŋətŋət to rip with the teeth, as tough meat; to chew on, as rats on sugarcane Kankanaey men-ŋetŋét to grind, to grate, to gnash Casiguran Dumagat ŋétŋet to chew (of the chewing of food, betel nut, or chewing gum) Tagalog ŋitŋít rage; fury; suppressed rage or fury; intensity Melanau (Mukah) ŋəŋət chewed up ŋuŋət to gnaw, chew on ŋiŋət was gnawed, chewed on Malay ŋeŋat moth Karo Batak ŋetŋet clothes moth; harbor a grudge OC Nggela ŋot-i gnaw, nibble (Blust 1977a:6) WMP Kankanaey ŋek to grunt, as a hog when hungry CMP Manggarai ŋuru-ŋek disturbance, commotion (of piglets) OC Niue ŋō noise, tumult; make a noise, to clamor Maori ŋō cry, grunt, make any articulate sound OC Tolai ŋek to squeal, as a pig Lau ŋē to cry, utter, voice Toqabaqita ŋee used to call pigs for feeding WMP Bontok ŋəkŋək indicate one's disapproval of what is being said by acting as though one doesn't hear, or by mumbling one's objections Kankanaey ŋekŋék to resound, clatter, rattle, bang, as when many people cleave wood OC Tolai ŋoŋo breathe; difficulty in breathing Hawaiian nonō (length unexplained) to snore, gurgle WMP Maranao ŋeni beg, ask for (as money) Lampung ŋeni to give (Krui dialect) OC Arosi ŋoni ask for, beg WMP Kankanaey ŋeŋ hum noisily Javanese ŋeŋ hum, buzz (of gnats, midges, etc.) CMP Manggarai ŋeŋ hum Yamdena n-ŋeŋ hiss, of a snake OC Tolai ŋeŋe to shout Kwaio ŋeŋe strongly, argumentatively fata ŋeŋe speak strongly, argumentative ŋeŋe-ʔa to growl, of a dog or stomach Lau ŋeŋe to dispute, contradict, disobey, argue with; to creak by rubbing against WMP Kankanaey ŋeŋéŋ talk through the nose Ibaloy man-ŋeŋŋeŋ to speak words that are not distinguishable (as crowd of people all talking, new song being sung, deaf mute talking) Javanese ŋeŋŋeŋ hum, buzz (of gnats, midges, etc.) OC Lau ŋoŋō (length unexplained) to hoot, of an owl WMP Malay ŋəŋap panting, gasping for breath OC Tolai ŋoŋo to have difficulty in breathing Formosan Puyuma ŋerŋer growl of a dog ma-ŋerŋer to growl, of a dog WMP Ilokano ŋerŋér growling sound; sound of sawing ag-ŋerŋér to growl, snarl (dogs) ŋerŋer-an to growl at Maranao ŋeŋer growl, howl, grunt Lun Dayeh ŋeŋer growl, snarl (dog) Formosan Puyuma ŋəsŋəs breathless; to pant ma-ŋəsŋəs be short of breath WMP Ilokano ŋesŋés to have difficulty when breathing through the nose (as a person with sinusitis) ŋesŋes-en breathe with difficulty Bontok ŋəsŋə́s to stop in order to get one’s breath; to get relief from panting Formosan Puyuma ŋətŋət gnash one’s teeth; bite without letting go mə-ŋətŋət to nibble WMP Itbayaten ŋetŋet idea of mastication m<iñ>ñ<ar>etŋet to gnash one’s teeth (as after tasting a very sour orange, or in sleep, of some persons dreaming) ŋetŋet-en to gnaw, to chew, to nibble Ilokano ŋetŋét to tear with the teeth ŋetŋet-en to tear with the teeth; tear off ŋetŋet-én to tear with the teeth Bontok ŋətŋət to rip with the teeth, as tough meat; to chew on, as rats on sugarcane Casiguran Dumagat ŋətŋət to chew (of the chewing of food, betel nut, or chewing gum) Melanau (Mukah) ŋeŋet chewed up ŋuŋet to gnaw, chew on Malay ŋeŋat moth di-makan ŋeŋat moth-eaten Karo Batak ŋetŋet clothes moth OC Nggela ŋoti to gnaw, nibble WMP Kankanaey ŋíak cry, weep loudly Toba Batak ŋiak grunt, squeal Minangkabau ŋéak whine or cry complainingly -- of a very young child Javanese ŋèk a baby's crying WMP Malay ŋiaŋ (onom.) whine complainingly Minangkabau si-ŋiaŋ-ŋiaŋ whining ghosts of unwanted children, taking the form of frogs Mongondow ŋia(ŋ)-ŋiaŋ kind of cricket WMP Ilokano ŋiáw meow of a cat ag-ŋiáw to meow (said of the cat) Mongondow ŋiaw the sound of a cat Formosan Thao nicnic show an unhappy face WMP Pangasinan ŋitŋít annoyance or inconvenience caused by importunity or quarrel; to show such annoyance (e.g. by gnashing the teeth in anger) Tagalog ŋitŋít rage, fury; suppressed rage or fury; intensity mag-ŋitŋít to feel anger but to be suppressing it WMP Bikol ŋídam pregnant Javanese ŋiḍam feel cravings (of a pregnant woman) Formosan Kavalan m-ŋizaw toothless due to age WMP Uma ŋiro toothless Bare'e ŋiro toothless (also of things, as a saw that has lost ‘teeth’) WMP Maranao ŋiroŋ nose Mongondow ŋiruŋ, ŋiuŋ nose CMP Ngadha ŋizu nose Riung ŋizuŋ nose Elat nilun nose WMP Kankanaey ŋik to grunt, as young pigs do Javanese ŋik sound of labored breathing; bowing of a stringed instrument OC Rotuman ŋī whimper Fijian ŋī to squeak, as a bat, squeal, as a pig Tongan ŋī whimper Rennellese ŋii to peep, squeak, squeal; be hoarse WMP Ilokano ŋ<ar>ikŋik high-pitched, shrieking laughter (said of females;ungik is used for pigs) Bontok ŋikŋik to chirrup; the chirruping of rice birds Kankanaey ŋikŋík to chirp, screech, shriek, scream, squeal, squeak; creak Casiguran Dumagat ŋékŋék to cry, to yelp (of the cry of pain or fear of a dog) Ibaloy man-ŋikŋik to whimper, the beginning of a cry (as child, puppy in the night when cold) ma-ŋikŋik continually whimpering Minangkabau ŋéŋék to fret, of little children, whine continuously OC Nggela ŋiŋi cry quietly Tongan ŋīŋī (length unexplained) whimper Formosan Paiwan ŋilu pain, tartness me-ŋilu to cause to smart WMP Agta (Eastern) ŋilo sensitive teeth Tagalog pa-ŋi-ŋiló putting the teeth on edge; nerve pain at edge of a tooth Bikol ŋílo describing the sensation one gets in the teeth from a screeching noise, or from eating something sour or very cold Masbatenyo ŋiló painfully sensitive. This usually results from eating something sour or tart, or from a shrill sound Aklanon ŋiló(h) very sour, acrid, caustic maka-ŋi-ŋílo(h) causes one to grimace, sets the teeth on edge (as when eating something very sour or hearing a grating noise) Waray-Waray ŋiló having intense or giggling sensation felt at the tooth edge Cebuano ŋilú setting the teeth on edge, causing the spine to tingle (said of eating sour things, as unripe mangoes, shrill noises, having teeth filed) Maranao ŋilo rasping sensation Binukid ŋilu for sour fruit to cause a tingling sensation in one’s teeth, to set one’s teeth on edge; for a scratching or shrill sound to cause one’s spine to tingle Tausug ŋilu the uncomfortable feeling at the edge of one’s teeth felt when hearing a scratchy sound, eating something sour ŋ<um>ilu (for one’s teeth) to have such feeling Kiput ŋilaw unbearable feeling, as when hearing someone scratch his fingernails on a blackboard, or a strange sensation in the teeth, as when eating something very sour Malay ŋilu nerve-pain or discomfort (neuralgia, nervous headache, teeth on edge) Karo Batak ŋilu feel cold ‘in one’s bones’; on edge, of the teeth, as when coming into contact with something very cold Toba Batak ŋilu on edge, of the teeth when coming into contact with something very sour Balinese ŋilu feeble, dead; on edge (teeth) Tontemboan ŋilu on edge, of the teeth; also the unpleasant feeling one gets on hearing a scratching or grating sound ka-ŋilu-an to be put on edge, of the teeth (as when eating something very sour) Buginese ŋilu painful sensation, as of arthritis in one’s knee CMP Komodo ŋilu tart, sour Rotinese ni-nilu sour, as a tamarind fruit Moa nilu sour m-nilu sour Wetan m-nili sour WMP Masbatenyo ka-ŋiló painful Bare'e ka-ŋilu the pain of rheumatism, yaws, or teeth being on edge Formosan Paiwan ma-ŋilu to have teeth on edge (as from sour pineapple); to ache, sting WMP Tagalog ma-ŋiló to feel one’s teeth on edge; to feel a tingling sensation on the edge of one’s teeth while eating green fruit such as mangoes Masbatenyo ma-ŋiló painfully sensitive Waray-Waray ma-ŋiló having intense or giggling sensation felt at the tooth edge Bare'e ma-ŋilu painful, of pain in the joints,as produced by rheumatism and yaws; on edge, of the teeth, as when eating something sour Tolaki mo-ŋilu have sensitive teeth Kulisusu mo-ŋilu sour Mandar ma-ŋilu to ache (of the teeth); on edge (Mills 1975) Buginese ma-ŋilu feel painful sensation, as in the teeth after eating a mango CMP Wetan m-nili sour Soboyo ma-ŋilu-i sour WMP Bikol ŋilu-an to have the feeling that one gets in the teeth from a screeching noise, or from eating something sour or very cold; to get a shiver down one’s spine Toba Batak ŋilu-an have a cold sensation in the teeth, as when hearing a scratching sound WMP Yami ŋina price, worth ŋina-ŋina-en want to buy ŋina-nawa dangerous Itbayaten ka-ñina-ñina costliness ma-ñina dear, costly, expensive Ibatan ma-ŋina costly, expensive, valuable ka-ŋína-en to increase the price of Ilokano ŋína price; cost; worth; value ag-impapa-ŋína to play hard to get; to pretentiously show off material wealth although poor ag-pa-ŋína to be vain; conceited; to assume to be more important than one actually is i-pa-ŋína to increase the price of na-ŋína expensive, costly, dear; precious pa-ŋiná-an to set a price on; to charge tagi-ŋiná-en to consider something expensive ŋ<um>ína to go up in price ŋiná-an to pay Bontok na-ŋína to be expensive pa-ŋína to raise the price of something Ifugaw mun-ŋína to buy; to sell (said to be fromIlokano) WMP Malay ŋuŋ-ŋiŋ the hum of bumble-bees Karo Batak ŋiŋ sound of a mosquito in the ear Sundanese ŋéŋ buzzing or rushing sound in the ear OC Fijian ŋī buzz, as a mosquito WMP Maranao ŋiŋi angle of the mouth Toba Batak ŋiŋi tooth Sichule ŋiŋi gums WMP Sundanese ŋéŋŋéŋ-an buzzing or rushing sound in the ear OC Nggela ŋiŋi buzz, as a mosquito Formosan Sakizaya ŋipen tooth WMP Yami (Imorod) ŋəpən tooth Itbayaten ñipen tooth Ilokano ŋipən tooth Agta (Dupaningan) ŋipan tooth Isneg ŋípan tooth Itawis ŋípan tooth maŋ-ŋipan to cut a tooth Kalinga (Guinaang) ŋípon tooth Gaddang ŋipan tooth Casiguran Dumagat ŋipən tooth Pangasinan ŋipén tooth Sambal (Botolan) ŋipɨn tooth Tagalog ŋípin tooth Bikol ŋípon tooth, teeth ŋí-ŋipón-on describing someone with large or prominent teeth Buhid ŋifun tooth Hanunóo ŋípun tooth, teeth Masbatenyo ŋípon tooth mag-ŋípon teething, cutting teeth Aklanon ŋípon tooth, teeth Waray-Waray ŋípon tooth Hiligaynon ŋípun tooth, teeth Cebuano ŋípun teeth; teeth of saws, gears, and the like ŋípn-an having serrations or teeth; litter born with teeth Maranao ŋipən tooth Binukid ŋipen tooth (of person, animal); tooth of a saw, gear and the like Manobo (Western Bukidnon) ŋipen tooth Manobo (Tigwa) ŋipɨn tooth Lolak ŋipo tooth Mongondow ŋipon tooth Palauan wiŋəl<M tooth CMP Wetan nia tooth OC Kaulong ŋin tooth Marshallese ŋiy tooth Pohnpeian ŋih tooth Woleaian ŋii tooth WMP Bontok ŋíʔik squeal, of a piglet Javanese ŋiék scream (of an animal) OC Sursurunga ŋisa- name Sesake na-ŋisa- name Pwele na-ŋisa name WMP Tagalog ŋísi a grin, snicker, giggle, grimace, snigger, smirk; a broad smile pag-ŋísi to grin, snicker, giggle, grimace, etc. Bikol ŋísi a laugh, smile ma-alsom na ŋísi a sneer (lit. ‘sour smile’) ma-ŋísi to be taken in by someone’s smile mag-ŋísi to smile at, to laugh or chuckle at maka-ŋísi absurd, amusing, comical, funny pa-ŋísi humor ŋ<ir>ísi-han laughter Cebuano ŋísi to grin Petapa Taje ŋisi tooth Mori Atas ŋisi tooth Wawonii ŋisi tooth Moronene ŋisi tooth Makassarese ŋísi to grin, snigger (in anger, while laughing); lie open, of a wound; to whinny loudly, of a horse (thought of as the raising of the upper lip of a whinnying horse) Wolio ŋinci tooth, hook, sting CMP Ngadha ŋísi keep the mouth open showing the teeth, as in laughing Vaikenu nisi-f tooth Galoli nis tooth Hoti lisi- tooth Laha niki tooth Hitu niki tooth Seit niki tooth Tifu ŋisi-n tooth OC Papapana ŋisi-na tooth Formosan Bunun ŋicŋic lip WMP Ilokano ŋisŋís corner of the mouth Kapampangan ŋisŋis show teeth, especially upper teeth bala-ŋisŋis kind of bat which has protruding teeth Tagalog ŋisŋís continued opening of the mouth in grinning, showing teeth Aklanon ŋísŋis to giggle, snicker Binukid ŋisŋis to have to laugh Manobo (Western Bukidnon) ŋisŋis a person who cannot control his laughter, i.e. he laughs at any provocation; to laugh continually CMP Manggarai ŋiŋis grin, show teeth Yamdena ŋiŋis gums W.Tarangan (Ngaibor) nin tooth OC Kove ŋiŋi to laugh Mengen ŋiŋi- tooth Roviana ŋiŋisi to grin WMP Ibaloy man-ŋisŋis to whine, whimper, esp. of dog’s low sound (as in calling its pups) Aklanon ŋísŋis to giggle, snicker Cebuano (ali)-ŋisŋis making a very high-pitched and piercing noise Binukid ŋisŋis to have to laugh Manobo (Western Bukidnon) ŋisŋis a person who cannot control his laughter; to laugh his laughter; to laugh his laughter; to laugh continually Formosan Amis ŋisŋis beard Bunun ŋisŋis beard Rukai (Mantauran) ŋiʔiŋiʔi beard Rukai (Tona) ŋisiŋisi beard Puyuma ŋisŋis beard Paiwan ŋisŋis beard Formosan Amis ŋitŋit to gnaw (on bones or wood) Puyuma ŋitŋit bite slowly with the front teeth; gnaw (as rats do) WMP Agta (Dupaningan) ŋítŋit food stuck between the teeth Ibaloy ŋitŋit-an to nibble at something (as fish to bait, dog eating last scraps on bone); also, to grasp something in the teeth (as in picking up a coin in a contest, or a hangnail) Pangasinan ŋitŋít annoyance or inconvenience caused by importunity or quarrel; to show such annoyance (e.g. by gnashing the teeth in anger) Karo Batak ŋitŋit moth (that eats holes in clothing) Toba Batak ŋitŋit moth OC Tolai ŋiti husk a coconut with the teeth Motu isi-a husk a coconut; bite off rim of sugarcane Mota ŋit to bite WMP Kankanaey ŋitíŋit dark; sombre; black; pitchy; inky (as deep ponds, shaded caves) Bikol ŋitŋít descriptive of the darkness of night ŋitŋít na dulóm pitch dark OC Lou ŋor to grunt (as a pig), to growl (as a dog), to snore Gedaged ŋoz to grunt (pig), rumble, grumble (man) Nggela ŋora to bark, of a dog Sa'a ŋo-ŋora to snore, to growl at, of a dog, to snort, of a pig Arosi ŋora to snore Mota ŋora to grunt, snort, snore OC Lou ŋor to grunt (as a pig), to growl (as a dog), to snore Tolai ŋor-ŋor to snore Gedaged ŋoz to grunt (pig), rumble, grumble (man) Wayan (lio) ŋodro to speak in a hoarse or gravelly voice, speak in a growl, as someone with impaired voicebox Fijian ŋodro to grunt, as a pig; of a person, to moan in pain; a grunt, a moaning sound Rarotongan ŋoro snore, noisy breathing in sleep; to snore, to breathe roughly and hoarsely in sleep Maori ŋoro to snore OC Mussau ŋoo to snore Maori ŋō to cry, grunt, make any inarticulate sound WMP Malagasy ta-nora young, juvenile Simalur ma-ŋura young, virginal Karo Batak ŋuda tender, young bapa ŋuda father’s younger brother Balinese ŋuda young, youthful, undeveloped, fresh ŋuda-han younger, too young; premature (of a birth) Proto-Sangiric *ŋuda young Sangir ŋura young forest, low scrub Bare'e ma-ŋura young, not yet old; soft to the touch; of colors, light yopo ŋura young vegetation that sprouts up in cleared land tau ma-ŋura young person, a youth CMP Adonara me-nura green Tetun nura-k young, of trees, plants and fruits Yamdena ŋude young, of children, fruit, wood, bamboo WMP Itbayaten hoŋed<M young, young part, idea of youngness, tender part of a plant, idea of greenness (not of color) Bikol ŋuhód the youngest child in the family; the last born Manobo (Western Bukidnon) ŋuhed of a plant or a person, immature physically Tiruray ŋuwed young WMP Itbayaten ma-hoŋed young (esp. of fruit), tender, young (plant) Manobo (Western Bukidnon) me-ŋuhed of a plant or a person, immature physically WMP Itbayaten ka-hoŋd-an forest with young trees of 5 to 15 years after abandoning the field in swidden agriculture Bikol (Naga) ka-ŋudh-án youngest child WMP Malay (Perak) ŋok-ŋak babble of noise OC Tolai ŋuk whine, murmur, cry Gedaged ŋuk-ŋuk stutter; catch one's breath (when crying) Rotuman ŋū grumble, complain, grunt Tongan ŋū grunt, make a grunting noise Samoan ŋū growl Hawaiian nū to cough; to roar, as wind; grunting, as of pigs; cooing, as of doves; patter, as of rain; groaning, deep sighing, moaning WMP Kankanaey ŋokŋók to bay, bark, of many dogs together Hanunóo ŋukŋúk noise made by monkeys, often referred to inambáhan (chanted verse) Chamorro ŋokŋok unclear speech, sometimes a temporary condition resulting from accident OC Petats ŋuk pig grunt Hawaiian nūnū (length unexplained) moaning, groaning, cooing, grunting WMP Cebuano ŋulŋul deep-seated pain over a wide area OC Niue ŋuŋu rheumatism Samoan ŋuŋu name given to a number of complaints, including rheumatism, gout, arthritis, etc. WMP Ifugaw ŋulŋúl lamentations performed in a more or less chanting tune by one or several women (but not in unison) in front of a dead person sitting on a death chair Ifugaw (Batad) ŋulŋul for someone to wail in crying, especially in grief Tagalog pag-ŋulŋól sulking and grumbling; bursts of loud crying with intermittent gasps for breath Malay me-ŋoŋol to weep, of a child WMP Malay ŋuŋ-ŋiŋ the hum of bumble-bees Karo Batak ŋuŋ onomatopoetic for a sound that is deeper and duller than that represented byŋiŋ Sundanese ŋuŋ sound in the ear (deeper and duller thanŋéŋ) Javanese ŋuŋ whine of an engine OC Lau ŋū hum, chant, sing Arosi ŋuu hum WMP Javanese ŋuŋŋuŋ whine of an engine CMP Buruese ŋuŋu-n buzz, hum OC Tongan ŋūŋū to hum Rennellese ŋuuŋuu (length unexplained) speak quietly; hum WMP Cebuano ŋulut growling in defiance or complaint (of dogs) Kayan (Uma Juman) ŋurut whimper constantly, asking for things (of a child) OC Mbula ŋurŋur growling (of a dog); grunt at, growl at (used of pigs and dogs) Nggela ŋuru to roar, rumble, as thunder; to growl, as a dog; groan; to grunt in a dance Sa'a ŋuru ~ ŋu-ŋuru to growl or roar, of animals; to mumble or groan, of persons Arosi ŋuru to growl, of a dog; mew, hum, buzz, hum a song or chorus Wayan ŋudru (of a pig or dog) growl; make a deep, throaty sound that continues for some seconds Niue ŋulu to growl (as a dog with a bone) Samoan ŋulu make a hollow sound ta-ŋulu hit, strike with a thud, thump or other hollow sound tā-ŋulu snore Tuvaluan ŋulu rhythmic grunting (as of gong-beaters at a dance) Rarotongan ŋuru a murmuring, snarling sound, as of an angry dog or other animal; the rumbling of thunder; a deep moaning sound of distress; a sound showing disapprobation; groaning, as a deep moan of pain; to rumble, snarl, growl OC Gedaged ŋuzuz to grumble (in discontent) Nggela ŋulu death rattle in throat 'Āre'āre nuru murmur, growl, mumble, groan Sa'a ŋulu to roar, of surf Arosi ŋuru to growl, of a dog; mew, hum, buzz, hum a song or Tongan ŋū to grunt, make a grunting noise Niue ŋū to moan, grunt, roar Futunan ŋū to speak Samoan ŋū to growl, as a dog Tuvaluan ŋū grunt, coo Kapingamarangi ŋū-ŋū to mumble, mutter, talk softly (in a low voice) Nukuoro ŋuu a faint sound, like humming Rennellese ŋū-ŋū speak quietly, hum Anuta ŋuu a hum or soft groan; to utter such a sound Maori ŋū moan, groan Hawaiian nū to cough; to roar, as wind; grunting, as of pigs; cooing, as of doves; patter, as of rain; groaning, deep sighing, moaning Formosan Tsou rongo-sngusngu to snore WMP Ilokano ŋusúŋos to growl (said of animals whose food is being taken away) Pangasinan ŋosŋós the jumping up and squealing etc. of dogs greeting their master; noises made by very young children wanting food or attention Bikol mag-ŋusŋós to whine (a dog) Aklanon ŋúsŋus to whine, whimper; purr Toba Batak mar-ŋuŋus to grunt, of pigs WMP Bontok ŋusŋus-ə́n to grate, as fresh corn or sweet potato; a grater Cebuano ŋusŋús to scour, rub hard to remove something Formosan Amis ŋosoʔ nose Saaroa ŋuso mouth, lips WMP Yami ŋoso mouth Itbayaten ŋoso bad smell of the mouth; inner part of the mouth Kapampangan ŋusúʔ upper lip ŋusw-án stick upper lip out at someone Tagalog ŋúsoʔ the snout of animals; muzzle; the nose, mouth and jaws of an animal; the trunk of an elephant; the snout of a pig; by extension, the part that stands out, especially the bow of a ship or boat ŋusúʔ-an to express dislike of someone by pursing the lips Bikol ŋúsoʔ mouth ma-ŋúsoʔ talkative mag-ŋúsoʔ to reproach, admonish ŋu-ŋusóʔ-on describing someone with a large mouth Proto-Bungku-Tolaki *ŋusu snout Mori Bawah ŋusu exterior mouth area, snout (Mbib>Mead 1998) Tolaki ŋusu phlegm (Mead 1998) Kulisusu me-ŋunsu to sniff (Mead 1998) Popalia ŋusu mouth CMP Laha nuku mouth OC Lou ŋusu- lips Loniu ŋusu- lips Nali ŋusu- lips Lele ŋusu-n his/her lip Papitalai ŋucu- lip Mussau ŋusu nose Tabar ŋuju- mouth Mendak e-ŋus mouth Kove nuru nose Takia ŋudu- nose Motu udu mouth; nose; beak Pokau nutu mouth Hoava ŋuzu mouth Roviana ŋuzu mouth Marau₂ nusu- mouth Pileni ŋutu mouth Apma ŋusu nose Maxbaxo ŋunsu- nose Wayan ŋusu mouth of an animal; external mouth or lips of a person, fish, etc, beak (of bird or turtle); snout or muzzle of a dog, pig, etc.; entrance or opening to certain objects with cylindrical or long narrow passage behind (bottle, kettle, teapot, river; spout or nozzle of pipe, hose, etc.; spokesman or voice vaka-ŋusu have a mouth, beak, snout, spout, etc. Fijian ŋusu- the mouth ŋusu ni maŋana the labia pudenda ŋusu-ŋusu cā foul-mouthed Tongan ŋutu mouth (but the mouth of a river is itsmuivai); beak; orifice; mouthpiece; brim; opening or hollow (of a canoe); mouth (muzzle) or barrel of a gun; orally, by word of mouth ŋutu-ŋutu ua double-tongued Niue ŋutu mouth, entrance (e.g. of cave, channel in reef); beak of pipefish ŋutu loa long-tongued person, gossip, busybody Futunan ŋutu mouth, beak, muzzle; orifice, neck (of a bottle) Samoan ŋutu mouth; beak ŋutu-ava mouth of a channel or passage in the reef ŋutu-vale use indecent language Tuvaluan ŋutu mouth; beak kau ŋutu corners of the mouth kau ŋutu ava mouth of reef channel lau ŋutu lip Kapingamarangi ŋudu mouth ŋudu daalo spear foreshaft ŋudu di waga prow of canoe Nukuoro ŋudu mouth; mouth of, rim of ŋudu ai act as an interpreter Rennellese ŋutu mouth, beak, breath haka-ŋutu to eat a great deal, overeat ŋutu-a to be heard of; to spread, as news or fame ŋutu aga side of a trail, roadside Anuta ŋutu mouth; cutting edge (of knife, scissors, axe, adze, etc.) or the striking edge of a club or point of a spear ŋutu korekore to curse someone or shout in anger Rarotongan ŋutu lip, rim, edge, entrance, orifice ŋutu are a household, members of a family; a doorway ŋutu ava the entrace of a harbor ŋutu pā a door, the entrance to a house, gateway ŋutu roa symbolically, the turtle; in the ancient chants the turtle was seldom referred to or spoken of as‘onu, but asŋutu roa Maori ŋutu lip; beak; rim of a vessel, mouthpiece of a calabash; mouth, entrance, of a cave, river, etc.; talk, gossip ŋutu roa a name for thekiwi Hawaiian nuku beak, snout, tip, end; spout, beaker of a pitcher; mouth or entrace, as of a harbor, river, or mountain pass; scolding, raving, ranting, grumbling nuku-kau a variety of taro nuku-manu a variety of taro; the corm is pointed like a bird’s beak (Kauaʻi only) nuku wai stream mouth Formosan Thao nuzush<M blood from the nose un-lha-nuzush-an have a nosebleed Paiwan ŋusulʸ blood from the nose; nosebleed pe-ŋusulʸ have a nosebleed Formosan Seediq ŋusul nasal mucus WMP Itbayaten ŋohoy nasal mucus WMP Tagalog ŋutŋót whimper Karo Batak ŋutŋut mumble, murmur WMP Waray-Waray ŋotŋót the act of feeling or suffering from severe, sharp, smarting pain Cebuano ŋutŋút pulsating, throbbing pain, as of a boil; emotional pain, as when jilted Iban ŋuŋut (of pain) ‘murmur’ or throb OC Tolai (Nodup) ŋuŋut pain; painful; to pain WMP Iban ŋuŋut to smoulder, set light to Karo Batak ŋutŋut api to smoulder, of a fire WMP Yami mi-ŋotŋot to gnaw on bones ŋotŋot-an to gnaw on bones Itbayaten ŋotŋot leftover food, partly-eaten (yams, foodstuffs), by rats, other animal, person Ibatan ŋotŋot bite and chew on a piece of fruit, corn, etc. Ilokano ŋutŋót to gnaw at something Bontok ŋutŋut a corn cob after the kernels have been removed ŋutŋut-an to eat corn on the cob; to gnaw, of rats Tagalog ŋutŋót noise of gnawing such as that made by mice or rats Bikol mag-ŋutŋót to chew or gnaw on tough or fibrous things (as a water buffalo chewing on its tethering rope) OC Tolai ŋut to gnaw, nibble, esp. at the fingernails ŋuŋut to keep gnawing or nibbling WMP Ilokano ŋutŋut-én to gnaw at something Bikol ŋutŋot-ón to chew or gnaw on tough or fibrous things (as a water buffalo chewing on its tethering rope) OC Tigak ŋut louse Mendak ŋut kill lice by biting Ghari ŋutu louse Talise ŋutu louse WMP Tagalog ŋuyáʔ chewing, masticating mag-ŋuyáʔ to chew; to masticate; to crush or grind with the teeth paŋ-ŋuyáʔ molar; suitable for grinding ŋuyaʔ-ín to chew, to masticate Bikol mag-ŋuyáʔ to chew, masticate Kadazan Dusun kuzaʔ to chew, masticate mo-ŋuzaʔ to masticate, chew kuza-on to be chewed Iban kuñah chew ŋuñah to chew Malay kuñah mastication me-ŋuñah makan to masticate food WMP Ilokano ŋoyʔá agony, death struggle Javanese ŋuya(-ŋuya) vex, nag, tease, pester WMP Ilokano ŋoyŋóy whimper importunately (said of children) Tagalog ŋuyŋóy prolonged sulky weeping of a child; crying of a child with the tantrums Aklanon ŋuyŋuy whimper, cry, simper (in the fashion of a spoiled child trying to get its way) Cebuano ŋuyŋúy, da-ŋuyŋúy wail, cry with deep sorrow Malay məŋ-ŋoŋoy to weep, of a child
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email:Blust (content) –Trussel (production)
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