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Updated: 6/21/2020

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary

Roots

b c C d g h k l m n N ñ ŋ p r R s t w z

*-g

-gak₁ -gak₂ -gaŋ -gek -gem -geŋ -ger -get -gik (or *-giqik?) -git -guk -guŋ (or *-guquŋ?) -gur -gut₁ -gut₂

29884

*-gak₁proud, boast

Malay	bégak	foppish, dressed up
Aklanon	búgʔak	proud, haughty, boastful
Aklanon	hágak	bragging, boastful, proud, over-exaggerating
Minangkabau	lagak	talk big, boast (AlsoBalineselaŋgak 'proud, vain, conceited')
Minangkabau	paŋgak	pride oneself on anything; swagger
Malay	ségak	showily dressed or got up. Of women, dressing up; of a man, showing off his strength
Manggarai	sehak	proud, haughty, arrogant
Minangkabau	soŋgak	handsome, showy
Tagalog	ugák	foolish, stupid

29885

*-gak₂raucous throaty sound

PMP	*gakgak	to caw (crows), cackle
PWMP	*hagak	raucous throaty sound
Yami (Iranomilek)	beseregak	speaking together, all talking at once
Bikol	bulák-bugák	gurgle, gush out
Ngaju Dayak	gak	thud (as of a fist striking an object, something falling)
Sundanese	gokgak	in a blatant tone, as in scolding someone
Kankanaey	ígak	break out into laughter
Bikol	lagák-lagák	sound made when swallowing liquids
Sundanese	pagak	rebuke, scold, run someone down (AlsoIbanpaŋgak 'frog').
Maranao	raŋgak	sound made by difficult breathing, as in asthma, or when dying
Sundanese	seŋgak	shout, exult
Toba Batak	sigak	crow (si gak?)
Kankanaey	tagák	cackle
Kapampangan	tugák	frog
Kankanaey	uágak	to low, moo
Kankanaey	uyágak	cry, shout, scream; to low, moo (for pain)

29886

*-gaŋdry near a fire

PWMP	*egaŋ	dry
PWMP	*gaŋgaŋ	heat or dry something near a fire
PWMP	*paŋgaŋ	roast
PWMP	*tegaŋ	dry, dehydrated
Yami (Iranomilek)	agaŋ	dry branches and twigs of fallen tree
Sika	begaŋ	burned, very dry
Bikol	igáŋ	referring to dried salt
Tiruray	lagaŋ	dry over a fire
Kankanaey	lokgáŋ	dry; empty; drained
Mongondow	rogaŋ, yogaŋ	thirst
Bikol	tigáŋ	almost dry (as a stream or a river bed with either very low water, or only patches of water)

-gak₁ -gak₂ -gaŋ -gek -gem -geŋ -ger -get -gik (or *-giqik?) -git -guk -guŋ (or *-guquŋ?) -gur -gut₁ -gut₂

29887

*-gekdull throaty sound

PWMP	*gek	sound of a thud
PMP	*gekgek	animal sound
Ifugaw	boŋgók	to snore while sleeping
Kankanaey	buŋgék	snore
Kankanaey	daŋgék	hoarse; to sound harshly, as the throat when one coughs
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	dergek	gulp, swallow
Kankanaey	duŋgék	snore
Ifugaw	igók	gurgling sound produced by someone who drinks water
Kayan	kigek	noisy laughter
Sasak	legek	a gulp (of water); to swallow
Manggarai	reŋgek	to drone (of speech, etc.)
Kankanaey	segék	to obstruct one's throat, as when something enters the windpipe or larynx
Karo Batak	siŋgek	choke on something
Kadazan Dusun	togok	to cluck (as a hen) (AlsoKayantegek 'knock, tap, bump',manukṭ 'woodpecker')

29888

*-gemgrasp in the fist

PWMP	*agem	hold, grip
PMP	*gem	hold in the fist
PAN	*gemgem	make a fist
Bare'e	gaŋgo	grasp with the hand, a when seeking fish in the mud
Kayan	hegem	clenched fist
Ilokano	iggém	hold; have or keep in the grasp of the hand
Kenyah	keregem	clench the fist
Cebuano	kugúm	hold on to something with the fingernails or claws (as a hawk clutching a chick)
Gorontalo	oŋgomo	clenched in the fist
Sasak	ragem	hold in the clenched fist
Cebuano	sakgúm	hold something in both hands
Javanese	taŋgem	steel vise

29889

*-geŋhum, buzz

PWMP	*eNgeŋ	moan, hum
PMP	*geŋ	dull resounding sound
PMP	*regeŋ	resonance
Manggarai	ceŋgeŋ	buzz (of a bee)
Maranao	rigeŋ	roar
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	yegeŋ	hum a tune

29890

*-gershake, shiver, tremble

PAN	*gerger	shake, shiver, tremble
PSan	*kəkiR	shiver, tremble
Sika	beger	move; shudder, tremble, shake
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	deger	to shake (as a tree, to make its fruit fall)
Kayan	gen	shaking or vibration
Kayan	tegen	to shake, shaking; to vibrate, vibrating

29891

*-getangry

Manggarai	jeget	angry
Bontok	ligət	angry
Hiligaynon	págut	rave, be furious, gnash the teeth while asleep
Ilokano	supagét	to show or manifest anger (said of persons and animals)
Aklanon	ugót	be angry; get peeved
Manggarai	weget	stubborn; (W.MGG) spiteful, malicious, peevish; hate, hateful

AlsoBalineseceket 'sensitive, short-tempered'.

-gak₁ -gak₂ -gaŋ -gek -gem -geŋ -ger -get -gik (or *-giqik?) -git -guk -guŋ (or *-guquŋ?) -gur -gut₁ -gut₂

29892

*-gik (or *-giqik?)shrill throaty sound

PWMP	*e(ŋ)gik	high-pitched animal sound
PWMP	*gigik	squeal, squawk
PMP	*gikgik	titter, giggle
Cebuano	agíik	creak, squeak
Ifugaw	dagík	noise
Cebuano	ígik	for pigs to squeal
Malay	regik	gulp, small mouthful
Casiguran Dumagat	səgek	to gag (swallow someting, choke on it, and cough it back up again)
Bikol	úgik	squeal of a pig

29893

*-gitanger, resentment

Kankanaey	gitgít	resent; be offended; get angry
Tagalog	iŋgít	envy, spite, grudge
Malagasy	mohítra	dispute angrily
Kankanaey	siŋgít	tease, plague; trouble, vex
Manggarai	wegét	stubborn

-gak₁ -gak₂ -gaŋ -gek -gem -geŋ -ger -get -gik (or *-giqik?) -git -guk -guŋ (or *-guquŋ?) -gur -gut₁ -gut₂

29894

*-gukdeep throaty sound

PWMP	*ceguk	hiccough
PWMP	*de(ŋ)guk	deep throaty sound
PMP	*e(ŋ)guk	deep muffled sound
PMP	*gukguk	animal sound
PWMP	*iŋguk	throaty sound
PWMP	*leq(e)guk	gulp, swallow
PWMP	*raguk	gulp
PWMP	*se(ŋ)guk	hiccough
PMP	*teguk	gulp
Manggarai	beguk	sound of something falling; footfall
Dairi-Pakpak Batak	belguk	swallow
Cebuano	búguk	take a mouthful of liquid to gargle
Ifugaw	daŋgók	snore while sleeping
Manobo (Western Bukidnon)	haguk	breathe loudly
Kambera	haŋguku	individual movement of swallowing
Hiligaynon	huragúk	snore
Ifugaw	paŋgúk	stifled, suffocated because of swallowing something the wrong way
Manggarai	ruguk	continuous clatter
Kapampangan	sigúk	hiccough
Old Javanese	teleguk	making the sound of gulping or swallowing (in craving for food or drink), with the mouth watering
Bontok	ʔusgúk	to grunt, of a pig

29895

*-guŋ (or *-guquŋ?)deep resounding sound

PWMP	*eguŋ	gong
PAN	*guŋguŋ	deep resounding sound
PWMP	*leguŋ	booming sound
Ngadha	bhegu	beat, drum, call to the dance
Bikol	hukrágoŋ	snore
Cebuano	kagúŋ	make a hollow sound when empty
Tiruray	kereguŋ	thunder, thundering
Kankanaey	kígooŋ	rattle, clash, bang, bounce
Kankanaey	kíguŋ	clink, ring, clang, clank
Tboli	loguŋ	deep rumble of thunder
Pangasinan	ógoŋ	to thunder (of any noise)
Old Javanese	reguŋ	make a loud noise, trumpet, bellow (usually of a furious elephant, but also of a bull or a demon, and of a hollow tree)
Maranao	rogoŋ	thunder
Casiguran Dumagat	tagúŋ	to howl, of a dog
Ifugaw	tikgóŋ	bumping sound produced when something that is hard falls and collides
Paiwan	tjeguŋ	make noise

29896

*-gurpurr, rumble

PMP	*gur	purring or grunting sound
PAN	*gurgur	sound of boiling water, splashing rain, etc.
Malay	degur	dull reverberation
Sasak	iŋgur	rumble, roar
Sundanese	jegur	sound of thunder, cannon (AlsoToba Batakjoŋgur 'thunder')
Rembong	legur	thunder
Toba Batak	roŋgur	thunder
Ngadha	tegu	thunder, rumble of thunder

29897

*-gut₁gnaw

PWMP	*gutgut	nibble off
PWMP	*pagut	peck, pick at
PWMP	*regut	bite, nibble
Balinese	a(ŋ)gut	snatch at something with the mouth, bite at (dog)
Balinese	cegut	bite, gnaw
Cebuano	ígut	scrape something by rubbing a knife which has been fixed into something immovable up and down against it
Balinese	puŋgut	bite, bite off, put one's teeth into
Balinese	segut	bite, snap, nibble (men and animals)

29898

*-gut₂pull with a jerk

PWMP	*raŋgut	snatch at, pull with a jerk
Ifugaw	bagut	pull out a piece of wood that is pressed between two other pieces of wood
Malay	cagut	to peck (of a fowl), pull (of fish at a bait)
Yami (Iranomilek)	gugut	pull out violently
Ngaju Dayak	haŋgut	what is pulled out (grass, post, person from the water, etc.) (AlsoSinghi Land Dayakaŋgut 'tweezers')
PGor	*paguto	pull out (as tubers from the ground)
Malay	reŋgut	snatching at, tugging at; tearing at

b c C d g h k l m n N ñ ŋ p r R s t w z

Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition
Robert Blust and Stephen Trussel
www.trussel2.com/ACD
2010: revision 6/21/2020
email:Blust (content) –Trussel (production)

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