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Paama(43)OC.see:Paamese

524.Paamese(43)OC(Crowley 1992)[pma] (Paama)Vanuatu[aka: Paama, Lironesa]

ahinwoman; female (POC: *papine) *bahi

ahin-alisister (male speaker) (POC: *papine) *bahi

a-nammosquito (PMP: *ñamuk)

a-sioHalcyon chloris (PMP: *sikek)

asoo-spouse (PAN: *qasawa)

a-tehsugarcane (POC: *na topu) *tebuS

e-hishow many?; however many; an unknown number; how much? what price? what time? (POC: *pica) *pijax

e-hishow many? (POC: *pica) *pijax

e-inhouse, home (PAN: *Rumaq)

e-lutwo (POC: *rua) *duSa

e-lu-a-luin pairs, two by two (POC: *rua rua₁) *duSa

e-telthree (PEMP: *tolu) *telu

fito-navel (POC: *bito)

gileleducate; knowledgeable; clever (PAN: *kilala)

haito weave, make a fence (POC: *pai₂)

hinu(wa)Macaranga tanarius (POC: *pinuan)

hua-huebeach morning glory (POC: *puRe₂)

huŋe-flower; tiny immature fruit on plants with no flowers (POC: *puŋa₁) *buŋa

i-nauI, me, 1sg. (POC: *naku) *aku

kaand (PAN: *ka₁)

Paamese (20 / 43)

kaand (PAN: *ka₁)

-ku1sg possessive suffix: my (directly attached to some relationship terms but to ‘possessive nominals’aa- ‘edible possession,mo- ‘potable possession’,so- ‘possession according to traditional law’,ono- ‘general manipulative possession’ for non-intimate possession) (POC: *-gu) *-ku

loŋehear; listen to; feel; pay attention to (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

loŋ-loŋaware; wise (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

loŋ-loŋ-iennews (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

loŋ-loŋo-niget to hear about, become aware of (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

loŋ selūsienobey (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

lum-lummoss; slime; seaweed; itchy fur on bamboo (PMP: *lumut-lumut) *lumut

mah(of sore) healed (POC: *mapo)

matilto sleep (POC: *matiruR) *tiduR

mete-neye; lens of camera; head of boil; small stick stuck into yam mound to show where yam has been planted; lid, stopper, bottletop; operculum of shellfish; of the three holes in the top of a coconut, the one which can be opened easily; the chaser in a game of chasey; leaves to cover up top of breadfruit pit; something really tremendous (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mete-n āiprow of canoe; stern of canoe (POC: *mata ni kayu) *maCa

mete-n ōnurethral opening in penis (‘eye of penis’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mete-tānanus (‘eye of feces’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

salītrim leaves from cane (POC: *sali)

sau-saukind of banana (southern dialect) (POC: *saku₃)

sou-soukind of banana (POC: *saku₃)

sum(u)sumkind of fish (POC: *sumu)

ta-excrement (POC: *taqe₂) *taqay

tārotaro (POC: *talos) *tales

Paamese (40 / 43)

uītoctopus (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

vasgive birth, have a child (POC: *pasu₃)

vula-ispray; ejaculate (POC: *puRas)

525.Padoe(34)WMP[pdo]Indonesia (Sulawesi)

anachild (PMP: *anak) *aNak

aŋiwind (PMP: *haŋin)

avuash (PMP: *qabu)

buuhair (PMP: *buhek) *bukeS

hiosalt (PAN: *qasiRa)

ikitail (PAN: *ikuR)

kompobelly (PWMP: *kempuŋ) *kempeŋ

kuliskin (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC

kusulouse (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

manu-manubird (PMP: *manu(k)-manuk) *manuk

mataeye (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mateto die; dead (PMP: *atay) *aCay

mo-ipito dream (PMP: *hipi) *Sipi

mo-itoblack (PMP: *ma-qitem) *qitem

mo-ŋaato eat (PMP: *ma-ŋaen) *kaen

mo-ŋitoto see (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

mo-putewhite (PMP: *ma-putiq) *putiq

mo-turito sleep (PMP: *ma-tuduR) *tuduR

ŋeename (PMP: *ŋajan)

o-limofive (PAN: *lima)

Padoe (20 / 34)

onesand (PAN: *qenay)

o-ruotwo (PMP: *duha) *duSa

o-toluthree (PAN: *telu)

reablood (PAN: *daRaq)

salapath, road (PMP: *zalan)

tahisea (PMP: *tasik)

ulesnake (PMP: *hulaR) *SulaR

userain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaN

vasustone (PMP: *batu) *batux

vavoabove (PAN: *babaw₃)

voŋinight (PMP: *beRŋi)

voounew (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuh

vuafruit (PMP: *buaq)

vulufeather (PMP: *bulu₁)

Pahang Malay(1)WMP.see:Malay (Pahang)

526.Paitan(3)WMP[txa] (Tombonuo)Malaysia (Sabah)

aponrod-and-line (PMP: *hapen)

tinaistomach (PMP: *t<in>aqi) *Caqi

wogokdomesticated pig (PAN: *beRek)

527.Paiwan(1005)Form.(Ferrell 1982)[pwn]Taiwan(dialects:Northeastern 1,Butanglu 1,Tjuabu 1,Makazayazaya 1,Southern 7,Western 48)

aequational construction marker for noun phrase (PAN: *a₅)

-apluralizer with personal nouns and pronominal articles (NOISE)

aiexclamation: alas! oh my! (PAN: *ai₂)

a-i-tsuthis, this one (PAN: *i-Cu) *-Cu

alaptake, pick up (PAN: *alap)

alaythread (PAN: *walay)

alaythread (PAN: *laway)

alimforget something/someone (PAN: *alim)

aɬuhoney; candy; sweets (PAN: *waNu)

alu, valueight (PAN: *walu)

alʸakchild; interest on deposit (PAN: *aNak)Western

alʸistooth, fang, tusk (PAN: *waNiS)

amafather! (PAN: *amax)

aminfinished; there is no more, there is no other than (PAN: *amin)

amishair-root (of plant); rough hemp cord (PAN: *RamiS)

-anspecific location in time or space; specific one/type:kan-an 'eating place' (kan 'eat') (PAN: *-an)

a-nemawhat? what thing? (PAN: *nema)

a-nema-tsuwhat is this? (PAN: *nema)

apubetelnut quid (PAN: *apuR)

arilet's go! (PAN: *aRi)

Paiwan (20 / 1005)

ari ariyou go on ahead! (PAN: *aRi)

asawleaf (PAN: *waSaw)

asikto weed, remove weeds (PAN: *aSik)

atukto boil (NOISE)

a-zuathat, those (PAN: *dua)

balatsukFormosan barbet:Megalaema oorti muchalis (PAN: *balalaCuk)

b-alʸ-akbakdrumming sound, as of many stones falling or tumbling, horse's hooves, drumming on table with hands (PAN: *bakbak₂)

b-alʸ-aŋbaŋhave sound as of rain falling on roof, or beating on tin can (PAN: *baŋbaŋ₆)

b-alʸ-ekbek(onom.) make intermittent sound, as three-wheeled truck, or chatter of gunfire in war (PAN: *bekbek₂)

b-ar-eŋbeŋmake buzzing noise, as bee or automobile engine (PAN: *b<aR>eŋbeŋ) *beŋbeŋ₂

beriq(onom.) make sound as of excreting when one has diarrhea; to squeak (PAN: *beriq)

biasroe, fish eggs, crab eggs (PAN: *biRaS)

biritssplit, tear (PAN: *biriC)

b-n-alʸitsremove tree bark or old thatch (PAN: *baNiC)

b-n-u-lʸa-lʸitsto skin an animal (PAN: *baNiC)

b-n-uresspew water (not sputum) from the mouth (PAN: *buReS)

b-n-utsaqput suds on something (PAN: *buCaq)

buexclamation of surprise (NOISE)

bua-buayflower (PAN: *buRay)Southern

bulʸuqthrow something with the object of hitting something else (PAN: *buNuq₂)

Paiwan (40 / 1005)

bureswater squirter of bamboo (child's toy) (PAN: *buReS)

butsaqfoam, lather, suds (PAN: *buCaq)

clisaciissomething rubbed against (tree, where wild pig scratches) (NOISE)

cu-a-lʸivplace where there are many caves (or rock overhangs) (PAN: *Nihib)

ḍakescamphor laurel:CinnamomumJaponicum, Cinnamomum camphora (PAN: *dakeS)

deruŋthunder (PAN: *deruŋ)

đikitjshort (PAN: *dikit)

dja-djalancompanion on road (PAN: *za-zalan) *zalan

djakutsgrab, take in hand (noncylindrical objects) (PAN: *dakuC)

djakutsgrab, take in hand (non-cylindrical object) (PAN: *za(ŋ)kuC)

djala-djalansmall path (PAN: *zalan-zalan) *zalan

djalanroad, trail, path (PAN: *zalan)

djalayapCitrus depressa (tree and fruit) (PAN: *dalayap)

djalʸiwill soon (do something) (PAN: *daNi)

djami-arice straw (PAN: *zaRami)

djamuqblood (PAN: *damuq₁)

djanawlake without outlets; estuary (PAN: *danaw)Western

djapalʸthigh (person); hind leg (animal) (PAN: *dapaN)

djapeŋsomething overcooked or gone to nothing (LOAN)

djaqmenstrual blood (PAN: *daRaq)

Paiwan (60 / 1005)

djaqisforehead (PAN: *daqiS)

djaumneedle (PAN: *zaRum)

djekepto catch (animal); to come to grips (in personal fight) (PAN: *dekep)

djeketsovercooked rice, used as paste (PAN: *dekeC)

dj<em>ekepto catch, come to grips with (PAN: *dekep)

djerenawdissolve, melt (listed underrenaw) (ROOT)

djilaqto lick (PAN: *dilaq₁)

djilʸaŋrust, corrosion (PAN: *diNaŋ)

dj<m>aumto use a needle (PAN: *zaRum)

dj<m>ilaqto lick (PAN: *d<um>ilaq) *dilaq₁

dj<m>ilʸaŋto cause to rust (PAN: *diNaŋ)

djuithorn (PAN: *duRi)

dukuŋa bend, crook (PAN: *du(ŋ)kuŋ)

ḍusatwo (PAN: *duSa)

enemsix (PAN: *enem)

eremto dye (PAN: *edem₂)

etaone (PAN: *esa)

g-alʸ-eritssound of ripping cloth or paper (PAN: *geriC)

gaŋcrab (PAN: *gaRaŋ)

garaŋpower, influence (PAN: *garaŋ₁)

Paiwan (80 / 1005)

garutsa comb (PAN: *garuC)

gatselto itch, be itchy (PAN: *gaCel)

gayaŋhunting spear with detachable harpoon-like barbed iron point (PAN: *gayaŋ)

g<em>etselto pinch (PAN: *geCel)

gəmgəmfist (PAN: *gemgem)

getselpincers (of crab) (PAN: *geCel)

giriŋa growl (PAN: *giRiŋ)

giriŋa growl (NEAR)

g<m>arutsto comb (PAN: *g<um>aruC) *garuC

g<m>əmgəmgrasp object in hand (PAN: *gemgem)

g<m>iriŋto growl (NEAR)

g-m-urugur (medial -u- unexplained)to bark (dog's loud, ordinary bark) (PAN: *gurgur₁)

guŋguŋhave a banging noise (PAN: *guŋguŋ)

guri-guris-ana spotted animal or bird; striped or patterned cloth (PAN: *guris)

gurisspot or pattern on animal or bird skin (PAN: *guris)

guritsto squeal (pig) (ROOT)

guritsasquid, octopus (PAN: *guRiCa)Southern

gutsgutsto weed a paddy field (PAN: *guCguC₁)

iinterjection of wonder or amazement (PAN: *i₁)

ibe at, be in (PAN: *i₂)

Paiwan (100 / 1005)

iappositional particle for personal names and pronouns (PAN: *i₃)

i ca i vukidon higher (rainy) slopes (PAN: *bukij)

i-gergertremble (PAN: *gerger₁)

ikawearring (LOAN)

ikutail (of animal, bird) (PAN: *ikuR)

i-likuzbehind (when stationary) (PAN: *likud)

imawho? (restricted use) (PAN: *ima)

(-)in-past tense; action has already begun or been done (PAN: *<in>) *-in-

inamother! (vocative) (PAN: *ina)

in-alapsomething which has been taken; one's catch (hunting) (PAN: *in-alap) *alap

i-navalʸtoward the upper reaches of river (thus "south" if the river runs from south to north) (PAN: *wanaN)

ininot do something; no! (PAN: *ini)

inuwhere? (PAN: *inu)

inuwhere? (PAN: *i-nu) *-nu₁

isiqurine (PAN: *iSiq)

itaone (PAN: *isa₁)

ita-ŋathere is one left (PAN: *isa-ŋa) *isa₁

itjenwe, us, our (PAN: *iten)

itjuloquat, fruit ofEriobotrya deflexa (PAN: *Ritu)

i tsasawbe outdoors (PAN: *CaSaw)

Paiwan (120 / 1005)

i vavawupon (PAN: *i babaw) *babaw₃

i-zayato be higher up (as on a mountain) (PAN: *daya)

i zuathere, over there (PAN: *dua)

i-zuathere is, there exists (PAN: *dua)

ka- -anmarker of the adversative passive;ka-sulem-an ‘be caught by darkness’ (cp.sulem ‘darkness, twilight’) (PAN: *ka- -an₁)

ka- -anformative for nouns of location;ka-ki-tjalav-an ‘athletic field’ (cp.ki-tjala-tjalaw ‘fight over something; to contest’);ka-tsasav-an ‘courtyard in front of house’ (cp.tsasaw ‘outdoors, outside’) (PAN: *ka- -an₂)

ka- -anformative for abstract nouns;ka-vavaian-an ‘womanhood, femininity, value as a woman’ (cp.vavaian ‘woman, female person’ (PAN: *ka- -an₃)Western

ka-djalan-anmountain trail (PAN: *ka-zalan-an) *zalan

ka-gaŋ-anred crab sp. (PAN: *gaRaŋ)

kailanguage, speech, words (PAN: *kaRi₁)

kakasibling, first cousin; term of address for siblings or cousins of either sex (or for any young man of Ego’s generation, whether kin or not) (PAN: *kaka₂)

ka-kan-andining room (PAN: *ka-kaen-an) *kaen

ka-kudá-ncustom, law (PAN: *kuja)

kala-kalawbird sp. (PAN: *kalaw₁)

ka-ledepwest, west wind (PAN: *ledep)

kalia hole that has been dug (PAN: *kalih)

kaliduŋuduŋulʸbutterfly (PAN: *kali-)

k-al-iŋkiŋhave a ringing sound (PAN: *kiŋkiŋ₁)

kalʸa-qudjalʸ-anrainy season (PAN: *quzaN)

kalʸavasa tree:Ehretia thyrsiflora (PAN: *kaNawaS)

Paiwan (140 / 1005)

kalʸawas-lʸawas-enmuchEhretia thyrsiflora (PAN: *kaNawaS)

kalyedjipto blink (PAN: *kedip)

k-alʸ-eŋkeŋhave ringing in the ears (PAN: *keŋkeŋ₁)

k<alʸ>uskus-anfingernail, toenail, claw (PAN: *k<aN>uSkuS) *kuSkuS₁

kamayamango:Diospyros discolor (PAN: *kamaya)Western

kanto eat (PAN: *kaen)

ka na i-kaif not ... then (PAN: *ka₂)

kan-anplace where one eats (PAN: *kaen-an) *kaen

ka-navalʸright (hand, side, direction) (PAN: *ka-wanaN) *wanaN

kan-enfood (PAN: *-en)

kan-enfood (PAN: *kaen-en) *kaen

kan-ilet’s eat! (PAN: *kaen-i) *kaen

ka-ŋidawhen (past)? (PAN: *ka-₁)

kaŋkaŋa plow (Min?) (LOAN)

ka-pitju-ana July typhoon (very destructive) (PAN: *ka-pitu-an) *pitu

k<ar>a-kalito dig everywhere, dig indiscriminately (PAN: *kalih)

k<ar>a-kudawork, labor (LOAN)

k<ar>iskisto make noise by scraping fingernail on blackboard (PAN: *kiSkiS)

k<ar>uskusto have sound of scraping (PAN: *k<ar>uSkuS) *kuSkuS₂

karutrake (PAN: *kaRus)

Paiwan (160 / 1005)

karutrake (PAN: *karus)

ka-sawniearlier today; a little while ago (today) (PAN: *Sauni)

ka-si-to originate from, come from (PAN: *Si-₂)

kasi-kasiv-enforest (PAN: *kaSiw-en) *kaSiw

kasi-kasiwwoodlands (as opposed to grasslands; emphasis on land use) (PAN: *kaSi-kaSiw) *kaSiw

kasiwtree, wood (PAN: *kaSiw)

ka-tiawyesterday (PAN: *ka-₁)

katsbite (PAN: *kaRaC)

ka-tsasav-ancourtyard (in front of house) (PAN: *ka-CaSaw-an) *CaSaw

ka-tsau-anthe world (of living beings); what is actual, existent, not dead (PAN: *ka-Cau-an) *Cau

katsucarry (PAN: *kaCu)

kausscoop-net (for fishing or catching butterflies) (PAN: *kahuS)

kausscoop net (for fishing or catching butterflies) (PAN: *kauS)

kavaclothing (PAN: *kabaR)

kavasnake slough (PAN: *kabaR)Western

kavayanthorny bamboo (Ho 1978:609) (PAN: *kawayan)

ka-virileft (hand) (PAN: *ka-wiRi) *wiRi

kawkawsickle (PAN: *kawkaw₁)Western

kawkawsickle (LOAN)Western

kayakaysuspension bridge (LOAN)Western

Paiwan (180 / 1005)

ka-zatja-nlevel land, plain (PAN: *ka-dataR-an) *dataR

ka-zatja-zatjato be level (PAN: *dataR)

keḍibe small, little, few (PAN: *kedi)

keḍibe small; little, few (NEAR)

kedjipeyelash (PAN: *kedip)

keretreap with a small knife (PAN: *keRet)

keretjreap with a small knife (PAN: *keret)

ki-to get, obtain a thing (vaqu ‘millet’,ki-vaqu ‘to get or harvest millet’,paisu ‘money’,ki-paisu ‘to get or seek money’) (PAN: *ki-)

ki-alap(bride) go to groom's house (PAN: *alap)

kiawbullfrog (PAN: *kiaw)

ki-djilaqto lick oneself (as a cat) (PAN: *dilaq₁)

ki-getselto pinch oneself (PAN: *geCel)

ki-kasiwto gather or cut wood (PAN: *kaSiw)

ki-likuzto slip away by back way (PAN: *likud)

ki-lʸatseŋto pick plants for vegetables; to buy vegetables (PAN: *NaCeŋ)

kimsearch for (PAN: *kiRim)

k<in>ali-anplace where a hole has been dug (PAN: *k<in>alih-an) *kalih

k<in>a-tsau-tsau-ancharacter; humanity; body (PAN: *k<in>a-Cau-an) *Cau

k<in>atsusomething which has been carried (PAN: *k<in>aCu) *kaCu

ki-nemnemthink, cogitate, pay close attention to (PAN: *nemnem)

Paiwan (200 / 1005)

ki-paizto fan oneself, to have oneself fanned (PAN: *paid)

ki-pa-talawto sit under falling water (PAN: *salaw)

ki-pa-va-vaibeg (PAN: *beRay)

ki-piliqbe “choosy,” pick out best bits (PAN: *piliq)

ki-qilusclean oneself after excreting (PAN: *qiluS)

ki-quluto headhunt, take heads (PAN: *quluh)

ki-sevalʸask to be carried on someone's back; copulate (animals) (PAN: *SebaN)

ki-suayto pass time idly (PAN: *SuRay)

ki-sulidshare someone's bed (PAN: *Sulij)

ki-suputo read (PAN: *SipuR)

ki-tja-vililʸto follow after (PAN: *biliN)

ki-tjukezto rest one’s head or arm on something (PAN: *tuked)

ki-tsaqu-anto practice, learn skill (PAN: *Caqu)

ki-tsevuŋgo to meet someone; to fete someone returning home (PAN: *Cebuŋ)

kitsiŋwrist joint (PAN: *kiCiŋ)

ki-tsulʸuburn oneself; join in a sacrificial feast (PAN: *ki-CuNuh) *CuNuh

ki-vadaqinquire, request (PAN: *bajaq₁) *bajaq

ki-vutubecome the enemy of (PAN: *busuR₁)

k<m>alito dig a hole (PAN: *k<um>ali) *kalih

k<m>anto eat (PAN: *k<um>aen) *kaen

Paiwan (220 / 1005)

k<m>aŋkaŋto plow (LOAN)

k<m>asiwto use wood; put boards on (PAN: *k<um>aSiw) *kaSiw

k<m>atsto bite (PAN: *k<um>aRaC) *kaRaC

k<m>atsuto carry (PAN: *k<um>aCu) *kaCu

k<m>austo use a scoop-net; to ‘fish’ out meat from soup with a spoon (PAN: *k<um>auS) *kauS

k<m>avato put on or wear clothing (PAN: *kabaR)

k<m>a-zatja-nto level ground (PAN: *ka-dataR-an) *dataR

k<m>eretjreap with a small knife (hemp or any other plant) (PAN: *k<um>eRet) *keRet

k<m>imto search for (PAN: *k<um>iRim) *kiRim

k<m>udawhy? to do what? what is wrong? (PAN: *k<um>uja) *kuja

k<m>uskusto scratch, scrape; remove hair from pig with bamboo knife (PAN: *k<um>uSkuS) *kuSkuS₂

k<m>utsuto delouse (PAN: *k<um>uCu) *kuCux

k<m>uyato damage (PAN: *kuya₁) *kuya

ku-I, my (PAN: *-ku)

kuaucrow, kite (bird) (PAN: *kuaw)

ku-kakamy younger siblings (reference) (PAN: *kaka₂)Western

kukuŋtype of tiny bird with loud call of "kung", "kung", "kung" (PAN: *ku(ŋ)kuŋ)

kukuŋtiny bird sp. (call is loud “kung” “kung” “kung”) (PAN: *kukuŋ₁)

ku-lava-lavav-enlarge number of rats (be overrun by rats?) (PAN: *labaw₁)

ku-lavawrat, mouse (PAN: *labaw₁)

Paiwan (240 / 1005)

kulʸkulʸsmall bird sp. (PAN: *kuNkuN)

kura-kurapwhite, soft tree fungus (PAN: *kurap)

kurapscabies, scaly skin disease (PAN: *kurap)

kurisitching sores which leave dark spots on body (PAN: *kuris₁)

kuskusa scraper (PAN: *kuSkuS₂)

kutjivulva (PAN: *kuti)

kutsulouse (of head) (PAN: *kuCux)

kuyadefect; rip, tear (PAN: *kuya₁) *kuya

kuzkuz-anheel (PAN: *kudkud)

la-deŋa ~ la-ŋedato hear (PAN: *deŋeR)

lakupa covering (as new bark which grows over scar on tree) (PAN: *lakup)

lakupcovering (as new bark which grows over scar on tree) (ROOT)

la-lapita bat (animal; Western dialect) (PAN: *lapis)

la-layaa flag, banner (PAN: *layaR)

la-likegnat, midge (PAN: *likeS)

lamlamprecipitate, impetuous (PAN: *lamlam₁)

laŋaw ~ la-laŋawa fly (insect) (PAN: *laŋaw)

ɬaŋuyto swim; to immerse one’s body in water (as to bathe) (PAN: *Naŋuy)

laplaploose skin on baby after birth (PAN: *laplap)

lauzseaward, downslope, toward lower reaches of river (PAN: *lahud)

Paiwan (260 / 1005)

lavaflying squirrel (PAN: *lawaR)

ɬawɬawoil, oil lamp (NOISE)

layapto fly (PAN: *layap)

ledepdive, plunge (PAN: *lezep)

ledepto dive, plunge (PAN: *ledep)

liku-likuzthe back of the skull (PAN: *liku-likud) *likud

liku-likuz-anthe backmost (PAN: *liku-likud-an) *likudWestern

likuzbehind, in back of (PAN: *likud)

lilʸuŋbe non-moving, collected (water) (PAN: *liNuŋ)

limafive (PAN: *lima)

lipetja hem (PAN: *lipet)

liqeneck (PAN: *liqeR)Western

liquneck, throat (in some dialects = ‘neck of animals only’) (PAN: *liqeR)

liseqesnit, louse-egg (PAN: *liseqeS)

litjlitja rope, cord (PAN: *litlit)

liusto make one complete tour (as one lap around a running-track) (PAN: *liuS)

l<m>akupto cover over (as with roof-shaped cover); to twine around (as vine) (PAN: *lakup)

ɬ<m>aŋuyto swim, bathe (PAN: *N<um>aŋuy) *Naŋuy

l<m>aubwater covers the ground (LOAN)Western

l<m>edepto dive (as into water) (PAN: *l<um>edep) *ledep

Paiwan (280 / 1005)

ƚ<m>e-ḍusato do two things (Western dialect) (PAN: *duSa)

l<m>itjlitjto wind something round and round with cord (PAN: *litlit)

l-m-upasspit something out (PAN: *lupaS)

l<m>uvaŋto place in a pit (PAN: *l<um>ubaŋ) *lubaŋ₁

lubuka bag, sack (NOISE)

ludjaqspittle (especially of betel nut) (PAN: *ludaq)

lukutsparasitic long-leafed plant with edible fruit -- grows on trees:Asplenium nidus (PAN: *lukuC)

lumripe (PAN: *luem)

l<um>udjaqto spit (especially when chewing betel nut) (PAN: *l<um>udaq) *ludaq

lupassomething (solid) which is spat out (PAN: *lupaS)

ƚusepitthin (as paper), thin, as person (ROOT)Western

luseqtears (PAN: *luSeq)

lutjukrabbit, hare (PAN: *lutuk₁)

luvaŋa grave, grave-pit; a covered pit trap (PAN: *lubaŋ₁)Western

lʸa-lʸaqedi-anboundary between fields (PAN: *Naqeji)Southern

lʸatseŋvegetables, non-staple vegetal foods (cultigens or wild) (PAN: *NaCeŋ)

lʸa-vaŋasthistle plant,Bidens pilosa (PAN: *baŋaS)

lʸaveksea, ocean (PAN: *Nabek)

lʸa-vela-velaqa tree:Cyperus cyperinus (NOISE)

lʸe-lauzto go downhill (PAN: *lahud)

Paiwan (300 / 1005)

lʸ-em-eŋlʸeŋto see (PAN: *NeŋNeŋ)

lʸeŋlook at (PAN: *Neŋ)

lʸia-zaya(go) high upland (PAN: *daya)

lʸimatjekmountain leech (PAN: *qaNi-matek) *-matek

lʸitjeqsap (PAN: *Niteq)

lʸivcavern, cave, den (PAN: *Nihib)

lʸivshelter under overhanging rock (PAN: *Nihib)Western

lʸivuden or nest of rat or wild pig (PAN: *Nibu)

lʸ<m>a-inito refuse, say “no” (Western dialect) (PAN: *ini)

lʸ<m>atseŋto prepare vegetable foods (PAN: *NaCeŋ)

lʸ-m-atuto boil (meat) (PAN: *Nasu)

lʸuaŋcattle (PAN: *qaNuaŋ)

lʸupetjplug, stopper (ROOT)

lʸuqesbone marrow (PAN: *NuqeS)

-m-marker of actor focus (PAN: *<um>) *-um-

ma-stative prefix (PAN: *ma-₁)

ma-alapbe taken; able to be reached; become convinced, have mind changed; be enticed, led astray (PAN: *ma-alap) *alap

ma-alimbe forgotten; be caused to forget (PAN: *alim)

ma-alʸakbe disturbed by (too many) children (PAN: *ma-anak) *aNak

ma-buressprayed or spewed upon (PAN: *buReS)

Paiwan (320 / 1005)

ma-butsaqfoam-covered (PAN: *buCaq)

ma-djaqto menstruate (PAN: *ma-daRaq) *daRaq

ma-djilaqbe licked (PAN: *dilaq₁)

ma-djilʸaŋbecome rusty (PAN: *diNaŋ)

ma-garaŋbe angry; to scold, upbraid (PAN: *garaŋ₁)

ma-getselto be pinched (PAN: *geCel)

ma-ita itaone by one, one after the other (PAN: *isa isa) *isa₁

ma-kaliearth to be dug or disturbed (PAN: *kalih)

maka-lima-lʸfive (days, times) (PAN: *maka-lima) *lima

ma-kánbe eaten (PAN: *ma-kaen) *kaen

maka-nem-elʸsix times (days, occasions) (PAN: *maka-enem) *enem

maka-pida-lʸhow many days? (PAN: *maka-pija) *pijax

maka-sim-atj-elʸfour times (PAN: *maka-Sepat) *Sepat

ma-ka-tjelu-lʸthree (times, days, occasions) (PAN: *telu)

ma-katsbe(come) bitten (PAN: *ma-kaRaC) *kaRaC

maka-walu-lʸeight (times, days) (PAN: *maka-walu) *walu

ma-kudahow is it? what’s happening? (PAN: *ma-kuja) *kuja

ma-kuda-kudahow much? (PAN: *kuja)Western

ma-kurapto have scabies (PAN: *kurap)

ma-kuristo havekuris (PAN: *kuris₁)

Paiwan (340 / 1005)

ma-kutsuto be deloused (PAN: *ma-kuCu) *kuCux

ma-ledepsunset (PAN: *ledep)

maɬe-sivanine (persons) (PAN: *Siwa)

m-alimforget (object/person) (PAN: *alim)

ma-litjlitjbe(come) wound with cord (PAN: *ma-litlit) *litlit

ma-lupasbe spat upon (PAN: *lupaS)

ma-lʸatubecome boiled (meat) (PAN: *Nasu)

malʸe-kuyain disorder, broken; bad weather (PAN: *kuya₁) *kuya

ma-ma-tsaqu-anto be very skilled (PAN: *ma-Caqu) *Caqu

ma-ŋiluto have teeth on edge (as from sour pineapple); to ache, sting (PAN: *ma-ŋilu) *ŋilu

ma-pa-dja-djeketsto press two things together (as one’s hands) (PAN: *dekeC)

mapa-tja-ḍusadivided into two groups (Western dialect) (PAN: *duSa)

ma-pa-tsa-tsugtsugto bump together (as two persons’ heads) (PAN: *CugCug₂)

ma-pelʸuqto be filled, become filled (PAN: *peNuq)

ma-peteqbecome broken (PAN: *peceq₁) *peceq

ma-pidahow many persons? (PAN: *pijax)

ma-pilʸaylame, crippled (PAN: *ma-piNay) *piNay

ma-pu-kuyaritually impure (PAN: *kuya₁) *kuya

ma-qadawthe sun appears; be burned by sun (PAN: *ma-qajaw) *qajaw

maqawan alder,Alnus japonica (PAN: *maqaw)

Paiwan (360 / 1005)

ma-qemubecome pulverized (PAN: *qemu)

ma-qipiŋhave one's head inclined to one side (PAN: *qipiŋ)

ma-qudjalʸbe rained upon (PAN: *ma-quzaN) *quzaN

ma-qusawbe thirsty (PAN: *ma-quSaw) *quSaw

mare-alʸakparent and child (PAN: *maRe-anak) *aNak

mare-ka-alʸakchildren of the same parents (PAN: *maRe-anak) *aNak

ma-reŋetsjealous (PAN: *reŋeC)

ma-reŋetsjealous (PAN: *ReŋeC)

m-ariask someone to accompany oneself (PAN: *um-aRi) *aRi

maru-vilʸuaqPawlonia fortunei tree sp.:Homalanthus; forest tree with green fruit:Macaranga tanarius Linn.; tree with greenish flower and very sticky sap used as paste:Hernandia ovigera Linn. tree sp. (NOISE)

ma-sakutsbe moved (PAN: *SakuC)

ma-semutjto be smothered (PAN: *Semut)

ma-sepatjfour (persons) (PAN: *ma-Sepat) *Sepat

ma-siaqshy, polite, embarrassed (PAN: *ma-Seyaq) *Seyaq

ma-sulendarkness falls; to be twilight (PAN: *ma-Sulem) *Sulem

ma-sulidsleep together (PAN: *Sulij)

ma-susuqenter a small hole or crack (PAN: *SuSuq)

ma-susuqenter a small hole and fall; to leak down (PAN: *SuSuq)Western

ma-tja-kaito take one’s turn speaking (PAN: *kaRi₁)

ma-tjalawto be angry (PAN: *talaw)

Paiwan (380 / 1005)

ma-tja-tja-vililʸgoing along in file (PAN: *biliN)Western

ma-tja-tjeŋtjeŋto whisper together (two persons) (NEAR)

ma-tjeluthree persons (PAN: *ma-telu) *telu

ma-tjelʸevto flood (ROOT)

ma-tjuqtjuqbe hammered, crushed (PAN: *tuqtuq)

matsaeye (PAN: *maCa)

ma-tsabtsabbe beaten repeatedly with open hand (person, wall, etc.) (PAN: *CabCab)

ma-tsakawbe or become stolen (PAN: *ma-Cakaw) *Cakaw

ma-tsaquto be able to; capable, skilled, knowledgeable (PAN: *ma-Caqu) *Caqu

ma-tsevulʸbothered by smoke, smoke-filled (PAN: *CebuN)

ma-tsugtsugbe hit (as on the head) by something (PAN: *CugCug₁)

ma-tsugtsugto be hit (as on head) by something (PAN: *CugCug₂)

ma-tsulʸuto be hot (PAN: *ma-CuNuh) *CuNuh

ma-ulawevade, get out of sight; lose way (PAN: *ma-ulaw) *ulaw

ma-vakaŋto walk bowlegged or with feet splayed outwards (PAN: *bakaŋ₁)

ma-valiwind-blown (PAN: *ma-bali₁) *bali₃

ma-vanawtake a bath (PAN: *ma-bañaw) *bañaw

ma-vekutsbe bent down (as by over-heavy burden, or pressure) (PAN: *bekuC)

ma-velaqbe(come) split (PAN: *ma-belaq) *belaq

ma-velʸutsbe pulled out (grass) (PAN: *beNuC)

Paiwan (400 / 1005)

ma-vetusatiated, to have eaten one's fill (PAN: *ma-besuR) *besuR

ma-vukrotten (of meat); leprous; dead (conscience) (PMP: *ma-buRuk) *buRuk

ma-vutsahave bad eyesight (PAN: *ma-buCa) *buCa

ma-vutube at enmity (PAN: *busuR₁)

me-gatselbegin to itch (PAN: *gaCel)

me-lavawide (PMP: *labeR₁)

me-lawawide (PAN: *lawa₁)

me-ŋiluto cause to smart (PAN: *ŋilu)

mere-ka-kan-enlarge edible thing (as sweet potato); (metaphorically) penis (“eaten” by vagina) (PAN: *ka-kaen-en) *kaen

me-suawto yawn (PAN: *ma-Suaw) *Suaw

me-tsevuŋto meet (as two persons, or two ends of necklace) (PAN: *Cebuŋ)

mi-kedutsto jump from shock or sudden pain (PAN: *kezuC)

m<in>atsaopen-eyed (PAN: *m<in>aCa) *maCa

mi-sepito dream (PAN: *Sepi)

mudiŋ-anface (a person’s) (PAN: *mujiŋ-an) *mujiŋ

mu-laviqto overflow (PAN: *labiq)

m-ulawlose sight of (PAN: *ulaw)

m-umalʸdo again (PAN: *umaN)

m-utjaqto vomit (PAN: *um-utaq) *utaq

nagenitive case marker for common nouns (PAN: *na₃)

Paiwan (420 / 1005)

na-kuyabad, defective, dangerous (as a person) (PAN: *kuya₁) *kuya

na-kuya-ndisability (PAN: *kuya₁) *kuyaWestern

na ma-vutsablind (PAN: *ma-buCa) *buCa

na ma-zatjato be level (PAN: *dataR)

na-nema-nema-ŋaeverything, all sorts of things (PAN: *nema)

-navalʸright (-hand), on the right (PAN: *wanaN)

nema-ŋaa thing (PAN: *nema)

niof, by, belonging to (with personal name) (PAN: *ni)

n-ima ~ ni-imawhose? (PAN: *ni-ima) *ima

ni-tjenours (incl.) (PAN: *iten₃) *ita₁

nuif, when (in future) (PAN: *nu₁)

nu-ŋidawhen (future)? (PAN: *ka-₁)

nu-sawniin a little while, later today (PAN: *Sauni)

nu-si-ka-tjeluday after tomorrow (PAN: *Sika-telu) *telu

nu-tiawtomorrow (PAN: *ka-₁)

nu-tiawtomorrow (cp.ka-tiaw ‘yesterday’) (PAN: *nu-)

ŋadána name (PAN: *ŋajan)

ŋadjaysaliva, drivel (PAN: *ŋajay)

ŋ<al>asŋasto pant (NOISE)

ŋilupain, tartness (PAN: *ŋilu)

Paiwan (440 / 1005)

ŋisŋisbeard (PAN: *ŋiSŋiS)

ŋusulʸblood from the nose; nosebleed (PAN: *ŋuSuN)

pa-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-₂)

padayrice (plant, grain):Oryza sativa (PAN: *pajay)

pa-djeketsto paste (PAN: *pa-dekeC) *dekeC

pa-djuluprepare something in advance (PAN: *zulu)

pa-gəmgəmcrush or grasp forcefully in hand (PAN: *gemgem)

pa-geritsto scream (in fright) (PAN: *geriC)

paka-causative prefix (PAN: *pa-ka-) *pa-₂

paka-ḍusasecond wife (PAN: *paka-duSa) *duSaWestern

pa-kánto feed (PAN: *pa-kaen) *kaen

pa-katsucause something to be carried (PAN: *pa-kaCu) *kaCu

paka-ulawfail to recognize (someone whom one knows) (PAN: *ulaw)

pa-kavato clothe (PAN: *kabaR)

pa-ki-tsaqu-anto cause to learn skill (PAN: *Caqu)

pa-ɬaŋuyto cause swimming or immersion (PAN: *Naŋuy)

pa-li-gəmgəmto make a fist (PAN: *gemgem)

pa-likuzto look back (PAN: *pa-likud) *likud

pa-likuzto turn one’s back to (PAN: *pa-likud) *likudWestern

palisirite, ceremony; tabu; "superstition" (PAN: *paliSi)

Paiwan (460 / 1005)

palisi-anprivate parts of the human body (PAN: *paliSi-an) *paliSi

pa-litjlitjto cause something to be wound round with cord (PAN: *pa-litlit) *litlit

p<aɬ>ukpukto throb, pulsate (as heart) (PAN: *pukpuk)

palʸiŋdoor (PAN: *paNiŋ)

panbait (for fishhook or trap) (PAN: *paen)

panaqarrow (PAN: *panaq)

paŋudalʸpandanus; pineapple;Pandanus odoratissimus var. sinensis (PAN: *paŋudaN)

pa-pa-piliqto sort out, divide (PAN: *piliq)

pa-pe-qetseŋelto blacken (PAN: *qeCeŋeN)

pa-pu-laviqto fill something to overflowing (PAN: *labiq)

pa-puzuɬ-ana spool (PAN: *puduN)

pa-qadawput in the sun (to dry); use a burning-glass (PAN: *qajaw)

pa-qetjutjto break wind (PAN: *pa-qetut) *qetut

pa-qudjalʸcause rain, give rain to (PAN: *pa-quzaN) *quzaN

pa-qulʸato make light (ROOT)

pa-qulʸa-qulʸatorch (ROOT)

pa-quzipraise an animal (PAN: *pa-qudip) *qudip

pariukwok, large, round-bottomed metal pan for cooking (PAN: *pariuk)

pa-sakutscause things to be moved (PAN: *SakuC)

pa-sakuts-anplace to which things will be moved (PAN: *SakuC)

Paiwan (480 / 1005)

pa-sapitjput between others (as papers); put in a book (PAN: *Sapit)

pa-satjezcause something to be returned (PAN: *pa-SateD) *SateD

pa-sedjamto lend, loan (PAN: *pa-hinzam) *hinzam

pa-sedjamto lend, loan (PAN: *pa-Sezam) *Sezam

pa-sekezto cause to stop (as automobile); to cause to rest (PAN: *Seked)Western

pa-selemto shade; cut off sun (PAN: *Selem)

pa-suayto postpone; procrastinate (PAN: *SuRay)

pa-talawput out a container in order to catch falling water (PAN: *salaw)

patsaknewly born calf or deer (PAN: *paCak)

pa-tsegtsegnail something onto something else (PAN: *CegCeg)

pa-tsegtsegto nail something onto something else (PAN: *CegCeg)Western

pa-tututo suckle (PAN: *pa-susu) *susu₁Western

pa-utjaqcause vomiting (PAN: *pa-utaq) *utaq

pa-vaito give (PAN: *pa-beRay) *beRay

pa-vunavunto plant seedlings (PAN: *bunabun)

pa-zalʸumto irrigate (PAN: *pa-daNum) *daNum

pe-djamuqbleed (PAN: *damuq₁)

pe-luseqto shed tears (PAN: *luSeq)

pe-ŋadjayto salivate, slobber, drool (PAN: *ŋajay)

pe-ŋusulʸhave a nosebleed (PAN: *ŋuSuN)

Paiwan (500 / 1005)

pe-quḍasto become white-haired (PAN: *qudaS)

peteqa break, split (in glass, pottery) (PAN: *peceq₁) *peceq

petsiksnap the fingers (PAN: *peCik)

pi-causative of location;pi-vavaw ‘put on top’,pi-taladj ‘put something inside’ (PAN: *pi-)

piaḍplate, dish (PAN: *piad)Southern

pidahow much?, how many? (PAN: *pijax)

pikuelbow (PAN: *piku)

pi-natukto boil (PAN: *nasuk)

pitjuseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

piukdimple; dent in something soft (PAN: *piuk)

pi-zu ato put there (PAN: *dua)

p<n>aizto fan something (PAN: *paid)

p<n>anaqto shoot, using bow and arrow (PAN: *p<in>anaq) *panaq

p<n>e-ḍusato split into two (PAN: *duSa)

p<n>elʸuqto fill something (PAN: *peNuq)

p<n>e-tseviqdivide something; break in pieces (PAN: *Cebiq)

p<n>iliqto choose, sort out (PAN: *p<um>iliq) *piliq

p<n>uzuɬto spin a cocoon; to wrap cord around something (PAN: *puduN)

pu-prefix marking the causative of motion verbs;pu-zaLum ‘put water on or in’,pu-tsaqi ‘to defecate’ (PAN: *pu-)

pu-amincomplete, terminate, leave (PAN: *amin)

Paiwan (520 / 1005)

pu-amin a t<m>ututo wean (amin = finished) (PAN: *s<um>usu) *susu₁

pudeknavel; umbilical cord (PAN: *pujek)

pu-djalanto have a road; make a road (PAN: *zalan)

pu-garaŋbe vigorous, (back) in good health (PAN: *garaŋ₁)

pu-kasi-kasiv-anplace for storing firewood (PAN: *kaSiw)

pu-la-layato raise a flag, fly a banner (PAN: *layaR)

puluhandle (as of a hoe) (PAN: *pulu₁) *pulu

puluqgroup of ten (PAN: *puluq₁) *puluq

pu-luvaŋ-ancemetery (PAN: *lubaŋ₁)Western

pu-matsato have good eyesight (PAN: *maCa)

punaypigeon, dove (PAN: *punay)

punuqbrain; (in Western dialect: bone marrow) (PAN: *punuq₁) *punuq

pu-ŋadánto have a name (PAN: *pu-ŋajan) *ŋajan

p-uŋay-anmonkey’s lair (PAN: *uŋay)

pu-panto bait a hook or trap (PAN: *paen)

pu-savikiengaged to be married, betrothed (Western dialect) (PAN: *Sawiki)

pu-tjezaleave over, save (esp. food) (PAN: *teda)

putsaqfoam (W) (PAN: *puCaq)

pu-tsaqito defecate (PAN: *pu-Caqi) *Caqi

pu-tsemeltreat with medicine; a doctor (PAN: *Cemel)

Paiwan (540 / 1005)

pu-zalʸumto put water in or on (PAN: *pu-daNum) *daNum

puzuɬcocoon; spool; stick on which cord is wound (PAN: *puduN)

qacaŋpigpen (NOISE)

qadawsun; day; clock, watch (PAN: *qajaw)

qaḍislarge white hawk, Eastern marsh harrier:Circus aeruginosus spilonotus (PAN: *qadiS)

qalifriend (when both friends are male) (NEAR)

qalʸaenemy, stranger (PAN: *qaNa)

qalʸa-qalʸaoutsiders, guests from other villages (PAN: *qaNa)

qalʸi-anspindle and whorl (for weaving) (PAN: *qaNi)

qalʸitsskin, pod, shell (PAN: *qaNiC)

qalʸudjto lose, throw away (PAN: *qañud)

qalʸupto hunt (PAN: *qanup) *qaNup

qampangolin, anteater (PAN: *qaRem)

qamisnorth (PAN: *qamiS)Northeastern

qanivuŋPhoenix hanceana var. formosana (bush and fruit) (PAN: *qanibuŋ)

qaŋelitsbe scorched (rice or millet) (PAN: *qaŋeliC)

qaŋeruodor of rotted crab (PAN: *qaŋeRu)

qapedugall bladder; bile (PAN: *qapejux)

qapizsomething braided in six strands (as jewelry) (PAN: *qapid)

qa-qalʸup-anhunting territory (PAN: *qaNup-an) *qaNup

Paiwan (560 / 1005)

qa-qalʸup-enwild game (object of hunting) (PAN: *qaNup-en) *qaNup

qa-qelʸev-anprison (PAN: *qeNeb₁)

qarizaŋstring beans (PAN: *qaRidaŋ)

qaselupestle (PAN: *qaSelu)

qatiasalt (PAN: *qasiRa)

qatsayliver (PAN: *qaCay)

qaubamboo (generic) (PAN: *qauR)

qauŋto weep; grief, sorrow (PAN: *qauŋ)

qava-nshoulder (PAN: *qabaRa-an) *qabaRa₁

qavasa blaze (mark cut on tree to show ownership) (PAN: *qabaS)

qavuashes; betel lime (PAN: *qabu)

qavu-qavu-anstove, three-stone fireplace for cooking (PAN: *qabu-an) *qabu

qavuvuŋheart (physical organ) (NEAR)

qawqawshout loudly (PAN: *qawqaw)

qayamomen bird (PAN: *qayam₁)

qeletsa joint in bamboo (PAN: *qeleC)

qeluzmain house pillar (which supports ridge pole) (PAN: *qelud)

qelʸevdiaphragm (anat.) (PAN: *qeNeb₁)

qelʸuanimal trail, small path made by animals (PAN: *qeNuR)

qemqemhave mouth full; to muzzle (PAN: *qemqem)

Paiwan (580 / 1005)

qemusomething that has been beaten in a mortar, as millet into flour (PAN: *qemu)

qesir(onom.) have a deadened sound (as bells falling to the ground) (PAN: *qesir)

qesirto have a deadened sound (as if bells fell to the ground) (ROOT)

qetepto swallow liquid while masticating something solid (as sugarcane) (PAN: *qesep)

qetjutjfart, flatulence (PAN: *qetut)

qetseŋbarrier, fence, enclosure; a "no entry" sign to humans or evil spirits (e.g. a stick left in certain position in front of house) (PAN: *qeCeŋ)

qetseŋelblack (PAN: *qeCeŋeN)

qetsiluegg (of bird, snake) (PAN: *qiCeluR)

qevutjextinguish a fire (NOISE)

qezetja weight, pressure from above (PAN: *qedet)

qiawfrog (PAN: *qiaw)

qilusbits of faeces left around anus (PAN: *qiluS)

qilʸasmoon, month (PAN: *qiNaS)

qilʸas-anmoonlight (PAN: *qiNaS)

q<in>alʸá-nvillage (PAN: *qaNa)

q-in-am-anpangolin's hole or den (PAN: *qaRem)

q-in-atia-nsomething which has been salted (PAN: *qasiRa-en) *qasiRa

q<in>emuflour (PAN: *qemu)

q-in-uma-ncrops (PAN: *q<in>umah) *qumah

qisushark (PAN: *qiSu)

Paiwan (600 / 1005)

qiuŋsound of a pig squealing (PAN: *qiuŋ₁) *qiuŋ

q-m-adawthe sun shines (PAN: *q<um>ajaw) *qajaw

q-m-alitsto skin (animal) (PAN: *q<um>aNiC) *qaNiC

q<m>a-liusto drop off something on way to somewhere (PAN: *liuS)

q<m>alʸa-qalʸato entertain guests (PAN: *qaNa)Western

q-m-alʸupto hunt (wild game) (PAN: *q<um>aNup) *qaNup

q-m-elʸevto shut something (PAN: *qeNeb₁)

q-m-etepto "eat" the liquid portion of something (as sugarcane) (PAN: *q<um>esep) *qesep

q-m-etjutjto break wind (PAN: *q<um>etut) *qetut

q-m-ezetjpress down (as a lid); to oppress (people) (PAN: *qedet)

q-m-ilusclean a child after bowel movement (PAN: *qiluS)

q-m-ipiŋincline one's head to one side (PAN: *qipiŋ)

q-m-udjalʸto rain (PAN: *q<um>uzaN) *quzaN

q-m-uzi-quzipanimal (PAN: *qudip₁) *qudip

quayrattan:Calamus margaritae (PAN: *quay)

quḍaswhite hair (PAN: *qudaS)

qudjalʸrain (PAN: *quzaN)

(quLi)-mezawdizziness, “seeing stars” (PAN: *-medaw)

quluhead (PAN: *quluh)

qulu-quluhead end (as of bed) (PAN: *qulu qulu) *quluh

Paiwan (620 / 1005)

qumacultivated field (PAN: *qumah)

qumuwater held in the mouth (not saliva) (PAN: *qumuR)

quŋtsuytobacco-pipe (Min) (LOAN)

qupuŋa swarm of honeybees (PAN: *qupuŋ)

quriawnoise of many people shouting loudly (PAN: *quriaw)

qusav-anthirst (PAN: *quSaw-an) *quSaw

qusawthirst (PAN: *quSaw)

qutsa-qutsalʸfallow land, land formerly used for cultivation but now reverted to wilderness (PAN: *quCaN)

quvalʸhair of head; animal's hair (PAN: *qubaN)

quvispubic hair, axillary hair (PAN: *qubiS)

quzaŋshrimp, lobster (PAN: *qudaŋ)

quze-quzemdull (PAN: *qudem)

r<m>a-kudá-nwhen? at what time (to go somewhere)? (PAN: *kuja)

r-m-autsto split wood (PAN: *rauC)Western

r-m-awrawto rinse (clothing) (PAN: *rawraw)

ru-kai-kaito chatter, be a chatterbox (PAN: *kaRi₁)

ruvua nest (PAN: *Rubu)Tjuabu

ruvu-ruvunest; prison (PAN: *Rubu)Western

saclause-linking particle: and, and then (PAN: *Sa₁)

sakutsroute over which things are moved (PAN: *SakuC)

Paiwan (640 / 1005)

sa-kuyabad-tasting (PAN: *kuya₁) *kuya

s-alimbusy, preoccupied (PAN: *alim)

samaqan herb:Lactuca indica (PAN: *Samaq)

sametsia plant:Solanum nigrum (PAN: *SameCi)

sanaqotter (PAN: *Sanaq)

saŋutjto sniff; rub noses (PAN: *haŋut) *Saŋut

sapediqbe tender-footed; feet hurt (cited assa-pediq) (PAN: *Sapejiq)

sapitjbook (PAN: *Sapit)

sapuya fire; artificial light (PAN: *Sapuy)

sa-sayalʸtermite (PAN: *SayaN)

sa-sekez-ana resting place beside a trail (PAN: *Seked)

sa-sipetjworm sp. found in millet beer (NOISE)

sa-surur-anpulley (PAN: *SuluR)

satjezreturn something; object which is being returned (PAN: *SateD)

savatspiles of firewood (NOISE)

savidthings without exception, identical (as children born at the same time and all of same sex) (PAN: *Sabij)

savikiAreca catechu (tree and nut) (PAN: *Sawiki)

sawnia short while (PAN: *Sauni)

sa-zua-indestination (PAN: *dua)Western

sedjamsomething borrowed (PAN: *Sezam)

Paiwan (660 / 1005)

se-djeketsto adhere to, stick (PAN: *dekeC)

selemthe dark; the world of the dead (PAN: *Selem)

selemthe dark, the World of the Dead (ROOT)

selutstie in a knot (NOISE)

sematongue (PAN: *Sema)

s<em>enaysing (LOAN)

semutjsmothering, choking (PAN: *Semut)

se-nemabelonging to what place (village, nation)? (PAN: *nema)

seŋatsone who characteristically dislikes things (ROOT)

se-pa-lyatuto be boiled accidentally along with meat (PAN: *Nasu)

sepatjfour (PAN: *Sepat)

se-pelʸuqto overfill (PAN: *peNuq)

sepidream (ROOT)

se-qalʸato be shy (PAN: *qaNa)Western

se-qalʸudjbe lost (object); die (person); be carried away by current (PAN: *qañud)

setimeat (PAN: *Sesi)

se-tsugtsugto bump one’s head against something (PAN: *CugCug₂)

sevalʸcarry someone on the back (PAN: *SebaN)

sevusto hiss (as water on fire) (PAN: *sebuS)

sevutsremove grain stalks from field after harvest (PAN: *SebuC)

Paiwan (680 / 1005)

si-be the instrument or cause of (PAN: *Si-₁)

sibelonging to a certain time in the past (NOISE)

siaqshyness, embarrassment (PAN: *Seyaq)

si-ka-prefix for ordinal numbers (PAN: *Sika-)

sika-ḍusasecond (PAN: *Sika-duSa) *duSa

sika-limafifth (ordinal numeral) (PAN: *Sika-lima) *lima

si-káneating implement; reason for eating (PAN: *Si-kaen) *kaen

sika-puluqthe tenth (PAN: *Sika-puluq) *puluq

si-ka-ta-qalʸá-none’s own villagers (PAN: *qaNa)

si-ka-tjeluthird (PAN: *Sika-telu) *telu

simaraw animal fat (after cooking or rendering into oil it isqalev) (PAN: *SimaR)

s-in-evalʸsomeone carried on someone else's back (PAN: *S<in>ebaN) *SebaN

siŋusto sniff (PAN: *Siŋus)

si-paiz-ana fan (PAN: *paid)

si-qelʸev-anwindow, sliding door (PAN: *qeNeb₁)

sisilʸGould’s Quaker-Thrush,Alcippe brunnea brunnea Gould; an important omen bird. Flying from right to left means taboo; heard withtjiḍir [small brown omen bird] it means ‘you will eat pork’. (PAN: *SiSiN)Western

si-tiav-anyesterday (NOISE)

siupsuck in air (PAN: *Seyup)

sivanine (PAN: *Siwa)

si-vetsikwriting or drawing implement (PAN: *beCik)

Paiwan (700 / 1005)

sizinative wild goat, the Formosan serow:Capricornis crispus swinhoei Gray (PAN: *Sidi)

s-m-akutsmove objects from one place to another; move objects over same route more than one trip (PAN: *SakuC)

s<m>aŋutjto rub noses (in affection); to kiss (PAN: *haŋut) *Saŋut

s-m-apaspread out (on ground); put pad of leaves between burden and one's back (PAN: *SapaR)

s-m-apaspread out (on ground); put pad of leaves between burden and one's back (PAN: *S<um>apaR) *SapaR

s-m-apitjput in a pile (papers, etc.) (PAN: *Sapit)

s-m-apuycarry a torch or light (PAN: *S<um>apuy) *Sapuy

s-m-atjezreturn something; send off a visitor (PAN: *S<um>ateD) *SateD

s<m>a-zuago there (PAN: *dua)

s<m>ekezto stop, rest (PAN: *Seked)

s<m>emastick out the tongue (Western dialect) (PAN: *Sema)

s<m>emutjto smother someone (PAN: *Semut)

s<m>iŋusto sniff (PWMP: *Siŋus)

s<m>uayto pass (as time passes) (PAN: *SuRay)

s<m>u-kasiwto remove branches (as when tree is too large to be felled) (PAN: *kaSiw)

s<m>u-kavato take off clothes (PAN: *kabaR)

s<m>u-luseqto wipe away tears (PAN: *luSeq)

s<m>ulʸato freeze; to snow (PAN: *SuReNa)

s<m>uputo count, reckon (PAN: *SipuR)

s-m-u-vutsacure blindness (PAN: *buCa)

Paiwan (720 / 1005)

suyou, your (sg.) (PAN: *Suʔu)

su-to take off;kava ‘clothes’,su-kava ‘to take off clothes’, tjaLupun ‘hat’,su-tjaLupun ‘take off a hat’ (PAN: *Su-)

suawyawn (PAN: *Suaw)

sulemdarkness; twilight (PAN: *Sulem)

sulemdarkness, twilight (ROOT)

sulʸaice, snow (PAN: *SuReNa)

sulʸamekpowder (ROOT)

sunatpaper (LOAN)Makazayazaya

supiqlongest leaf-shoot of taro (edible) (PAN: *Supiq)

supusum, amount, number (PAN: *SipuR)

surura taut-stretched line (PAN: *SuluR)

ta-one (PAN: *esa)

ta-one (PAN: *sa₃)

ta-our, we (inclusive) (PAN: *-ta)

ta-alay-ana single thread (PAN: *sa₃)

ta-alay-ana single strand (PAN: *laway)

ta-djalansame, same kind of (“one road”) (PAN: *zalan)

ta-djalan a tsautsausame kind of people (PAN: *zalan)

ta-idayone hundred (PAN: *sa₃)

taketsmuntjac, pygmy deer (PAN: *sakeC)

Paiwan (740 / 1005)

talawfalling water (PAN: *salaw)

taleŋpine tree, evergreen (generic);Keteleeria davidiana var.formosana (PAN: *saleŋ)

taɬiwsmall (pocket-sized) whetstone (PAN: *saNiw)

tamaqa fraction (of thing, number) (PAN: *samaq)

tamaqa fraction (of thing, number) (NOISE)

tapawhouse in fields (PAN: *sapaw)

ta-puluqten (PAN: *sa-puluq) *puluq

taqtaqsplit bamboo (PAN: *saqsaq)

taqtaqsplit bamboo (NOISE)

ta-si-ka-tjeluday before yesterday (PAN: *Sika-telu) *telu

ta-tamekgnat (LOAN)

ta-tamekgnat (NEAR)

ta-tapav-antrace or ruin of where a single house formerly stood (PAN: *sapaw)

tataq-anlarge whetstone (PAN: *Sasaq-an) *Sasaq

ta veŋinone night (PAN: *beRŋi-n) *beRŋi

ta-vuled-anone single mountain (PAN: *buled₁)

tedepenter (house) (PAN: *sejep)

telʸarbrightness; light (natural) (ROOT)

teptepsuck (PAN: *sepsep)

tequŋhorn (PAN: *sequŋ)

Paiwan (760 / 1005)

tevua skin bag (made from animal’s bladder) (PAN: *sebu)

tezuhiccup (PAN: *sedu)

tiparticle used before personal name or independent pronoun (PAN: *si₁)

ti-akenI (PAN: *aken₁)

ti-akenI (PAN: *iten)

tiawday before or after today (PAN: *ka-₁)

ti-kakamy older siblings (reference) (PAN: *kaka₂)Western

tikaymaggot (PAN: *sihikay)

tikaya maggot (LOAN)

t-imawho? (fromti-ima) (PAN: *si-ima) *ima

t-ima-imawho? (several persons) (PAN: *si-ima) *ima

t<in>alawwater which has fallen (PAN: *salaw)

ti-tjenwe (incl.), independent form (PAN: *iten₃) *ita₁

ti vuvu i imawhich grandparent? (‘grandparent who?’) (PAN: *ima)

tja-our, we (inclusive) (PAN: *ta-₁)

tja-inaM (affectionate term, most frequently used in speaking to children) (PAN: *ta-ina) *ina

tja-i-vililʸbehind; afterwards (PAN: *biliN)

tjakitlarge knife, sword; sickle (Western dialect) (PAN: *takis)

tj-alʸ-amtjamsmack one's lips (PAN: *tamtam)

tjalʸekto cook food in advance (as for journey) (PAN: *taNek)

Paiwan (780 / 1005)

tjamafather (familiar, usually in questions to child) (PAN: *ta-amax) *amax

tjamakutobacco (LOAN)

tjanaqAralia decaisneana (PAN: *tanaq)

tjanu-akenme (PAN: *aken₁)

tjanu-akenme (PAN: *iten)

tjanu-itjenus (incl.) (PAN: *iten₃) *ita₁

tjara-ḍusaeach one (gets) two (PAN: *duSa)

tja-tjenun-enthreads already placed on the loom (PAN: *tenun)

tjeguŋmake noise (ROOT)

tjeguŋto make noise (PAN: *teguŋ)Western

tjeluthree (PAN: *telu)

tjelʸevheavy, flooding rain (ROOT)

tj-em-eŋtjeŋto whisper (PAN: *teŋteŋ₁)

tj<em>ukezto prop something up (PAN: *tuked)

tjenunto weave (PAN: *tenun)

tjenun-anloom (PAN: *tenun-an) *tenun

tjeŋitsgrimace at pain (PAN: *teŋiC)Western

tjevasto cut, prune, clear (vegetation) (PAN: *tebaS)

tjevesa tree:Zelkova serrata (PAN: *teRebeS)

tjevussugarcane:Saccharum officinarum (PAN: *tebuS)

Paiwan (800 / 1005)

tjezasomething saved, left over; a remainder (PAN: *teda)

tjialʸbelly (PAN: *tiaN)

tji-kezemhave the eyes closed (PAN: *kezem)

tjimizchin, mandible, jaw (PAN: *timij)

tj<in>alʸekprepared food (especially taken along for journey); cooked food in general (PAN: *t<in>aNek) *taNekWestern

tj<in>uzuq-ana drop of water that has fallen (PAN: *tuduq)

tj<m>enunto weave (cloth) (PAN: *t<um>enun) *tenun

tj<m>eŋtjeŋto whisper (NEAR)

tj<m>ialʸhave a large belly (PAN: *tiaN)

tj<m>iptjipto suck (NOISE)

tj<m>ugutto sow (grain) (NEAR)

tj-m-uktjukto peck; to strike (as a snake) (PAN: *tuktuk₁)

tj-m-uqtjuqto hammer (PAN: *tuqtuq)

tj<m>uzuqto drip (PAN: *tuduq)

tjuiqbird sp. (PAN: *tuiq)

tjukeza prop (PAN: *tuked)

tjuktjukbeak (of bird) (PAN: *tuktuk₁)

tjuɬaeel; penis (jokingly) (PAN: *tuNa)

tju-qalʸaother villages (PAN: *qaNa)Western

tjuqezlow tree-stump (PAN: *tuqed)

Paiwan (820 / 1005)

tjuqtjuqblacksmith's hammer (PAN: *tuqtuq)

tjurtjurdove, pigeon (PAN: *tuRtuR)

tjutjurdove, pigeon (PAN: *tutur₂)Western

tjutjutsparrow (PAN: *tutut)

tjuzuqa drop (of water) (PAN: *tuduq)

t<m>alawto catch falling water in a container (PAN: *salaw)

t<m>aɬiwto hone, to whet (as knife) (PAN: *saNiw)

t-m-aqtaqto split bamboo (PAN: *saqsaq)

t-m-ataqto whet (on large stone) (PAN: *Sasaq)

t<m>avuto package, wrap (PAN: *C<um>abu) *Cabu

t<m>eptepto suck (as water off skin, or blood from wound) (PAN: *s<um>epsep) *sepsep

t<m>equŋto use horns (as buffalo when fighting) (PAN: *sequŋ)

t<m>ulʸarbe bright, shining (PAN: *suNaR)Southern

t<m>ulʸarbe bright, shining (PAN: *s<um>uNaR) *suNaRSouthern

t<m>ututo suckle (PAN: *s<um>usu) *susu₁

tsakawsteal; do secretly (PAN: *Cakaw)

tsaliŋaear (PAN: *Caliŋa)

tsaliŋa-liŋaColeus scutellarioides;Iresine herbstii (PAN: *Caliŋa)

tsaliŋa nua djaumeye of a needle (PAN: *Caliŋa)

tsalisa hemp cord (PAN: *CaliS)

Paiwan (840 / 1005)

ts-alʸ-ebakmake the sound of one object falling (as stone, book) (PAN: *Cebak)

ts<aly>udjuq-anfinger (PAN: *Cuzuq)

tsalʸumto carry water (PAN: *CaNum)Western

tsaŋladmiscanthus grass (PAN: *Caŋelaj)

tsapadried meat or fish (PAN: *Capa)

tsapela cloth patch (PAN: *Capel)

tsaqiexcrement, feces (PAN: *Caqi)

tsaqismake clothes by sewing; sew (-en) (PAN: *CaqiS)

tsaquto be able to (PAN: *Caqu)

tsaqu-anskill (PAN: *Caqu-an) *CaquWestern

tsasawoutdoors, outside (PAN: *CaSaw)

tsa-tsaqis-enclothes being made by sewing (PAN: *Ca-CaqiS) *CaqiS

tsau tsauperson, human being; (in some contexts) living being (as embryo found in egg, or bee as opposed to the nest) (PAN: *Cau Cau) *Cau

tsavilʸyear (PAN: *CawiN)

tsavua wrapping; fingerless gloves for work in fields (PAN: *Cabu)

tsebukmake a "bong" sound (PAN: *Cebuk)

tsegtsega nail (PAN: *CegCeg)

tsegtsega nail (PAN: *CegCeg)Western

tsekesthin bamboo (used for pipe stems, arrow shafts); a pipestem (PAN: *CekeS)

tsektseka stake, pointed stick (PAN: *CekCek)

Paiwan (860 / 1005)

tselaqa crack or split (e.g., in wood, foot, fruit) (PAN: *Celaq)

tselaqcrack or split (ROOT)

tseltselpound in a nail (PAN: *CelCel)

tsemelplants (generic, excluding trees); medicine (including now pills and injections) (PAN: *Cemel)

tseme-tsemeluncultivated land (PAN: *Ceme-Cemel) *Cemel

tsetekhave an injection (PAN: *Cesek)

tse-tsemela grass field (PAN: *Ceme-Cemel) *CemelWestern

tseviqa portion of something left after shares have been taken (PAN: *Cebiq)

tsevudspring-water; water from a natural source (PAN: *Cebuj)

tsevulʸsmoke (PAN: *CebuN)

tsevuŋto meet; something held in common (as field jointly owned) (PAN: *Cebuŋ)

tsikel-ucome back! (PAN: *Cikel)

ts-in-akawstolen objects (PAN: *C<in>akaw) *Cakaw

ts-in-aqis-ansewn seam (PAN: *CaqiS-an) *CaqiS

ts-in-ulʸube burnt, slaughtered (PAN: *C<in>uNuh) *CuNuh

tsiŋasfood particles between teeth (PAN: *CiŋaS)

tsiqawfish (generic) (PAN: *Ciqaw)

tsirularge dipper (PAN: *Cidu)

ts-m-abtsabclap hands (PAN: *CabCab)

ts-m-alisto manufacture hemp cord (PAN: *C<um>aliS) *CaliS

Paiwan (880 / 1005)

ts<m>aŋitjto wail (PAN: *C<um>aŋis) *CaŋisWestern

ts-m-aqissew, make clothes by sewing (PAN: *C<um>aqiS) *CaqiS

ts<m>egstegto drive a nail into something (PAN: *CegCeg)Western

ts-m-egtsegdrive a nail into something (PAN: *CegCeg)

ts<m>evulʸbe smoky; perform type of ritual action (PAN: *CebuN)

ts-m-ikelto return (somewhere) (PAN: *Cikel)

ts-m-ugtsughit something against something else (PAN: *CugCug₁)

ts<m>ugtsugto hit something against something else; to knock on (door) (PAN: *C<um>ugCug) *CugCug₂

ts-m-ulʸuto roast meat; burn something or someone; kill a pig or chicken (PAN: *C<um>uNuh) *CuNuh

ts-m-uqelalʸbe bony, have prominent bones (PAN: *CuqelaN)

ts-m-usuto string (beads) (PAN: *C<um>uSuR) *CuSuR

ts-m-uvuqto sprout (PAN: *C<um>ubuq) *Cubuq

tsukevcover (ROOT)

tsulʸuto roast something (PAN: *CuNuh)

tsulʸu-anheat (PAN: *CuNuh-an) *CuNuh

tsumaythe Formosan black bear (PAN: *Cumay)

tsupukhit with a club (ROOT)

tsuqelalʸbone (PAN: *CuqelaN)

tsuqelalʸ nua kasiwheartwood (PAN: *CuqelaN)

tsurisa scratch, gash (wound); a line (PAN: *Curis)

Paiwan (900 / 1005)

tsusua cord for stringing something on (as beads, millet) (PAN: *CuSuR)

tsuvuqa free-standing sprout; bamboo sprout (PAN: *Cubuq)

tu-aoblique case marker for common nouns (PAN: *su)

tukuz-anstaff, cane, walking stick (PAN: *sukud)

tulʸarbrightness, light (PAN: *suNaR)Southern

tuqulʸcarry on the head (PAN: *suquN)

tuqulʸa tree:Acacia confusa (PAN: *tuquN)

tu-tsunow (PAN: *-Cu)

tutubreasts (PAN: *susu₁)

uaexclamation of pain or surprise (PAN: *ua₁)

uatsvein, blood vessel; sinew (PAN: *huRaC)

u kaif ... were to (PAN: *ka₂)

ulawcountless; a boundless number (PAN: *ulaw)

ulʸaysomething broken off inside something else (as thorn in flesh) (PAN: *uNay)

umaqhouse; (Western Paiwan) grave (PAN: *Rumaq)

uqalʸaymale (PAN: *RuqaNay)

utjaqvomit (PAN: *utaq)

vadiwedible mushroom sp. (PAN: *bajiw)

vaigive (PAN: *beRay)

vaidaweaver's sword (for loom) (PAN: *baRija)

Paiwan (920 / 1005)

valaŋaa mortar (PAN: *balaŋa)

valaŋa-laŋaminiature mortar (for betel nut) (PAN: *balaŋa)

valeŋpickled meat (preserved with salt, water, and millet beer dregs) (PAN: *baleŋ₂)

valetoppose someone, talk or strike back; do in return; trade places with; return a visit; oppose, take revenge (PAN: *bales₁)

valiwind, air (PAN: *bali₃)

valiwind (LOAN)

validthick (forest), dense, closely planted (NOISE)

valʸaa plant:Smilax bracteata,S. china (PAN: *baNaR)

valʸasmale, of animal (somewhat obscene) (PAN: *baNaS)

valʸiboard, wooden plank (NOISE)

valʸitjuqshiny metal object; lead; bullet; money (LOAN)

vaŋasa tree:Melia azedarach (PAN: *baŋaS)

vaŋ-vaŋchest cavity (anatomical) (PAN: *baRaŋ)

vaqesiŋa sneeze (PAN: *baqeSiŋ)

vaqu-annew (PAN: *baqeRuh)

v-ar-eŋveŋblazing, of fire (PAN: *b<aR>eŋbeŋ) *beŋbeŋ₂Western

vatseed, kernel, grain; testicles (PAN: *beRas)

vatsalʸa deep pool; lake (Western Paiwan) (PAN: *waCaN)

vatsa-vatsalʸsmall pond (PAN: *waCa-waCaN) *waCaNWestern

va-vai-anwoman, female person (PAN: *ba-bahi) *bahi

Paiwan (940 / 1005)

vavawup, above (PAN: *babaw₃)

vavuywild pig:Sus taivanus (PAN: *babuy₃)

velakaa split in wood (ROOT)

velaqa slit, rip; vulva (PAN: *belaq)

velibuy, sell (PAN: *beli)

velʸelemcloud shadows; overcast (PAN: *beNelem)

velʸelemcloud shadows; overcast (ROOT)

velʸvelʸbanana (PAN: *beNbeN)

venandeer (gen.);Cervus unicolor swinhoei (PAN: *benan)

veŋinnight (as occurrence) (PAN: *beRŋi-n) *beRŋi

veŋveŋwind-screen, shelter (PAN: *beŋbeŋ₁)

vereŋetswrinkled; scowling (face) (ROOT)

vetsikwriting; tattoo; design (carved, beadwork, etc.) (PAN: *beCik)

vetsucallus (PAN: *beCu)

viaqleaf used in rites (may be of various plants) (PAN: *biRaq₁)

vigeŋnitsto make faces (ROOT)

vililʸbe behind (when moving) (PAN: *biliN)

vilʸuaqOreopanax formosanus,Hibiscus mutabilis (NOISE)

vilʸvilʸpull towards oneself (as one's hand) (NOISE)

v-in-etsik-ansomething which has been written or drawn (PAN: *b<in>eCik) *beCik

Paiwan (960 / 1005)

viqi-viqirlopsided, off-center (PAN: *biqiR)

vireŋitsgrimace at pain (ROOT)

vi-reŋitsto grimace (at pain) (PAN: *reŋiC)Western

virileft (direction) (PAN: *wiRi)

virvirlips (PAN: *biRbiR)

vitjivitjwave; wag back and forth; dart back and forth (PAN: *witiwit)

vitsukastomach (PAN: *biCuka)

v-n-aito give (PAN: *beRay)

v<n>akaŋto walk bowlegged (intentionally) (PAN: *bakaŋ₁)

v<n>aŋasto thunder in winter (? a sign thatvaŋas are budding) (PAN: *baŋaS)Western

v<n>aqesiŋto sneeze (when one sneezes he should say ‘palisi’ [taboo] and if going somewhere he should return home) (PAN: *baqeSiŋ)

v<n>ay-vaydry something in the sun (by hanging it up) (PAN: *waRi₁)

v-n-ekutspull something down (as branch of tree); pull trigger (PAN: *bekuC)

v-n-elaqsplit a long object; split with one blow (PAN: *b<in>elaq) *belaq

v-n-elʸutspull up or out (grass, plants) (PAN: *beNuC)

v-n-etsubecome calloused (PAN: *beCu)

v-n-etu(of food) to cause to be satiated (PAN: *besuR)

v-n-iqircause to be lopsided (PAN: *biqiR)

v-n-tsikto write; to design (PAN: *b<in>eCik) *beCik

v-n-uklet something rot (PAN: *b<in>uRuk) *buRuk

Paiwan (980 / 1005)

vuakto hatch (NOISE)

vuaqDioscorea alata (wild);Dioscorea esculenta var. spinosa (cultigen) (PAN: *buaq)

vukrotten meat (PAN: *buRuk)

vukidforest; forested inland mountain areas; continuous forest (PAN: *bukij)

vuki-vukideyebrow; woods on foothills (said to be inhabited by ancestors and evil spirits) (PAN: *bukij)

vuleda single mountain (PAN: *buled₁)

vulilʸawlʸawwhirlwind (PAN: *buli-)

vulʸawloach (fish sp.) (NOISE)

vunavunseedlings of grains or grasses (PAN: *bunabun)

vuŋuMeliosma rhoifolia (young leaves fried and added to soup) (PAN: *buŋuR)

vusRhus semialata var. roxburghiana (leaves used as soap) (PAN: *beRuS)

vuteŋutsmake a wry face (ROOT)

vutjsquirrel (PAN: *buhet)

vutuenemy (PAN: *busuR₁)

vuvugrandparents/grandchildren (PAN: *bubu₆)

z<al>eŋzeŋto make the sound of wind (PAN: *deŋdeŋ₂)

zalʸumwater (PAN: *daNum)

zaqusoapberry (PAN: *daqu₂)Butanglu

zayaupland; upriver (PAN: *daya)

zeletbowstring (PAN: *deles)

Paiwan (1000 / 1005)

zemzempitch dark(ness) (PAN: *demdem₂)

zepuŋcobra:Naja naja (PAN: *depuŋ)

zetzetto tighten weave (by using wooden tamper) (PAN: *detdet)

z-m-aiŋmake noise, shout (PAN: *daRiŋ)

zua-zua-infurthest (PAN: *dua)Western

zuŋdistant rolling thunder (PAN: *deRuŋ₁)