Movatterモバイル変換

ka-marker of past participle or achieved states:ka-reŋey ‘heard’ (cp.reŋey ‘to hear’);ka-ituŋ ‘remembered’ (cp.ituŋ ‘to remember’) (PMP: *ka-₇)

ogawobbly because it is not firmly embedded (of tooth, housepost, stake, etc.) (PWMP: *ugaq)

ter-atercontribution or gift which is taken to the home of the recipient (usually consists of food) (PMP: *hateD) *SateD

waruwild cotton or hibiscus tree, affording fibre bark for rope, etc.; fibre from wild cotton tree (POC: *paRu) *baRu

a-prefix used before adjectives (mostly in 17th and 18th century texts) (PMP: *ha-₁) *ha-

acaraʔpickled, of raw fruits (e.g. grated papaya), thin-sliced cucumber, peeled onion, Spanish pepper and flying fish eggs rolled into marble-sized balls and steeped in vinegar (LOAN)

allaʔinterval, intervening space, unhabited area between two inhabited areas (PMP: *qelet) *qeleC

amalaʔperform good works in the expectation of a reward in the Hereafter (LOAN)

amaratree with strong wood used to make the shafts of lances and pikes, and also formerly used to make the finishing planks of royal canoes (PWMP: *amaRa)

am-baŋuŋstand up from a reclining position; to construct, build a house, erect a mast, found a society, rouse a reclining or sleeping person, rouse the dead from their graves on Judgement Day (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

ambaraʔhaving lost its taste or force (as wine, cajuput oil, perfumes, vinegar, salt, glue that has lost its adhesiveness, magic formula that no longer works, etc.) (PMP: *qambaR)

am-barrasaʔappear in large numbers all at once (of pimples, pock marks); having kernels that are already visible in the husk (of corn; if the kernels are somewhat larger they are referred to asaʔmata-doaŋ) (PMP: *beRas)

ambaʔtry to hit something in a game (one marble with another, billiard ball, etc.) (PMP: *ambak)

am-mantuŋpull up, raise, hoist (of fishing rod, fish, sail, etc.) (PMP: *bantun)

am-munokill, extinguish, do away with, rub out with an eraser; leave undone (work) (PWMP: *maŋ-bunuq) *buNuq₂

am-muʔbuʔpull out, as rice seedlings to be transplanted, a sword from its scabbard (PMP: *butbut₂) *buCbuC

ampallasaʔtree with broad leaves used to sand wood smooth:Ficus Ampelas (PMP: *qa(m)pelas)

anaʔchild; son, daughter; young of animals, young plant; smaller part of a larger thing (PMP: *anak) *aNak

anaʔ anaʔchild (immature person), young man, young woman; servant, follower; doll of native manufacture; part of a casting net (PWMP: *anak anak) *aNak

an-nambaʔstrike with something flexible, as a whip or length of rattan (PMP: *tambak₁)

an-nanaŋplanting of young seedlings in the rice paddy (after they have been pulled up from the seedbed) (PMP: *tanem) *CaNem

annoŋkoʔto cover, cover up (a roof with reeds, grass or leaves; a table; a pot; damage) (PWMP: *tuŋkup)

antaraʔgive presents at the end of the fasting month, and on Chinese and European New Year's Day; what one has brought back from a trip (fruits, etc.) to give as presents to the neighbors (PMP: *hateD) *SateD

antiŋ-antiŋring-shaped ear ornament; pendulous flesh under the ears of certain kinds of goats (LOAN)

anuaŋrare large ruminant found in mountain areas:Anoa depressicornis (PMP: *qanuaŋ) *qaNuaŋ

a-ñukkiɁpick fruit from a tree with a bamboo pole that has a hook on the end (PMP: *su(ŋ)kit)

-aŋ1. suffix used to form passive nouns: that on which, in which, with which something is done (e.g.doŋkoʔ 'back (anat.)' :doŋkok-aŋ 'carriage',at-taʔgalaʔ 'to hold, keep ahold of' :taʔgall-aŋ 'handle',enteŋ 'stand, stand up' :enteŋ-aŋ 'place where one stands, position'); 2. suffix used to form deverbal adjectives or nouns with a passive sense, and carrying an implication of possibility or desirability; 3. suffix used to form adjectives with the meaning 'afflicted with, suffering from' (e.g.kaluara 'ant' :kaluar-àŋ 'covered with ants',bulalaʔ 'white spot on the cornea' :bulalakk-aŋ 'have a white spot on the cornea'; 4. substitute for the more commonly used-aŋŋaŋ, which expresses the comparative; here also belong indications of place and time in comparison with other place and time indicators; 5. suffix in connection withsiapa andpiraŋ- 'how much', with the meaning 'how much not'; 6. verbal suffix with the meaning 'do something for the benefit of, do something with something, do something because of something, do something at a certain point in time' (PAN: *-an)

aŋ-giliŋturn something around; turn words around; wind up, as a large clock; grind fine with a grindstone (PWMP: *maŋ-giliŋ) *giliŋ

aŋŋ-antaraʔgive presents at the end of the fasting month, and on Chinese and European New Year; offer to one's neighbors what one has brought back from a trip (as fruits or other things) (PWMP: *maŋ-hateD) *SateD

apuŋdew that has not yet condensed, but which still appears as a mist (PMP: *hapun₁) *hapun

arruŋdull roar (of wind, approaching rain, rushing of river current, etc.) (PWMP: *heRuŋ)

assaʔpress against something, push something into a place, forcefully cram something in (PMP: *esek₁) *esek

assaʔpress against something, push or press something in, cram in with force (PMP: *hasek₂)

ataslave, servant, subject of a ruler; still present in polite expressions (PMP: *qaRta)

ata-ntayour servant (used by women or children toward persons deserving respect) (PMP: *qaRta)

atteʔnotch in a post or stick, notch in a coconut tree used for climbing (PMP: *hetek) *Setek

au-auedible seafish, shining white and unspotted, the mackerel:Scomber neglectus (PWMP: *abu abu)

aʔ-ballaŋ-ballaŋwith light discoloration, with white spots (as a french-polished table which has gotten wet), with brown spots (as a manuscript) (PWMP: *belaŋ belaŋ) *belaŋ₂

aʔ-bantiŋbeat wet clothes on a plank or stone, as in washing them; suddenly flip over, of an automobile or bicycle (PMP: *bantiŋ)

aʔ-bua-buajaact like a crocodile, greedily devour everything; children's game in which a boy wrapped in a sarong with arms and legs outstretched creeps forward on the ground in order to catch the other boys (PMP: *buqaya)

aʔ-bulu kapasaʔwith nest feathers (of doves); downy, showing the first signs of pubic hair (humorously for pubescent boys and girls) (PMP: *bulu₁)

aʔ-bumbuŋplateful; heaping full, of a measuring cup with rice, etc.; raised up, banked up, of a place (PMP: *bunbun)

aʔbuŋablossoming, flowering; strew flowers on a grave; the first signs of an illness (PMP: *buŋa)

aʔ-busa-i bawa-ya'the mouth foams', said of someone who has spoken a long time, as in admonishing another (PMP: *busa₁)

aʔ-jujuŋtake or carry on the head (as a basket full of rice) (PWMP: *zuŋzuŋ)

aʔ-linruŋprotected, sheltered; shaded; be in the lee of something; shelter from the rain; give protection or cover (PAN: *liduŋ)

aʔ-ŋaŋawide open; have the mouth wide open; open the mouth, gape (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

aʔ-rereto bubble; to boil (intr.); (fig.) boiling, as someone’s mind, feelings (PMP: *diqdiq)

baguGnetum gnemon; a tree which yields bast fiber used in making cordage (PWMP: *baguh)

bakaoblong basket made of areca leaf sheath wrapped in woven rattan or bamboo peeling, used esp. as a carrying basket on horseback (PWMP: *bakaq-bakaq)

bakkaraʔto open, unfurl something that is rolled up (mat, rolled leaf) (PWMP: *bekaj)

bakkaraʔto open, unfurl, of something that is rolled up (mat, leaf that is rolled) (PMP: *be(ŋ)kaR)

bakukuŋlarge edible sea fish with a tough skin:Sparus hasta (PWMP: *bakukuŋ)

balasaʔwhat is reciprocated; revenge; answer (to a letter or request) (PAN: *bales₁)

ballaŋmulti-colored, spotted, speckled; white, of the legs of a horse, the eyes of a fowl or a horse; kind of skin affliction, white with spots (as after having suffered a burn) (PMP: *belaŋ₂)

ballasaʔsuffer greatly, have much difficulty with something; be miserable (NOISE)

balli-aŋwhat can be bought, things that can be purchased; buy for, purchase for the benefit of (someone); purchase for a particular amount (PWMP: *beli-an) *beli

balliʔthe cross-cutting bamboo laths which project above the roof (PWMP: *belit₁)

banderaflag; one of the thirty kinds of cards in thepatui andgoaŋ-góŋ game (LOAN)

baŋkulisiʔscaleless, striped marine fish about half a meter long, with forked tail fin (PWMP: *baŋkulis)

baŋkuŋcurved wooden piece on the outer end of the outrigger of an outrigger canoe used to hold firm the bamboo staves which run parallel to the hull and give it balance (PMP: *beŋkuŋ)

barabasaʔfall suddenly and in a great quantity fall down together in a large circle (of fruit, leaves, rain) (PWMP: *barasbas)

barakkaʔbless; receive a gift by being considered an exceptionally blessed person (LOAN)

baraŋparticle that indicates uncertainty or indefiniteness with regard to an action or a thing, thus: perhaps, possible; also the expression of a wish: hopefully (PMP: *baraŋ₁) *baraŋ

barayaŋtree with partly upward- and partly downward-turning branches (PWMP: *barayaŋ)

barayaŋtree with partly upward- and partly downward-tturning branches (PWMP: *barayeŋ)

barisour, musty, of prepared foods that have been left standing too long (PMP: *baRiw)

bariʔgrain (in wood), spots (of civet cat or panther), stripes (of tiger) (PMP: *barik)

basuŋfunnel-shaped basket made from the midribs of sago fronds, and used to carry sago (PWMP: *basuŋ)

battacut off a piece or pieces of something, hack off (as by setting a knife or chisel against something and striking it, or through the use of areca nut shears) (PMP: *beta₂)

battucome, arrive (as rain, an asthma attack); something not belonging in a place and so arriving fortuitously (PMP: *betu) *betu₁

batustone, rock; gemstone; weight; net weights; fetus in first month of pregnancy; wages paid for the performance of sacred duties; numeral classifier used in counting houses, ships, fruits, clothing, coins, etc. (PMP: *batu) *batux

batu paradared or yellow stone the scrapings of which are used ... to make paintrappo parada a fruit the seeds of which yield a red dye:Bixa orellana; to gild; to paint (LOAN)

baʔbaraʔunroll something that is rolled up (as a sail); come loose, of something that was previously stuck on; no longer taut (of an anchor rope) (PWMP: *bajbaj)

bibiʔaunt (used by Makasarese-speaking Chinese); also used of rice peddlars (originally mostly Javanese or Madurese women) (LOAN)

bicaraconversation, talk; judicial decision; lawsuit; quarrel; matter, affair; arranged so that (LOAN)

bidadarinymphs (in stories translated from Malay), attendants of princesses from the spirit world (LOAN)

bidalaʔofficial of the mosque whose duties include calling the faithful to prayer; moreover, like other mosque officials he functions as a leader in all types of religious obligations where customary law requires the presence of one or more religious officials (as at funerals or weddings) (LOAN)

bidara paiʔwildbidara, the wood and bark of which is bitter, and is used as medicine against consumption and freckles (PWMP: *bidara)

bilakind of small tree, of which two types are distinguished: 1. thebila nikanre,Aegle marmelos, with sweet edible fruits and much used in making hedges, and 2. thebila paiʔ,Crescentia acuminata, bitterbila, the fruits of which are inedible but which when hollowed out can be used to fetch and store water; the flesh of this fruit is used to remove rust from weapons (PMP: *bila₁)

bilaŋnumber, quantity; act of counting; in counting fish and fruits: fish or fruit that are laid apart as a sign that one already has counted one hundred (PAN: *bilaŋ₁)

biliʔroom (usually with reference to Makasarese houses); hall; partition off a room in which to sleep (PMP: *bilik)

biluʔto luff, sail with the wind; swerve to left or right (of a kite) (PMP: *biluk)

bineseedling, rice plant that will be transplanted; in some expressions also the seed rice (PMP: *binehiq) *bineSiq

bintaʔkind of pirate ship with two tripodal masts, a bulwark, generally two cabins on top, and two rows of oars on either side (LOAN)

bintiŋcarry something with the hand dangling (as fish); lift up; promote (PMP: *bintiŋ)

biŋkuŋ-kayuadze, carpenter's implement used to shape a plank before planing it (PMP: *biŋkuŋ)

biŋkurukind of tree the roots of which yield a red dye:Morinda citrifolia (PWMP: *biŋkudu)

birawild taro with inedible tuber:Alocasia macrorrhiza; the cylindrical stalks contain a sap that causes itching (PMP: *biRaq₁)

biraŋnatively manufactured coarse, white cloth; measure of material for sarongs or sails (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

biri-birisheep (only in stories translated from Malay; the animal is unknown to most Makasarese) (LOAN)

birua tree whose leaves are used to preparemadaʔ (opium), and to wrapsirih in chewing areca-nut:Licuala Rumphii (PMP: *biRu)

biuŋcrooked (as the mouth, a house that doesn't stand up straight) (PWMP: *biquŋ)

bomboŋfirst stage in the sprouting of tree leaves (second stage ismarawantiŋ, third stage iskaroppoʔ(-toa) orlekoʔ-toa); figuratively of young girls (PWMP: *buŋbuŋ₃)

boroŋ-aŋaccept a certain job for a previously determined remuneration, either for the entire job, or in proportion to the amount accomplished (LOAN)

boʔboʔa hole made in something (e.g. in a housepost, in a sack by a mouse gnawing); opening, hollow, small round cavity in an oblong block of rice; emerge, come out, of an egg being laid or a baby chick hatching, (NOISE)

buaja-bontoland crocodile -- used of someone who eats in a greedy fashion (PMP: *buqaya)

buaʔprofitable to use, of something that lasts long, or from which much can be distributed; grow rapidly, of something which requires little effort; what one mutters at the inception or setting-up of something (to insure its success); to make (Salayar; poetic); benefit, use, profit (archaic) (PMP: *buhat₂)

bubaraʔdisperse, break up (of a meeting, a crowd being dispersed by police, etc.) (LOAN)

buburuʔrice porridge with water but no coconut cream; delicacy made of soft-cooked sticky black rice, brown sugar and sweet wood (PMP: *buRbuR₁)Salayar

bubusuk-i anaʔ-naher child was delivered of its own accord, without the intervention of a midwife (PMP: *busbus)

bubusuʔrelease and fall, fall out of something, fall through, sag or cave in (floor) (PMP: *busbus)

bui-buiedible fish about 10 cm. in length: horse mackerel,Caranx leptolepis (NOISE)

bujaŋbachelor; also used humorously of a man whose wife is away, as on a trip (LOAN)

bukabreak the Moslem fast at the end of each day, between sunset and sunrise (PMP: *buka)

bukkuluʔbegin to swell, of the breasts of a girl of 11 to 12 years of age; emerge from the ground all at once, of maize plants; begin to bud, ofjambu blossoms (PMP: *buŋkul)

bukkuʔwith a hump; bent, of the back; with an arched back or chest; warped, of wood; arched awning on a boat, made of bamboo and palm-leaf matting or of wood (PMP: *buŋkuk)

bulaŋmanner in which an artificial cockspur is bound to the leg of a fighting cock (PWMP: *bulaŋ)

bulubody hair, fur, down, fluff, wool, feathers, plant floss, quill of a porcupine (PMP: *bulu₁)

bumbuŋa piece of somewhat elevated ground; in playing tag it serves as a stopping place (home base), where one may not be tagged; by extension any home base in the game of tag, as a tree or a stone (PMP: *bunbun)

bumbuŋ-ifill heaping full; heap up earth, bank up earth around something (PMP: *bunbun)

buntalaʔfish that is abel to inflate itself, box fish:Ostracion turritus,Diodon hystrix; fig. an unreliable person (PMP: *buntal)

buŋaflower, blossom; flower motif; bow, knot (as in a waistband); refined expression for the vulva; maidenhood (poetic) (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋa-buŋalittle flower, figurative for a young girl that one has at home (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋa-buŋa bicaraflowery talk, highly embellished speech with many digressions (PMP: *buŋa)

buŋasaʔthe first, and hence the most important, the quintessence of something; used for the first time, take place for the first time; maidenhood (PMP: *buŋas)

buŋkusuʔclassifier for things that come in packages (tea, cigarettes, etc.); basket containing steamed rice and eggs and a packet made of banana leaves; an apparition that takes the form of a bundle rolling across one's path (PWMP: *buŋkus)

buŋoroʔkind of tree which produces a good grade of timber:Lagerstroemia speciosa (PAN: *buŋuR)

burasaʔkind of rice croquette made of steamed rice mixed with boiled coconut cream which is then wrapped in a banana leaf, tightly bound and cooked (LOAN)

buruŋ matibird of paradise (known only from nonliving specimens imported from eastern Indonesia) (LOAN)

burusuʔpull off (sarong, shirt over the head, belt from the belt-loop of the pants); remove, slip off (as ring from finger) (PWMP: *burus₁)

busafoam (on water, milk, beer, mouth of an animal; the frothy sweat between the hind legs of a horse that has run hard (PMP: *busa₁)

butablind; dull, of a mirror which has lost all or most of its quicksilver (and hence its reflectivity); dry, of a well (PMP: *buta₁) *buCa

butoscrotum; sack of a fish net; rear portion of a large fish trap; point of a nail; (fig.) most prominent part of a business matter or a feast; someone who gives support to, or from whom the impetus comes for some piece of work (PMP: *butuq) *buCuq

buttulump, knot, bump, unevenness; roundkemiri pit (one per fruit) (PMP: *butequl)

buttuʔknock something in (as a nail); drive or ram something in (as ammunition into a gun) (PMP: *butuk)

buyaŋkind of bark cloth used to wrap packages, and as writing paper (PWMP: *buyaŋ)

buyaŋ layaŋ-layaŋkite paper; Chinese paper made of bamboo and used among other things to manufacture kites (PWMP: *buyaŋ)

buʔbuluʔkind of tree with edible fruit, somewhat like those of thekatondeŋVitex cofassus) (NOISE)

buʔbuʔwood worm; the powder or dust that falls out of wood or bamboo being eaten by this insect (PMP: *bukbuk₃)

buʔne maricakind ofAntidesma, smaller than the ordinaryAntidesma and very sour after ripening (PWMP: *buRnay)

buʔne-tedoŋAntidesma bunius, somewhat larger than the usualbuʔne and, after ripening slightly bitter (PWMP: *buRnay)

dillaʔglitter, sparkle (metal), glisten (skin), flicker (fire) (PMP: *dilap₁)

gannaʔcomplete, full (of a certain quantity or a certain duration of time; sufficient; to complete with something; even, of numbers; never satisfied, difficult (of a person) (PWMP: *genep)

gioʔmovement, the way that one moves in walking, manner of doing something, way of acting (NOISE)

gucik.o. imported stone pot with a small opening, used to store oil, etc. (LOAN)

i bukkuʔthe humped one, a nickname for someone with an arched back or chest (PMP: *buŋkuk)

ilaŋlose in thetoŋkó (dice) game; deceased (of princes or prominent persons) (PMP: *qilaŋ)

inruʔthe sugar palm:Arenga saccharifera; the flower spadix is tapped to make palm wine (PWMP: *izuk)

ka-prefix that forms adjectives carrying a sense of being caused or brought about:ka-mallaɁ-mallaɁ ‘struck with fear’ (cp.mallaɁ ‘afraid’) (PMP: *ka-₇)

kaka-Ɂolder brother or sister; sometimes used by a woman as a term of address to her husband (PMP: *kaka₂)

kambaraʔa pair or a whole formed of two or more things or persons that resemble one another; twins (LOAN)

kapuʔfastened shut, of a chest; buttoned, of a jacket; closed, of the mouth, eyes (PMP: *kaput₁) *kaput

ka-taŋkaa tree with wood from which very straight planks are made:Millingtonia hortensis (PMP: *taŋga₂)

kayuwood; classifier for counting animals, rolls of goods, pieces (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

kayu saŋawood of theStagnaria verniciflua; it has a sap that causes strong itching (PWMP: *saŋa₂)

koŋkoŋdog; also used as a call; waterfowl named from its cry (PAN: *ku(ŋ)kuŋ)

kuritaoctopus (people believe that these animals can sink large ships) (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

kuʔruʔclucking sound of hen used to call chickens or used by hen to call her chicks (PWMP: *kuruk)

labusunk, as a ship; driven in, as a thorn in the sole of the foot or a dagger in someone’s body (PWMP: *labuq₁)

lammaweak, soft, slack (also of leadership); flexible, supple; inner part of bread (PWMP: *lemeq)

lammaŋa hunter’s feast consisting of large pieces of the best venison that one puts together with all kinds of other ingredients in a bamboo cooker that one then sets next to the fire (PWMP: *lemeŋ₂)

laŋŋaplant with a seed that yields a useful oil:Sesamum orientale (PMP: *leŋa)

lappasaʔloose, liberated, free; dismissed, discharged; come to an end, past (PWMP: *lepas)

larisea fish with five stripes, much relished because it is not oily and has few bones (PMP: *lajih)

lawe-aŋdevice consisting of two vertical bamboos that support criss-crossing laths used to make three- or five-strand threads (PWMP: *laway-an) *laway

layaŋto glide through the air, as an object that has been thrown; to vaporize, as the bouquet of wine or the power of a medicine (PWMP: *layaŋ₁)

lilatongue; tongue-shaped object (e.g. the needle of a scale for weighing) (PMP: *dilaq₁)

luaraʔwide (as nostrils); stretched out, expansive; upper surface (PMP: *luqaR)

m-anaʔget a child (of father and mother), bear, give birth (PMP: *ma-anak) *aNak

mataeye; also used for anything that resembles an eye, such as: round holes in a rice block; anus; mesh of a net; opening in plaitwork or weaving; coin; blade (of knives and weapons); iron part of a tool; point of a needle; marks on a scale (PMP: *mata) *maCa

matedead; die; new moon; paralyzed (of limbs); having lost its force (as glue that is no longer adhesive); beaten (in a game); completely done (of a matter) (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

mattuŋmake a dull sound (as a heavy fruit falling to earth), rumble, roar (as distant cannon) (ROOT)

mayaŋspadix of palm trees, out of which the flower cluster emerges (PWMP: *mayaŋ)

naelement used to introduce consecutive senses, the connection of words in addition and comparison (the introduction of the second part of a comparison); and (NOISE)

ñawabreath, breath of life, life-force; temperament, character; lively, spirited, temperamental (of racing horses) (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

niaʔ laiana(‘he sits in ginger’) = ‘He is of noble descent’ (PMP: *laqia)

nipaa swamp palm:Nipa fruticans, the leaves of which are used as roof thatch (PMP: *nipaq)

nipisiʔthin, of flat objects; light, in the sense of not being of a serious nature (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

ŋísito grin, snigger (in anger, while laughing); lie open, of a wound; to whinny loudly, of a horse (thought of as the raising of the upper lip of a whinnying horse) (PMP: *ŋisi)

olofront part; prow of a boat; earlier, the first, do before others; (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

otiŋiron pin at the base of the blade of akris used to bind blade and hilt together (PMP: *utiŋ)

pa-balliʔlaths to which the /rakka-rakka/ laths are attached; also the ties of rattan or lontar palm bast fiber (PWMP: *belit₁)

pa-inuŋa drinker -- someone who regularly imbibes alcohol (PMP: *pa-inum) *inum

pa-jujuŋpeople (especially women) who carry loads on their heads (PWMP: *zuŋzuŋ)

palaŋ-palaŋwooden support on the weather side of the mast on which the sail is laid when struck in bad weather (PMP: *palaŋ₁)

palapamidrib of palm fronds and banana leaves; leafstalk of papayas and some other trees (PMP: *palaqpaq)

panasaʔa plant:Amomum acre. The pith of the large stems and fruits is minced and put in vinegar; the taste is pungent; the plant is also used as a medicine (PMP: *panas₂)

panospots on the skin (sometimes regarded as a sign of beauty) (PMP: *panaw₁) *panaw

paŋitree with large fruits each of which contains two or three seeds:Pangium edule; after the seeds are cooked, one obtains a black mucilaginous substance from them which is used in the preparation of certain dishes (PWMP: *paŋi)

paŋŋ-antaraʔexchange presents at the end of the fasting month, or at Chinese or European New Year (PWMP: *paŋ-hateD) *SateD

paraall, both (in combinations); same, equal (mostly in combinations) (PWMP: *pada)

parappaʔa tree with a fruit shaped like an apple:Sonneratia oborata (PWMP: *paRatpat)

parroʔuse pressure to squeeze something out (as on a mother’s breast, a wound or a boil) (PAN: *peRes)

pas-sukkiɁsupply a bamboo pole with a hook in order to pick fruit from a tree, or a bucket from the well; to pick, pluck (PMP: *su(ŋ)kit)

pa-suloilluminate with a torch in order to find something; use as a torch (PMP: *suluq)

pa-tetecross over something (as a plank bridge); walk shakily, as people do (PMP: *taytay)

pattaŋdarkness as of night; also darkness during the day, as when an earthquake strikes (PWMP: *peteŋ)

pa-turuŋ-aŋtime of descent, of the falling of the rain; landing strip, airfield (PMP: *tuRun₁)

paʔ-bulisubstance used to make sago starch bitter and strong, namely the bast fiber of certain trees (NOISE)

puaŋroyal or princely father or mother; royal uncle or aunt (if older than one's father or mother; if younger than one's father or mother thenputo is 'uncle' andaya is 'aunt') (PMP: *puaŋ)

pucuʔyoung, not yet fully opened leaves; tip of a leaf that is thinner and finer than the rest (PWMP: *pucuk)

pukaʔkind of large fishnet without a sack that is spread out over the sea or across a river and is then hauled in (PMP: *puket₁)

pune-punekind of wild dove with metallic green feathers; considered a delicacy (PMP: *punay punay) *punay

puppuluʔto gather in, specifically of fruits and crops (as jambu, peanuts, pepper) (PWMP: *pulpul₁)

rakaʔunit of measure: as much as a man can encircle with both arms (as a tree) (PAN: *dakep)

rakik-aŋa raftful (in counting the quantity of bamboos or houseposts) (PWMP: *Rakit-an) *Rakit

rapaʔtightly spaced (as plaiting); joined closely or tightly; bound closely to something; close to the ground (PMP: *dapet)

rappafathom, distance between the tips of the middle fingers of the outstretched arms (PAN: *depah)

rimpuŋhave an arthritic pain in the loin, thigh, knee (as pregnant women sometimes have); unable to stand up, as a bound pig (PMP: *rimpuŋ)

ri-oloin front, go before; earlier, the first to come; do something before something else (PMP: *di qulu) *quluh

runtuʔpounding of the heart (Also:Bare'erutu 'sound of pounding or knocking') (ROOT)

saladeviating from what it should be: mistake, error, fault; guilty, and because of it needing to pay a fine; something resembling a thing that it really is not; not true, pseudo; accidental; useless, in vain; preliminary, not definitive; fine, penalty (for offense) (PMP: *salaq₁)

salagaharrow, of which one with short, thick teeth is used to plough, and one with long, slender teeth is used to rake up grass and stubble (LOAN)

sallaʔstrait, narrow sea passage between landmasses; pass between islands or between an island and the mainland (PWMP: *selat)

saluʔbamboo water pipe from a well to the kitchen or a spring to the house (PWMP: *saluR)

sampewooden saddle hung over the back of a pack animal, to which the load is hooked (PMP: *sampay₁) *sapay

saŋgaraʔbaked, roasted; scorched, singed (of rice standing in the field) (PMP: *saŋelaR)

saro m-asefeeling of commiseration for another person which leads to sympathy or compassion; compassionate condition (PMP: *ma-qasiq) *qasiq

sarrekind of tussock grass:Andropogon nardus; a medicinal oil is extracted from the roots, and the stalks are used as a condiment (PWMP: *seray)

sattuluʔtree with sour fruit the size of a tennis ball and bark used medicinally:Sandoricum koetjape (LOAN)

sauruɁconquered; what is subdued or made to give up; no longer able to resist; no longer able to perform (as through old age); having become useless (PWMP: *saur₂)

sawaŋuse magical means to cause sickness in infants, resulting in convulsions; to have convulsions (PWMP: *sawan)

sikkiɁto pick or take up, as a cock in the cockfight, the rolled-up part of a sarong in order to fasten this tightly over the breast; also, to acquire a good name (NOISE)

siŋaraɁclear, bright; daylight; glow of a lamp; clear (of a concept) (PMP: *siŋaR)

sipiʔtongs, pincers (as for picking up hot coals), claws of a crab (PAN: *sipit)

sombatitle of princes; mark of homage made by bringing the palms together in a gesture of respect (LOAN)

sulaŋembroidery (formerly found only in stories translated fromMalay) (PMP: *sulam)

sumaŋaʔimmaterial body, essence, soul; consciousness (people claim that thesumaŋaʔ has the same form as the material body, but never dies; it can take flight, endangering the body it occupies, and when this happens it must be called back) (PMP: *sumaŋed)

tai arusuʔkind of black, slippery and shiny seaweed from which whips or armrings are made (PWMP: *taqi qaRus) *qaRus

tali-tali-aŋmoor a large boat by tying in various places (as at prow and stern), esp. during the west monsoon; fig. restrain a furious person from every side (PWMP: *talih-an) *CaliS

taluŋpast the time of bearing (of fruits); bear no more fruit (PMP: *talun₁) *CaluN

tambanunukind of fish, lighter-colored thanbarrukaŋ (barrukaŋ = kind of fish that lives in river mouths and swamps, smooth, shiny and scaleless, gray and black with barbels on the mouth and poisonous spines on the back) (PWMP: *tambaŋuŋu)

tammutype ofCurcuma (turmeric), the grated roots of which are pressed to yield a yellow dye used in weaving (PWMP: *temu₃)

tanaʔcoconut milk from which oil is boiled out; smelting of tin or lead (PMP: *tanek) *taNek

tannuŋ-aŋwhat one has set up to weave with; kind of indicator for counting the quantity of threads (PAN: *tenun-an) *tenun

taŋaŋ-taŋaŋRicinis communis; the fruits yield castor oil; two varieties occur, one purple, the other white (PWMP: *taŋan-taŋan)

taraŋsharp (of something pointed); sharp, of taste, sight, or understanding (PMP: *tazem) *Cazem

taruŋa plant resembling the indigo plant, but yielding no indigo; probablyCassia tagera (PMP: *taRum)

taʔbaŋto cut down, fell (as a banana tree past its prime yielding) (PWMP: *tebeŋ)

teteplank bridge, a plank or tree trunk laid across a stream or ravine (PMP: *taytay)

tian-aŋpregnant (also applied to the rice plant when the grains are full) (PMP: *tian-an) *tiaN

tisiʔmake a hissing sound with the mouth when eating hot foods, such as chili peppers (ROOT)

tittiʔtrickling out (of liquid substances such as sweat or blood) (PMP: *tiktik₂)

tuakind of plant with roots from which a an intoxicant is prepared (PAN: *tubah)

tunuto burn, lay in the ashes; light (a lamp), bake in an oven, roast over a fire; lay in a fire (of golden ornaments, as one of the operations needed to make them beautiful; to heat up (stones); slaughter (of buffalos, goats (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tunu-aŋwhat can or will be offered in sacrifice (as a burnt offering); to sacrifice something for someone (PAN: *tunuh-an) *CuNuh

turuŋto descend, to land (as birds, an airplane); to go down (of a path); hang far down (of akebaya blouse) (PMP: *tuRun₁)

ujuŋpoint, as of a mountain peak, needle, dagger, tongue; cape of land (PMP: *quzuŋ)

ulaʔ-ulaʔgrater made of wood or bamboo root, used to grate Spanish pepper fine (LOAN)

uloroʔlet drop or slip down, as with a pulley; pay out (rope) (PMP: *huluR) *SuluR

-um-unproductive infix found in verbs that designate a certain state or movement (PMP: *<um>) *-um-

umbaŋlift up, raise by placing something underneath, as a pregnant woman stretched out over cushions; boat raised by wooden floats for repair at a wharf (PWMP: *umbaŋ)

untetwist or turn around (as someone's neck), make a rope by twining strands together (PWMP: *quntay₂)

uraʔmuscle; tendon, sinew; lines in the hand; fiber; blood vein (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

a-a verbal prefix joined to roots and forming a passive verb. Thus fromfafy, sowing, we geta-fafy, used of the seed sown, in correlation to the passive verbfafazana from the same root, used of the ground sown (PMP: *ha-₁) *ha-

a-a prefix used likean-,am-, andi-, to make a noun into a preposition; e.g.morona '(the) edge',amorona 'at the edge';nosy 'an island',anosy 'on an island' (PAN: *qa₁)

a-a prefix used likean-,am-, andi-, to make a noun into a preposition; e.g.morona '(the) edge',amorona 'at the edge';nosy 'an island',anosy 'on an island' (PMP: *ha₃) *Sa₂

a-a verbal prefix joined to roots andforming a passive verb (thus fromfafi ‘sowing’ we geta-fafi, used of the seed sown, in correlation to the passive verbfafazana from the same root, used of theground sown (PMP: *ha-) *Sa-₂

adya fight, combat, quarrel, contention, battle, dispute, contest, attack, assault, war (NOISE)

a-hua-nahow? what? (used in answering a call); why? What is the cause of it? (PMP: *kua₁) *kua₂

álaremoved, taken away, released, fetched, withdrawn, freed from (PAN: *alaq₁)

ala-ìnabe fetched; be taken, be summoned, be called, be invited; be chosen, be preferred (PAN: *alaq-en) *alaq₁

ala-ìnabe fetched; be taken, be summoned, be called, be invited; be chosen, be preferred (PAN: *ala-en) *ala

ampálya shrub or tree, the leaves of which are used as a substitute for sand-paper:Ficus soroceoides Baker (PMP: *qa(m)pelas)

ámpatrastretched out, as the legs, or a corpse immediately after death (PMP: *hampaR) *SapaR

ámpya shrub (or tree?) from the fibre of which a kind of string is made (Betsimisaraka) (NOISE)

-anapassives in-ana are often similar in meaning to those in-ina, and are used simply as passives of verbs active transitive inmi- andman-. Often, however, passives in-ina and-ana are made from the same root, and used in different senses, thus: fromtàmpoka ('suddenly, unexpectedly') are formedtampóh-ina 'being surprised', andtampóh-ana 'having cold water added'; the passive ina- is of very frequent occurrence. Its primary meaning is said to be that an object is placed in such and such a position...The most difficult use, however, to a learner is when it is made a correlative of the passive in-ana...Many verb that govern two accusatives, one of an object to which something is done, and the other of the instrument, means, etc., with which the action is effected, make the former the nominative case of a passive in-ana, and the latter of a passive ina-... Thus in the sentencemanóso tsólika ázy àho 'I anoint it with oil', the body anointed would be made nominative case of the passivehosór-ana ..., and the oil of the verba-hòsotra (PAN: *-an)

ana-dahia woman’s brother; used also of men when women are speaking (PMP: *laki₁)

ánakachild, the young of anything; anyone treated with affection; affectionate and respectful mode of address (PMP: *anak) *aNak

anívonaa palm used in house-building. The wood is also used as a torch by the queen's messengers who travel by night (PMP: *qanibuŋ)

ano anopraise, blessing; a guess, anything done at random (PWMP: *anu-anu) *-nu₁

aràh-inabe followed, be pursued, be prosecuted, be sued, as for debts (PMP: *aRak)

átsy, atsýthere, yonder; used of a place well known and conceived of, but not seen at the time of speaking (PWMP: *ati₂)

baro, varoa shrub or small tree from which a fiber used for string is obtained (PMP: *baRu)

didiam poitrato be cut, as the navel string; also a euphemism employed in speaking of circumcision in the presence of women (PMP: *pusej)

difiturning aside; a mode of plaiting the hair by dividing it on the forehead and carrying it behind the ears; a border plaited in mats, baskets, hats, etc. (PAN: *lipet)

elanathe middle, intermediate space or time between; a mediator, an intermediate (PMP: *qelaŋ)

fadyabstinence, fasting, prohibition; unlawfulness, incest; anything tabooed (PAN: *paliSi)

fáfanaa piece of board for writing on, a lesson-board, a blackboard (PMP: *papan)

faha-sivithe ninth; the ancestors; the spirits of the ancestors (PMP: *siwa) *Siwa

fan-deven-anafuneral, funeral ceremonies (used more frequently thanleven-ana) (PAN: *lebeŋ₁)

fandranashrubs, from the stems of which gutters for carrying water ... are made, hence an aqueduct. Two or three species are known by this name, from which a kind of potash is obtained. The leaves are used for thatching.Pandanus sp. (PMP: *paŋedan) *paŋudaN

fara-farabedstead; stone shelves in native tombs on which corpses are laid (PMP: *paRa paRa) *paRa₁

feno mantabrimful, wastefully running over (as a cooking pot in which too much rice has been placed to boil) (PAN: *peNuq)

fíhitraa grasp, a catch, a grip, as is made by a person holding to something to prevent him from falling (PMP: *pikit)

f-inom-anadrinking (in Imerina it only means to drink thetaŋena ordeal) (PWMP: *pa-inum-en) *inum

f-odyreturned, sent back; withdraw from a bargain, retract (PMP: *pa-uliq) *uliq₁

fósaa small and graceful catlike animal peculiar to Madagascar; formerly classed among theViverridae, but now considered to form a distinct family between the cats and civets (LOAN)

fota-fotaslaver, spittle. Generally used of such as is produced in anger or from eating ravenously (PAN: *puCaq)

futhe heart, physical and moral; the will, sentiment, desire; intention, disposition (PMP: *pusuq₁)

funia species of pigeon belonging to a genus peculiar to MadagascarAlectroenas madagascariensis (PAN: *punay)

funi maitsua species of pigeon:Columba Polleni Schleg. (‘green pigeon’) (PAN: *punay)

ha-formative added to adjectives to make them into abstract nouns:ha-tsara ‘goodness’ (cp.tsara ‘good’) (PAN: *ka-₅)

hán-inafood, victuals, viands, nourishment; to be eaten, to be devoured, to be consumed (PAN: *kaen-en) *kaen

háranaa rock, a rocky prominence, hill or mountain; also used for shells, coral, coral reefs, etc. (PMP: *karaŋ)

hatafanaa large tree, the kernel of whose fruit is edible:Terminalia catappa (PMP: *katapaŋ)

hávanathat which is void or open (open space in an assembly, etc.) (PWMP: *kawaŋ)

haván-inato be entered into relationship with; to be consorted with (PWMP: *kaban₁)

havit-inato be hooked, as a canoe by a boathook, or an eel by a fishhook (PWMP: *kawit-en) *kawit

hávitraa pointed iron, a poker, a spit; in the provinces a hook, a boat hook (PAN: *kawit)

híhiscraped, as the flesh from bones, or as the skin scrapted from roots, etc.; erased (PAN: *kiskis)

híhyscraped, as the flesh from bones, the skin from roots, etc. (PAN: *gisgis₁)

híta másoclearly seen, seeing by oneself, undoubted, undisputed (máso = ‘the eye’) (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

h<óm>anato eat, to consume a meal; to expend; to bite, as a saw, etc. (PAN: *k<um>aen) *kaen

hula-báratraprobably a kind of mushroom growing immediately after rain (varatra = ‘lightning’) (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaC

iprefix used to make a noun into a preposition (e.g.maso 'eye',i-maso 'before the eyes',voho 'the back',i-voho 'at the back of') (PAN: *i₂)

inythat, this. It is always used of something thoroughly known to both speaker and spoken to (PAN: *i-ni) *-ni

-kua suffixed pronoun of the first person added to nouns and passive and relative verbs; it is the sign of possession when joined to nouns, and the agent of a passive or relative verb (PAN: *-ku)

láfikaa bed, mattress, bedding or anything put under one, as a carpet, a sheet, litter for cattle, etc. (LOAN)

lalin-tsainadeep, profound, sagacious, shrewd, sensible (saina = ‘the mind’) (PMP: *dalem)

larua tree, the juice of which mixed with the Sakalava use as a fish poison; it yields a kind of India-rubber (NOISE)

laúkaany relish or meat eaten wth rice (on the coast it almost always means fish or vegetables) (PWMP: *lahuk)

lomótraa generic term for water plants of the orderAlgae, more especially the speciesVaucheria sessilis (PMP: *lumut)

maha-potential prefix; it expresses the ability or power to perform any action, or what makes a thing to be what it is (PWMP: *maka-)

maha-tozoto gain strength after illness, to make progress steadily toward health (PMP: *tuzu)

ma-hítato see, to find, to view, to discover; it is also used adjectivally of a very clever person (PWMP: *ma-kita) *kita

mamelatrato spread out, open out, as of things rolled or folded, or which shut in folds, as an umbrella; in speaking of mares it means ready for the stallion (PWMP: *maŋ-bekelaj) *bekelaj

ma-mitranamake a seam, sew two pieces of cloth or two mats lengthwise; to tongue planks together (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

ma-móvoto cast thevóvo in fishing, fish with avóvo, (fig.) intend to retaliate (PWMP: *maŋ-bubu) *bubu₂

ma-nadito twist, make a rope by twisting; bind with cords (PWMP: *ma-nalih) *CaliS

man-defato set at liberty, to release, to send off, to set off, to fire off (PWMP: *lepas)

man-drárito plait mats, etc.; fig. to arrange or set in order anything; and in the provinces to regulate one’s life; to follow order and equity (PWMP: *man-laja) *laja

ma-nena-tenato reach the half of the length; to hit in the center (PMP: *teŋaq)

mányfetid, rank. Used only of the odor from human beings who are filthy (NOISE)

ma-ŋilu-hiluof a deep shining black, as a button, a bead, paint, etc. (PWMP: *kilaw₂)

másakaripe; cooked; agreed upon; matured, of thoughts or intentions (PMP: *ma-qesak) *qesak

másakaripe, cooked; agreed upon; matured, of thoughts or intentions (PMP: *ma-hasak) *Sasak

máti-ny hiańya phrase used to express the setting of one's heart upon something: very desirous of, eagerly wishing for; lit. simply killed by it (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

matoathe eldest son or daughter; it is used in the provinces to express the ripeness of fruit, etc. (PMP: *ma-tuqah) *tuqaS

m-átydead, gone out, as a lamp or a fire; in danger; set, as the sun; beaten in a game (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

mena-draharahaan ointment extracted from the fruit of a certain tree and used as a remedy for scabies (PMP: *meñak)

mi-fífito press against a door, a partition, a wall, etc. (PMP: *pihpih) *piSpiS

mi-hávanato be in a state of friendship with, to be on friendly terms with, to show friendship towards (PMP: *maR-kaban) *kaban₁

mi-layto go upon the sea, as a ship or canoe carried by sails (PWMP: *maR-layaR) *layaR

misondro drato be very angry, to faint (lit. ‘the blood rushes up’) (PAN: *daRaq)

mi-tána-tána vavato wait idly about; to be struck with amazement (lit. ‘to have the mouth wide open’) (PMP: *taŋa) *taŋa₁

mi-tetito walk through, to pass through, to go from place ot place, as houses or towns, to tread on (PMP: *taytay)

mivádika ny trózonaa phrase used in speaking of an earthquake (lit. ‘the whales are turning over’) (PMP: *duyuŋ₂)

mi-vìvitrabe held, lifted up or picked up; be twitched or pinched at one end, etc. (PWMP: *maR-bitbit) *bitbit

m-odygo home, return home; pretend to be what one is not (PMP: *um-uliq) *uliq₁

nónokaa tree, a decoction of the leaves of which is used as a remedy for diarrhea, and also to relieve the pains of childbirth:Ficus melleri Baker (PMP: *nunuk)

ófakascaling off, peeling off, as blistered skin; to scale, peel off (PWMP: *upak₁)

ólikawinding, as a road, etc.; also Provincial for a rope, and the intestines (NOISE)

ólitragrub, small worm; toothache, which is supposed to be occasioned by a small worm in the tooth (PMP: *qulej)

ombotraplucked up by the roots, plucked out, as thorns in the flesh, etc. (PMP: *ubut) *ubuC

óranathe Madagascar crayfish ... it belongs to a genus peculiar to the island (PAN: *qudaŋ)

órotradrawn through the hands, as rushes, etc., to make them supple before being plaited (PMP: *quRut)

ozàt-inamuscular, strong, athletic, tough, hard; stringy (of meat) (PWMP: *uRat-en) *huRaC

ramia tree from which oozes gamboge [a gum resin], also calledrami; it is burned sometimes by the Betsileo during the ceremony ofSalamanga, and it is also used by them to anoint their idols (PAN: *damaR₁)

rávitramade to hold together, as the leaves of a book, a chaplet, etc. (PWMP: *ra(m)bit)

refia fathom, two yards, the measure from tip to tip of the fingers across the chest when the arms are spread out (PAN: *depah)

rehét-anato be lighted, as a fire by something already burning, i.e. a match, etc. (PWMP: *deket₂) *deket₁

rufíaa palm used for various purposes; the midrib of the leaf is employed for the poles in making palanquins; the fiber from the young leaves is used as string, for which purpose it is exported under the name of raphia grass; from the stem a sweet liquid calledharafa is obtained, which is drunk by the natives; the shell of the fruit is employed as a receptable for small articles (PMP: *Rumbia)

samba-sambaa word uttered in wishing a blessing on the commencement of anything new (especially on eating the first fruit of the rice crop) (NOISE)

sampáz-anato be hung up upon, as garments placed across a line, the braces over the shoulders, epaulets, etc. (PMP: *sampay-an) *sapay

sampian idol, a charm, probably so called from its being carried or hung on the neck (PMP: *sampay₁) *sapay

sésikaanything pushed into another; stuffing; sausage meat; fig. stubbornness (PAN: *seksek₁)

sífutraa snail, the common name given to many species of freshwater and land shells, which are very numerous in Madagascar (LOAN)

sírasalt. Also used for the embellishments of a speech, figures, similes, or alliterations (PAN: *qasiRa)

sisih-anato be made to admit anything by pressure, as a hole admitting a peg by the force of the hammer; fig., to be bribed (PWMP: *sisip)

súkitraall work made by a pointed instrument, such as a graver, a chisel, etc. (PMP: *suŋkit)

súmbinaa fragment, a chip, a piece of something; mutilated, chipped, broken off (PWMP: *sumbiŋ)

tamu-tamuthe turmeric plant (iintroduced); the root is pounded and used as a poultice for abscessesby the Betsileo, and along with some other things for hydrophobia; the leaves are used in the form of vapor baths for malarial fever; it also affords a yellow dye (PWMP: *tamu₂)

tándrukahorn; horns of cattle; anything branching out as horns; fig. glory (LOAN)

tani-be(‘big land’) the mainland of Madagascar, a word used to distinguish the mainland from the surrounding islands (PMP: *taneq)

taŋgustripped, denuded, used chiefly of locusts stripped of their wings and legs, and of herbs prepared for cooking (NOISE)

tarazú-inato be carried on one end of a pole, in contradistinction tolanja-ina (lanja), carried as two burdens at each end of a pole (LOAN)

tena-tena-inato be cut in the middle, to be cut across, to be halved (PMP: *teŋaq)

ténitraabused, despised, spoken of contemptuously by a person of despicable character (ROOT)

tétikaornamental cuttings in the skin; the act of cutting up small pieces (in the provinces it means ‘deforesting’) (PAN: *tektek₁)

tezasomething fixed firm, durability; the inside of a piece of wood, the outside of which is worm-eaten (Provincial); a pillar in a house (PMP: *teRas)

tonaa species of very large serpent; fig., an eel too large to be used as food because of its resemblance to atona (PMP: *tuna) *tuNa

tóntonathe act of knocking anything hollow so as to extract what is inside, as a bone to get out the marrow (PWMP: *tuŋtuŋ₁)

tótothe act of pounding with a pestle, as in pounding rice, etc.; dancing (PAN: *tuqtuq)

trózonaa name given to the two species of whale occasionally seen off the coasts of Madagascar: the Cape whale,Balaena australis, and the sperm whale,Physeta macrocephalus (PMP: *duyuŋ₂)

tuHit! struck! A word used of something exactly hitting the mark (PMP: *tuqu₂)

túlutraa present of beef, etc., given at a wedding; property given to a child above his proper share (NOISE)

tutúf-anato be filled up, to be covered, as dead bodies in a grave, etc. (PMP: *tutup₁)

vaor, nor, though, whether, neither, if. It is also used to form several indefinite pronouns and adverbs (PMP: *ba₁)Provincial

vadypartner, husband, wife; a companion, an associate; a mate, one of a set of two (thus the saucer is thevady of a cup) (PMP: *baliw₁)

vahónageneric for various plants of the genusAloe, esp.A. macroclada Baker, andA. deltoideodonta Baker; also a species ofCrinum (PAN: *bakuŋ₁)

vahygeneric for plants used as withes, girdles, and in plaiting, rope-making, etc. (PMP: *bakes₁)

valythe answer to a question or a letter; a reply; a revenge or recompense (PAN: *bales₁)

vato afofireflint, generally a kind of siliceous sinter or common opal (PMP: *batu hapuy) *batux

vavatraopened, untied (of something like a clasp-hold, or lid-fast or a fast knot) (PWMP: *bajbaj)

véhanathe space from the end of the thumb to the end of the first finger when stretched out (PMP: *be(ŋ)kaŋ)

velar-anaused of that on which anything is spread, as a floor on which a mat is put; wide (PWMP: *bekelaj-an) *bekelaj

velatraexhibition of the inside of something by spreading it out (PMP: *bekelaj)

vímbinacarried in the hand, led by the hand; to carry in the hand (PWMP: *biŋbiŋ₁)

vinánythe confluence of two or more streams or rivers, the mouth of a river (PMP: *binaŋa)

vínitraangry in looks, but not speaking; displeased; strutting in anger (PAN: *biŋiC)

víŋitrataking hold of anything at the extreme edge by the finger and thumb (NOISE)

vítranaa seam in a cloth; two planks or more tongued together so as to make the surface broader (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

vitranaa seam in a cloth; two planks or more tongued together so as to make the surface broader (LOAN)

vívitralifted up, as on a sharp point, or on the horn of a bull; picked up by the finger and thumb (PMP: *bitbit₂) *bitbit

voaseeds or fruits of all kinds; the kidneys; element in the names of numerous fructifying plants (PMP: *buaq)

voa-fanawarmed (applied to food or medicine cooked and warmed the second time) (PMP: *panas₁)

voa hazotall herb with edible seeds, sometimes called til-seed:Sesamum indicum L. (PMP: *buaq ni kahiw) *buaq

voa-n-kenathe kidneys of animals; /voa/ alone is used for the kidneys of human beings (PMP: *buaq)

voáraa tree the leaves of which are pounded and used as poultices for abscesses. The wooden mortars for pounding rice are often made from the wood of this tree. The milky juice is made into bird-lime.Ficus sp. (PMP: *buqaR)

voa-vònokilled, murdered, slaughtered; rubbed out, as of writing; put out, as a candle or fire; obliterated, destroyed or stopped up, as a road, etc. (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

vódyposterior, rump; hinder part, foot of a hill; bulbous and esculent roots; the lower part on which things rest, basis, pedestal, foundation, etc. (PMP: *buliq₂)

vóloa generic name for various kinds of bamboo, from which are made various articles, as musical instruments and snuff boxes. They belong chiefly to the genusNastus (PAN: *buluq₂)

vónto ráno(lit. 'swollen with water') used of peaches almost ripe (PMP: *buntuʔ)

vóronaa generic name of all birds except fowls; initial component in the names of many birds (LOAN)

vorót-inahaving a rupture, having large testicles, used of people as well as cattle (LOAN)

vorót-inahaving a rupture, having large testicles, used of people as well as cattle (NOISE)

vovokind of basket made of the stalks of thevero orfantaka grass and used for fishing (PAN: *bubu₂)

vua-safu-safucoaxed, rubbed in, patted, tapped; to be spied out; to be brushed (PMP: *sapu)

vua súkitraengraved; picked out, taken out, as a cricket from a hole (PMP: *suŋkit)

vua-súrunaput in, made to enter, as a piece of timber, etc.; put through a window or to be put in or on, as fuel to a fire (PWMP: *suruŋ)

záhitraa bundle of rushes or bamboos tied together and used as a raft (PMP: *Rakit)

adasfennel. Also (specifically)adas pedas or 'pepperyadas' in contrast toadas manis ... 'sweetadas' or aniseed (PWMP: *hadas)

adé-kyounger sibling. Loosely, any young near relative such as a cousin; (affectionately) to a wife by her husband (PMP: *huaji-q) *Suaji

adupitting; matching one against the other; getting up a contest. Of any trial of strength or skill, or even of smartness and looks (PWMP: *adu)

agar-agar(specifically) the so-called 'seaweed' from which seaweed-jelly is made; (generally)agar-agar jelly and things suggesting it such as 'Turkish delight' and gelatine (LOAN)

air bahfreshet; floodwater in motion; the seasonal flooding of the ricefields (PMP: *wahiR bahaq) *wahiR

ajar buaya berenaŋ'to teach a crocodile to swim' = to waste pains on those who will return evil for good (PMP: *buqaya)

akalwit; intelligence. Properly 'mind as the organ of thought' (in contrast tohati or 'mind as the subject of consciousness'); reasoning. In common speech: trick, dodge, stratagem (LOAN)

akar tunjaŋroots such as those of the mangrove that rise out of the mud and then re-enter it (LOAN)

akasdexterous; neat or quick in action (AlsoOld Javaneseaŋkas 'hasty, hurried, tempestuous; do one's utmost') (ROOT)

akuI; me. The pronoun of the first person singular, but used in a double sense: (i) 'myself', used by a superior to an inferior, by an elder to a younger, or between equals talking so familiarly as to ignore etiquette. Also in prayer, (ii) 'my own', i.e. taking responsibility for or answering for (PAN: *aku)

akut-aŋkutmason bee, ichneumon fly:Chalicodoma spp., orEumenes gracilis (PWMP: *hakut hakut)

alapgather fruit by means of a long pole to which a knife or hook is attached (PAN: *alap)

alunlong rolling waves; surge or swell of the sea. In contrast to broken water (ombak,gelombaŋ). Of waves "rolling mountain-high" (PMP: *qalun)

alurgroove; cutting; furrow. With many varying or local applications: (Johore) the main channel of a stream between the mudbanks on either side; (Pahang) any channel in river or sea, and even a dry torrent-bed if water flows there sometimes; (Kedah) hollow or backwater scooped out by a stream, the main channel beinggeloŋ; (Minangkabau) channel, e.g. of relationship, and even of a wife "scooping" money out of her husband; furrow, beaten path made by wild animals (PMP: *qaluR₂) *qaluR

amalputting into operation, esp. of practical piety, whether in religious observances or in good works (LOAN)

ambaipurse-net attached to stakes in a tideway or river. The stakes hold its mouth open; the bunt trails away in the current (PWMP: *ambay)

ambar ikantrue ambergris, believed by scientists to be a morbid secretion derived from the sperm-whale, but by Malays to be produced by fish that have eaten the sap of thepauh jaŋgi. Prized by Orientals for perfume-making (LOAN)

ambinstrap-support; carrying in a loop of rope or band of cloth (of a child in the fold of a sarong slung from the mother's shoulder); straps or ropes passed round a load (ambinan) swung on a coolie's back, etc. (PWMP: *hambin)

amokfurious attack; charge; amuck. Of desperate onslaughts in old romances (PMP: *hamuk)

ampunpardon (of a royal or divine superior showing mercy; forgiveness between equals ismaaf,mahap,tabek) (PMP: *ampun)

anakchild; young (of animal); native (of a country); one (of a party, set or series); important component part; smaller of two (PMP: *anak) *aNak

añamplaiting; braiding; making mats and baskets or wattled fences; interweaving (PMP: *añam)

añamplaiting, braiding, making mats and baskets or wattled fences; interweaving (PMP: *añem)

antahhusk; sheath (of grain). The pieces of dry husk shaken off in the process of winnowing (PWMP: *ataq)

antéh, meŋ-antéhto spin. The meaning covers the whole process of spinning. Possibly from a rootkantéh (LOAN)

anteŋgentle; quiet. Of children who play without disturbing their elders (PWMP: *anteŋ)Jakarta

antokknocking up against; (of teeth) to chatter. Of heads butting against one another, a keel hitting a reef, a man colliding (LOAN)

antokknocking up against; (of teeth) to chatter. Of heads butting against one another, a keel hitting a reef, a man colliding (NOISE)

aŋan-aŋanthoughts; mind. Of a girl being always in her lover's thoughts ... and conversely of a girl's mind being centered on a man's good looks (LOAN)

aŋkat kəniŋa hint or signal (lit. ‘a lift of the eyebrows’) (PWMP: *keniŋ)

aŋkuppincers, opening and shutting as tongs. Of an animal snapping its jaws, a person nipping with his fingers, a butcher seizing and tearing off the skin of a slaughtered animal (PMP: *aŋkup₁) *aŋkup

aŋkutcarrying away piecemeal. Of loading and unloading cargo, transporting water a pail at a time, a mason-bee bringing mud for its nest (PMP: *hakut) *SakuC

apawhat; how; which; somehow. An idiomatic word giving a suggestion of indefiniteness or interrogation -- even contemptuous interrogation -- to the sentence in which it occurs (PMP: *apa₁)

apamdough-cake; hopper; chupatty (but made of rice-flour, not wheaten flour) (LOAN)

api apia mangrove-class (Loranthaceae);Avicenna sp., esp.Avicenna officinalis, very bright-colored, almost fiery amid darker neighbors (PWMP: *hapuy hapuy₂) *Sapuy

asahgrinding down; whetting; tooth-filing (the first rough filing isdaboŋ;asah is the final smoothing with the point of the whetstone) (PMP: *hasaq) *Sasaq

asakstuffing; insertion by force or pressure (of stuffing food into the mouth, beating stones into a roadway, hammering earth to fill up interstices) (PMP: *hasek₁)

asam-asam-ansour fruits and sour preserves for flavoring curries (PWMP: *qalesem)

ashiklover; impassioned. Of sexual passion, religious ecstasy; over-devoted to some pastime, such as cockfighting (LOAN)

asin asingeneric name forEuphorbiaceae of the generaSauropus,Phylanthus andBreynia (PWMP: *qasin qasin) *qasiN

atur galaŋsticks laid horizontally in a ricefield to mark the divisions between different types of seedlings (PMP: *qatuR₁) *qatuR

atur galaŋsticks laid horizontally in a ricefield to mark the divisions between different types of seedlings (LOAN)

awakbody; trunk of body; self; -- whence it is used as a pronoun (I, we, -- connoting a certain kindly superiority or authority; you -- as a pronoun in familiar use; sometimes in kindly speech) (PMP: *hawak) *Sawak

ayam biriŋa cock with a lot of bright yellow in its markings, deemed brave and lucky (PMP: *biRiŋ₁)

babacolonial born, creole; a descriptive honorific formerly given to Portuguese gentlemen, colonial-born European, Eurasian and Chinese males to distinguish them from men born in Europe or China; a descriptive name applied specifically to male Straits-born Chinese (LOAN)

babarexpansion, opening out (of booming out a sail, spreading road-metal over the roadway, a shoal of fish dispersing over a large space, etc.) (PMP: *barbar)

badakrhinoceros; (sometimes) the tapir (the term covers the larger or one-horned rhinoceros,Rhinoceros sondaicus; the smaller two-horned rhinoceros,Rhinoceros sumatrensis; the tapir, Tapirus indicus; the legendarybadak api orbadak mas, a gold-colored rhinoceros of unusual ferocity; the rhinoceros bird (burong badak), a hornbill (LOAN)

bagaltoo tall or stoutly built; overgrown; clumsy; beyond the regulation size for cockfighting (PMP: *bagal)

bagindaa title accorded to the Prophet and the four Caliphs, princely personages, Hindu divinities, etc. (LOAN)

bajauto strike up (=gasak 'striking hard; (colloquial) "going for", "clearing out", bolting; (vulgar) sexual intercourse') (PWMP: *bazaw)

bajiquoin, wedge, of two types: (i) for splitting or widening, (ii) to tighten by filling an interstice, or for regulating the angle of a ploughshare (LOAN)

baju sikapcoat indicating readiness for duty or that the wearer is on duty; a short coat, tight about the body and tight-sleeved; worn in Java it means that a man is decently dressed (and so available for work), and is not in sarong and singlet (PWMP: *sikep₂)

bakaumangrove-covered swamp; mangrove tree, specifically of true mangroves (Rhizophorae) (PWMP: *bakehaw)

bakoŋa bulbous plant grown for its big white ornamental flowers,Crinum asiaticum (PAN: *bakuŋ₁)

bakulbasket; loosely (inBazaar Malay) any basket; specifically a large lidded basket of plaited bamboo wicker to be carried on the head, either oblong or cylindrical; if tight-meshed used for storing rice, and if openwork for storing fruit, etc. (PWMP: *bakul₁) *bakul

balauname for trees yielding a particular class of timber used in wharf and bridge building:Shorea,Swintonia, andParinarium spp. (PWMP: *balaw₂)

baliŋ-baliŋwhirligig; missile hurled by being swung round the head, e.g. a stone attached to a string; bull-roarer (PWMP: *baliŋ baliŋ) *baliŋ₂

baluwidowed, i.e. left desolate by death. Cf.janda (widow or divorcée), a commoner word (PMP: *balu₄)

bandoŋtwin; in duplicate; alike and linked. Of semi-detached houses with a common roof, two yolks in one egg-shell, etc. (PWMP: *banduŋ)

banjarrow, line, file (of ranges of hills; of men or things being in lines of ten, or of a thousand; of forming troups up in lines four or five deep) (LOAN)

bantalcushion-support; cushion or pillow of European type; pillow-like object (PWMP: *bantal)

bantéŋsmaller wild ox,Bos sondaicus … of doubtful occurrence in the Peninsula (LOAN)

bantiŋdashing against (of threshing rice by beating the stalks against the side of a box, and so knocking off the grain; of striking together, as when waves meet with a splash in the sea) (PMP: *bantiŋ)

bantiŋdashing against (of threshing rice by beating the stalks against the side of a box, and so knocking off the grain; of striking together, as when waves (LOAN)

bantunplucking out, of pulling out a hair or a tooth or an arrow from awound, or of uprooting a tree (PMP: *bantun)

ban-ufermented coconut water used in dyeing; water in which rice has been washed; water for use as ink, etc. (LOAN)

baŋkalname for certain trees:Nauclea spp. orSarcocephalus spp. (PMP: *baŋkal)

baŋkaŋexpanding widely (as the arms of the new moon or a small arc of a very large circle); descriptive of the wide pincers of black forest scorpions (kala baŋkaŋ), of a crab with pincers far apart (kətam baŋkaŋ), and of buffalo horns that stand out almost straight (tandok baŋkaŋ) (PAN: *bakaŋ₁)

baŋkaycarcass; dead body of animal; of human bodies, contemptuously (PWMP: *baŋkay)

baŋsarace; descent; family; in ancient Malaya of ‘caste’ (still so in Bali) (LOAN)

baŋsaltemporary structure of wood or atap used as a booth, coolie-house, cooking shed, etc. (PWMP: *baŋsal)

baŋunrisen posture; usual build, bearing or shape; standing outline. In four senses: (i) to resume one's natural attitude after falling down, i.e. to rise, (ii) bearing or shape, (iii) things that stand up against the sky, whether turrets and battlements, or temporary structures such as scaffoldings or platforms for seats, or as an upstanding patch of rainbow, (iv) revival, restoration or resurrection (PMP: *baŋun₂) *baŋuN

bapa ~ bapaʔfather (not as respectful as ayah; less familiar thanpa’; also of persons in a position comparable to that of a father, as stepfather, uncle or father-in-law) (LOAN)

baratWest; etym. associated withribut, i.e. strong Westerly winds (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

barékveined; marbled; mottled (in tint or shade rather than color) (PMP: *barik)

barua sea-shore tree (Hibiscus tiliaceus) of which the bast yields a useful fibre (PMP: *baRu)

bataŋstem; tree trunk; handle; shaft; long cylindrical part of anything; numeral coefficient for long cylindrical objects such as trees, logs, spars, spears, etc. (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

batasboundary; limit; boundary dyke to a ricefield; rice-plot as shut in by these dykes (PWMP: *bates)

batokcough; generic for diseases of which coughing is a distinct feature (PMP: *batuk₁)

batustone, rock, boulder, pebble, gem, milestone, mile; anchor; net stones; numeral classifier for teeth (PMP: *batu) *batux

bawaconveyance in one's own custody or possession; to bring with one (PMP: *baba₁)

bayoŋbag of mengkuang (pandanus leaves) for carrying raw sago (Brunei) (PWMP: *bayuquŋ)

bayura tree growing to a height of about 80 feet and yielding a durable timber:Pterospermum spp. (PMP: *bayuR)

bécakslushy; mud-patch; puddle. Of bad bits of road after rain; patches of swampy ground to be reclaimed (LOAN)

bedakface-powder; toilet-powder. A cosmetic of rice-flour mixed with a small quantity of other ingredients; kept in powder-form and watered when needed for use (LOAN)

bedara, bidaraa tree often mentioned in literature:Zizyphus jujuba (PWMP: *bidara)

bedilfirearm: heavy guns, small arms of old types, e.g. blunderbusses and matchlocks (modern guns aresenapaŋ), toy-guns of umbrella-tubing (LOAN)

bedoka rude drum (a hollow cylinder of wood covered at one end only with a buffalo-hide) used for calling people to prayer or for signalling, and not for music. In Java it figures only in the royalgamelan (gamelan sekatén) where it is thumped from time to time to indicate the royal character of the orchestra (LOAN)

bekalstores for a journey, viaticum. Specifically of provisions only, e.g.ayer bekal (water-supplies for a journey);beras bekal (rice-supplies). Loosely, of weapons and clothes, and of money for expenses on the way (PWMP: *bekel)

bekaŋbent; opened out (as a fishhook that has let a fish escape) (PMP: *be(ŋ)kaŋ)

bekastrace, mark of what has gone before in two senses: (1) trace, handiwork, (2) former, late (PMP: *bekas₃)

bélablood-offering in the way of self-immolation, propitiation or vengeance; atonement by blood. In old literature, specifically of suttee, of which there were two kinds: (1)béla suduk (suicide with the kris followed by burning); and (2)béla keterjunan (throwing oneself alive into the flames of the pyre); in modern speechbela/ is used (1) of a widow committing suicide when formal suttee is not allowed; (2) of wiping out an injury by anamok; and (3) of taking lives for a life (LOAN)

beladaua curved single-edged dagger worn hidden in the sleeve or waistbelt and used for treacherous stabbing (PWMP: *baladaw)

belahsplitting; cleaving into two; one of two sections or of a pair; side; portion; quarter or direction (PAN: *belaq)

bəlakmottled satin-like markings (of the grain of certain woods; of shiny patches left by skin disease; of worn fabrics, etc.) (PWMP: *bakelag)

belalaiproboscis; pendent fleshy mass. Of an elephant's trunk, the shorter trunk of a tapir, the pendent upper lip of a rhinoceros, the lobes of a turkey, etc. (LOAN)

belalakstaring; wide-eyed (mata mem-belalak). Of the fixed look of a short-sighted man; of the stare of a man strangled or choked; of the big mild eyes of an ox; of a man putting a savage look into his eyes like a lion about to charge (PWMP: *bulalak)

belaŋbanded (in coloring); brightly marked in contrasting colors; having regular markings (used especially of the color patterns on animal skins) (PMP: *belaŋ₂)

belaŋawide-mouthed cooking pot for cooking vegetables, curries, etc. -- not for boiling rice (PAN: *balaŋa)

belatscreen made of rattan strips tied to one another longitudinally; screen-trap for fish. In most of these traps the fish are led by the tide between two converging rows of screens(bidaŋ belat,bidai belat) into a trap, usually of several compartments, from the inmost of which there is no escape (PWMP: *bakelad)

belatscreen made of rattan strips tied to one another longitudinally; screen-trap for fish (PWMP: *banelat)

belatscreen made of rattan strips tied to one another longitudinally; screen-trap for fish. In most of these traps the fish are led by the tide between two converging rows of screens (bidaŋ belat,bidai belat) into a trap, usually of several compartments, from the inmost of which there is no escape (PMP: *belat₂)

belatscreen made of rattan strips tied to one another longitudinally; screen-trap for fish (PWMP: *belet)

belekoka bird, variously a pond heron (Ardeola speciosa) or a gallinule (Porphyrio polyocephalus) (ROOT)

belianshaman; sorceror or sorceress; touch with the spirit-world (PWMP: *balian)

belidaa featherback:Notopterus spp., believed by Malays to have once been a cat and to squall like a cat when caught (so not eaten) (PWMP: *balida)

belidaha featherback:Notopterus spp., believed by Malays to have been a cat and to squall like a cat when caught (so not eaten) (PWMP: *balidaq)

belintaŋsplit bamboo rails for a fence; laying across; cutting off, cutting communications (PWMP: *bali(n)taŋ)

belitcoil; curl or hitch (of rope). Of a snake's coils, an elephant's curving trunk, coil of necklace, shawl round neck, lasso when girdling an enemy, winding of river (PMP: *belit₂)

bélokto veer; turn back; to wheel; (nautical) to go about; to luff up; to travel to windward. Of desertion to the enemy; of wheeling one's horse to right and left; of diverting a water-runnel; of a turn of the road, of getting round the skirts of a hill (PMP: *biluk)

belulaŋpelt; hide; hard skin; sun-dried untanned leather; callosity; corn; hard skin on bullock's neck; (Brunei, Sarawak) skin, leather (PWMP: *balulaŋ)

be-lumaŋbesmeared all over, e.g. with mud as a buffalo after a wallow (PMP: *lumeŋ)

belurua climber:Entada scandens, the hard-skinned fruit of which is used by potters in polishing their wares (PWMP: *baluRu)

bembanbasket-trap for fish; name for certain plants used in basket-making,Clinogyne spp. andDonax spp., esp.Clinogyne dichotoma (bemban ayer) (PWMP: *benban)

bembanbasket-trap for fish; name for certain plants used in basket-making,Clinogyne spp. andDonax spp., esp.Clinogyne dichotoma (bemban ayer) (PWMP: *benben₂)

benatidal bore; eagre; animal believed by Malays to cause tidal bores (PMP: *bena)

benamimmersion in water or mud. Of execution by drowning (in a shallow river) when the victim's head is held under water by a forked stick; in contradistinction to drowning in the deep sea (laboh di-laut) (PWMP: *benem₂)

benaŋ araŋcharcoal line drawn by carpenters to guide their work (PWMP: *benaŋ)

bencanamischief-making; trouble, esp. when due to tale-bearing; make mischief (LOAN)

bendulcross-beam (from house pillar) supporting the floor of a house; whence the termbendul yaŋ empat '(the four cross-beams), i.e. the "four walls" of a house within which the owner is master'masok ka bendul cross the threshold (of a house) (LOAN)

bənehseed; plant-seed; fig. of illegitimate children as 'planted from no seed, growing from no shoot' (PMP: *binehiq) *bineSiq

bentaŋexpansion; spreading out. Of spreading out carpets, stretching nets to dry, pitching tents, etc. (LOAN)

bentastearing up and dashing down; e.g. of a Titan tearing out a hill by the roots and dashing it down on the divine warriors, his enemies (PMP: *bentas)

bentausa plant:Wrightia javanica; its light-colored wood is used for making kris sheaths (PWMP: *bitaqus)

béntéhinterlocking shins; wrestling (in certain games) resting the shin on the calf of the other's leg (PMP: *bintiq)

béntéŋ, bintiŋbreastwork. Specifically a breastwork or low defensive parapet, e.g. the permanent barbette or battery of thick logs over which a piraticalprahu's guns were trained (LOAN)

bentokcurve, arc; numeral coefficient for rings, hooks, spurs, etc.; of the curve of a horse's hoof, the curve of a girl's body at the waist, curving swords, etc. (PMP: *bentuk)

benualarge expanse of land; empire; continent; mainland in contrast to island. To the old Malays even a large island like Java was abenua (PMP: *banua)

benuaŋa tree:Sterculia alata. Its very light wood serves to make stoppers for bottles (PWMP: *banuaŋ)

benuaŋa tree:Sterculia alata. Its very light wood serves to make stoppers for bottles (PWMP: *benuaŋ)

b-enuaŋbig, heavily built -- but only in the expressionskerbau benuaŋ,rusa benuaŋ (PAN: *qiNuaŋ)

beŋaltemporary dullness of hearing, e.g. after much diving or a stiff dose of quinine (PMP: *beŋel)

beŋaŋenlarge (an aperture); widen or lengthen (a sleeve); allow open space between houses; bursting open, of a pod; drumming or buzzing in the ear (PMP: *beŋaŋ₂)

beŋgaladescriptive adjective for articles introduced via Calcutta (Indian onion,Gossypium vitifolium, pasture grass, potato, castor oil, etc.) (LOAN)

beŋiscruel, heartless, indifferent to the suffering of others (PMP: *beŋis₁)

beŋkakswollen, inflamed. Of the result of a wasp-sting; of a bunged-up eye; of a boy's face covered with bumps after a fight; of swelling due to deep-seated internal disease; of the results of a caning on the fingers, etc. (PMP: *beŋkak)

beŋkuduplant of which the roots bark gives a red dye,Morinda spp. (PWMP: *biŋkudu)

berahi, birahistrong feeling; passionately in love or excited. Usually of sexual love or love-madness but also of the feelings excited by music, e.g. of people stirred by it to get up and dance, and even of a stimulus such as money-making (LOAN)

beraŋaia piraticalprahu furnished with grapnel and boarding-gangways to attack becalmed or anchored ships (PWMP: *baraŋay)

beraŋangeneric for chestnuts and oaks:Quercus spp.,Castanopsis spp.,Pasania spp. (PWMP: *baraŋan₂)

beraŋansulphide of arsenic; white arsenical oxide (used as rat poison) (PWMP: *baraŋan₃)

beraŋansulphide of arsenic; white arsenical oxide (used as rat poison) (PWMP: *baraŋen₂)

beratweight; heaviness; fig. of "heavy-footedness", i.e sluggishness; of "heavy-wittedness", i.e. dullness; of "heaviness of the limbs", i.e. weariness; of burdens such as the literal burden of pregnancy (PMP: *beReqat)

ber-bagaiin various ways; different kinds of; (also) comparable, -- in such expressions astiada ber-bagai (peerless) (LOAN)

bər-dədakto be massed or crowded together, as ships at a good anchorage (PWMP: *degdeg)

bər-dəŋuto draw in one’s breath with a murmur (as a tiger about to spring) (NOISE)

berkascolligation; binding together (with rope or rattan); a bale so bound (PMP: *beRkes)

ber-kemisto beg (on Thursday orkhamis) for donations for the Friday service; to beg in general (LOAN)

ber-kempas-kempisexpand and contract rapidly, as the stomach of a man breathing hard or much frightened (PWMP: *ke(m)pes)

bər-sandiŋto sit side by side, but limited in use to the ceremonial ‘enthronement’ of the bride and bridegroom at the wedding reception after the actual religious marriage (LOAN)

ber-siahto bustle; to fuss; to push or brush aside; to pull apart gently, as a bird’s feathers or the orifice of a wound (PWMP: *siaq)

ber-tapehto wear a sarong as a skirt, i.e. from the waist downwards, in contrast to wearing it as a bodice as well, i.e. from the breasts downwards (PWMP: *tapiq₂)

ber-timbun-timbunin stacks or mounds, as merchandise on a wharf, or bodies on a battlefield (PWMP: *timbun)

ber-timpohto sit as a Malay woman sits, i.e. with the legs together and bent at the knees, knees outward and feet near the body, and usually a hand on the ground (PWMP: *timpuhuq)

bésanthe relationship of persons whose children have intermarried (PWMP: *baisan)

besiiron; instrument made of iron, such as a branding-iron or a horse-shoe (LOAN)

betassplit open; slit open; ripped open; come undone (of a seam); cracked (of an egg) (PMP: *be(R)tas)

betékpapaya or pawpaw,Carica papaya, of which Malays recognize three varieties (LOAN)

be-tinafemale (an insult when used of human beings ... of animals it is always correct) (PMP: *t-ina) *ina

betislower leg; shank or cannon of horse; leg from the knee to sole (PAN: *beties)

biakprolific; increasing in numbers; breeding; e.g.kembaŋ biak of a maggot that breeds in fruit;mem-biak-kan ternak to breed livestock (PWMP: *biak)

biancakmonitor lizard, of which there are four varieties: (i)Varanus salvator, the largest, (ii)V. rudicollis (long-snouted), (iii)V. dumerili (tree-monitor), (iv)V. nebulosus (long-tailed) (Palembang) (PWMP: *bayawak)

biar-biaran intestinal worm that ends by attacking the eye and causing blindness in animals:Filaria loa;biar-biar naik ka-mata 'thebiar-biar worm gets to the eye' = 'concede, concede and you end in need' -- a play onbiar 'let' (PMP: *biaR₁)

biasdeflected (of a course). Of rain falling at an angle because of wind; of a ship's course being affected by tides or currents; but not of a ship being blown out of its course altogether by storms (PWMP: *bias)

biawakmonitor lizard, of which there are four varieties: (i)Varanus salvator, the largest, (ii)V. rudicollis (long-snouted), (iii)V. dumerili (tree-monitor), (iv)V. nebulosus (long-tailed) (PWMP: *bayawak)

biayadisbursement; working expenses; working capital. Of the cost of running a poultry-farm; of money spent on building a mosque; of it being impossible to spend on pleasure on earth and lay up treasure in heaven with the same money (LOAN)

bibitcarrying, lifting or holding in the fingers. Of carrying a powder-flask in the hand, or lifting asparagus-like vegetables to the mouth when eating (PMP: *bitbit₂) *bitbit

bicaradeliberation, discussion; discourse; legal proceeding; court-case; concern, business (LOAN)

bidanmidwife; sage-femme. A person of much importance in a Malay village; formerly entitled to maintenance as a public servant (LOAN)

bidaŋspacious; expansive; broad; a (Sumatran) measure of length of about fivehasta; a numeral coefficient for sails, mats, hides, awnings, screens, and so on (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

bidaŋspacious; expansive; broad; a (Sumatran) measure of length of about fivehasta, a numerical coefficient for sails, mats, hides, awnings, screens and so on (LOAN)

bilaŋenumeration; to number; to recount; half metaphorical in things being 'of no account' or of serious account, i.e. famous (PAN: *bilaŋ₁)

bilékwickerwork of bamboo, used for making partitions in houses, whence the derivative use: compartment; apartment (PMP: *bilik)

bilisanchovy, Macassar red-fish; generic for small fish, esp.Stolephorus spp. that come in huge schools and are caught and salted for sale asbudu (pickled anchovies) orpeda (fish pickled in brine) (PWMP: *bilis)

binataŋanimal, beast (as a term of abuse); thing, whether animate or inanimate (LOAN)

bintaŋstar; heavenly body; constellation; fig., the star of a knightly order (LOAN)

bintulcreel-trap for crabs. This creel (which is baited and has net-like interstices) is laid at the bottom of the water. When the crabs have swarmed on it to eat the bait it is raised suddenly and the crabs are caught (PWMP: *bintul)

binturcreel-trap for crabs. This creel (which is baited and has net-like interstices) is laid at the bottom of the water. When the crabs have swarmed on it to eat the bait it is raised suddenly and the crabs are caught (PWMP: *bintur)

binuaŋa tree:Sterculia alata. Its very light wood serves to make stoppers for bottles (PWMP: *binuaŋ)Brunei

biŋkaibinding; rim; border; frame. Of the rim of a shield; the highest hoop of a barrel; the rattan edging that makes the rim of a basket smooth; the rattan border of a winnowing pan; the felloe of a wheel; the rim of a tray (PWMP: *biŋkay)

bioŋcurved, of the cutting edge of a pair of areca-nut scissors (PWMP: *biquŋ)

biraan aroid,Alocasia spp., especiallyAlocasia indica. Associated with itchiness and used as a term of abuse = hot stuff, lascivious, harlot (in Brunei and Sarawak) (PWMP: *biRaʔ)

birahan aroid,Alocasia spp., especiallyAlocasia indica. Associated with itchiness and used as a term of abuse = hot stuff, lascivious, harlot (in Brunei and Sarawak) (PMP: *biRaq₁)

birasconnection by marriage (in the case of two men who have married sisters, or of two women who have married brothers) (PWMP: *biras₂)

birasconnection by marriage (in the case of two men who have married sisters, or of two women who have married brothers (NOISE)

birik, buroŋ bérék-béréka bird, the bee-eater, generic forMeropidae, esp.Merops sumatranus (a bird associated with the spectre huntsman) (LOAN)

biriŋbright red or yellow; fiery-looking (of the color of a fighting cock, esp. about the legs (PMP: *biRiŋ₁)

biritbuttocks (Jakarta Malay, said to be aSundanese loan) (PMP: *birit₂) *birit

bitiŋa spit or spike (of bamboo or palm rib) used for pinning together leaves in cooking (PWMP: *biR(e)tiŋ)

biukua water tortoise:Notochelys platynota; it has a yellow streak extending from the eye, giving it a rather languid look (NEAR)

bobos, bubusleaking through one big leak; ajar or agape (of a door); sink or aperture for throwing out rubbish; (slang) very loose, of the bowels (PMP: *busbus)

bokorrimmed plate or shallow bowl (like soup-plate), usually of metal. On it is placed a water vessel of porous earthenware, thebokor serving to hold up any water oozing through and so to protect the table-cloth or table-matting (LOAN)

bolosstripped (of hair, leaves, feathers, etc.); fallen off (of a string-winding or wrapping); bare; bald; leafless; (fig.) left desolate (LOAN)

bolosstripped (of hair, leaves, feathers, etc.); fallen off (of a string-winding or wrapping); bare; bald; leafless; (fig.) left desolate (NOISE)

bolot, bulutbundling up; wrapping up loosely or carelessly; bustle about, fuss (NOISE)

bombeBombay, associated in Malay with penal transportationkueh bombean Indian cake (LOAN)

boŋkallump; a measure of weight. Etymologically 'a stone' -- whence it came to be used of stone weights and of pebble-like clots or lumps (PWMP: *bukel)

boŋkaŋ-baŋkiŋlying about in all sorts of attitudes (of bodies after a battle) (ROOT)

boŋkokbent; bowed; humpbacked; spinal curvature (esp. of a man's back) (PMP: *buŋkuk)

boŋkolbump; hump; globular end of a drumstick; of rounded prominences on a horse's neck, spavins or splints (ROOT)

boŋsu, bonsu, buŋsuyoungest-born; minimus (or minima); familiar name for youngest of a family (LOAN)

borékspotted; freckled; pockpitted; speckled with fairly large spots, esp. of color varieties in animals (PWMP: *burik)

boroŋwholesale; on a large scale; in the lump; piecework, in contrast to employment by the day (LOAN)

borosbecome loose, of a string wound around something; letting out rope; (fig.) prodigal, extravagant (PWMP: *burus₁)

bota, butaogre; evil spirit preying on man. Constantly mentioned in literature, and practically indistinguishable from theraksasa andgergasi, the three being often bracketed together as 'ogres of all kinds';bota beloh,buta beloh big-eyed ghost, possibly the owlkokok belok (LOAN)

botak, butakbaldness; hairlessness of the crown of the head in contrast tobubus orbolos (general thinning of the hair) andsulah (baldness over the forehead) (LOAN)

buahfruit; fruit-like (rounded) object. A descriptive term for (i) all fruits, (ii) 'fruit' in the special sense of the areca nut (cf. e.g.pe-buah 'receptacle for areca nut in asireh-set'), (iii) stony fruit used for special purposes, e.g. candle-nuts used as playing-marbles, (iv) articles resembling definite kinds of fruit, e.g.buah bedara (fruit ofZizyphus jujuba; a bead suggesting that fruit; a sweetmeat suggesting that fruit, (v) adolescent girls regarded as fruit ripe for the plucking, (vi) the fruit-like (i.e. rounded) portion of anything, e.g.buah betis 'calf of the leg',buah pelir 'testicle',buah pantat 'buttock',buah piŋgaŋ 'kidney', (vii) miscellaneous rounded objects such as studs, buttons, chessmen, etc., (viii) generally, as a numeral coefficient for all rounded objects such as stones, books, watches, boxes, plates, bowls, baskets, eggs, teeth, shields, doors, buildings, villages, towns, countries, hills, mountains, caves and lakes; and also for lamentations (ratap) (PMP: *buaq)

buah hatiheart, in contrast to aorta, both literally and as a term of endearment (PWMP: *buaq qatay) *buaq

buah hatiheart, in contrast to aorta -- both literally and as a term of endearment (PMP: *buaq ni qatay) *qaCay

buakbubbling up, as water in a spring; spouting out in jets, as blood from a severed artery (PWMP: *buag)

buakbubbling up, as water in a spring; spouting out in jets, as blood from a severed artery (PAN: *buak)

bualbubbling up, frothing up, like aerated water; gassy; fig. of yarning or frothy talk (PMP: *bual₂) *bual

buaŋthrow away; get rid of; discard; banish; also of abortion, of discarding a mistress, etc.; idiomatic in many expressions (PMP: *buqaŋ)

buaswild; ferocious; daring (especially of animals); of a child being naughty, or of thieves being very daring in their depredations (PWMP: *buas)

buatperformance; making; to do. Sometimes in the sense of actual construction (buat-an Siam = of Siamese make), but often with a suggestion of artificiality or make-believe, or construction by magic (PMP: *buhat₂)

buaya, buhayacrocodile. ProperlyCrocodilus porosus, the estuary crocodile. A very large house-lizard is called sometimesbuaya rumah (house crocodile); and the description 'land crocodile' (buaya darat) is given to 'samsengs' or roughs, and in the eastern islands of the archipelago to the dragon-like monitor,Varanus komodoensis. Proverbially the crocodile is a symbol of pitiless greed (PMP: *buqaya)

buay-anhammock-cot for infant; hammock; swing (made up of several rolls of cloth -- three to seven according to the infant's rank) (PMP: *buqay)

bubokboiling by immersing in cold water which is then brought to a boil (PMP: *bukbuk₁)

buboŋ, bumboŋswelling up in a dome-like mass from below; roof; mat-awning; of waters swelling up, but especially of a house-roof (PMP: *bubuŋ₁)

bububasket-trap for fish. Etymologically, a baited basket-trap with an entrance surrounded by spikes (injap,unjap,ijep) that allow ingress but prevent egress; in contrast to traps (teŋkalak) that rely on the current (many named varieties) (PAN: *bubu₂)

bubula cracked, fissured or ulcerated condition of the sole of the human foot, or in the hoofs of horses. Usually (in men) as the result of yaws (PWMP: *bubul)

buburfood in pulpy or viscous form; generic for gruels, thick broths and porridges (PMP: *buRbuR₁)

buburfood in pulpy or viscous form; generic for gruels, thick broths and porridges (ROOT)

budaklad; lass. Associated sometimes (1) with immaturity; (2) very commonly with service (e.g.budak dalam "palace slave girls",budak jogét "dancing girl",budak-budak gembala "herd-boys") (LOAN)

budiqualities of mind and heart; kindly acts and ways; character; graciousness and charm.Budi Implies prudence and discretion ... but it is more closely identified with the doing of kindly acts, e.g.balas budi 'to repay kindness; to show gratitude';kenaŋ-kan budi 'remember gratefully';budi often means 'character':busok budi 'of a hateful character'budi-manpossessed ofbudi, i.e. self-respecting, wise, prudent, sensible (LOAN)

bujaŋfree to marry (of a man or woman); celibate; solitary (of spinsters, widows and divorcées; also of men unattached and working on their own) (LOAN)

bujoksoothing with soft words (a crying child, an old nurse calming an excited girl, etc.) (LOAN)

bukaopen up or open out; unfastening; removal of a veil or covering; width; beam; (naut.) unship; unbend sails; reveal (PMP: *buka)

bukannegation; non-existence; no, not -- a stronger negative thantidak ortiada (PWMP: *buken₁) *buken

bukithill, i.e. an elevation from about 100 to about 1500 feet, higher elevations being mountains (gunoŋ); also adjectivally for hillmen, hill tribes (PAN: *bukij)

bukuknuckle; knot; hard, lumpy joint; a measure for raw opium, i.e. 'a ball'; (fig.) the kernel, gist or sting of a remark; the pith or substance of anything; fig., of coming up against the hard joint instead of the soft core of anything (PMP: *bukuh)

bulanmoon; month; 'moons' in the sense of period of gestation; moon-like (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaN

bulaŋenwrapping; enwinding; passing a cloth, sash or string around anything; the wrapper or fastening so bound; its commonest use is to define the process of binding the artificial spur (taji) to a fighting cock's foot, this being done by means of a thread about 6 feet long (PWMP: *bulaŋ)

bulohbamboo; a generic or descriptive name for bamboos and hollow cylinders; (in Sumatra) a class of bamboos,Bambusa spp. (PAN: *buluq₂)

buluhair; plumage; bristles; hairy, woolly or feathery covering on animals; hair on human body but not on head (PMP: *bulu₁)

bulu-bulua tree name, coveringDiospyros argentea,Diospyros wrayi,Gynotroches axillaris,Pellacalyx axillaris,Pellacalyx saccardianus (PMP: *bulu bulu) *bulu₁

bulu temiaŋthe bamboo of which blowpipes are made:Bambusa wrayi (PMP: *tamiaŋ)

bumboŋa water vessel made from a joint of bamboo; cylindrical box for carrying tobacco or areca nut (Brunei) (PWMP: *buŋbuŋ₁)

bumboŋswelling up in a dome-like mass from below, of waters welling up, but especially of a house roof (PMP: *buŋbuŋ₄)

bumbucondiments; curry-stuffs. In these terms are included all ingredients (such as salt, onion, red peppers, tamarind, rasped coconut, gingers, etc.) that are pounded up together for flavoring Malay curry dishes (LOAN)

bumbunhut like a bee-hive or bell-tent used by fowlers, hunters or fishermen to conceal themselves; peaked rick constructed so that all the ears of grain lie at the apex; overfull (as a plate heaped up with rice) (PMP: *bunbun)

bunoh-anlast or seaward compartment of a fishtrap; the compartment in which fish are actually caught (PWMP: *bunuq-an₂) *buNuq₂

bunoh balas'for a man slain a man to replace' -- a reference to the old (Minangkabau) tribal law under which the loss of a man accidentally killed had to be made good (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

buntiŋpregnancy; be with child; fetus; unborn child. Usual of animal pregnancy; when applied to human beings it is not courteous (cf. the politerhamil andmeŋandoŋ) but is familiar rather than rude (LOAN)

buntublocked; not admitting further ingress (of a cave walled up, a drain choked, a blind alley, etc.) (NOISE)

buntutposterior; butt; fag-end; stern (of ship); chap (of kris-sheath); tail; hinderpart (PMP: *buntut₁) *buntut

buŋarfirst fruits; prime; first of anything, e.g. the first embrace of a maiden (PWMP: *buŋaR)

buŋkulbump; hump; globular end of a drumstick. Of rounded prominences on a horse's neck, spavins or splints (PMP: *buŋkul)

buŋura tree,Lagerstroemia spp., esp.L. speciosa, bearing handsome pink and purple flowers and giving a timber used in bridge and house-building (PAN: *buŋuR)

burokrottenness in wood or metal; old; worn out; decayed; worthless; (fig.) of bad character (PAN: *buRuk)

burok sikumaking gifts and then wanting them back (lit. ‘rotten elbowed’) (PAN: *sikux)

buroŋgeneric for birds of all sorts, but also used in certain districts as a euphemism for the penis, in which caseuŋgas is used for bird;buroŋ is prefixed to bird names (LOAN)

buroŋ bubutcoucal, crow-pheasant:Centropus bengalensis andCentropus eurycercus, so called from the bird's note (PWMP: *butbut₁)

buroŋ cawi-cawia bird, the drongo (Dicrurus spp.); black and with long forked tail (PWMP: *cawi)

buroŋ daunMalayan black-throated blue flycatcher:Stoparola thalassinoides (PMP: *dahun)

buroŋ kuauthe Argus-pheasant:Argusianus argus, prob. onomatopoetic from its cry (PAN: *kuaw)

buruthernia; rupture; (sometimes) hydrocele and any swelling of the scrotum (LOAN)

buruthernia; rupture; (sometimes) hydrocele and any swelling of the scrotum (NOISE)

busokputrid; stinking; fig. low or despicable. Applied to decaying animal matter; rot in trees isburok (PMP: *busuk)

busok-busoka tree,Cassia nodosa, with long narrow pods the seeds of which give out a most unpleasant smell (PMP: *busuk)

busoŋdistended. Usually of the stomach, through dropsy, ascites or ovarian tumor; also fig. of a sandbank, and of wood seemingly blown out with air and used as cork (PWMP: *busuŋ)

busorbow (of archer); bow (for cleaning cotton). Referred to in literature both as a weapon, and as a simile for the curve of a lovely arm.... A distinction is drawn sometimes between the weapon (busar) and the cotton-cleaner's bow (busor,busur) (PMP: *busuR₂)

buta-buta ~ be-butaa seashore tree:Excoecaria agaloocha, said to be so called because its sap causes blindness (cf.buta ‘blind’) (PWMP: *buta buta₂) *buta buta

buta radamblind with no sign of blindness; blind when one refuses to see (PWMP: *radam)

butilgrain, particle; numeral coefficient for small granular objects such as seeds and even eggs, durians and bananas (PWMP: *butil)

butirgrain, particle; numeral coefficient for small granular objects such as seeds and even eggs, durians and bananas (PWMP: *butir)

buyoŋa round-bottomed, squat and rather narrow-necked and wide-mouthed vessel of unglazed earthenware (PWMP: *buyequŋ)

cabutextraction by force (but not with needless violence), of rooting up plants, pulling teeth, drawing a ring off a finger, or pulling a card out of a pack (PMP: *cabut)

caciŋworm, including:caciŋ aŋin ‘Filaria loa’,caciŋ asal ‘intestinal worm, the passing of which in stools is believed to presage death;caciŋ bəsar ‘large white worm passed in stools’,caciŋ gərumit ‘pinworms, nematodes’, etc. (PWMP: *caciŋ)

cəkekseizing the neck; throttling; (fig.) choking with food or guzzling (PWMP: *cekig)

cekupmaking a scoop of the hand and putting it down on anything; e.g. to catch a fly without killing it (ROOT)

celoréŋmetal bar or thin plate that gives out a ringing sound when struck (ROOT)

celusloose-fitting; fitting comfortably or easily, of a ring that slips on or off (ROOT)

cemardirt; polution. Of dirty bits of road; a vile disposition; days of uncleanness (hari cemar kain ‘menstrual period’) (LOAN)

ceŋapcatch in the mouth; snap at; panting or catching one's breath (PMP: *ceŋap)

ceŋápcatch in the mouth; snap at; panting or catching one's breath (PWMP: *ciŋap)

charian bujaŋproperty acquired before marriage. The word is associated also with loneliness (LOAN)

chəroŋ-chəraŋto clang, as anklets when their wearer moves about, or as bar-iron when being taken to a foundry (ROOT)

ciaktwitter of small bird; bird that tweets or twitters; a generic name for birds like sparrows and finches (PWMP: *ciak)

cicitsqueak (of mouse); tweet or cheep (of small bird); creak (of door) (PWMP: *citcit)

coŋaktilted up (of the face); chin up; head in the air, of a buffalo; pointing upward, of a bird's beak (ROOT)

corékgrain in wood; veining; long parallel lines (broken or otherwise) in cloth patterns (PWMP: *curik)

dadabreast, chest, usually in a physical or literal sense; of the whole front of the body and not a single breast (susu); used figuratively of angles and shapes, and especially in technical descriptions of a horse’s forequarters (PWMP: *dahdah) *daSdaS

daeŋslicing into thin strips and drying in the sun; especially of fish preserved after being cut in two along the line of the vertebrae (LOAN)

dahakcoughing up phlegm; mucus from the chest; cold that has settled on the chest (PWMP: *dahak)

dahanminor bough or branch of a tree (cp.cabaŋ ‘main boughs’) (PMP: *daqan₁) *daqan

dakapfolding the arms or hands over one another; clasping, embracing (PAN: *dakep)

dakiuphill work, climbing (of the sun rising towards its zenith; also of people scaling a hill together) (PAN: *dakiS)

dalampalace, prince’s home; inside, inner, used as a locative (di dalam ‘in’,dari dalam ‘from within’); inner, as the inner part or central room of a house; depth; deep, profound (PMP: *dalem)

dalam hatito oneself, secretly or silently (lit. ‘in one’s heart/liver’) (PMP: *dalem qatay) *dalem

damarresin or gum exuded by certain trees, notably of the generaShorea andHopea; resinous torch; resinous tree (PAN: *damaR₁)

dampiltouching one another -- of contact in contrast to mere proximity (PWMP: *da(m)pil)

dapurcooking-place; kitchen; it is a corner of the house covered with a thick layer of ashes on which are placed three or five stones to support one or two cooking pots (PMP: *dapuR₁)

darahblood, in both literal and metaphorical senses; also found in many plant names (PAN: *daRaq)

daratdry land, in contrast to coastal swamp; upland; inner or high land, in contrast to lowland (PMP: *daRat)

dato-khead of family, elder; used as a term of relationship to or of a grandfather; as a term of distinction to or of any great non-royal chief; as a term of respect to any man of age and standing (PMP: *datu)

dato-ŋgrandfather (very literary, and used only of or to one’s own grandfather) (PMP: *datu)

daturuler, chief … this is the old Malay sovereign title borne by the Srivijaya king of the Kota Kapur inscription (AD 686) (PMP: *datu)

daun pegagaa creeping herb with an edible leaf:Hydrocotyle asiatica (PWMP: *paŋgaga)

daun sumamedicinal leaf mentioned sometimes in Malay prescriptions (PWMP: *suma)

dedakpowdered rice husk; chaff; bran (used as chicken food) (PMP: *dekdek) *dekdek₁

dədaptree name, generic forErythrina spp., used as shade trees for coffee and to make props forsirih vines (PMP: *depdep)

degah-degu(onom.) clatter such as that made by polers quanting among rocks (PWMP: *degaq)

degah-degu(onom.) clatter such as that made by polers quanting among rocks (PWMP: *deguʔ)

dekapfolding the arms or hands over one another; clasping, embracing (PAN: *dekep)

deŋanan auxiliary word that gives an adjectival or adverbial meaning to what follows. Usually translated by some preposition, especially by ‘with’ (PMP: *deŋan)

deŋkoŋsound of heavy hammering; deep bay of dog (AlsoKaro Batakdekuŋ 'make the sound of the domestic quail') (ROOT)

depameasure of length represented by the span of the outstretched arms; to measure in this way (PAN: *depah)

depusthe sound of a rush of air through a narrow opening, e.g. from bellows (ROOT)

dəraŋclanging sound, of the sound of a gong, the tinkle of pieces of jewellery, the chink of dollars, the sound of the royal drums (ROOT)

deriŋ(onom.) ring out; jingle, as a sword, anklets or the metal hangings on a standard of thejogan type (PWMP: *deRiŋ)

diin, at; an inseparable locative prefix, e.g.di-antara (between, among),di-atas (atop, above),di-bawah (at the bottom of, below) (PAN: *di)

dindiŋscreen; partition; inner wall in house (the root meaning is ‘screening off’) (PMP: *diŋdiŋ₁)

durithorn (standing out at right angles); erect sting of fish; quill of porcupine (cf. onak ‘recurving thorn’, sonak ‘recurving sting of sting-ray’) (PMP: *duRi)

durianthorny fruit (seeduri); specifically, the durian (Durio zibethinus) … but extended to the soursop,Anona muricata, the wildDurio malaccensis that yields a spiky edible fruit, etc. (PWMP: *duRi-an) *duRi

eguŋ, goŋ(onom., from its sound) gong. Specifically in Java the largest variety of gong. (LOAN)

-em-rare fossilized infix in a few reduplicated forms that refer to natural actions:gilaŋ g-em-ilaŋ 'scintillating',guroh g-em-uroh 'to thunder', etc. (PMP: *<um>) *-um-

em-balaugum-lac; shellac; also solder, sealing wax and the material used for fixing the haft of a blade in the handle. Localembalau is a gummy substance deposited by the femaleCoccus lacca on the twigs of certain trees, but the bestembalau is imported and its exact nature is not known (PWMP: *balaw₂)

embanband going around the body. Of the bands supporting a porter's knapsack; also of a horse's belly-band (PMP: *heban) *SebaN

empaŋblocking with a net or barrier; damming dam; barrier net; weir (PMP: *empeŋ)

empapflapping against; flopping down upon; clapping the hand on; striking water with the flat of the paddle (PWMP: *epap)

empelas kasapa plant (Tetracera assa) of which the leaves are used as sandpaper (PWMP: *kasep)

empumaster. The titleempu is associated in Malaya with old makers of krisses and is given in Java to personified krisses; it suggests a master-craftsman (PMP: *empu)

empu-anlady -- in titles such aseŋku empuan,teŋku empuan (queen) (PWMP: *empu-an) *empu

(en)cékmaster; mistress; titular prefix to the names of persons of good position who are not entitled to any other distinction (LOAN)

encék, incékMaster; Mistress; a titular prefix to the names of persons who are not entitled to any other distinction (LOAN)

endokfriendly form of address used by a woman to a female friend or by a man to his wife (LOAN)

əntakramming or stamping down; pounding (of treading something underfoot) (NEAR)

eŋkauthou; you; outside literature the word is used only to inferiors; in literature it occurs as an ordinary pronoun of the second person without a suggestion of disrespect (PMP: *i-kahu) *kaSu

éŋsutpushing away gently; edging a child off a seat; (of a wind) just making the boat move; edging towards or away (PMP: *isud)

gambirgambier, a decoction from the leaves ofUncaria gambir, consumed by Malays with betel (LOAN)

ganaspredatory; unusually daring -- of man-eating tigers, crocodiles that attack men in boats, etc. (PMP: *ganas)

gancucrook; hooked stick (of sticks for drawing down branches to allow of fruit being plucked, of hooks for holding up mosquito nets, etc.) (LOAN)

gaŋgaŋtoasting, slow roasting near a fire; sun-drying; hot dry-poulticing (PWMP: *gaŋgaŋ)

garisscratch, abrasion, of scratches on the skin, especially from magic or poisoned weapons, where the slightest scratch is (thought to be) fatal; also of striking a match (PMP: *garis)

garisscratch, abrasion; of scratches on the skin; also of striking a match (PMP: *karis₁) *karis

garokscratching; scraping with a point, of a man scratching an itchy sore, scratching one’s head, or scraping with one’s nails (PMP: *gaRuk)

garutscraping against one another (of two surfaces in contact), e.g., as a cartwheel rubbing against a wall (PMP: *garut) *garuC

gayoŋa rude ladle made of a bowl of coconut shell and a handle; any small dipper, such as an empty can (LOAN)

gelaŋ-gelaŋ rayatapeworm; name given to the four great worms believed to inhabit the stomach (PWMP: *gelaŋ)

gelekrolling over (and flattening out); rolling up into pellets (of a road roller; being run over; sago rolled into pellets, etc.) (NEAR)

gəlitickled; amused; inclined to laugh; restlessness as the result of words or mere sound (LOAN)

gəlombaŋlong rolling waves at sea, in contrast to short, steep seas (ombak), or ground swell (alun) (NEAR)

gəmaltaking in the hand or fingers (of carrying a bouquet, fingering a kris, etc.) (PAN: *gemel)

gənapcompleting; rounding off; making up a pair; even, of numbers (PWMP: *genep)

gəntassnapping (a twig); picking a flower that one wishes to wear; severing with the fingernail (PMP: *getes)

g-er-agasclawing, pawing; passing the fingers roughly through the hair (PMP: *gasgas)

geriŋspherical bell (AlsoKayangeriŋ 'ringing sound, as when a bell or metal is struck' with onomatopoetic resistance of *R >h?) (ROOT)

getahtree sap, latex; sap used and coagulated for economic purposes; tree sap in general; tree sap used as dart poison; tree sap used for liming birds (PWMP: *geteq)

gilaŋ g<em>ilaŋmultiple lustre; scintillating; glowing (of feminine beauty) (PWMP: *gilaŋ)

gilapburnished, shining, lustrous, especially of things made lustrous (PMP: *gilap)

giliŋrolling out; flattening with a roller (of preparing a cigarette for smoking, grinding down chilis or curry stuff with a stone roller on a flat stone; also of grinding down simples for a medical prescription) (PMP: *giliŋ)

gomol, gumullaying violent hands (on a person). Of wrestlers "having a rough and tumble"; clinching and kicking, of a man pulled down and trampled to death by a mob, etc. (PWMP: *gumul)

gorés ~ gorisscratch; mark made by drawing a hard point over a soft surface (PAN: *guris)

gusik.o. jar with six handles; outside surface dull, inside smooth and crackled. Believed by Brunei Malays to be made and buried by spirits. (LOAN)Brunei

habis tumbasto the last drop; to the bitter end; to the uttermost. Stronger thanhabis (ended, exhausted) (PWMP: *tu(m)bas)

(h)abuash; powder produced by combustion; "ash-colored", as a descriptive name for animals (PMP: *qabu)

(h)adaŋblocking the way; lying in wait to intercept, as robbers waylaying travellers, or as an injured husband waiting for his wife’s seducer (PWMP: *qadaŋ)

hadapposition facing in two senses: (i) being in front, (ii) presenting oneself before, or waiting on, as a courtier attending his sultan’s receptions (PMP: *qadep)

(h)alaudriving before one; "chivvying". Of beaters driving elephants into a trap, herdsmen driving cattle, etc. Also (in modern Malaya) to drive away (PWMP: *halaw)

haliaginger,Zingiber officinale; used as a drug and as a flavoring for curries (PMP: *laqia)

(ha)lintahleech, generic for slow leeches in contrast to springing leeches; fig. a bloodsucker, blackmailer, or usurer (PWMP: *qali-metaq) *-meCaq

(h)ambaŋafloat in mid-air. Of a bird resting on its pinions; of the newly risen sun and moon as they leave the horizon (PWMP: *qabaŋ₂)

(h)amburletting drop here and there. Of seed being dropped on the ground (sowing with a round-arm motion istabur) (PWMP: *qambuR)

(h)amparspreading out horizontally (of bedrock, outspread carpets, pitching tents, opening out mats, spreading wings) (PMP: *hampaR) *SapaR

(h)an-irfetid, offensive in odor. Of bad meat, rotten meat, putrid water, decaying vegetable matter, etc. (NOISE)

hantamslamming; slapping; bumping against. Of a man bumping his nose against a tree; (vulgar) of sexual intercourse, etc. (PWMP: *qantem)

(h)antarconducting, escorting; bearing along; conveying; (Bazaar Malay) to send (PMP: *hateD) *SateD

hantuevil spirit; ghost. Generic for invisible spirits of evil that work in darkness or secrecy. They include: (1) demons of localities, (2) demons tied to special spots or tutelary spirits of freaks of nature, (3) demons behind natural phenomena, such as echoes, will o' the wisps, meteors, (4) invisible elves wandering about the earth, (5) evil spirits associated with definite diseases, (6) vengeful ghosts of the dead, e.g. of the murdered, (7) ghost-birds, harpies or vampires, (8) discarded divinities of older faiths, (9) the tiger-spirit attached to a sorcerer, (10) familiar spirits generally, (11) the magician's head as a familiar spirit, (12) familiar spirits of indefinite local character. Ghosts are credited by Malays with planting wild varieties of fruit; e.g.pisaŋ hantu would mean "wild banana". The word is therefore common in Malay botanical names. (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

Hantu pem-buruSpectre Huntsman; name of a much-dreaded forest spirit whose dogs are the bee-eaters (bebérék) and who afflicts all who see him with some deadly disease (PAN: *buRaw)

haŋitfoul-smelling. Of the musty odor of dirty linen; the stench after the Krakatoa eruption; the smell of dung; the smell from armpits, etc. (PAN: *qaŋeSit)

haŋusdestruction by fire. In contrast to being on fire or being cooked or baked (PMP: *haŋus₂)

(h)apitpressure between two disconnected surfaces (as in a copying press or printing-press); torture by pressure (PMP: *hapit) *Sapit

hapitpressure between two disconnected surfaces, as in a printing press; torture by pressure (PMP: *qapit) *qapiC

hari raya besarfestival after the fasting month; the greatest holiday in the Malay year (PAN: *Raya)

(h)asakstuffing; insertion by force or pressure (of stuffing food into the mouth, beating stones into a roadway, hammering earth to fill up interstices (PMP: *hasek₂)

(h)atap sisek teŋgiliŋ(of shingles); -- but specifically of thatch, made usually ofnipah (the commonest),rembia (reputed the best),bertam (a palm:Eugeissona tristis),kaboŋ (sugar palm:Arenga saccharifera),salak (a stemless thorny palm:Zalacca edulis),kelubi (a stemless thorny marsh-palm:Zalacca conferta),palas (fan-palm:Licuala spp.),serdaŋ (a tall fan-palm:Livistona cochinchinensis),puar (generic for wild giners and esp. for the local cardamom, in contrast to the imported cardamom),lalaŋ (sword grass:Imperata cylindrica) (PMP: *qatep)

hatiheart; core; seat of certain feelings. Anatomically the "blood-eagle" made up of liver (limpa), gall (hempedu) and heart proper (jantoŋ hati,buah hati); commonlyhati is 'heart' as the seat of emotion and also of one's secret thoughts;hati is used by mystics in the sense almost of character or human nature; buthati is used most commonly in the sense of active feeling in contrast to mere passive sensation; cf. 'to feel cool' (badan sejok) and 'to keep cool' (hati sejok) (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

hausreduction in size through wear or friction. Of iron being eaten away by rust; an old bull's horns being worn away, etc. (NOISE)

(h)ayamcommon domestic fowl; fighting cock; turkey; guinea-fowl; water-cock; jungle fowl (PWMP: *qayam₂)

(h)embusblowing hard; panting and puffing; making a current of air (a snorting horse, a man panting as he runs, etc.) (PMP: *qembus)

(h)empasdashing down, hurling against (of a man flinging down a burden, flinging himself down, slamming a door, etc.) (PWMP: *qempas)

hempasdashing down, hurling against. Of a man flinging down a burden, flinging himself down, slamming a door, etc. (NOISE)

(h)empelasa plant:Tetracera assa; its leaves are used as sandpaper; to sandpaper (PMP: *qa(m)pelas)

(h)entakramming or stamping down; pounding. Used of treading something underfoot (PMP: *qentek)

(h)eramcrouch, lie low, make ready for a spring (tigers), sit on eggs (fowl) (PWMP: *qerem)

(h)idammorbid craving. Especially of a pregnant woman's craving for some special food (PWMP: *qidam)

hijaudark-colored; a name given to greens and blues, as the prevailing color in the jungle and the sea (PWMP: *hizaw)

(h)ilam-(h)ilamdimly or intermittently visible, as the flight of a bird in the distance (PMP: *qilem)

(h)impas(W. Sumatra) entirety, all; (Java) paid off, settled (of a debt) (PMP: *qimpas)

(h)iréktreading down, of a man treading on a plank bridge and so making it bend under his weight, but esp. of stamping on the harvested rice so as to separate grain and straw; sieve or strainer used for cooking vegetables (PAN: *qiRik)

(h)irisslitting, slicing. Of slitting a garment, slicing an orange or lime, etc. (PMP: *qiris)

(h)isapinhaling; sucking in (of sucking one's thumb, opium-smoking, tobacco-smoking, etc.) (PMP: *qisep)

hiu, yushark; dogfish; generic for sharks, dogfish, hammerhead sharks, sawfish and beaked rays (PAN: *qiSu)

(h)udaŋprawn; crayfish; lobster; generic for decapods of theMacrura class, in contrast to crabs (PAN: *qudaŋ)

hukumdecree; doom; that which is ordained. Moslem law in contrast to customary law (adat) (LOAN)

(h)ulatworm; grub; maggot; larva of fly or other such insect; slow-moving insect of the caterpillar type, in contrast to snake-like worms (PMP: *qulej)

(h)umacultivation on dry soil in contrast to planting on swampy ground. Esp. of the cultivation ofOryza montana, or hill-rice, but also applied to other crops needing dry soil (PMP: *quma) *qumah

hunusdrawing off (of unsheathing weapons, drawing a ring off the finger) (PMP: *hunus) *SuNus

(h)uŋkitrake up, lever up (of picking at old sores and digging up old grievances) (NOISE)

(h)urasbesprinkle; throw water on the ground so as to moisten the ground (PMP: *huRas) *SuRas

(h)urutmassage; clasping a sinew or limb tightly in the hand and then drawing the hand along it (PMP: *quRut)

-iverbal suffix used together with the prefixmeŋ-. This affix has various functions, including iterative and allative (Macdonald and Soenjono 1967:90ff). Ex:petani itu me-nanam-kan padi di ladaŋ-ña 'the farmer planted rice in his field' vs.petani itu me-nanam-i ladaŋ-ña deŋan padi 'the farmer planted his field with rice' (PMP: *-i₂)

ijoksugar-palm fibre. A dark substance resembling horse-hair, obtained fromArenga saccharifera and used for making string and thatch (PWMP: *izuk)

ikan bunaa fish, sp. unid. It is believed to be unwholesome for pregnant women (PMP: *buna)

ikan buntalbox-fish, globe-fish or sea-porcupine; generic forOstraciontidae,Tetrodontidae andDiodontidae. These fish have the power of distending their bodies with air, and are symbols of empty pretensions. Malays classify them correctly as box-fishes (buntal batu,buntal kotak), sea-porcupines (buntal landak,buntal duri) and globe-fishes (buntal pisaŋ) (PMP: *buntal)

ikan guramifreshwater carp:Osphromenus olfax, reared in ponds for the table (LOAN)

ikan guritasmall octopus,Onychoteuthis angulata (a large octopus isloyak,doyak) (PMP: *kuRita) *guRiCa

ikan kakapa large fish (‘cockup’ of India; Palmer of Queensland; Dutchkaalkop, Lates spp.) (PWMP: *kakap₁) *kakap

ikan kebasibony bream or hairback,Dorosoma spp. (name on east coast of Malay peninsula) (PWMP: *kabasi)

ikan kékékgeneric for many fishes variously identified as silver-bream (Equula edentula,Cazza minuta) and horse mackerel (Mene maculata) (PWMP: *ki(k)kik)

ikan kerapohsea perch:Serranus spp.; a very large fish of theScorpaenidae about which many legends exist (PWMP: *kuRapuq)

ikan kerapusea perch:Serranus spp.; a very large fish of theScorpaenidae about which many legends exist (PMP: *kuRapu)

ikan kərapusea perch,Serranus spp.; a very large fish of theScorpaenidae, about which many legends exist (PWMP: *kurapu)

ikan kitaŋspotted butter-fish,Scatophagus spp. These fish have venomous dorsal fins. (PWMP: *kiteŋ)

ikan lepugeneric for a number of fishes with venomous fins, angler fish and goblin fish (Antennaridae andScorpaenidae) (PMP: *lepu)

ikan talaŋhorse mackerel: generic for large species ofChorinemus, the small or young beingseliap (PWMP: *talaŋ-talaŋ)

ikan terithe small anchovy:Stolephorus tri, known in Singapore as the ‘Macassar red fish’ (PMP: *teRi)

ina-ŋduenna; governess of an unmarried girl of high rank. Etymologically the word suggests "mother" but in a way implying low rank (PMP: *iná-ŋ) *ina

indo-kmother, dam (of animals), base or home in certain games (PWMP: *indu-q) *indu

iŋat-anwhat is remembered or recalled; what is reflected in one's thoughts (PWMP: *iŋat-an) *iŋat

iparbrotherhood or sisterhood by marriage. Loosely, of a brother-in-law or even cousin-in-law, but usually defined more closely by the use of other words with meanings that vary locally (PMP: *hipaR₁) *hipaR

ipila treeIntsia spp. It yields a good timber and a round fruit used as a marble (buah gundu) (PMP: *qipil)

ipohtree sap used for dart poison, and obtained usually from theupas tree (Antiaris toxicaria), or from a creeper,Strychnos tiente (PWMP: *qipuq)

iriŋIndian file. Of ants following in line one behind the other, etc. (PMP: *iriŋ₁)

isicontents; component parts. Etymologically, the "flesh" of anything (PAN: *isi₅)

itékduck. Domesticated ducks include the muscovy duck and the mandarin duck. Wilditék include the cotton teal and the mallard (PWMP: *itik₂)

jalanmovement in a definite direction; course; road; way; way to do something (PMP: *zalan)

jaŋkitspread without visible contact, as an epidemic or fire (PWMP: *za(ŋ)kit)

jariŋbarrier net – of stake nets drawn across a stream, drift nets in a tideway, and fowlers’ nets (not of seines or dragnets) (PMP: *zariŋ)

jelataŋstinging nettle, generic for certain plants with stinging leaves, including tree nettle (Laportea stimulans), causing intense pain and a rash like erysipelas, and used by Malays as an ingredient in poison or hung over doors to keep away evil spirits, common small nettle (Fleurya interrupta), causing itch, when the expressionkena jelataŋ (or simplyjelataŋ) ‘itchy, lascivious’, and stinging climber (Cnesmone javanica); a minute marine insect that gives a slight sting, sea-flea (PMP: *zalateŋ)

jeluaŋvegetable parchment; native paper ... Old Malayo-Javanese romances are met with that have been written on this parchment (the bark used being that ofMorus macroura or ofBrousonnetia papyrifera) (PWMP: *zaluaŋ)

jemputa grasp; pinch; pressure between the cushion of the thumb (jempul) and the fingertips; (whence) pressure such as is used in greeting a visitor; greeting (LOAN)

jéŋkaŋextension of a leg; as when a mother draws out a child's leg to clean it (ROOT)

jeramistubble; rice-aftergrowth; the waste or inedible parts of fruits like the jack and durian (PMP: *zaRami)

jeraŋauthe sweet flag,Acorus calamus. A medicinal plant much used as a family remedy for children's complaints (PWMP: *zariaŋaw)

jilatto lick or lick up; of touching with the tongue; of a dog licking up food; of a dancing girl picking up coins with her lips; and of tongues of flame “licking up” anything inflammable (PWMP: *dilat)

jilatto lick or lick up, of touching with the tongue, of a dog licking up food; of a dancing girl picking up coins with her lips (PWMP: *zilat)

jolokpoking at; thrusting forwards or upwards, of thrusting a pole into a tree to knock down fruit or flowers, stirring up wasps by poking a stick into their nests, etc. (NOISE)

joŋkoŋdugout canoe; properly, a tree trunk hollowed out by fire, but used of other boats of mostly simple construction (LOAN)

junjoŋsupporting on the head (of a hawker carrying a basket on his head, a warrior raising his club over his head before striking, and of fixing gun shields on guns); indirectly, of props on which a thing rests; fig. obeying (PWMP: *zuŋzuŋ)

juru səlamdiver; fisherman who immerses himself to listen for the presence of a shoal of fish (PAN: *selem₁)

ka-a locative prefix corresponding to “ward” (upward, downward, inward, outward, Northward, etc.) (PAN: *ka₃)

kabirdrawing towards oneself. In two senses: 1. (MIN) scooping in, annexing, 2. (MAL) side-paddling (PWMP: *kabiR)

kail seluaŋ‘hooks for theseluaŋ fish’ – name given to a crocodile’s front teeth (PAN: *kawil₁)

kainwoven fabric; cloth; untailored garment; (specifically) the Malay sarong; cloth of any material (PWMP: *kain)

kain pelaŋibandanna-cloth, colored rather gaudily by the tie-and-dye process (LOAN)

kain saroŋthe typical Malay long kilt or skirt; usually explained as saroŋ (sheath, wrapper), but the garment is used in Ceyon, where it is known assaran; Yule derives the word from Singhalese (PWMP: *saruŋ)

kain suŋkitcloth embroidered with gold or silver by a “digging out” process, i.e. by using a sharp point to pull out short lengths of the silk of the fabric and then substituting pieces of gold or silver thread (PMP: *suŋkit)

kaisto draw the claws towards the body, esp. of the ways fowls scratch up their food; also of a crow scratching up sesame seed, and of fights with claws (PWMP: *kaqis)

kaitto hook on to; crook-shaped; crook; of putting bait on a hook, a man caught on thorns in the jungle, a lamb in a tiger’s talons, etc. (PAN: *kawit)

kaitto hook on to; crook-shaped; crook; of putting bait on a hook; a man caught on thorns in the jungle; a lamb in a tiger’s talons; the little finger bent hook-wise (PMP: *kaqit)

kait-kaitvarious plants, asUncaria ferruginea (a prickly creeper), andUncaria pteropoda, so called because it is hung over door to catch the trailing entrails of thepenanggalan evil spirit (PWMP: *kawit-kawit) *kawit

kamuyou; you all (not discourteous except when addressed to a single person, in which case it is somewhat arrogant) (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

kandoŋcarrying in an enclosed space, of pocketing, being with child (PWMP: *kanduŋ)

kaŋkoŋa flowering convolvulus:Ipomoea aquatica, I. reptans; eaten as a spinach; also proverbial as the ill weed that grows apace (LOAN)

kapayfumbling with the hands, whether fondling, the movements of a drowning man, or the arm movements of a baby lying on its back; flutter, fluttering (of bird, butterfly;Echols and Shadily 1963) (PMP: *kapay)

kapitfasten with slats, as woven grass matting to a frame (PMP: *kapit)Trengganu

karahpatchy in coloring, of tortoise shell, the teeth when lumps ofsirih are sticking to them, leaves when drying and showing spots, etc. (NOISE)

karamto founder, be engulfed, of ships being wrecked; (fig.) of disaster generally (PWMP: *kaRem)

karaŋcoral reef, in contrast to ridge of rocks; edible shellfish picked up on reefs when the tide is out; also used descriptively of fish that haunt coral reefs (PMP: *karaŋ)

kasaya cosmetic used as a hairwash a cosmetic generally, of which two kinds are recognized: the “heating” and the “cooling” (LOAN)

katak betoŋ(onom.) a toad,Bufo sp., so called from its deep booming croak (PMP: *betuŋ₂)

kati“catty”, a measure of weight of sixteentahil, or about one and one third pounds avoirdupois (LOAN)

kaupscraping in with the hand; skimming (of scraping along the surface, e.g. with a crumb-scoop; skimming off broth or cream, etc. (PWMP: *kaup)

kawahvat; cauldron; crater; large boiler, e.g. vat for preparing gambier, or cauldron for boiling rice to feed large numbers of men; natural feature suggesting a cauldron, e.g. the vortex of a whirlpool, an extinct crater or “devil’s punchbowl” (PWMP: *kawaq)

kawalwatchman; patrol; guard; of keeping guard over a palace, policing a strait, etc. (LOAN)

kawancompany; party; herd; comrade; companion; friend; follower (refers to any group of living things, as a herd of elephants, flock of goats, swarm of bees, or band of robbers) (PWMP: *kaban₁)

kayutimber, in various senses: 1. a tree and its parts, 2. trees and classes of timber, 3. timber appliances (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

kayu kemuniŋbeautiful veined yellow wood: obtained fromMurraya exotica and used for making kris-handles and scabbards (PMP: *kamuniŋ)

kə- -anformative for abstract nouns;kə-ada-an ‘existence’ (cp.ada ‘be, exist’) (PAN: *ka- -an₃)

kəbalimpenetrability to weapons, as a form of invulnerability; making the skin slippery so that weapons glance off it; protecting the flesh by rubbing quicksilver into the body so as to get a subcutaneous metallic armor;kəbal is used, less correctly, of invulnerability secured by making missiles miss their mark; it is believed that a child born with a complete caul is invulnerable (PWMP: *kebel)

kəburdriving before one (of fish); disturbing water so as to stir up mud (PMP: *kebuR)

kədəŋastretch (as in stretching out one’s arms; also of an arm being stiff and lacking suppleness) (PMP: *kedeŋ)

kejamclosing the eye, =pĕjam; not mere winking or blinking, but forced or deliberate (PAN: *kezem)

kəkalpermanence; enduring or perpetual, of eternity, constancy in love, etc. (NOISE)

kəladigeneric for many aroids, esp.Colocasia antiquorum (the Polynesian taro); used medicinally (PWMP: *kaladi)

kəladigeneric for many aroids, esp. Colocasia antiquorum (the Polynesian taro); used medicinally (LOAN)

kelammurk; obscurity; not extreme darkness (gelap); only such darkness as makes vision difficult (of myopia, dizziness affecting the eyes, darkness due to smoke or dust, weeping that affects the vision, a bright day becoming clouded; also figuratively for obscurity of thought (PAN: *kelem)

kelasaklong body-shield of wood or leather with a handle at its center (PWMP: *kalasag)

kələmuntiŋevergreen shrub with an edible fruit, the rose-myrtle:Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (LOAN)

kəlokcurve; arc; curling or wavy line, esp. of the curve used decoratively (PWMP: *keluk)

kə-lompokcluster; group, e.g. of aborigines sitting clustered together at the foot of a durian tree (PMP: *lumpuk)

ke-luntaŋfloat (of net or line); also a loose light float with a short baited line attached to it (PWMP: *lutaŋ)

kəmbarforming a match or pair, not of two who supplement one another, e.g. bride and bridegroom; but of mere equality or similarity, e.g. of twin children, or a worthy foe (LOAN)

kəmboŋpuffed out; swollen with wind; inflation, of the inflation and deflation of a trumpeter’s cheeks, wind in the stomach, or the ‘blown out’ boxfish or parrot fish, which has the habit of distending itself and is thought typical of hollow pretensions (PMP: *kembuŋ)

kəmekdent, e.g. in a metal surface; also of a very sunken nose (hiduŋ kəmek), or one eaten into by disease (NEAR)

kənacontact; to be up against; to incur; to experience; to touch exactly; to hit off (often in a passive sense); also idiomatically in the sense of being ‘taken in’ or deceived (PAN: *keNa)

kənaŋpondering over memories (covers loving thoughts, vain regrets, and the memory of those who are dead) (LOAN)

kənaŋaa tree known for its sweet-scented flowers; the dried flowers are used medicinally to mitigate fever (PMP: *kanaŋa)

kənarithe Java almond, a very handsome shade tree planted in avenues in Java; its seeds are rich in oil and its sap produces theelemi (k.o. resin) of our pharmacopeia:Canarium commune (PMP: *kanari)

kenasshellfish, salted and mixed with rice, sago and other ingredients for preservation as food (PMP: *kenas)

kəntoŋwooden sounding block for calling the faitful to prayer at a chapel; at a mosque they are summoned with a drum (LOAN)

kəpala santanthe ‘cream’ of the coconut; the very best of its pulp; (fig.) virginity, first embraces (LOAN)

kepitpressure between two connected surfaces, e.g. between two fingers or between the arm and the body; carry something under the arm (PMP: *kepit)

kepoŋbeleaguering; hemming in. Of an amoker being surrounded to prevent him escaping and doing further mischief (PWMP: *kepuŋ)

kərandabottomless coffin (to comply with the Moslem rule that a body shall rest directly on the ground), used at the funerals of important people (LOAN)

kəranjaŋbasket, hamper or crate of coarse wickerwork, used for packing and storing provisions, carrying fish to market, etc. (PWMP: *karanzaŋ)

kəraŋcockle shell; generic for all cockles, mostlyCardium spp., of which Malays recognize many varieties; half shells are used as ladles, cups, lamps for illuminations, etc. (LOAN)

kərashard; stiff; inelastic; (fig.) obstinate; of things being hard as stone or impenetrable as hard soil; severe, as a drought; stiff, as a tongue that cannot pronounce foreign words properly (PMP: *keRas)

kerbau b-enuaŋthe larger of the two Sumatran varieties of buffalo, being bigger-bodied and blacker and having a longer parturition period than the smallerkerbau melukut (PAN: *qiNuaŋ)

keréŋséŋcrack just revealing what is inside; of a fissure in the rind of a fruit, a crack in the skin (PWMP: *kur(i)siŋ)Riau

keréséŋcrack just revealing what is inside; of a fissure in the rind of a fruit, a crack in the skin (PWMP: *kur(i)siŋ)

kəristhe well-known Malayan dagger; “kris”. “kriss” or “crease” (LOAN)

kə<r>toka dull knocking such as the tap of a mallet or the sound of a wooden bell (PMP: *ketuk)

kesambia tree:Schleichera trijuga, much used in charcoal-form, the bast in medicine, and the young leaves in cookery (PMP: *kasambiʔ)Java

kə-siaŋ-anin daylight (asbulan kə-siaŋ-an ‘the moon in daylight’) (PWMP: *siaŋ)

kəsuaricassowary; ostrich; etymologically the cassowary of Seram:Casuarius galeatus, but the word is now used to describe ostriches and ostrich feathers (LOAN)

kəsumbageneric for trees yielding yellowish-red dyes; safflowerCarthamus tinctorius (LOAN)

kə-tapak-anplace where one sets one’s foot, i.e. threshold or lintel (PWMP: *tapak₁)

kətok-kətoka bamboo cylinder with a slit along its surface that is beaten as a sounding board to call people together (PMP: *ketuk)

kətupriestly headdress of the Hindu period; usually red and made of vegetable parchment (LOAN)

ketupatsquare or polygonal packet of cooked glutinous rice (taken, like our sandwiches, for food on a journey) (LOAN)

kicaktwitter, chirrup, esp. of the note of themurai or magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis); to beg for alms (PWMP: *kicak)

kicakto twitter, chirrup, esp. of the note of themurai, or magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis) (PWMP: *kicek)

kidammorbid craving, esp. of a pregnant woman’s craving for some special food (PWMP: *kidam)

kidoŋchanting; intoning; crooning; usually a rather long and monotonous chant sung to a certain measure, whether to accompany dancing, as a lullaby, as an amusement in itself, or in story-telling (PWMP: *kiduŋ)

kikirfile; grater; (fig.) miserly; originally a rough skate-skin grater used for sandpapering and smoothing (PAN: *kiRkiR)

kikisscraping down (asperities off wood, barnacles off a ship’s bottom, fleecing; not of fine work like sandpapering, but of scratching a sore or holding a knife at right angles to a wooden surface and scraping (PAN: *kiskis)

kilaŋfermented drink obtained from cane-sugar or palm-sugar (PWMP: *kilaŋ)Sumatra

kilatlightning, explained as the flash of the whip with which the Angel of the Thunders drives the clouds before him (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaC

kilawluminosity; brilliancy; sheet-lightning; in contrast tokilat (flashing point or line of intense light in surrounding darkness) (PWMP: *kinelaw)

kilaw-kilaw-anflooded with light; brightness (in contrast tokilat (flashing point or line of intense light in surrounding darkness) (PWMP: *kilaw₂)

kitawe (plural incl.); (sometimes) a royal or arrogant “I”; in Kelantan it excludes the person addressed (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁

kompoŋmaimed by the lopping off of a limb of which only the stump remains (PMP: *kumpuŋ)

kompotmaimed by the lopping off of a limb of which only the stump remains (PMP: *kumput)

kopétnarrowly open. Of hooks, etc., of which the point turns inward (PAN: *kupit)

koristo scratch with a point (of matches, of the scratch made by a mousedeer's tusk) (PWMP: *kuRis)

koristo scratch with a point (of matches, of the scratch made by a mousedeer's tusk) (PWMP: *kuris₂)

kotafortified place, stronghold; a fortified town or fortress; in old literature, a funeral pyre (LOAN)

kualariver mouth, estuary; place where a river debouches into anothe river or into the sea (LOAN)

kubustockade; semi-permanent fortification, of wooden defenses strengthened with earthwork (masonry forts arekota); small hut or shelter (PMP: *kubu)

kudisscurfy skin disease, esp. true itch or Scabies, but also used of mange and shingles (PAN: *kudis)

kudoŋleft with only a stump; maimed; short and stumpy, as tailless cockroaches and transom-sterned boats (LOAN)

kuéh biŋkacake made of rice flour coconut milk, egg and plum sugar. These cakes are of hemispherical form and are joined in pairs so as to appear globular, whence the expressionmenjadi kueh biŋka 'between the devil and the deep sea' (LOAN)

kuita quick stroke or jerky move of the fingertip; specifically an inward finger-jerk with one finger, in contradistinction to the movement of more than one finger, or to an outward finger-jerk (PWMP: *kuhit)

kukohstaunch; strongly built; of unshaken loyalty, backing one’s assurances with guarantees, or with an oath, strengthening a town’s defenses; remaining staunch to old customs (PMP: *kukuq)

kukohstaunch; strongly built; of unshaken loyalty; backing one’s assurances with guarntees or with an oath; strengthening a town’s defenses (LOAN)

kukussteaming; cooking in steam; distilling (rice is usually boiled in water in Malaya; in Java it is often placed in a conical basket (kukus-an) in the upper part of a tall copper boiler (dandang) and is cooked by the steam from the water boiling below) (PWMP: *kuskus₁)

kulayhanging down slackly; swaying (of a head swaying from side to side, a broken arm hanging limply, hair dressed in ringlets) (PWMP: *kulay₂)

kumananimacule; parasite, esp. of the parasite that causes itch; also as a description of a bacillus; fig. for (i) a very minute object and (ii) a predisposing germ (PMP: *kuman)

kuñitturmeric:Curcuma longa;kuñit is associated (etymologically) with yellow (kuniŋ) (PMP: *kunij)

kuŋkumpressure from all sides; concentric pressure, e.g. of an elastic band on a roll of paper (PWMP: *kumkum)

kura cry for calling fowls, or for recalling the spirit of life which is personified as a bird (PMP: *kur)

kusuttangled or disordered (of hair); difficult to unravel (of a situation) (PWMP: *kusut)

kutugeneric for parasitic biting insects in contrast to non-biting parasitic insects (tuma); these include the common flea, the bedbug, cattle ticks, the rice bug, the louse that worries fowls, and the insects infesting the bilges of neglected boats; (fig.) hanger-on, human parasite (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

labohlowering by means of a cord, of dropping a curtain, letting down a net or deep-sea fishing line, or casting anchor; also, to execute by drowning (PWMP: *labuq₁)

laburbesmearing (of whitewashing, smearing gum on cardboard, color-washing, etc.) (NOISE)

ladapepper; (sometimes) capsicum; peppercorn (i.e. candareen) as a measure of weight; black pepper (LOAN)

ladaŋunenclosed plantation on dry ground; planted clearing in contrast to an enclosed plantation (kəbun), or to a ricefield in a swamp (sawah) (NOISE)

laki-lakimale (usually more polite thanjantan); manly; masculine (PMP: *laki₁)

lambatslow; taking time; behind time (of a dull learner, a slow eater, etc.) (LOAN)

lambat laundragging on; protracted; in course of time; at long last (PWMP: *lambat)

lampinswathing band; wrapper wound round a very young child to prevent it injuring itself by rolling about (PWMP: *lampin)

lampinswathing band; wrapper wound round avery young child to prevent it injuring itself by rolling about (LOAN)

landayslight slope (of the direction in which land slopes away and water runs, i.e. of a watershed; of the sloping inner side of a horseshoe, etc. (PWMP: *la(n)day)

lantayflooring; the thin strips ofnibong or bamboo used for a Malay seat or floor (PWMP: *lantay)

laŋit-laŋitceiling cloth put up at weddings and other great festivities; canopy on posts over a grave in honor of the dead; palate (PWMP: *laŋit laŋit) *laŋiC

laŋkahstep; first step; stepping over; overstepping, passing over (PMP: *laŋkaq₁)

laŋsata variety ofLansium domesticum; thelaŋsat fruit is globular; theduku (another variety ofLansium domesticum) is more elliptical (LOAN)

laŋ sikaphawk; a name forAccipitrinae (esp.Accipiter virgatus) andFalconidae; it does not cover eagles (PWMP: *sikep₁)

laŋ sikaphawk, name forAccipitrinae (esp.Accipiter virgatus) andFalconidae; it does not cover eagles (LOAN)

laparhunger; craving for food (less correctly of ‘hungering for water’) (PMP: *lapaR₁)

lapar mata‘eye-hungry’: helping oneself to more than one can eat (PMP: *lapaR₁)

lapekthin protective cover, base or lining (of mats to sit on, sleeping mats, scrubbing glove or other cloth-protection for the hand when working on hard surfaces) (LOAN)

lapisfold; stratum; layer (of things made up of several folds or strata) (PMP: *lapis)

lapokmouldy; decayed, esp. of the effect of damp on timber; of decay or mould in general (PMP: *lapuk)

laraŋto forbid -- of prohibition affecting a person or class of persons (PAN: *laRaŋ)

latahparoxysmal neurosis; a peculiar local disease with paroxysms provoked by some unexpected event, startling, but often quite trivial; these paroxysms are often mimetic and seem due to suggestion; the disease seems of sexual origin, is found only among adults, and is accompanied usually by obscene conduct or language while the paroxysms last (NOISE)

lauksolid food (fish or flesh) to be eaten with rice, in contrast to cooked vegetables (sayur), uncooked vegetables (hulam), and condiments (sambal) (PWMP: *lahuk)

lautsea, ocean; north (in certain expressions only, asbarat laut ‘northwest’,timur laut ‘northeast’) (PAN: *lahud)

lawaŋouter gate (of the gate of the compound in contrast to that of the house) (PWMP: *lawaŋ₂)

lawasclear; open; unobstructed (of an open field, a coconut palm stripped of its coconuts, a comfortable feeling after the stomach has been rid of a heavy meal (NOISE)

layaŋbeing borne through the air (of kites, leaves, etc.; the flight of winged things istərbaŋ) (PWMP: *layaŋ₁)

layusere; yellowing; to fade and die; a polite expression for growing pale and ill, and even for death (PAN: *layu)

ləburname given to places where subsidence of the ground has taken place as a result of a supernatural storm (Evans 1923:271) (PWMP: *lebuR)

lecitbe squeezed into squirting out, as a pip out of certain fruits, or of matter from a boil (PMP: *lecit)

lekaŋbursting or cracking, as under the influence of heat; easily shelled, of fruit of which the outer shell does not adhere to the flesh (PMP: *le(ŋ)kaŋ)

lekapto cuddle up or lie flat against. Of a child, a stamp adhering to a letter, etc. (PWMP: *lekep₁)

lekat-kanto paste (a bill on a wall); to stick (a stamp on a letter) (PWMP: *leket)

lekura numeral suffix that adds twenty to its numeral, e.g.dua lekur (‘twenty two’) (LOAN)

ləmahsoft; weak; lacking in rigidity, strength or stiffness; slack (of the tide) (PWMP: *lemeq)

ləmahsoft; weak; lacking in rigidity, strength or stiffness; slack (of the tide) (PWMP: *lemaq)

ləmaŋcooking in a vessel of green bamboo lined inside with palm-leaf (a primitive method of cooking still in use among the aborigines and practiced by the Malays for certain dishes and occasions) (PWMP: *lemeŋ₂)

ləmbuox, etymologically of white highly-prized oxen such as that ridden by Sang Səpərba (the founder of the Malay dynasty) (LOAN)

ləmbutsoft to the touch; supple; pliable; of a smooth, delicate skin; of a weakness such that a man was unable to lift twenty catties; of being able to soften a woman’s heart (PWMP: *lembut)

ləmpoyaŋa ginger used medicinally:Zingiber aromaticum orZingiber zerumbet (PWMP: *lampuyaŋ)

lənteka very gentle curve at the tip (admired); of a pretty eyebrow; a curving roof like that of a Chinese temple or Minangkabau house; curving rafters, etc. (LOAN)

leŋanarm; sleeve of garment; foreleg of animal; arm or forethigh of horse (PMP: *leŋen)

ləŋaŋsparse (of population); poor (of the attendance at a feast or at mosque); also of a cemetery being deserted at some particular moment (LOAN)

leŋgaŋswaying from side to side, of a crank boat, an elephant trying to throw off its rider, tall plants in the wind; a prostitute’s swagger (PWMP: *liŋgaŋ)

léŋkaŋ, liŋkaŋcircumference; ring-shaped; numeral coefficient for bracelets and other ring-like objects (PWMP: *li(ŋ)keŋ)

leŋkuasa ginger,Alpinia galanga; varieties:l. merah (red, used medicinally);l. puteh (white, used to spice curry) (PWMP: *laŋkuas)

léŋoslook the other way; turn away the face, e.g. in disapproval (PWMP: *liŋus)

lepasfreed; open; unbounded; let loose; left behind; after; subsequent to (PWMP: *lepas)

ləpatrice in oblong or cylindrical leaf-packages, i.e. for use as food on a journey (much as European sandwiches) (PWMP: *lepet₃)

lepéhturned back or over (as the border of a mat, the hem of a handkerchief or the corner of a page) (PWMP: *lepiq)

lətupto go off with a pop (of the pop when a gun goes off, in contrast to the reverberation, etc.) (PWMP: *lagetub₁)

liascharm to secure invulnerability by diverting magically any weapon or projectile that may be aimed at you (PWMP: *lias)

lidah anjiŋ(lit. ‘dog’s tongue’) a plant:Veronia cinerea (PMP: *dilaq₁)

lidah badak(lit. ‘rhinoceros tongue’) a climbing aroid:Pothus latifolius orOpuntia monacantha (PMP: *dilaq₁)

lidah buaya(lit. "crocodile tongue") aloe; also the plantSaseviera zeylanica, from which bowstring-hemp is obtained (PWMP: *dilaq ni buqaya) *dilaq₂

limascup or dipper of palm leaf or spathe; used for drinking, bathing, drawing water, bailing a boat, or as a toy boat bearing offerings to sea spirits; from its shape it gives its name to hip-roofs (PMP: *limas)

limau nipisthe common thin-skinned lime fruit,Citrus aurantiaca (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

limawcitrus fruit; lime or orange;Citrus maxima (orCitrus decumana), the pomelo or shaddock (PWMP: *limaw)

limboŋslipway; place where boats are drawn out of the water for reconditioning (PWMP: *limbuŋ)

liŋkuplying unevenly (of a veil or covering); of a tablecloth that hangs over too much at a corner; of a veil not worn straight, etc. (PWMP: *likup₁)

lioka bending movement, of a tiger’s rolling gait; body movement in a dancer, in contrast to step-dancing or arm movement; a fencer bending his body to strike or parry (PWMP: *liug)

lipatfolding up; doubling or redoubling (a cloth or sheet of paper) so that it may take up less space (PAN: *lipet)

liputflooding; covering; pervading (literally, of a body being hidden by birds settling on it) (PMP: *liput₁)

liputflooding, covering, pervading, literally of a body being hidden by birds settling on it; a carpet large enough to cover seven hills; to cover, envelop, wrap as clouds covering a mountain peak (PAN: *lipuC)

liwat ~ léwatvia, through, by way of; step over (as a sleeping person) (PWMP: *qaliwat)

lobaŋhole; orifice, e.g. the touch-hole of a cannon, the nostril, the eye of a needle, side-cavity in Malay grave (PMP: *lubaŋ₁)

lompatleaping; springing; e.g. of fish jumping out of the water, or tigers bounding away from a trap; also of jumping for joy (PWMP: *lumpat)

loŋgarloose-fitting; loose and shaking (of a that needs a wedge to prevent its wobbling, a kris too small for its scabbard, of breaking up earth (NOISE)

loŋsorslipping forward or downward (as in slipping off a person’s lap) (NEAR)

lorékvery delicate markings (of certain markings on snakes, markings seen in certain lights only, scratches on a polished surface, etc.) (ROOT)

lotoŋblack or grey long-tailed monkey:Semnopithecus spp., esp.Semnopithecus maurus (PAN: *luCuŋ)

loyak, luyaksoft (of wet ground or overboiled rice); soft through moisture (PWMP: *luyak)

loyak, luyaksoft (of wet ground or overboiled rice), soft through moisture (PWMP: *luyek)

loyot, luyutbend under (as tree branches under the weight of fruit) (PWMP: *luyut)

luahejecting from the mouth, spitting out (not merely spitting), as of something bitter (PMP: *luaq)

lulusslipping through, of a thread getting through the eye of a needle, a finger slipping into or out of a ring, etc. (PMP: *luslus)

lumutmoss; lichen; generic for mosses and mossly-looking plants, esp. of waterweeds and mosslike vegetable matter on the surface of water (PMP: *lumut)

lumut lauta thin green seaweed used for feeding pigs:Ulva lactuca (PMP: *lumut)

lunaksoft; flesh, of stone fruits such as the durian; soft through bad boiling, of rice; lacking in firmness, as a horse’s lip that is too flabby to the touch (PWMP: *lunek₁)

luputslipping away from, being lost; of things "lost and gone" (hilaŋ luput) (PWMP: *luput)

lurutdrawing one’s hand over a rope, a man’s arm or any similar object; drawing a chain through one’s fingers (NOISE)

lurut, rurutdrawing one's hand over a rope, a man's arm or any similar object (PWMP: *rudrud)

mabok tahi teliŋadazed by talk or nagging; talked down’ (lit. ‘drunk with waste in the ear’) (PMP: *taqi) *Caqi

mabukintoxication. Properly of anything that 'turns one's head' (PMP: *ma-buhuk) *buSuk

main silata fencing-dance without weapons (if weapons are held in the hand the dance is known asmain pəncak) (PWMP: *silat)

ma-kanto eat; to consume; to wear away; (in chess) to take a pawn or piece; (of weapons) to take effect (e.g.di-makan peluru ‘killed by a bullet’) (PAN: *ma-kaen) *kaen

mali berduri, mali-maliLeea sambucina. This latter is associated with a description of a wind violent enough to tear out the very weeds on the lawn (PMP: *mali-mali) *mali

maliŋthief; of theft generally, but with a suggestion of surreptitious purloining, esp. at night (LOAN)

mamaŋa strong unnoticing stare; the eyes of a man fully awake (PWMP: *maŋmaŋ)

mampusto die (expressed vulgarly); be wiped out. Of animals dying, etc. (PMP: *mampus)

mandi ber-hiasceremonial bathing and decking out of a bride for her wedding (LOAN)

manokbird; fowl; a word of wide Indonesian range, but met with rarely among Malays except in Borneo (PMP: *manuk)

maŋsitsmelling vilely, of the smell of urine, of the padi-bug, etc. (PMP: *maŋsit)

mara keluaŋa tree:Melanorrhoea curtisii,Melanorrhoea pubescents W. (PWMP: *amaRa)

m-asamacid; sour; darkened as by acid. Of sour looks (masam muka), debased silver that will not stay bright (perak masam), etc. (PWMP: *ma-qalesem) *qalesem

mataeye; focus; center; orifice; eye-like feature; the evil eye; numerical coefficient for things numbered by orifices such as the rungs of a ladder or the meshes of a net; also of the cutting edge of a knife or saw; point of a lance; source of a river; needle of a compass (= the point on which everything turns) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata alamatbull’s eye of target (‘eye of sign, portent’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata uaŋunit of monetary value; currency (‘eye of money’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mayaŋpalm blossom; properly the young spikelet of the blossom that the sheath or wrapper pushes out; this unfolding blossom is a symbol for curly hair (PWMP: *mayaŋ)

medaŋ kemaŋistrongly scented plant the leaves of which are used in native medicine:Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (PWMP: *kamaŋi)

mə-lawarto slice fish or buffalo meat into very thin slices before spicing, salting and drying it for preservation (NOISE)

mə-ləŋasbecome clammy or moist (of a metal or sugary surface, of the body, etc.) (LOAN)

mə-ləŋasto become clammy or moist (of a metal or sugary surface, of the body, etc.) (LOAN)

me-léŋkokto make a bend (of a river); to move around a bend (as a horse on a race-course) (PWMP: *li(ŋ)kug)

mə-lətekto flip about, as small fish hauled out on sand; to tick (PWMP: *letik)

mə-lonjakto rise on one’s toes, e.g. to look over a barrier or to walk on tiptoe; to bob up then down (PWMP: *lunzag)

mem-beli boroŋbuy all that may be offered; contract to buy the whole of a crop in advance (LOAN)

mem-boroŋbuy up, e.g. to create a corner or buy up output at a definite price; charter or rent for a long period; withdraw the whole of a bank deposit; contract for the whole of a work, e.g. for all the laundry of a hospital (LOAN)

memikatto snare (birds), esp. by means of bait or a decoy (PWMP: *mamikat) *pikat

mə-nambat-kanto tie up, to fasten up (of fowls with their legs tied together, etc.) (PWMP: *tambej)

mə-nambat-kanto tie up, to fasten up (of fowls with their legs tied together, etc.) (LOAN)

menaŋto prevail, especially of success in some particular contest or of winnings (LOAN)

me-narahto hew a piece of wood into the outline of what it is intended to be, finer carving (ukir) being done with a knife (PWMP: *ma-naRaq) *taRaq₁

mə-narohto have; to keep; to harbor; to entertain in one’s heart (PWMP: *ma-naRuq) *taRuq

men-deruto roar, as a crowd, or the rush of a cataract; of roaring wind, of a storm’s roar; of poultry cackling their greetings to a new arrival (PWMP: *deRu)

me-nimbaŋto be engaged in weighing; to weigh; to balance properly when walking (i.e. to walk evenly and gracefully) (PWMP: *ma-nimbaŋ) *timbaŋ

mən-jaŋkitto spread without visible contact, as an epidemic or as a fire (NEAR)

men-jarumto sprout, of needle-like plants such as grasses, rice seedlings (PAN: *zaRum)

me-nugalcultivation of "dry rice", or planting on dry soil generally (PWMP: *ma-nugal) *tugal

me-ñusunto arrrange in layers; (in circumcision) to smooth or flatten the prepuce before cutting it off) (PMP: *susun) *susuN

meŋ-arakmove in procession, of a show passing through the streets, etc. (PWMP: *maŋ-aRak) *aRak

meŋ-hantarthe processional conveyance of bridal gifts at a wedding (PMP: *hateD) *SateD

meŋkudua tree of which the root’s bark gives a red dye:Morinda spp., esp.Morinda bracteata andMorinda citrifolia (PWMP: *baŋkudu)

meŋ-ogahto shake, esp. of shaking for the purpose of loosening. Of working a pile or stake backwards and forwards so as to open out the soil around it; of shaking a tooth to make its extraction easier, etc. (PWMP: *ugaq)

mərantigeneric for many trees (mostlyShorea spp.), yielding a good timber, light and easily worked (LOAN)

mə-rəbutsnatching, tearing at (of people struggling for the possession of anything) (PWMP: *Rebut)

mərpatidove, pigeon, esp. the imported pigeon and not the wild (Sanskritbharyapati) (LOAN)

me-rumah-ito break into a private house to compromise or violate one of its inmates (PAN: *Rumaq)

miaŋitchiness; the fine hairs on certain plants (as bamboo) that cause itchiness when touched (PWMP: *amiaŋ)

miñak ləŋagingelly oil (obtained frombijan, i.e.Sesamum indicum) (PMP: *leŋa)

mudayouth; to be young or immature; to lack depth (of coloring); common in titles in the sense of “junior” or “future” (PMP: *muda)

m-udékprogress upstream; going back against the current, in contrast to drifting downward with the current (PWMP: *um-udahik) *udahik

murahbounteous; plentiful; --- connoting either liberality or cheapness through abundance (LOAN)

musaŋcivet cat, polecat; in Malaya a general name forViverridae; the bearcat,Arctictis, is alsomusaŋ turun,binturun,bənturoŋ; proverbial as wily robbers of henroosts (PMP: *musaŋ)

ñamanhealthy feeling; sense of well-being'; (Sarawak) 'tasty, delicious (PMP: *ñaman)

ñañokin one’s dotage (cross-referenced toñañah ‘to babble; old and doting) (PMP: *ñañuk)

naŋkaa fruit, specifically the jack,Artocarpus integrifolia, but covering also the soursop, durian, another jack,A. lanceaefolia, and two other plants,Mallotus macrostachyus andNauclea purpurascens (LOAN)

nasirice in two senses: (i) as cooked in some particular way; and (ii) as the staple food of the Malays (PWMP: *in-asi) *asi₃

nasi hadap-hadap-ana ceremonial dish of rice set before a bridal pair when they “sit in state” (PMP: *qadep)

ñatohgeneral name for certain trees of the generaPayena andPalaquium that produce a good class of timber (PMP: *ñatuq)

ñawalife; soul (in the Moslem sense); life or soul as a term of endearment; life in its association with the breath, and in the narrow sense of not being dead; soul in the sense that it can exist apart from the body (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

niboŋthe well-known 'nibong' palm,Oncosperma filamentosa; the name is applied also toOrania macrocrandus (niboŋ ibul), and to anotherOncosperma (niboŋ padi). The trueniboŋ has a thorny trunk so that climbing it is synonymous with 'asking for trouble' (PMP: *qanibuŋ)

ñirua basket-tray, pointed and almost heart-shaped, on which grain is tossed up and shaken to rid it of dust and chaff after pounding (PMP: *niRu) *Rinu

ñiurcoconut,Cocos nucifera, but especially the fresh coconut in contrast to copra (kelapa); at least eleven varieties are named (PMP: *niuR)

ñiur iŋus-ancoconut at the stage when the interior is beginning to soften (PWMP: *Siŋus)

ñiur nipaha species of coconut palm with a very short trunk (nipah = the nipa palm,Nipa fruticans) (PMP: *niuR)

nonoŋwalk looking fixedly ahead, as a drunkard trying to walk straight (PWMP: *nuŋnuŋ)

ñoñotpulling at the breast (of children); drawing at anything elastic (PWMP: *ñutñut)

ŋilunerve-pain or discomfort (neuralgia, nervous headache, teeth on edge) (PAN: *ŋilu)

olahmanner; air; way of doing things, esp. when the way is tricky or affected (LOAN)

ombakwave; billow; (in art) wavy pattern. Esp. of broken or foaming waves, in contrast to rollers (gelombaŋ) or ground-swell (alun) (PWMP: *humbak)

otakbrain (considered anatomically, and not as the seat of intelligence); spinal marrow (PMP: *hutek)

padatcrushed into the least possible space; well-packed; compact (PWMP: *pa(n)det)

pagarfence; palisade, e.g. of bamboo (pagar buloh), or wattle (pagar sasak) or palm-trunk (pagar ruyon) (PMP: *pager)

pagutpeck (of birds), bite (of snakes), nibble (of fish). Not used of the bite of a mammal (PWMP: *pagut)

paha belalaŋupper leg of grasshopper; fig. for safety pin; curve of a perfect thigh (PAN: *paqa₁)

pahut ~ pautdrag inward; carching on to anything and pulling; clinging and pulling, as a boatman using a boathook, a canoeist digging his canoe perpendicularly into water and turning the canoe with a pull, a man clinging to a plank, a wrestler tugging at his opponent, dragging a third party into a discussion to make it still livelier (PWMP: *paqud)

paliŋto turn away (of looking aside by the movement of the head, and not by a mere movement of the eyes; of turning round; turning a horse to the left; turning a boat's bows to port or starboard (PMP: *paliŋ)

paloŋhollow with stagnant water; trough of wood for watering cattle (PWMP: *paluŋ₁)

paluhitting hard with a rigid weapon (of clubbing or hammering or drumming or striking off a printed copy; not of blows with a switch) (PMP: *palu) *palu₃

panaulight painless spots or marks on the human skin, regarded as beauty spots or otherwise (due usually toPityriasis versicolor orTinea flava) (PMP: *panaw₁) *panaw

pancaŋpile; stake; sea-mark; small mooring post; short wooden spike driven into the ground (NOISE)

pancargushing out; issue; emanation (of a man’s issue or descendants, the flash of lightning, the ooze of honey from a hive, the brains being dashed out of a man’s head, the soul as an emanation of the Primal Light (NOISE)

pancurflowing along a conduit or pipes (of conduits of bamboo or split palm stems supplying water to Malay bath houses) (LOAN)

pandakshort, especially as a familiar name for the fourth or fifth child in the family (if a boy) (PMP: *pandak)

pandanSmaller screwpine. Generic for all suchPandanaceae as are used for fine matwork or plaitwork (PMP: *paŋedan) *paŋudaN

pandaŋgazing at; seeing and noticing --- not merely glancing at; (fig.) observation or attention of any sort (LOAN)

pandayartisan-craftsman; expert; specialist (properly an industrial artist, in contrast to a mere skilled artisan) (LOAN)

pantasbecoming; neat; graceful (in Malaya it connotes nimbleness or speed) (LOAN)

pantékstriking together two hard substances, esp. flint and steel (PWMP: *pa(n)tik)

paŋgaŋbroiling; roasting before the fire; toasting. Esp. toasting or roasting on a spit, skewer, or fork (PWMP: *paŋgaŋ)

paŋgauthe sultan's couch; framework supporting a raised floor (Brunei, Sarawak) (LOAN)

paŋgoŋraised flooring, platform of a stage (paŋgoŋ wayaŋ), a scaffolding for spectators, a look-out house (PWMP: *paŋguŋ)

paŋkurbroad-bladed hoe used for digging up soft earth when a plough is not available (LOAN)

papanplank; board; strake; flooring; numeral coefficient for games played on boards, such as chess and draughts (PMP: *papan)

paparflat, smooth, blunt; back of blade (in contrast to edge) (AlsoMadureseparpar 'to flatten' (Nothofer 1975:200)) (ROOT)

parashelf or framework built over the fireplace as a receptable for cooking pots; any shelf-like upper apartment in a Malay house, serving as an attic or home for a young girl during her seclusion (PAN: *paRa₁)

paracollective prefix implying a certain parity (used before nouns to indicate collectivities of persons sharing some vocational or other feature (PMP: *paRa₂)

para-parashelf or framework built over the fireplace as a receptacle for cooking-pots (PMP: *paRa paRa) *paRa₁

para-paraa shelf or framework built over the fireplace as a receptacle for cooking pots (LOAN)

parauhoarseness due to overmuch talking or shouting or to a cold (not of voice naturally harsh) (PAN: *paRaw)

parutcoconut grater, rasp; a piece of hard wood with a rough surface (PMP: *parud)

pasaŋpair; (slang) to couple (kasut sa pasaŋ ‘a pair of boots’) (PMP: *pasaŋ₁)

pasaŋputting in use or order or motion, as saddling or harnessing a horse, firing a cannon, hoisting a flag, setting a sail, lighting a lamp, setting up a machine, buttoning, etc. (PWMP: *pasaŋ₂)

pasarbazaar; market; fair; (properly) the booths, stalls and shops making up a market (LOAN)

pasir bəlanaksandy sea bottom that holds anchors well (lit. ‘mullet sand’) (PWMP: *pasiR)

patithe ‘cream’ or ‘pick’ or finest portion of anything (as the first press of coconut cream) (LOAN)

patoŋpuppet; image (of a deceased person, of stone elephants, of a garden having statues in it) (LOAN)

payaswamp; morass; of grassland sodden with water in the wet season (not of mangrove swamp, or of deep meres) (LOAN)

payoŋumbrella; (fig.) protective shelter; the ordinary umbrella, with its top-knob; the umbrella as indicating rank (PWMP: *payuŋ)

pécakcrushed or driven in at one point, of a rotting fruit, a dented ball, etc. (PMP: *picak)

pechakcrushed or driven in at one point (of a rotting fruit, a dented ball, etc;) (PWMP: *picek₂)

pəcut-kanto whip up (as a horse); also to smack with the midrib of a coconut frond (PWMP: *pecut)

pedéhsmart, ache (of an eye hurt by glare, of by the intrusion of smoke, or by the gases of a volcanic eruption (PMP: *hapejiq) *Sapejiq

pelancitshoot out, as when a seed pops out of its pod when the pod is squeezed (ROOT)

pəlawana lofty tree with greyish bark which yields a durable timber used in house-building, generic forTristania spp. (PWMP: *palawan)

pelékatPulikat on the Coromandel Coast. Once the site of a Dutch factory and fort, and a port of shipment for print-fabrics and painted cloths, esp. headcloths and handkerchiefs (LOAN)

peliasa form of invulnerability, the body being made (magically) so evasive or slippery that all weapons miss it or slide off it. (LOAN)

pelupohflatten out by drubbing; to squash flat, esp. of larger varieties of bamboo to make flooring or fencing (NOISE)

pe-midaŋframe on which anything is spread out -- such as an embroidery frame or framework for drying a hide (PWMP: *bidaŋ)

p<em>ipit rusadeer-call; these whistles are made oflontar (Palmyra palm) ormengkuang (pandanus sp.) leaf or of leaf-like laminae of horn (PWMP: *pipit₁)

pə-ñabitreaper; fig., stealer of heads for propitiating the earth-spirits when a great public work is undertaken, there being public scares (known asmusim ikan səpat ‘seasons of headless fish’) when it is believed that heads are wanted for this purpose (PMP: *saqebit)

pəndiŋembossed plate of metal covering a clasp through which a girdle passes; worn as an ornament in front of the body (LOAN)

pə-nəbus pintugift usually made by a bridegroom to secure admission to his bride’s house (PMP: *tebus)

peñu karahtortoise-shell turtle (hawksbill turtle):Chelonia imbricata (PMP: *peñu)

peŋata sweetmeat. Banana and pumpkin orkelédék (sweet potato) cooked in coconut milk and sugar (LOAN)

péŋkarmisshapen in the legs, e.g. bandy-legged or bow-legged (PMP: *pi(ŋ)keR)

perahuundecked native ship. Etymologically thepadao orparao of the Malabar coast, in contr. to the deckedkapal (PMP: *paraqu)

pəramstoring fruit to let it ripen; to store liquid in a jar to let it ferment (LOAN)

perancitfly about in all directions, as chips of stone struck by a bullet, or as water emptied out violently (ROOT)

perancutfly about in all directions, as chips of stone struck by a bullet, or as water emptied out violently (ROOT)

perekatlime; mortar; gum; cement; glue; sticking material of any sort (PWMP: *piReket)

periaa gourd proverbial for its bitter taste:Momordica charantia (PWMP: *paria)

pərunsecond or final burning (when clearing land); burning what is left after the first burning (LOAN)

pəsokbashed in; broken through, of a damaged tray, a mat with holes in it, a man’s skull being crushed in a fight, a wall broken through, or anything full of holes (PMP: *pesuk)

petakcompartment; of a storage hold or compartment in a Malay ship, cubicles or divisions of a house, with floors at different levels, a wardrobe divided into compartments, etc. (PWMP: *pitak₂)

petékplucking at; picking (flowers), playing (stringed instruments); snapping the fingers (PAN: *peCik)

pətisan unspiced syrupy extract made by boiling down meat, or fish, or prawn (LOAN)

pətua ~ pətuahrule for the guidance of others; instructions received from experts of any sort, even on such matters as the best way to snare game (LOAN)

piaia common swamp or riverside plant; its uncooked leaves are eaten with rice:Acrostichum aureum (PWMP: *piay)

pijarcrude borax imported from China for batik work and for use in working metals (LOAN)

pikulto carry a heavy load (necessitating the use of the shoulders); as much as an ordinary man can lift, i.e. about 100kati, or 123 pounds (LOAN)

pilismark placed on the forehead of a sick man to keep off spirits of disease (PWMP: *pilis)

pinaŋareca palm; areca nut; a generic name for many palms suggesting the areca palm, and for many things associated with the areca nut (LOAN)

pindaŋcooking (fish, prawns, etc.) in salted and spiced bouillon (PWMP: *pindaŋ)

pintascutting across; taking a shortcut (of making a bee-line for any place) (PWMP: *pi(n)tas)

pipehtape-like, flat-surfaced and tenuous, as paper or anything that is easily blown away by wind (PWMP: *pipiq)

pipismashing between two hard surfaces; grinding spices for curry (PMP: *pipis₂) *pipis₁

pipitsmall twittering bird; finch; sparrow; generic for many small birds, especiallyMunia spp.; the sparrow,Passer montanus; the white-headed finch,Munia maja; the rice-eating finch,Munia oryzivora; a finch (Munia punctulata orMunia scuticauda) (PWMP: *pitpit₁)

pipitsmall twittering bird; finch, sparrow; generic for many small birds, esp.Munia spp. (PWMP: *pipiqit)

pisau rautsmall-bladed knife used for this purpose and for rough carving generally (PMP: *raut) *rauC

písawknife (the term includes 1. table knives, 2. clasp knives, 3. razors, 4. knives for Malay wood carving, and 5. jungle knives (PMP: *pisaw)

pondoknight shelter, in two senses: 1. in Malay and Minangkabau, hut; shanty; lean-to; a depreciatory description of one’s own house, 2. in Java and Singapore a sort of hotel or residential clubhouse (LOAN)

pucokshoot; top branchlet; leaf bud (also numeral coefficient for letters and firearms) (PWMP: *pucuk)

pukasnudity; improper or indecent exposure (used esp. oflatah subjects who strip themselves when under the influence of the disease) (PWMP: *pukas₁)

pukatnet; drift-net; seine. Specifically of nets that drag fish ashore or into which fish are driven or over which they are attracted;pukat is used also of fowlers’ nets (pukat tanah) (PMP: *puket₁)

pukaunarcotic (commonlydatura seed burnt under a house) used by thieves to drug to sleep people whose quarters they proposed to burglarize (PWMP: *pukaw₂)

pukulstrike; hit; knock; to take (at chess); to multiply; to average; an idiomatic word of wide meaning, not confined to any kind of blows, and used loosely in many other senses; give a man a hammering; shoe a horse; beat a gong; to print; to beat a drum; stroke of the clock; etc. (PWMP: *pukul₁)

pulaŋto return to one’s home or first place of departure; to revert (PWMP: *pulaŋ)

pulutsticky; a name for glutinous rice (Oryza glutinosa) and for cakes made from glutinous rice (PMP: *pulut)

punaismall pigeon, generic for a number ofColumbidae, especiallyTreron spp. (PAN: *punay)

puncakapex; summit; knob (on flagstaff); ornamental top (of umbrella) (PWMP: *puncek)

puntianakvampire; evil spirit preying on women in labor and on babies. Etymologically ;pati-anak (child-killer) ... Referrable to the Indonesian belief that an unnatural death creates a malignant spirit. The 'child-killer' is usually either (i) the ghost of a woman dead in childbirth or (ii) the ghost of a child murdered to hide a mother's shame (LOAN)

pupulcropping, harvest (other than rice harvest); to pluck fruit or flowers (Brunei) (PWMP: *pulpul₁)

pupusblighted; withered but not actually dead (of plants that seem done for but may actually revive; men who are bankrupt but who may yet make a fortune; people who have lost all their relatives and are left desolate (PWMP: *puspus₃)

puputblowing upon; of anything fanned by zephyrs, or blown away by a storm, a wind blowing lustily, a wind instrument imitating bird calls, squalls blowing down from the hills; also of smelting (PMP: *putput₂)

purusore; ulcer; (specifically) sores due to yaws orFramboesia tropica, a tropical disease caused by aspirochaete (Spironema pertenue) and bearing certain likenesses to syphilis (PMP: *puRu₁) *puRu

pusarspiral; circular or eddying motion; whorl of hair (e.g. as identification mark for buffalo) (PWMP: *puseD)

puteh matathe pallor of shame; to be shamed or scorned off or “done in the eye” (PWMP: *putiq mata) *putiq

putekrudimentary fruit; the fruit as it appears when the blossom has just been shed (PWMP: *putik₂)

putusseverance; breaking away; (fig.) of the settlement or end of a dispute (PWMP: *putus₂)

putus rasato become indifferent (rasa = ‘taste; feeling; sensation’) (PWMP: *putus₂)

puyohbustard quail:Turnix taigoor. A fighting bird sometimes kept as such by Malays and classified according to its "lucky" colors or markings (PWMP: *puyuq)

raboktinder; touchwood (usually soft dusty material found in bamboo, and inflammable) (PMP: *baruk)

raboktinder; touchwood (usually soft dusty material found in bamboo and inflammable); ash that does not crumble easily; litter or rubbish (PMP: *Rabuk)

rabunpile branches and leaves on a muddy spot to allow people to cross it dry-shod (PWMP: *Rab(e)qun)

rabunfumigation, whether with incense to perfume a house or with heavy smoke to blind evil spirits; dimness of vision (PMP: *Rabun)

rahup, raupputting the hands together cup-wise; turning in the paws (as a cat, to prevent its prey escaping) (PMP: *Raqup)

rakitlaying long objects side by side; anything so arranged, especially of a raft of long bamboos laid side by side, but it is applied also to crossbeams or floor planking in a house, to a man’s ribs sticking out in parallel lines, to things in layers such as a mat in two thicknesses, or two sireh leaves sandwiched one on the other, and even to a yoke of oxen; rafts (generally; special types have special names); loosely, it may mean ‘arrangement, planning’ (PMP: *Rakit)

rak-rok, rok-rakrepeated cracking; the crash of an animal through dry brushwood; the crackle of wood in a fire (PWMP: *erak)

ramastaking in the hand and pressing; kneading; massaging (of kneading dough, pressing juice out of fruit, modelling clay, massaging very tired feet) (PAN: *Rames)

rambaŋbroad, widespread, expansive, of a wide-flung net (jala rambaŋ) intended to catch any fish and not particular fish (PWMP: *Rambaŋ)

rantaŋhamper, stout basket made of coconut midrib or other similar material (PMP: *Rantaŋ)

raŋaka spiky shell:Pteroceros. Varieties are:P.lambis (truerangak) andP. chiragra (PMP: *Raŋak)

raŋara spiky shell:Pteroceros. Varieties are:P. lambis (truerangak) andP. chiragra (PMP: *RaŋaR)

raŋkuplaying two things one against the other at an angle (as two playing cards when building card-houses, or the two hands to form a conduit when drinking at a spout (PMP: *ra(ŋ)kup)

rapohbrittle, fragile, easily broken up (of wood attacked by dry rot or iron corroded by rust) (ROOT)

rebahfallen to the ground; laid low (as trees, or other heavy objects) (PWMP: *rebaq)

rəbutsnatching, tearing at, of people struggling for the possession of anything (PWMP: *ranebut)

rəbutsnatching, tearing at, of people struggling for the possession of anything (PWMP: *Ranebut)

rəbutsnatching, tearing at, of people struggling for the possession of anything, two dogs contending over a bone (PMP: *rebut)

recékfine speckles, very small spots -- of being sprinkled with rosewater, cloth speckled with gold, garments slightly bespattered by water thrown up by a car passing, etc. (PMP: *recik)

rəcekfine speckles, very small spots, of being sprinkled with rosewater, cloth speckled with gold, garments slightly bespattered by water thrown up by a car passing, etc. (PWMP: *ragecik)

rəmuksmashed; broken up (of broken crockery, or a man’s head struck by a club) (PMP: *remuk)

rentaŋhorizontal extension (of clouds stretching in lines across the sky, stretching a cord to its full length, using a surveyor's chain) (PWMP: *iReteŋ)

reŋatgriping pain, colic, shooting pains in toothache or earache (PMP: *reŋet) *reŋeC

réŋutmurmuring note of the quail (AlsoDairi-Pakpak Batakriŋut 'frowning; sour face') (ROOT)

repaŋcut straight, of a hedge trimmed to an even height throughout; teeth filed level; eaves cut so as to give a neat, straight edge; the trimming of a bride’s hair to give her forehead a square look, etc. (PWMP: *repeŋ)

reputrotten to brittleness, crumbling to decay (of a house about to fall to pieces) (PMP: *reput)

resamforest fern:Gleichenia linearis, of which some parts are like whalebone and make Malay pens (PMP: *aResam)

resamforest fern, of which some parts are like whalebone, and make Malay pens:Gleichenia linearis (PMP: *qaRsam)

retéhspring up in little jerks, like shrimps jumping about in a landing-basket (PWMP: *retiq)

retéhspring up in little jerks, like shrimps jumping about in a landing-basket (PWMP: *Retiq)

rintekspot; blotch; dew dropping here and there, and esp. of slight rain that leaves spots behind it and does not wet the ground (PMP: *rintik)

rotan segathe fine smooth-surfaced rattan of commerce, especiallyCalamus caesius (PWMP: *segaʔ)

rtakcrack-marking, e.g. on crackle porcelain, in contrast to a real rift, however narrow (PWMP: *Retak)

ruahto empty out, of emptying things out of sacks, etc., not of pouring out liquid (PWMP: *Ruaq)

ruakspread out, expand, gape open. Of the hood of a cobra, the contents of an egg when the shell is broken, etc. (PWMP: *ruqag)

ruaŋhollow space; a ship’s well; the hollow of the back; the depression between the breasts; the grave-trench; the hollow containing the seed in certain fruit; the center room in a house (PWMP: *Ruqaŋ)

rumahhouse; specifically, a dwelling house in contrast to a mosque, or to abalai or meeting house open to all (PAN: *Rumaq)

rumbiasago palm,Metroxylon sagus orM. rumphii. The pith of the palm (sagu rumbia) is the sago of commerce which is not much liked by Malays as a foodstuff ... but its leaves make an excellent roofing thatch, considered superior to the usualnipah thatch (PMP: *Rumbia)

rumpuncluster, clump. Of such things as clumps of bamboos, bananas or lemongrass (PWMP: *rumpun)

sabitreaping-hook; sickle; in harvesting with the sickle the rice stalks are cut about halfway up and built into small stacks (bumbun), the ears being thereby kept well off the ground and dry; seed-rice is harvested with thetuai (PMP: *saqebit)

sabokbroad band of rich cloth worn by warriors of old romance; by being wound in many folds around the body it gave some protection against cuts (LOAN)

saboŋflying at each other, of cross seas, criss-cross flashes of lightning, of an uneasy sleeper kicking out (an act deemed very unlucky), certain fish (Betta spp.), and cocks; in this last sense the word has become specialized, and is used only of fights with artificial spurs (PWMP: *sabuŋ₁)

saburconfusion; in scattered formation; wild mélée; of girls rushing wildly to the window to see a popular hero pass; also of a babel of sound, whether of music and singing, or of cries and lamentations; bespatter (PMP: *saq(e)buR)

sagathe "crabo eye" or seed ofAbrus precatorius (used as a measure of weight for gold and therefore as a standard of value) (PWMP: *saga)

sagumealy pith, associated usually with ‘sago’, the mealy pith of the sago palm (sagu rumbia), which is of value as a foodstuff, and much consumed in the Archipelago in localities where rice is not grown; in Malaya and Sumatra, where rice is preferred,untong sagu (sago luck) is the lot of the second best, or of a lady’s “second string” (PMP: *sagu₁)

sakapillar, post; in Java asaka is the main house pillar; in Malaya it is used of the extreme outer post of akelong fish trap (large marine fishtrap with three or more triangular or heart-shaped compartments into which the fish are led along a line of screened fishing stakes (LOAN)

sakaysubject; dependent, of subject peoples in contrast to the ruling race; therefore somewhat contemptuous (PWMP: *sakay₃)

salahat fault; amiss, of anything going wrong or being out of place, as a strained sinew, a false step, a misunderstanding, a thing being ill-timed, a word giving offense that is not intended (PMP: *salaq₁)

salayslow roasting; heating; grilling, of the medicinal “roasting” near a very slow fire to which a Malay woman is subjected after her confinement; of plaintains parched over a fire; and generally of processes where prolonged exposure to heat (not extreme heat) are required (PWMP: *salay)

salinchange of dress or food or outward form; transference from one dish or vessel to another; of a person borrowing books to have them copied (PWMP: *salin)

samaktanning; material for tanning and prerserving leather, cordage, nets, etc.; tanning material is often bark from certain trees, mostly Eugenias, but mangrove bark is also used; one passage speaks of a wounded man’s clothes being stained with blood “as though tanned” (PWMP: *samak)

sambalcondiment eaten with curry (generic for peppers, pickles, grated coconut or pineapple, salt fish, fish roe, very salted eggs, very acid sliced fruits and other condiments eaten cold to give additional flavor to the curry and rice) (LOAN)

sambarpouncing to seize and carry off; suggests the use of teeth, nails or talons and is used of hawks, crocodiles, sharks, dragons, etc. (PMP: *sa(m)bar)

sambutto take in hand, to take what comes one’s way; to receive, especially in the figurative sense of receiving a guest (PWMP: *sambut₂)

samir/nipah/ leaf dried but not worked up into roofing-thatch (atap). Plain dried leaves are used for temporary screens or shelters; or for laying a tarpaulin over cargo (PWMP: *samir)

s-anakkindred =sa-anak (children of one and the same descent). Used of blood relationship, esp. (Minangkabau) on the distaff side (PWMP: *sa-anak) *aNak

sandaŋwear (anything) as a bandolier is worn, i.e. from the shoulder across the breast to the opposite hip; of so wearing a sword, or a plaid, or the cordon of an order (PWMP: *sandaŋ)

santansoft milky pulp of the coconut, much used in cooking and a type of richness (LOAN)

saŋaa large forest tree yielding a fruit the size of a sapodilla and not unlike the avocado-pear in taste,Elaeocarpus sp.? (PWMP: *saŋa₂)

saŋguldressed hair; coiffure, when the hair is bound up at the back of the head and not allowed to hang down in a knot or queue; in Sumatrasaŋgul = hair in a loose twist; in Malaysaŋgul is generic for all coils on the head (several named varieties recognized) (PWMP: *saŋgul)

saŋgul siputcoils or “buns” at the back of the head (evidently from the shape resembling the coils of a snail’s shell) (PWMP: *saŋgul)

saŋkutcatching up; holding up; of a hook (saŋkut-an) for catching up a mosquito curtain, or on which anything can be hung; of a row of clothes-pegs (pə-ñaŋkut kain); of being choked by a thing stuck in the throat (mati tər-saŋkut); or of being very much attached to another (tər-saŋkut hati) (PWMP: *saŋkut)

sapautemporary hut put up for the night by travellers in the jungle (PAN: *sapaw)

sa-pe-ludahas far as one can spit, as a primitive measure of distance (PMP: *ludaq)

sa per-tiga-anone third (i.e. one part of something divided into three equal parts) (PAN: *paR-₂)

sapubrushing lightly over anything (of sweeping a room, painting, distempering or varnishing) (PMP: *sapu)

saputcovering over lightly; film; thin fleecy integument; ‘velvet’ on horns; thinly veiled (as the moon behind light clouds) (PMP: *saput₁)

saraŋnest (of bird or insect); also fig. of places where things “nest” (as deserted houses where ghosts reside) (LOAN)

saratheavily laden; of full burden; of a ship full of cargo; of a camel with a heavy load of provisions; of a woman heavy with child (PWMP: *saRad)

sarokputting down one’s foot into anything; of the way a man steps into a sarong; also of putting the foot into a noose-snare or pitfall (PMP: *saRuk)

sasakwattle; plaitwork of lath; a room or compartment; a place partitioned off with wattle (PWMP: *sasag)

sawapython; snake that crushes and swallows; there are three true pythons in the Malay area: (i)Python molurus, the largest, common in Java, but not recorded in the Peninsula; (ii)Python reticulates, the common python of Malaya, and (iii) the short and broad-bodiedPython curtus (PMP: *sawa)

sawahland cultivated with swamp rice, whether the rice is planted in a natural swamp (sawah ayer) or on irrigated soil (sawah bencah); rice is planted usually in small lots separated from one another by low dykes (batas); a stretch of these lots issa-bəndaŋ; the wordsawah is used in South Malaya and Minangkabau, butbəndaŋ has taken its place in Kedah and Perak, andbaroh in Kelantan and Patani (PWMP: *sabaq)

sawaŋa plant, sp. unidentified, used as a remedy for skin-disease (kurap) (PWMP: *sabaqaŋ)

sawarbarrier, obstruction, including i) a fishweir with an opening letting fish into a trap, ii) fences to lead mousedeer into a trap, iii) a girdle of thorns fastened round a tree-trunk to prevent thieves climbing it and stealing the fruit (PWMP: *sabeD)

sayaŋpining; longing; pitying; love; affection; it were a pity; alas that (PWMP: *sayaŋ)

sayatslicing off. Of slicing off a projection such as a finger-tip or the ear; of cutting an onion into slices or severing the umbilicus (PWMP: *sayad)

sayatslicing off, of slicing off a projection such as a finger-tip, or the ear; of cutting an onion into slices; of severing the umbilicus (PWMP: *sayat)

səbasahname given to some small trees (Euphorbiaceae), esp.Glochidium desmocarpum andAporosa spp.; also to a shrub,Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea (PWMP: *sabasaq)

sədaŋintermediate; in the meantime; the happy mean; medium, average; in the midst of (LOAN)

sədappleasant; nice; tasty; agreeable, whether to the senses, or to the mind (PWMP: *sedep₂)

sedu, sendushort broken respiration. Of continuous sobbing ... quick breathing after exertion ... hiccoughing (PAN: *sedu)

ségakshowily dressed or got up. Of women, dressing up; of a man, showing off his strength (ROOT)

səlampaywearing so that it dangles, esp. of wearing the ceremonial shoulder cloth so that it hangs down on either side of the shoulder; also of any cloth or towel slung loosely over the shoulder (PWMP: *salampay)

səlampitbraid; flat plait; plaiting; passing a tape-like body between two others, by which it is pressed; passing a loincloth between the lower limbs (PWMP: *salapid)

selapspirit possession causing hysteria or driving a man out of his mind; fits (PMP: *selep)

səlatstrait; narrow strip of water between two stretches of land (PWMP: *selat)

selatansouth; explained as "the direction in which the straits lie" (PWMP: *salatan)

selatansouth; explained as "the direction in which the straits lie" (PWMP: *silatan)

sələpaan oblong metal casket used as a receptacle for tobacco, areca nut, lime, gambier or other stuff carried about in small quantity (LOAN)

səligiwooden dart or javelin; sometimes a light strip of bamboo sharpened at both ends for use as a caltrop or in catching crocodiles; sometimes a heavy wooden javelin with a hardwood point (LOAN)

s-el-isékpicking lice out of the hair; preening the feathers (of a bird) (PWMP: *siksik₁)

semak-samunvery much overgrown (of a clearing); undergrowth of all sorts (PWMP: *samek)

səmaŋatspirit of life; vitality; soul (in the old Indonesian sense); the Indonesian ‘soul’ is a bird of life, timorous and easily scared; its flight ... is synonymous with weak vitality; it leaves the body in sleep, and when absent from the body may be seduced or captured by other persons; magic is used sometimes to attract and so win a girl’ssəmaŋat, or to attach it to oneself; Malays believe that this spirit of life is found in all nature, even in things that we consider inanimate; thus the ‘soul of iron’ (səmaŋat bəsi) is responsible for the special merits of iron, and due homage has to be paid to it if akris is to retain its virtue; this animistic belief underlies the special reverence paid to certain weapons, and comes out clearly in the harvest rites associated with the ‘rice soul’ (səmaŋat padi); if the seed rice is to give a good crop the following year it must retain its spirit of life, and every care is taken to honor it and to see that reaping is done so as not to lessen its vitality (PMP: *sumaŋed)

səmaŋat padisoul of the rice plant (seed rice must be harvested with thetuai, a small crescent-shaped blade concealed in the palm of the hand and used cautiously so as not to frighten away the rice soul and so loss the potency of the seed for the following harvest) (PMP: *sumaŋet nu pajay) *sumaŋed

səmbahobeisance; gesture of worship or homage; speech accompanied by such a gesture (LOAN)

səmbəlehto slaughter ritually (as cattle are slaughtered by cutting the throat) (LOAN)

semburbespattering from the mouth; not spitting (cf.ludah), but taking water into the mouth and then ejecting it as is done (with magical simples) by witch-doctors on a diseased limb to cure it (ROOT)

sempaŋbranching off; turning off at an angle (of crossroads branching off in three, four, five or six directions; fig., of a man controverting another’s words) (PMP: *simpaŋ)

səmpokbutting in; breaking into a conversation or thrusting oneself in a man’s way (PWMP: *sempuk)

sənaŋease; restfulness; of resting one’s weary limbs; of being left in peace; also of a thing requiring little effort (LOAN)

sentilstick out so as to be partly visible, as a quid of betel from the mouth (AlsoJavanesesentil 'uvula, small soft protuberance') (ROOT)

səŋawinability (owing to a cleft palate or any similar deformity) to talk distinctly (PWMP: *seŋ(e)qaw)

səŋkalanslab or block of wood (often well-carved) used by cooks when grinding down curry spice (PWMP: *saŋkalan)

səŋkaŋholding astretch or apart; crossbar of any sort (crossbar of a door, thwart in a boat, framework on which Malays stretch cuttlefish for drying, etc. (PMP: *sekaŋ)

səŋkarpieces of wood fixed across a boat as support for a lath decking when a deck is used; thwart; cross-seat (PMP: *seŋkar)

səpahquid of betel (in romance often given as a mark of affection by a girl to her lover) (PWMP: *sepaq)

sepaŋthe sappan-tree,Caesalpinia sappan. A low thorny tree with yellow flowers (PMP: *sepaŋ)

səpilonely; quiet (as a quiet and lonely time in the hospital without visitors) (PWMP: *sepi)

səpuha mixture (of alum, saltpeter, bluestone and other materials) used for darkening gold; the use of such a mixture (LOAN)

sərakhoarse or harsh (of the voice); not usually of natural gruffness (garau), but of hoarseness as the result of a cold or of talking too much (NEAR)

serambia long low closed front verandah made by prolonging the eaves of the main building oribu rumah (mother house); usually supported outwardly by an additional row of posts (PWMP: *surambi)

sərap-anthe entry (not seen, but felt) of the spirit at a shamanistic séance (PMP: *serep)

sərapaŋ ~ sərampaŋtrident; a three-pronged spear used in warfare, and more commonly for spearing fish; the two outer spikes on this fish-trident are barbed on the inside only, while the central spike is shorter and barbed on both sides (PWMP: *sarapaŋ)

səraycitronella grass,Cymbopogon spp. (specifically C.citratus Hn.), of which several varieties are recognized by Malays; used for making citronella oil, and flavoring Malay food (PWMP: *seray)

serunai lauta yellow-flowered plant found near the sea:Wedelia biflora (PWMP: *sarunay)

sesahswitching; beating with a long, thin flexible rod or ratten, as a boy is caned (PWMP: *seqseq)

səsakpacked close together; full to bursting (of people packed tight in a limited space, of one person squeezing up against another, of a ship’s hold being packed to the hatches, of cattle being thick in a field; of tightness in breathing; of a bursting heart; of the pressure of want or sorrow or difficulties) (PAN: *seksek₁)

si-busoŋ'the swollen-bellied one', as a contemptuous description of many sufferers (PWMP: *busuŋ)

sikatcomb, harrow (used for combing or cleaning the hair; combs stuck in the hair for ornament only aresisir); also used for a ‘comb’ or bunch of bananas (PWMP: *sikat)

siku ber-ulatmaking gifts and then wanting them back (lit. ‘maggoty elbowed’) (PAN: *sikux)

siku-sikucarpenter’s square; little pieces of wood adjoining the thwarts in a Malay boat (PWMP: *siku-siku) *sikux

silawdazzled by glare, e.g. by the sun, or by the flash of a sword (PMP: *silaw)

silu-silu-anmodest timidity, such as that of a young girl in a man’s presence (NEAR)

siŋgitbe on bad terms...not of open enemies, but of people who are always running down one another (PWMP: *siŋgit)Perak

siput kimathe giant clam,Chaga gigas (used sometimes as a material for kris hilts);siput = ‘shell, general name for shellfish’ (PMP: *kima)

sirhissing sound such as that made by water dropping on red hot iron (PAN: *qesir)

sirambesprinkling; a term applied to the watering of plants, the ceremonial sprinkling of anything with holy water, and the ablutions of princes (LOAN)

sirehbetel vine,Piper betle; betel leaf, betel leaf prepared for chewing (with areca nut, gambier and lime) (LOAN)

sisipslipping in between two surfaces, e.g. as a reader inserts a paper-knife between two uncut pages, or as a Malay slips a weapon between his waistbelt and his coat (PWMP: *sisip)

sisircomb; harrow; comb in loom; screen in fishtrap; toothed instrument; rake; comb-like bunch of bananas (PMP: *sisir)

sokoŋprop; shoring up; underpinning; buttressing; supporting at an angle; spinnaker-boom; sprit (PWMP: *sukuŋ)

sokoŋprop; shoring up; underpinning; buttressing; supporting at an angle; spinnaker-boom; sprit (LOAN)

soŋsoŋbreasting; making little headway or slow progress against adverse forces, such as winds or tides (as in working one’s way upriver against a strong current) (PWMP: *suŋsuŋ₁)

soroŋshoving forward along the ground; pushing out; (fig.) underhand gift, bribe; of a drawer; a barrow or mail (PWMP: *suruŋ)

soroŋ-kanto push along; to pass (wine, or sireh or cigars); to launch (a boat) (PWMP: *suruŋ)

subaŋlarge coin-like ear stud; seldom now worn except ceremonially at weddings, to be discarded when the marriage has been consummated; among some Kubu Proto-Malays the removal of thesubaŋ is the marriage ceremony itself (PWMP: *subeŋ)

sudabamboo spike stuck point-outwards in the ground to delay stormers in Malay warfare (PMP: *suja)

suduspout-shaped spoon, made usually of coconut shell; spooning up or shovelling up (PMP: *sudu)

sugirubbing with the point (as a match is ignited); of the Malay way of cleaning the teeth with a cleaner of wood, of a tongue-scrapter, of a brazier’s graver, of the way a torch is put out (by having its flaming end rubbed off on planking) (PWMP: *sugi)

sujiembroidery, etymologically from the porcupine quill, formerly used as a needle (LOAN)

sukatmeasurement; rightly (and in literature and northern Malaya) the measurement of length, area and capacity, in contrast to measurement by weight (PWMP: *sukat)

sukuquarter; section; tribe; among the Peninsular Malayssuku is either rather indefinite (as insuku suku depa ‘that lot, that crowd), or rather contemptuous from the fact that theorang pĕsukuan of the old Johore State (people with a tribal system) are the Protomalays, esp. the primitiveOrang Laut; thesuku is associated with inferior culture; among theOrang Laut asuku is a sort of clan tracing descent through the father and broken up into many little settlements that claim kinship one with another; among the Minangkabau Malays asuku is made up of a number of uterine families (pĕrut), each under its own headman but each recognizing the higher authority of the tribal headman; among these highly civilized Malays the tribal system connotes advanced culture and fits into the general scheme of world governmentsuku sakat genealogy; a family in all its ramifications (PMP: *suku)

sukunbreadfruit:Artocarpus laevis; of this fruit two varieties are recognized, one having pips and the other pipless (PMP: *sukun)

sulaŋto meet and pass over and under one another when coming from all directions (PWMP: *sulaŋ)

sulaŋparticipation or sharing (in pleasure), of princes and warriors of romance having drinks together (NOISE)

suliŋa fife, flageolet, or pipe; a tube of bamboo closed at one end and open at the other; it has six small holes on one side and one rather larger on the other near the open end; it is of finer finish than thebangsi (PWMP: *suliŋ)

sulohtorch; flare (used out of doors, and made of some material that burns up quickly, such as dry palm leaf) (PMP: *suluq)

sulurturning or rising upward; shoots; of the roots of certain species ofFicus, but used in Malay of runners for plants, shoots on a tree trunk, upturned crockets, upward extensions of a boat’s ribs, etc. (LOAN)

sumbaŋrevolting; incestuous; an abomination, esp. of incest; in a looser sense also all serious sexual offenses are sumbaŋ, e.g. adultery and illicit pregnancy (PWMP: *sumbaŋ)

sumbiŋjagged; notched (of a sharp edge); dented (of a razor or knife) (PWMP: *sumbiŋ)

sumbuwick; fuse; slowmatch (of native lampwicks made of the pith ofPanicum myurus) (LOAN)

sumpahoath; ordeal; imprecation;sumpah also means ‘curse’ both (i) in the modern sense of mere bad language, and (ii) in the old sense of spell-change by a curse (PWMP: *sumpaq)

sundaŋsword-kris; Sulu kris; a heavy cutting sword with a marked resemblance to a kris; it is two-edged, sharp-pointed, and may be either straight or sinuous (LOAN)

suŋkalrooting up or turning up, as a ploughshare turns up the soil (PWMP: *suŋkal)

suŋkupcovering under a hollow, such as an inverted bowl, a prolongation of the eaves of the house, or an overturned boat (PWMP: *suŋkub)

suŋut ~ se-suŋutlong sparse hairs on the upper lip; barbels of fish; cat’s whiskers; antennae of insect (PWMP: *suŋut₃)

surutwithdrawal; the ebbing of the tide; return to original state or condition (NEAR)

surutwithdrawal; the ebbing of the tide; return to original state or condition (LOAN)

susokloop; eye-hole; aperture; button-hole; basket trap; to trap (fish) (PAN: *suksuk)

susunpiled on; position one on another, of saucepans or Malacca baskets that nest in one another; of flowers with outer and inner petals, of pillows arranged one on the other, etc. (PMP: *susun) *susuN

susuppassing low underneath; creeping or crawling under; crouching down to hide oneself (PWMP: *subsub)

susurouter edge, of the very edge of the beach; hugging the shore (PWMP: *susuR)

susutshrinkage; lessening; thinning (of a man reducing his indebtedness; of food supplies becoming less; of fur getting thinner; of cattle giving less milk, and especially of a body losing flesh) (PMP: *sutsut₁)

tabakpresentation tray or casket; a polite description of the gift of food made by a raja to his guests to take home with them after a feast (LOAN)

tabekgreeting; etymologically the utterances of the wordtabek, which means ‘excuse me’ or ‘with your permission’, and is a courteous preliminary to opening a conversation (LOAN)

tabirwall drapery;arras; hangings in contrast to partition curtains and mosquito curtains (LOAN)

tabohstriker for the keys or surface of a musical instrument, such as the gong, signal drum or mosque drum (NOISE)

taburscattering; sowing; diffusion over a surface (of sowing seed, of scattering flowers over a passing hero, of the stars scattered over the sky, etc. (PMP: *tabuR₁)

tagehto importune; to press (of dunning a man for debt); also of a craving that gives a man no peace until he satisfies it (LOAN)

tahunyear (solar, lunar, seasonal from rice crop to rice crop, etc.) (PMP: *taqun)

tajokshort upward projection such as an aigrette or a tholepin; tuft; ornament on head (LOAN)

talirope; cord; string; line; anything of cord-like appearance, including (i) ropes, strings and cords of different materials, (ii) articles of clothing suggesting cords (bandolier, girdle, etc.), (iii) harness-straps, (iv) ropes in ship's rigging, (v) miscellaneous cords and ropes (for woman in labor, spinning top, fishing line, cat's cradle, tendon below tongue, viscera, dried banana strips, navel cord, carpenter's line) (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

tali pusatumbilicus (after severance; cf.tali uri ‘navel cord before severance’) (PMP: *pusej)

tali puteria plant,Cassytha filiformis, the basis of a Malay hairwash (PMP: *talih) *CaliS

tali sipatstring-line used by a carpenter, surveyor’s plumb-line (PWMP: *sipat)

tameŋshield, buckler (often referred to in Malayo-Javanese romance); the Javan shield is usually round, but thetameŋ is of the Indonesian long type (PMP: *tamiŋ)

tampalposting up; patching; plastering (of putting colored paper patterns on a kite, posting a notice on a wall, putting sticking plaster on a sore, etc. (PWMP: *tapal)

tampaslopping off (a projecting point); smoothing; flattening with a knife or chopper (of whittling knobs off a stick; also of the practice of lopping off the end of a young coconut, of which the milk is to be drunk) (PWMP: *ta(m)pas)

tanahland; state, country; surface of soil, especially with regard to ownership; surface of soil with regard to its character; soil itself and its character (PMP: *taneq)

tandiŋdivision into equal parts; proportion; share (the word implies comparison) (PWMP: *tandiŋ)

tandok-tandokplants with curiously shaped flowers;Strophanthus dichotomus,Ervatamia spp. (PWMP: *tanduk tanduk)

tandua hammock-litter made by fastening to a pole the ends of a broad strip of strong cloth; the pole was carried on the shoulder of coolies, and the passenger supported in the folds of the cloth (LOAN)

taŋgahouse ladder; staircase; a numeral coefficient for any aid to climbing of the ‘ladder’ type (PMP: *taŋga₁)

taŋgaldropping; falling off (of things that seem to fall spontaneously, as leaves in autumn, of skin cast by a snake; to shed one’s garments, disrobe, etc.) (PWMP: *taŋgal)

taŋgoŋsupporting (on the shoulder); bearing up a heavy weight from below; (fig.) bearing up under trouble or misfortune; standing security for another (PWMP: *taŋguŋ)

taŋisweeping, in contrast to cries (raung) or lamentations (ratap) (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

taŋkapgripping; clasping; capture, esp. capture in the hand (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kep₂)

taŋkaystalk; haulm; stem; in composite flowers or fruitstaŋkay is the stalk of each item, whilekaki ortandan is that of the cluster (PMP: *taŋkay)

taŋkisparrying by striking aside (used of fencers or duelists) (PWMP: *taŋkis)

taŋkupto capture under a hollow (as a dog catching flies in his mouth, a man putting a tumbler over an insect or slapping the hollow of his palm over it; also of hollow covers to apertures, as of hatch-covers in boats, and pieces over the bow and stern of a Malay canoe (PMP: *takub)

taŋkupcapture under a hollow (of a dog catching flies in his mouth; of a man putting a tumbler over an insect or slapping the hollow of his palm over it, etc.) (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kub)

tapakpalm of hand, sole of foot; footstep as a measure of length (PWMP: *tapak₁)

tapa-tapapieces of fish sliced very thin, spiced, salted and dried in the sun (PMP: *tapa₁) *Capa

tapayyeast; leavened cake; fermented drink; fermenting mixture made of boiled rice and yeast (used most commonly as yeast for making leavened cakes; in literature it occurs rather in the sense of fermented drink (PWMP: *tapay)

tapehlong sarong, unsewn and worn as a skirt by Javanese women (PWMP: *tapiq₂)

tapisstraining through, filtering, of passing liquid through a cloth or strainer, and fig. of a family passing on from generation to generation (PWMP: *tapis₃)

tarohdepositing; staking; having, putting, or keeping in a place of safety (PMP: *taRuq)

tarokshoot (from side of tree or branch --- the topmost shoot ispuchok) (PWMP: *taruk)

tarumindigo plant (indigo dye isnila); usuallyIndigofera tinctoria, the Indian indigo plant; nativenila is made by cutting uptarum leaves, steeping them in water, and finally boiling them with lime or chalk; dark-colored (as the skin or fur of various animals) (PMP: *taRum)

tawarwithout flavor or distinctive character in two senses: (i) tasteless, (ii) innocuous; in the second sensetawar is used of a poison or charm being rendered harmless or of a disease losing its virus (PWMP: *tawaR₁)

tawarwithout flavor or distinctive character, in two senses: 1. tasteless, 2. innocuous (PWMP: *tabaR)

tawarinnocuous (of a poison or charm being rendered harmless, or of disease losing its virus) (PMP: *tambar)

tawascrude alum (as used in the Malay pharmacopia); double sulfate of aluminum and potassium (LOAN)

tebak tanahto dig out earth with acaŋkul (hoe); inpantuns (oral poems)tebak suggests clumsiness, a blow that does more harm than good (NOISE)

təbalrelative thickness (of materials such as planking, paper, cloth, skin, fencing, etc. (PMP: *tebel₂)

təbascutting down small plants (thorns, rushes, bamboos, or scrub), of clearing roads when overgrown (PWMP: *takebas)

təbascutting down small plants, in contrast to felling timber, of cutting down thorns, rushes, bamboos, or scrub; of clearing roads when overgrown (LOAN)

təbokboring a hole into; sinking a shaft or well; shaft; cylindrical hole (LOAN)

təbusto redeem or ransom, esp. of getting things out of pawn and acquiring debt-slaves; totĕbus a debt-slave meant to buy out his indebtedness to his former master; this did not extinguish the debt, but transferred it to a new owner (PMP: *tebus)

tədoŋswelling at back of neck; hood (of snake); hooked snake (PWMP: *teduŋ₂)

təgohfirm and strong (of tying a knot firmly; of backing up an agreement with promises); (fig.) dependable (LOAN)

təkanpressure downward with a flat surface, in contrast to pressure with a point (as a man pressing dough to get an impression of it, an athlete putting pressure on a rival’s limb to get an idea of his strength, etc.) (PMP: *teken)

təkaŋthwart, of crossbeams and frames to hold two surfaces open or apart, e.g.: the framework inside a well; the wooden diagonals holding open a net; thwarts in a canoe, etc. (PWMP: *tekaŋ)

təkapresting the flat of the hand on anything; covering with a flat surface (PWMP: *tekeb₁)

təkapresting the flat of the hand on anything; covering with a flat surface (PAN: *tekep)

teluthree; triple (in certain expressions only, astiga is the ordinary word for ‘three’) (PAN: *telu)

teluregg; also occasionally, 'testicle'. Usually of the eggs of poultry ... also of other eggs (fish roe, turtle eggs); of things, esp. plants, suggesting kinds of eggs (PMP: *qateluR)

telusslipping through without difficulty; fitting loosely, of a ring fitting comfortably on a finger, etc. (ROOT)

təmbokperforated; holed; rotten or hollow (of teeth); worm-eaten (of planking); eaten through by white ants; corroded by rust (LOAN)

təmpapbringing down the flat of the hand on anything; hand’s breadth (PWMP: *tepap)

tempayanwater jar; etymologically a fermenting jar; now used loosely of any large jar (PWMP: *tapay-an) *tapay

t-empiasdeflected (and so beating in), as rain; commonly of slanting rain (PWMP: *ampias)

təmucoming together at the same spot; meeting exactly (more definite thanjumpa ‘to come across’) (PWMP: *temu₂)

tənaŋstill (of water), calm (used figuratively of calm or quiet behavior) (PWMP: *teneŋ)

tənoŋabstraction; being plunged in thought; absent-minded, as a seer is absent-minded (LOAN)

tenunweaving; the art or process of making cloth from cotton, silk or fiber (PAN: *tenun)

teŋara low tree,Ceriops candolleana, found in mangrove swamps; its bark is used for tanning (PMP: *teŋeR)

tərajupair of scales, balance; tent ropes; rod supporting the heddles of a loom; the string joining loosely the two extremities of the body of a kite, and to which is attached the line by which the kite is flown (LOAN)

teralinsistence; importuning; browbeating (of an overseer shouting at his coolies to make them work, etc. (PWMP: *teRel)

təranto strain (in easing oneself); impulses (in labor at childbirth); straining generally (PWMP: *teRan)

tərapa tree from the bark of which the Proto-Malays still make bark cloth:Artocarpus kunstleri (PWMP: *teRep)

terawasa simple used in makingbeboréh (yellow cosmetic of saffron and coconut oil rubbed on the body in Java on ceremonial occasions) (PWMP: *taRabas)

tərjundropping; to fall or leap down (of leaping off a horse, letting oneself drop from a window, diving into a stream, etc. (LOAN)

tər-kaŋkaŋwith legs flung wide apart --- of dead bodies on a battlefield; of a door, to be ajar at a wide angle (PWMP: *kaŋkaŋ₁)

ter-kapoŋ kapoŋbobbing up and down on the surface of water, as driftwood or a floating leaf (ROOT)

tər-kəjaŋ-kokolstretching oneself and then withdrawing the limbs (as a man yawning) (PWMP: *kulkul)

tər-ləŋarknocked silly; bumping heavily (of a with its bows on a reef) (LOAN)

ter-sadaiastretch high and dry, as a boat drawn up on the beach or a wreck on a reef (PMP: *sanday) *saŋeday

tərus-ancanal cut to connect two rivers or to avoid a long river bend (PWMP: *terus)

tətapsteadfast; constant; secure; regular; fixed (of tenure or residence) (LOAN)

tiaŋ goyaŋpost in stern of Malay boat for use with paddle-rudder (PWMP: *guyeŋ)

tidurto sleep (of commoners); the sleep of princes isberadu. Malays explain sleep as the temporary departure of the bird-likesemangat or spirit of life. (PMP: *tiduR)

tikamwounding by puncture (in contrast to wounding by cuts); to stab; to spear (LOAN)

tikan bunoh'stabbing and slaying' = wounding and murder, in the (Minangkabau) list of felonies (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂

tikarmat, specifically a mat of fine material; rough floor mats are usuallykəlasak (LOAN)

tikusrat; mouse; generic forMuridae andSorecidae, and specific for the common black rat,Mus rattus (LOAN)

tilamquilt mattress, used with a sleeping mat by Malays of the better class (LOAN)

tileklooking hard and fixedly at anything, usually in the sense of casting a spell or second sight (LOAN)

timbahand bucket; dipper; bailing or emptying out with a bucket (but the indigenous bucket is of palm-spathe, and is known aslimas) (PMP: *timba)

timbawjoining on; adding to length or height; pieces on (of adding an extra strake to a boat, lengthening a garment with a fresh piece, etc. (PWMP: *timbaw₁)

timbulrising to the surface; floating; emerging or appearing from below (PWMP: *timbul)

timpaŋlimping; lame (of a man permanently lame, not disabled temporarily by some wound or sore) (PMP: *timpaŋ)

tintiŋto winnow with a swaying motion so as to separate grain from chaff or sand from alluvial gold; (fig.) to refine; to retain only the best (LOAN)

tiramoyster,Ostrea spp.; varieties include the edible oyster that adheres to mangrove roots and fishing stakes (Ostrea parasitica); the rock oyster (Ostrea imbricate); and the pearl oystersOstrea ephippium, andOstrea placentiforme) (PMP: *tiRem)

tirisoozing through; dripping, leaking (of rain coming through a thatched roof) (PMP: *tiRis)

titékdrop, liquid particle; dot or spot left by a liquid particle such as a drop of ink (PMP: *tiktik₂)

titinarrow footway (of a plank bridge, gangway, log across a stream, or even of a bough as a footway from one part of a tree to another) (PMP: *titey)

titinarrow footway, of a plank bridge; gangway; log across a stream, or even of a bough as a footway from one part of a tree to another; also of bridges generally (PMP: *taytay)

tolakrepelling; rejecting; pushing away or pushing off (of keeping off misfortune by the use of scapegoats or propitiatory offerings; of giving up or resigning a post; of discarding a mistress, etc. (PMP: *tulak)

tombak bandaŋanspear with a tuft of goat's hair on the shaft: an emblem of royalty (PMP: *bandaŋan)

toŋkahlengthening at the top; superimposing; of lengthening a sarong by sewing a piece along the top (that piece being concealed by a coat) (NOISE)

tuaage; matured; old; senior; deep (of coloring); free from alloy (of metals). In terms of relationship likepa’ tua it signifies that the person so described has a father’s position (i.e. he is an uncle), and more so in point of age: in other words, he is a father’s elder brother (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

tuaktoddy; palm wine (the best toddy is obtained from the sugar palm; ordinary toddy is coconut palm toddy (PMP: *tuak)

tuaŋpouring out liquid (liquor into glasses, or molten metal into molds, but not of emptying out or throwing away) (PWMP: *tuaŋ₁)

tubafish-poison; vegetable matter for stupefying fish and causing them to rise to the surface where they are easily caught; the commonesttuba isgetah akar tuba, a watery extract from the root ofDerris elliptica, but the number of thesetuba runs into hundreds (PAN: *tubah)

tudohaccusation, esp. slanderous accusation; pointing out a person guilty of some heinous act (PMP: *tuzuq₂) *Cuzuq

tujahstabbing down; holding a spear high and then thrusting it downward, e.g. at a man spying under one’s house (PWMP: *tuzaq)

tujohseven (from finger counting in which the five fingers are counted from pinky to thumb and then back from thumb to index) (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

tukaŋcraftsman (as a smith, a wheelwright, a tailor, a cobbler, a carpenter, a mason, etc.) (LOAN)

tulaŋbone; harder portion of the physical body; part of the skeleton or framework … The term covers gristle and cartilage … and is used figuratively in many expressions (including many plant names) (PWMP: *tuqelaŋ)

tulideaf; usually (but not invariably) stone-deaf, in contrast to pekak (hard of hearing) (PMP: *tuli₁) *Culi

tulisdelineating in contrasted color, e.g. in paint, dye or ink, in contrast to carving, inlaying, engraving, embroidery, etc.; writing (LOAN)

tumainsect-parasite; louse. The insect that coolies are sometimes seen picking out of each other's hair (PMP: *tumah) *CumeS

tumbohplant-growth; sprouting up; eruption (of plants springing up out of the ground, and pustules on the skin) (PMP: *tubuq, tumbuq) *Cubuq

tumbokto thump; a heavy pounding blow; beating with the side of the fist (PMP: *tumbuk)

tumpaŋjoining in with others (especially of a person lodging with others or taking passage with others) (PWMP: *tumpaŋ₁)

tumpaŋjoining in with others, esp. of a person lodging with others or taking passage with others, as on a passenger ship, or in a caravan (PWMP: *tumpaŋ₂)

tumpulblunt, of a knife having a dull edge; also (fig.) of intelligence (PMP: *tumpul)

tunaname of a mud-snake or eel with a yellowish body; described sometimes asikan tuna (tuna fish) and sometimes asular tuna (tuna snake) (PMP: *tuna) *tuNa

tunasaftergrowth; young shoots or sprouts that appear on the ground after a crop or on a severed bough or trunk (PWMP: *tunas)

tundokbowing the head; bowing to the inevitable; submission or surrender (of bowing the head in homage; silence and downcast looks after a rebuke; a white flag indicating surrender) (PWMP: *tunduk)

tuntoŋinverting and rapping, e.g., the bowl of a pipe to knock out the contents; holding up a child by the legs as a punishment (PWMP: *tuŋtuŋ₁)

tuntunleading by means of something, of a child being led by the hand or an animal by a rope; also of a blind man being led by his stick (PWMP: *tuntun)

tunuconsume by fire, burn up. Of the destruction of forest by fire when clearing land for cultivation; of burning incense; of slaying one's enemies by burning; of the walls of a house being burnt (PMP: *tunu) *CuNuh

tuŋawblack sand fleas; these fleas infest fowls (t. ayam) and monkeys (t. kəra) (PWMP: *tuŋaw₁)

tuŋku dapur, batu tuŋkuhearthstone used for supporting a cooking pot (Malay cooking is done on three stones (for one pot) or five (for two), the fire burning in between (LOAN)

turisskin-deep slash; long but shallow cut (of the cut made before an animal is skinned; of the wound made in tree bark by a good tapper; also of a man writing his name on sand or cutting his initials on a tree) (PAN: *turis)

turundescent, not used of a fall, nor of a drop by the mere force of gravity, but covering a traveller’s descent of a hill, or his journey from the interior to the coast, or (more figuratively) from “windward” to “leeward” ports, or (more figuratively still), descent from generation to generation; the word also covers the fall of rain (which is not regarded as due simply to gravity), and the ‘descent’ of the spirit in spirit possession (PMP: *tuRun₁)

turutfollowing suit; taking a line previously indicated; of obeying instructions, going by advice, copying handwriting, following the beaten track, giving way to one’s passions, giving a boat way instead of luffing up (PWMP: *tuRut)

tusokpoking; stabbing; pricking (of children poking out the eyes of insects, and especially of the use in battle of weapons like spears and daggers) (PAN: *tusuk)

tutohpolling (a tree); lopping off branches either to trim it or as a preliminary to felling (PWMP: *tutuq)

tutupto close up; to cover; lid; covering piece; (fig.) complete, full (PMP: *tutup₁)

uaŋ, waŋan obsolete coin or measure of value; collectively: a name for money generally (LOAN)

ubiyam; tuber; generic for many plants, notably (i)Dioscorea alata, (ii) tapioca or manioc, (iii) the sweet potato, (iv) the common potato,Solanum tuberosum, etc. (PMP: *qubi)

ukirgraving; wood-carving; incising fine designs on the surface of wood or metal (PMP: *ukir)

ularsnake; serpent; generic forOphidia and also for dragons (ular naga) (PMP: *hulaR) *SulaR

ular naga bura, ular muraa venomous spitting snake, specifically the viperAngkistrodon rhodostoma, but used loosely of the spitting cobra and theular bakau (Lachesis purpureomaculatus) (PMP: *buRah) *buReS

umaŋ-umaŋhermit crab; figuratively for men in borrowed plumes and for spongers (PMP: *qumaŋ qumaŋ)

umpan (h)alirfloating bait attached to atali (h)alir, or loose floating line for catching crocodiles (PMP: *qaliR)

undaŋ-undaŋstatute-law; ordinance; laws made by a legislature and not based on ancestral custom (LOAN)

upéhspathe; sheath of spadix of the unexpanded fruit of certain palms, esp. of the areca-nut palm. These spathes supply broad, thin wrappers from which temporary buckets are made (PMP: *hupiq) *Supiq

uratnerve; vein; sinew; gland; strand (of rope); numeral coefficient for rattans and tenuous rope-like objects (PMP: *uRat) *huRaC

usoŋcarrying as a litter is carried, i.e. suspended from a pole with a bearer at each end (PMP: *qusuŋ)

yaŋyaŋGod of Gods; Great God ... the Batara Vishnu, King of Heaven (PWMP: *qiaŋ)

olocative and directional suffix basically corresponding to 'on', 'onto', 'from the surface of' (Lichtenberk 1983:358) (POC: *o₁)

sikobird with short body, red beak and head, black wings and long white tail (PMP: *sikek)

sikobird with short body, red beak and head, black wings and long white tail (POC: *siko₂)

tarato beat off, to strike off (branches), to hollow out (of canoes) (PAN: *taRaq₁)

ʔarotopmost rafters (laid on top of cross sticks that are laid on lower rafters) (PMP: *kasaw₁)

aOh! (exclamation expressing surprise at an unexpected occurrence, and as a response to a question or explanation) (PMP: *a₃)

baku-bakuʔsmall basket (can be closed and used as a place to store money or other valuables) (PWMP: *bakul-bakul) *bakul

benucoconut husk, used to make rope or other handiwork, or as tinder (PMP: *benut₁) *benut

bikaŋdelicacy made of rice flour or wheat flour moistened with coconut cream and sprinkled with sugar (LOAN)

bilaa tree which yields a rough-skinned fruit with mucilaginous contents:Aegle marmelos (PMP: *bila₁)

biluʔturn (change course at sea when sailing to take advantage of the direction of the wind) (PMP: *biluk)

bittiŋcarry lightly in the hand, carry something by holding it with one hand by its handle or grip (PMP: *bintiŋ)

boloŋblack (pitch-black); name for an animal with black fur (as a horse, dog or cat) (PWMP: *beleŋ)

bonnetall tree with dense branches and fruit that resembles a grape (PWMP: *buRnay)

boriŋcharcoal, made from coconut shell or wood which has been previously burned, much used in charcoal irons and in the hearth (PWMP: *budiŋ)

boroŋwholesale, all at one time (of buying or selling, carrying out work, etc.) (LOAN)

burasdelicacy made of rice and soft coconut pulp wrapped in a banana leaf (LOAN)

buriʔhaving patches of different color, as chickens that are black, white and yellow (PWMP: *burik)

buʔbuʔwood louse, termite (stays inside a log and consumes it from within) (PMP: *bukbuk₃)

gili-giliŋturning the head from side to side (as to look at things passing) (PMP: *giliŋ)

iriŋdrive animals before one (as in driving a flock of ducks to some location) (PMP: *iriŋ₁)

ma-boriŋblack, blackened (having come in contact with charcoal) (PWMP: *budiŋ)

ma-issiold (of bananas nearly ripe on the stalk); having plenty of content (PMP: *ma-isi) *isi₅

mes-saraɁto part ways, remove oneself from the company of others (PWMP: *sarak)

mis-senderto lean on or against (as a person leaning against a wall) (PWMP: *sendeR)

padaŋvegetation that resembles the stem of the rice plants, sword grass, very hard to eradicate except by digging up the roots; sword grass:Imperata cylindrica (PWMP: *padaŋ)

pe-ana-ŋuterus, womb; mixed descendants of native population and immigrants (PWMP: *paR-anak-an) *aNak

puaŋrespectful term of address, usually for those who are older than the speaker; term of address by a child to its father when the latter is a noble; God, lord (PMP: *puaŋ)

sambaʔhit, strike (with an instrument that has a flat or broad end) (PMP: *sambak)

turuʔto follow; to follow the direction of the wind (for example in sailing at sea) (PWMP: *tuRut)

baganiheadman (an office requiring evidence of personal valor, fortitude, physical strength and charisma; to become abagani a man had to kill seven to nine men in battle) (Lebar 1975) (PMP: *baRani)

a(at the beginning of a sentence) ah!; exclamation of surprise, contempt, etc. (PMP: *a₃)

aliŋto move (a horse), transfer to another place; change; go out from inside (PMP: *halin)

ambétcarrying astraddle on the hip (as in carrying a child); climb (a tree) with a rope looped around the feet (PMP: *ambit)

ampusexterminate, destroy, wipe out (as a house by fire, chickens by some cause, etc.) (PMP: *qa(m)pus)

anakchild; part of something; give birth, bear a child; young, small (of animals) (PMP: *anak) *aNak

apasomething, anything; genitals; whatever (used jocularly, or when uncertain); never mind, it's alright; what? (PMP: *apa₁)

araklead by force, as someone or something tied by a rope (e.g. pig, person) (PMP: *aRak)

ataperson, human being; male, masculine; inhabitants, people, race; other people, foreigners, ghosts, spirits (PMP: *qaRta)

babascome apart, come undone (AlsoKamberawáŋga 'make an opening, take apart',Paulohihaka 'to open (intr.)' (ROOT)

balifriend; enemy; divided in halves; foreign, alien (PCEMP: *bali₈) *baliw₁

becurfull from having eaten enough, satiated; to spill out (of food) (PAN: *besuR)

bekukrolled up, not yet opened, of young ferns, etc.; curved, bent (as young bamboo stalks) (PMP: *bekug)

bekukrolled up, not yet opened, of young ferns, etc.; curved, bent over (of young bamboo stalks) (PMP: *bekuk)

belaŋkind of thin-walled bamboo with long internodes; its skin is used in plaiting (PMP: *belaŋ₁)

benektoo much (of something prepared), excess; in close sequence (of the birth of children) (NOISE)

beŋkar léké ceboŋthe water basin at the bathing place is already broken (figure of speech to say that boy or girl has reached puberty) (PMP: *be(ŋ)kaR)

bilathe calabash tree:Crescentia cujete; kind of tree of meadow and secondary forest (PMP: *bila₁)

bontercorpulent and round, large, pot-bellied; glutted, bloated (of the belly) (PMP: *bunter)

bubulkind of forest tree the bark of which is used as a topical medicine (NOISE)

bumbukind of citrus tree with oblong fruit the size of a human forearm that can be eaten with the skin on (NOISE)

bumbuŋ-kukurkind of herb with red flower used to treat abdominal swelling:Begonia sp. (PMP: *buŋbuŋ₄)

buŋaoften used of flowers introduced from without, as flowers in a flower-garden (PMP: *buŋa)

buʔarkind of tree the leaves of which are used in poultices for boils (PMP: *buqaR)

cebudouse, cover (with ashes, etc.); scatter, strew, pour out (PMP: *sebuh) *sebuS

cikuelbow; an ell, distance from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow (PAN: *sikux)

cuŋkaplever up, tunnel under (a fence) with the snout, root or grub up the earth (PMP: *su(ŋ)kab)

dalitto plaster or stick on, lay one on another; thin outer casting (PMP: *dalit₁)

demakgrope for something in a hole or cave; pick someone's pocket, take without permission (PMP: *zemak)

empeŋrestrain a person who wants to fight; block a stream, dam up (PMP: *empeŋ)

empeŋconstrain, hold back (a person who wants to fight); brake a car (PMP: *qempeŋ)

empoancestor, grandchild; grandmother (W. MGG); taboo for a given clan (as certain animals); name for calling the spirits; nickname for crocodile; refined term for male and female genitals; very old (PMP: *empu)

eneptree the bark of which is used as an ingredient in palm toddy:Peltophorum pterocarpum (NOISE)

enuMiss, term of address for a girl if one does not know her name (endu) (NOISE)

éokclucking of a chicken; cracking sound of a tree about to topple; growling of the stomach in hunger (PMP: *qiuk)

gagarto like, have an appetite for (fighting, talk, sex), brave, bold, lusty, desirous (PMP: *gagar)

gipétnarrow (of eyes because the eyelid is swollen or injured); can’t be opened (of the eyes) (PMP: *gipit)

haŋto eat, to swallow; eaten by, consumed by (as fire); food; cooked rice (PAN: *kaen)

hiarticle preceding the name of persons (and animals in tales) (PMP: *ki₂ₐ) *ki₂

hilapbrilliance, illumination (of lightning); a transient impression (as of something rapidly passing by) (PMP: *kilap)

hili-helapthunderbolt -- i.e., lightning that strikes something (PMP: *gelap₁)

impuŋfingerling of theikan mua that begins swimming upriver from the sea in February-March (PMP: *hipun₁)

iuksound of swishing (as of a coconut frond being waved); sound of turmoil in the stomach (PMP: *kiuk)

kaŋgaŋstiff (of a corpse); dead; dessicated (of the body, wood); stiff, of clothes that have been ironed (PMP: *kaŋkaŋ₃)

katelitchy; smarting feeling on tongue, as when eating acid fruit (PMP: *gatel) *gaCel

kenaŋatall, straight tree with yellow, lightweight trunk; its bark is used for walling and flooring (PMP: *kanaŋa)

keŋaseize with open mouth (of an animal); eat with open mouth (< *-ŋaq?) (ROOT)

képetcover with the two hands (genitals, flowing water), block, close off (ROOT)

lanteŋkind of tree with fine stinging hairs on the leaves:Laportea spp.; caterpillar with hairs that cause itching when touched (PMP: *lateŋ) *laCeŋ

lawilong tail feathers of a rooster; various plants, includingJusticia procumbens,Asystasia intrusa,Dicliptera sp.,Peristrophe sp.,Lepidagathis sp. (PMP: *lawi₁)

lekescurling this way and that, twisted around (as the body of an eel) (PMP: *lekes)

lentakcall a dog (by clicking or clacking the tongue); urge a horse on by clicking the tongue (PMP: *le(n)tak)

lepékbreak wood with the hand; pluck, snap with the fingers (shoots of tobacco or vegetables), snap off (PMP: *lepik)

lubukstrike with a stick or the hand so as to make a noise (AlsoArosirubu 'strike with fists, box') (ROOT)

lumeŋsmeared, smudged, dirty with (as someone smirched with sugar) (PMP: *lumeŋ)

maiCome on! Let’s go!; hither; to come; then, therefore, thus; origin, originate; from, after (in time) (PAN: *um-ai) *ai₃

mataeye; hole; sprouting part; husk (in the middle of the rice); blade (of a machete, etc.) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata belaŋwhite flecks on the eye; disease which causes or leaves white spots on the eye (PMP: *belaŋ₂)

natua gutta percha tree with edible fruit and reddish timber that is used to make planks:Palaquium obovatum (PMP: *ñatuq)

nciŋisof the teeth, to be visible because of a congenital curvature of the upper lip (ROOT)

niketmushy (of rice, etc.), thick (of liquids), viscous, sticky (as gruel) (PMP: *niket)

nilatree with thick trunk and small leaves, with wood that is useful for house-building; tree species:Grewia (PMP: *qanilaw)

ninikind of plant material used in basket-making:Donax canniformis (PMP: *niniq₁)

nuliŋa plant with fruit that grows in clusters and is used for glue:Pisonia umbellifera (PMP: *añuliŋ)

nunaŋtree with fruit used for paste or glue:Cordia dichotoma (PAN: *quNuNaŋ)

ŋaŋarcrack, split; in pieces, cracked (of soil, earthenware pot, wood) (PCEMP: *ŋaŋar) *ŋarŋar

oéreply which is less courteous thanapa, less refined thanoi: yes? what?; answer of a woman (as when called by her husband) (PMP: *huy)

pacekdrive in a stake (in making a fence); to plant, as rice; planted (PCEMP: *pasekₐ) *pasek

pagalhobble; heavy block hung from buffalo's neck to impede his movements (PMP: *pagal)

pakukind of fern eaten as a vegetable:Athyrium esculentum (PWMP: *paku) *paheku

pampatree which is good for making house posts:Vitex pubescens (PMP: *pa(m)pa)

pampaŋobstruct, restrain, hinder, prevent; separate (as two people who are fighting) (NOISE)

panoskin disease, tinea; patchy color, as of someone with tinea (PMP: *panaw₁) *panaw

pelasa tree; its rough leaves are used to sand surfaces, and its small fruit is eaten:Ficus wassa (PMP: *qa(m)pelas)

pessound of a fire being doused with water; hiss; sound of flatulence (PMP: *pes)

pesugall bladder, gall; in expressions: not thinking, oblivious to custom; arrogant (PAN: *qapejux)

pulitwind a rope around (an animal that is too unmanageable), as in tying a carabao to a large tree (PMP: *pulit)

punitree fern,Cyathea sp. (Verheijen 1967-70); the young leaves ofCyathea are eaten, and this may have been important when collecting food in the forests (Verheijen 1984) (PMP: *apuni)

reŋitpucker up the face, grimace (example sentence: "what pain are you feeling that causes you to grimace so?") (PAN: *reŋiC)

ruaŋyellowish-red bee smaller than the ordinary honeybee:Apis indica (PMP: *qani-Ruan)

sindukdipper made of lontar leaf; bailer for scooping water from a boat (PMP: *si(n)duk)

taŋkepcovering, catching by covering with the hand; to lay one thing on top of another; to cover under a hollow (PMP: *taŋkep)

telacrack marking; to split, show a crack; thwart (in boat) (PMP: *telaq₁) *Celaq

toʔamother’s brother; wife’s father or mother (West Manggarai); brother’s son, brother’s daughter (in relation to the father’s sister); sister’s son, sister’s daughter (in relation to the mother’s brother); wife’s brother’s son or daughter (in relation to the father’s sister’s husband); husband’s sister’s son or daughter (in relation to the mother’s brother’s wife) (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

tudukpoking, stabbing, pricking, transfixing (as roasts before the fire or on the spit) (PMP: *tuduk)

tui, ntuiforest tree with rather small leaves:Linociera,Dolichandrone spathacea (PMP: *tui₁)

turto string, as beads on a thread; to stitch (a mat); to pile up (stones) (PMP: *tuhuR) *CuSuR

tuwaCroton tiglium, a plant with leaves and fruit that are pounded and spread in still water to stun fish (PAN: *tubah)

tuʔaold; age; adult, grown up; finished; dark, of colors; taller; leader; parents-in-law (WF, WM, HF, HM, but in some dialects WF, WM only) (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

uinterjection used to call or shout at someone; interjection used to chase off animals, etc. (PMP: *qu₁)

ukalever up; to open, as an animal trap; search for small acquatic animals by lifting stones (PAN: *hukaq)

ukalever up; to open, as an animal trap; search for small acquatic animals by lifting stones (PMP: *qukaq)

umagarden, cultivated field; clear away underbrush before felling large trees in making a new swidden (PMP: *quma) *qumah

untuthat part of the lip of a wild boar which is turned upward by its tusks; (Central MGG) gums (PMP: *quntu)

waŋgaŋwalk with the legs wide apart; lie on back with legs spread open while sleeping (PMP: *waŋkaŋ)

waratrainy season (primarily in January and February); violent storm (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRat

wataŋlarge fallen tree; bridge, go-between in marriage negotiations (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

waʔafloodwater, flood; to flood, flow, be carried off by a current (PCEMP: *baaq) *baSaq

wecektoo hard-packed (of earth); unripe, still hard, insufficiently cooked (of rice) (PMP: *besek)

wetikcarve, serrate the edge (of a piece of coconut shell, etc.); sign one's name (PMP: *betik₂) *beCik

wiartiny worms in the intestines; tiny worm in the stomach of frogs (PMP: *biaR₁)

wikusit sedately, of a woman (that is, with legs folded to the side); sit cross-legged (PMP: *biŋku)

wikutcurl up, sit with with legs bent; curl up like a dog in the ashes of the hearth (PMP: *bikut)

wiŋisopen, of the lips, so that the teeth show (when growling, laughing, etc.); laugh coyly (PMP: *biŋis)

wiʔakopen a way, open a path (as through a crowd); opened widely, of the mouth of someone about to cry or shout (PMP: *biqak)

wuafruit, fruits; kidneys; results of a discussion, conclusion; contents; purpose, content (of talk); protrude (of the skin), grow (of scar tissue over a healed wound); areca nut (PMP: *buaq)

wuŋasfirst, just now (fetched), hot (of food that has just been cooked) (PMP: *buŋas)

wuŋkarswell up and split open (as the soil because of something pushing up from within) (PMP: *buŋkaR)

wuʔaexpand and break apart, of earth lifted up with an excavated tuber, expanding dough, etc. (NOISE)

Manobo (Western Bukidnon)(1013)WMP(Elkins 1968)[mbb] (Manobo, Western Bukidnon)Philippines

adsamblack vine used in ornamenting woven baskets (PMP: *qaRsam)Western Bukidnon

aɣaklead someone by the hand, as a blind person or a baby just learning to walk; teach a skill to an apprentice; figuratively of a supernatural leading a human whether in a helpful sense or otherwise (PMP: *aRak)Western Bukidnon

aɣewseize; grab; illegally take possession of (PAN: *qaRaw)Western Bukidnon

akalbetray (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

akalto betray (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

akupa measure of two handfuls (PMP: *aŋkup₁) *aŋkupWestern Bukidnon

alada fence; to fence an area (PAN: *qalad)Western Bukidnon

alaŋto block; to hinder; to be in between (PWMP: *qalaŋ)Western Bukidnon

alaŋ-alaŋto deceive by hypocrisy; to be at the stage of growth where one is almost an adult (PWMP: *alaŋ-alaŋ₁) *alaŋ-alaŋWestern Bukidnon

alata fish weir which is held in the water by hand (PWMP: *qalat)Western Bukidnon

aluŋshadow, reflection (PMP: *aluŋ)Western Bukidnon

amalundertake a quest for supernatural help or power by means of self-inflicted difficulty (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

amaʔfather (direct address) (PMP: *ama-q) *amaxWestern Bukidnon

ameyfather (reference) (PMP: *ama-i) *amaxWestern Bukidnon

amincomplete; consume; use up (PAN: *amin)Western Bukidnon

ampallarge cockroach (PWMP: *ampal)Western Bukidnon

anakoffspring (PMP: *anak) *aNakWestern Bukidnon

andewof the weather, to be sunny; day; sun (PAN: *qajaw)Western Bukidnon

aneytermite (PAN: *aNay)Western Bukidnon

antapto guess something, predict something (PPh: *antap)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (20 / 1013)

anudof a stream or river, to wash something away (PAN: *qañud)Western Bukidnon

apidof flat objects with considerable surface, or of layers of clothing, to be one on top of the other (PWMP: *apid₂)Western Bukidnon

apuglime (PAN: *qapuR)Western Bukidnon

apu-ʔgrandparent; grandchild (PPh: *apu-q) *apuWestern Bukidnon

asudog (PAN: *asu₁)Western Bukidnon

ataʔunhusked rice mixed with that which is husked, or unground corn mixed with that which is ground (PWMP: *ataq)Western Bukidnon

ateproof, to roof a house (PMP: *qatep)Western Bukidnon

ateyliver (PMP: *qatay) *qaCayWestern Bukidnon

atukkill a bird or chicken by piercing it with a needle or other small sharp instrument (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

atukkill a bird or chicken by piercing it with a needle or other small sharp instrument (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

aturcare about, look out for (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

avaŋsmall boat, dugout canoe (PAN: *qabaŋ₁)Western Bukidnon

aveywalk together shoulder to shoulder; proceed side by side (PPH: *abay)Western Bukidnon

avufireplace; stove (PMP: *qabu)Western Bukidnon

avugto drive, as animals; drive away, force out (PPh: *ábuR)Western Bukidnon

awaŋopen, as a field; clear; used of a crowd that steps aside to open up a path (PMP: *awaŋ)Western Bukidnon

ayaksift or separate by straining through a sieve or by winnowing (PWMP: *ayak₂)Western Bukidnon

ayama pet (PWMP: *qayam₂)Western Bukidnon

aya-ʔaunt (includes several degrees of collaterality) (PMP: *aya₂)Western Bukidnon

ayewused of a supernatural being which causes sickness to a person so that he will revive the beliefs and practices of his ancestors (PWMP: *ayaw)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (40 / 1013)

baɣaember, hot coal (PMP: *baRah)Western Bukidnon

baɣaŋmolar tooth (PMP: *bageqaŋ)Western Bukidnon

baɣaʔlung (PAN: *baRaq₁)Western Bukidnon

bagkestie up something inanimate (PMP: *bakes₁)Western Bukidnon

bahagloincloth; wear a loincloth (PMP: *bahaR)Western Bukidnon

bahifemale person (PMP: *bahi)Western Bukidnon

bahugmoisten one’s food with broth, soup or water (PWMP: *bahuR)Western Bukidnon

bakbakfrog (PAN: *bakbak₂)Western Bukidnon

bakbakfrog; figuratively, a talkative person (PPH: *bakbak₃)Western Bukidnon

bakesbelt (PMP: *bakes₁)Western Bukidnon

bakulbend (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

bakusbind or tie up a person or animal (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

balesrepay, reward; revenge (PAN: *bales₁)Western Bukidnon

balivalue; estimate the value of something in terms of money or goods (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

baluwidow(er) (PMP: *balu₄)Western Bukidnon

baluyturn into or be changed into something, as magic; in the terminology of marriage arrangements, to accomplish or to complete a successful negotiation (PMP: *baliw₂)Western Bukidnon

baluʔthe slow beat of the death call, which is beaten on theaguŋ (gong) (PMP: *baluq)Western Bukidnon

bantugfame; to spread one’s fame (PPH: *bantug)Western Bukidnon

banuggeneric for hawks and eagles (PPh: *banúR)Western Bukidnon

baŋaʔcarry something in the mouth (PWMP: *baŋaq₁)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (60 / 1013)

baŋbaŋa hole dug in the ground; to dig (PMP: *baŋbaŋ₃)Western Bukidnon

baŋila chock to keep something from rolling; a block to raise something (PPH: *baŋil)Western Bukidnon

baŋkewgeneric for any barbless spear (PWMP: *baŋkaw)Western Bukidnon

basakmud (PWMP: *bacak)Western Bukidnon

basakmud (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

basalto beat a rhythm, as on a brass gong, drum, or other percussion instrument (PPH: *basal)Western Bukidnon

basbasplane off or shave off with a knife or bolo (PWMP: *basbas₃)Western Bukidnon

basuktill the soil (PWMP: *bacuk)Western Bukidnon

basuŋslender vat made of bark for storing rice (PWMP: *basuŋ)Western Bukidnon

bataŋfallen tree, log (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁Western Bukidnon

bataʔchild (PWMP: *bataq)Western Bukidnon

batustone; list or count with reference to the use of stones in counting (PMP: *batu) *batuxWestern Bukidnon

batunto lift up; to ascend (PMP: *bantun)Western Bukidnon

batunto lift up; to ascend (PPH: *batun)Western Bukidnon

bavacarry on the back (PMP: *baba₁)Western Bukidnon

bavadof plants, animals or humans, to reproduce one's kind (PWMP: *babaD)Western Bukidnon

bavaʔshort (PMP: *babaq₁)Western Bukidnon

bavuypig (PAN: *babuy₃)Western Bukidnon

bayada payment; to pay (PMP: *bayaD)Western Bukidnon

bayuga tall bamboo of recent introduction in western Bukidnon:Dendrocalamus merrillianus (PPH: *bayug)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (80 / 1013)

bazakthe jackfruit tree and its fruit:Artocarpus heterophyllus (NEAR)Western Bukidnon

baʔashalf a carcass; to split a carcass lengthwise (PMP: *baqas)Western Bukidnon

bedbedto wind around something, as a string or rope (PMP: *bejbej₂) *bejbejWestern Bukidnon

beɣaspounded rice; fruit or seed; make pounded rice from unhusked rice; of a plant or tree, to fruit (PMP: *beRas)Western Bukidnon

beɣatheavy (PMP: *beReqat)Western Bukidnon

beɣeyto give (PMP: *beRay)Western Bukidnon

beɣseycanoe paddle; to row or paddle a canoe or raft (PMP: *beRsay)Western Bukidnon

beɣunew; recent (PMP: *baqeRu) *baqeRuhWestern Bukidnon

bekakakingfisher (PWMP: *bakaka)Western Bukidnon

bekarto open, as the fist or a book; to spread out, as a folded paper or mat (PWMP: *bekaj)Western Bukidnon

bekbekpulverize by pounding or stepping on (PMP: *bekbek₁)Western Bukidnon

bekegto choke on something swallowed (PWMP: *bekeR₁) *bekeRWestern Bukidnon

bekes-anpython (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

beketinbaby pig (PPH: *baketin)Western Bukidnon

belaɣenrattan (generic) (PWMP: *balaRen)Western Bukidnon

belagenrattan (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

belatikbamboo spear trap; the constellation Orion (PWMP: *bala(n)tik)Western Bukidnon

belatuŋmungo bean:Phaseolus aureus (PWMP: *balatuŋ)Western Bukidnon

belavagcrosswise; lay something crosswise (PPh: *bala(R)báR)Western Bukidnon

belavagcrosswise; lay something crosswise (PWMP: *balagbag)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (100 / 1013)

belaʔiany relative of one's son-in-law or daughter-in-law (PPh: *balaqih)Western Bukidnon

belenewpuddle; surface water; "run off" after a rain (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

beleyto tire someone or something (PPh: *belay)Western Bukidnon

belikidturn over; inside out (PPh: *balikid)Western Bukidnon

belitiʔa balete tree: the strangler fig (PPh: *balítiq)Western Bukidnon

belukasset free (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

bendilaʔflag; banner (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

beniʔseed reserved for planting (PWMP: *benehiq)Western Bukidnon

bensiʔburst from the inside, of containers such as a water pole, a sack, etc. (PMP: *besiq)Western Bukidnon

bentuŋtype of large bamboo (PAN: *betuŋ₁)Western Bukidnon

benutthe black hairlike substance found on the trunk of a leafy palm of the genusCaryota (PMP: *benut₁) *benutWestern Bukidnon

beŋeldeaf, cause deafness (PMP: *beŋel)Western Bukidnon

beŋita spirit bird which calls at night with a sound like the meowing of a cat (PMP: *beŋit)Western Bukidnon

beŋkagshatter or break up, of a stone when it is shattered by a blow, of a structure when it is destroyed or blown apart, of a piece of money when it is changed into smaller denominations, of a gathering of people when they separate (PMP: *be(ŋ)kaR)Western Bukidnon

beŋkasremove a tie around the mouth of a sack; remove a lashing on something (PMP: *beŋkas) *beŋkas₄Western Bukidnon

berakesencircle a number of objects by the arm and hand or by the thumb and fingers (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

besikfly out, as fragments from an explosion (PMP: *becik)Western Bukidnon

betiʔvagina (PMP: *betiq₂)Western Bukidnon

betuexplosion; explode with a loud noise (PMP: *betu₂)Western Bukidnon

be-vayupound something in a mortar (PAN: *bayu)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (120 / 1013)

be-venednumb; cause loss of feeling or pain, i.e. as a person's leg "goes to sleep" or of medicine which "kills pain" (PPh: *ban(e)héd)Western Bukidnon

beyabasguava, guava tree,Psidium guayava (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

beylanshaman; to act or perform the office of a shaman (PWMP: *balian)Western Bukidnon

beyveybank of a stream, lake or ocean shore (PPh: *baybáy)Western Bukidnon

beʔbeʔmouth; hit in the mouth (PMP: *beqbeq)Western Bukidnon

beʔuʔuturtle (PPH: *baququ)Western Bukidnon

bihagin raiding, live captives which are brought home; in cockfighting, the defeated dead rooster which is kept as a prize by the owner of the victorious rooster; to capture (PWMP: *bihaR)Western Bukidnon

bilaŋto count (PAN: *bilaŋ₁)Western Bukidnon

bilinhand down to succeeding generations (PWMP: *bilin)Western Bukidnon

binataŋa derogatory term meaning to have no shame, as an animal has no shame (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

bintia test of strength in which one man stands with his legs apart and his opponent runs from behind him and kicks him in the calf of the leg with his shin in an attempt to knock him over. They then change places and continue until one is clearly defeated or gives up because of the pain (PWMP: *binti₂)Western Bukidnon

bintiŋof two or more persons, to carry something together (PMP: *bintiŋ)Western Bukidnon

b-in-usbusof a slaughtered animal, the fecal matter which is removed from the intestines when they are cleaned preparatory to cooking (PMP: *busbus)Western Bukidnon

biŋbiŋtwist a child's ear in punishment (PWMP: *biŋbiŋ₂)Western Bukidnon

biŋgalacassava,Manihot esculenta (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

biŋkuŋmattock (PMP: *biŋkuŋ)Western Bukidnon

biris-birisof rain, to sprinkle or fall lightly (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

bisinbasin (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

bitaʔuga tree the sap of which is used for skin ailments, the fatty seed of which is eaten:Calophyllum inophyllum (PMP: *bitaquR)Western Bukidnon

bitbitpick up or lift something with the hand (PMP: *bitbit₂) *bitbitWestern Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (140 / 1013)

biteyhang something up with a rope or string (PPh: *bítay)Western Bukidnon

bitilfamine; induce hunger (PMP: *bitil₁)Western Bukidnon

bitiyaradiscussion; to discuss (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

bitupit or deep hole in the ground (PPh: *bítu)Western Bukidnon

bitukintestinal worms (PWMP: *bituk)Western Bukidnon

bitukaintestines; open a carcass to remove the entrails; gut someone in a fight with knives or bolos (PMP: *bituka) *biCukaWestern Bukidnon

bituʔenstar (PAN: *bituqen)Western Bukidnon

biviglips (PMP: *bibiR) *biRbiRWestern Bukidnon

bivikaŋsquat with knees wide apart (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

botablind, lose the sight (PMP: *buta₁) *buCaWestern Bukidnon

bugbugto cook rice in such a manner that when it is done it is not dry, but instead full of liquid (PMP: *buRbuR₁)Western Bukidnon

buɣewdrive something or someone away (PAN: *buRaw)Western Bukidnon

buɣisfungous skin disease commonly called 'double skin' disease (PWMP: *bugis)Western Bukidnon

buɣukan egg in the nest which is not fertile and is abandoned by the hen when the others hatch (PAN: *buRuk)Western Bukidnon

buhaʔinduce coughing (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

buhaʔinduce coughing (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

buhisany tax levied by the government (PWMP: *buhis) *buhísWestern Bukidnon

bukbukwood weevil; spread any powdery substance on something (PMP: *bukbuk₃)Western Bukidnon

bukbukfrog (onom.) (AlsoGorontalohuhuʔo 'struck with the palm of the hand') (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

bukuknot in a piece of wood; joint in a length of bamboo; joints in a palm trunk (PMP: *bukuh)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (160 / 1013)

bukusroll or wrap something around something else, as in bandaging wound, rolling an object in paper, or wrapping a turban around the head (PWMP: *buŋkus)Western Bukidnon

buku-vukua knuckle, joint in a person's hand or foot (PMP: *buku buku) *bukuhWestern Bukidnon

bulagcorneal ulcer or injury to the eye, which eventually becomes white (PAN: *bulaR₁)Western Bukidnon

bulanmonth, moon; menstruate (PMP: *bulan₃) *bulaNWestern Bukidnon

bulaŋto stage a fight, such as a cockfight, carabao fight, boxing match, etc. (PWMP: *bulaŋ)Western Bukidnon

bulawangold (PAN: *bulaw-an) *bulawWestern Bukidnon

bulegany creature, human or otherwise, which has light-colored eyes (PWMP: *buleheR)Western Bukidnon

bulegkuʔto bend something; to bend, as a trail bends (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

bulelakawspirit deity of streams and lakes (PPh: *bulalákaw₂)Western Bukidnon

bulewyellow cat; of any plant that quickly reaches maturity in contrast with a plant of the same species which does not (PAN: *bulaw)Western Bukidnon

buligsmall domesticated or wild variety of banana (PMP: *buliR)Western Bukidnon

buluŋbe the object of someone's loneliness (PWMP: *buleŋ)Western Bukidnon

bulvulbody hair, feathers (PPh: *bulbúl)Western Bukidnon

bumbunfill in a hole with dirt (PMP: *bunbun)Western Bukidnon

buntudmountain (PMP: *buntud)Western Bukidnon

bunuwitfish hook; to hook something with a hook (PPh: *bunwít)Western Bukidnon

bunuwitfishhook (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

bunuʔto murder (PMP: *bunuq₂) *buNuq₂Western Bukidnon

buŋetrefuse something after the following manner: usually of a child who, when he wants something which he cannot have, gets angry and refuses it when it is finally given to him (PWMP: *buŋet)Western Bukidnon

buŋewan old senile person; of old age, to cause someone to be senile (PWMP: *buŋaw₁)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (180 / 1013)

buŋurantype of banana which is long and green when ripe (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

buraʔ-buraʔto form bubbles of water or liquid; a bubble (PMP: *bujeq₂) *bujeqWestern Bukidnon

buraʔ-buraʔto form bubbles of water or liquid; a bubble (PMP: *budaq₁)Western Bukidnon

buriŋto smudge, to soil; a black-striped dog (PWMP: *budiŋ)Western Bukidnon

buriŋa black striped dog (PWMP: *buriŋ)Western Bukidnon

bu-riʔasof a tree which is being felled, to split up the middle and break off higher up (PMP: *riqas)Western Bukidnon

burukuscoil up something, as a rope or a length of rattan (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

busbuspour out; empty out; of a premature birth, to miscarry (PMP: *busbus)Western Bukidnon

busewdemon; evil spirit (PMP: *busaw)Western Bukidnon

busiʔsiʔ(of heat) to cause something to burst open (PPh: *busiqsiq)Western Bukidnon

busuŋthe supernatural resumption of a feud which occurred between one's ancestors and the ancestors of one's wife or friend. This results in barrenness, sickness, or some other ill happening (PWMP: *busuŋ)Western Bukidnon

butablind because of an injury; to blind someone (PMP: *buta₁) *buCaWestern Bukidnon

buteŋof dogs and humans, to fight, but to wrestle rather than to come to blows (PMP: *buteŋ)Western Bukidnon

butigwart (PMP: *buteliR)Western Bukidnon

butinisbutton (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

butudof a food, to cause gas pains in the abdomen (PWMP: *buntuD)Western Bukidnon

buvuŋ-anfoothill (PMP: *bubuŋ-an) *bubuŋ₁Western Bukidnon

buvurdrop rice seed or corn seed into the ground (PWMP: *bubud)Western Bukidnon

buwaʔkidney (PMP: *buaq)Western Bukidnon

buziʔroe of a fish (PPh: *bujiq)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (200 / 1013)

buzukskin disease on the scalp which forms large scabby areas (PWMP: *buduk)Western Bukidnon

buzukskin disease on the scalp which forms large scabby areas (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

buzukskin disease on the scalp which forms large scabby areas (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

buʔayacrocodile (PMP: *buqaya)Western Bukidnon

buʔbuʔTall, slender palm, probably of the genusPinanga. Its fruit is used as a substitute forAreca catechu in the betel chew (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

buʔelknee (PPh: *buqel)Western Bukidnon

buʔufish weir (PWMP: *buʔu)Western Bukidnon

daǥatthe sea (PMP: *daRat)Western Bukidnon

daɣiŋnoise, sound (PAN: *daRiŋ)Western Bukidnon

dahunleaf of a tree or plant (PMP: *dahun)Western Bukidnon

dakdakto slam something down on something (PWMP: *dakdak)Western Bukidnon

dakelbig (PPH: *dakél)Western Bukidnon

dakepto seize, arrest (PAN: *dakep)Western Bukidnon

dakito soil something (PMP: *daki)Western Bukidnon

dalantrail; path (PMP: *zalan)Western Bukidnon

dalemto deepen, as of water (PMP: *dalem)Western Bukidnon

dalidroot of a tree or plant; figuratively, the supporter of a datu’ or a person’s source of livelihood, such as his field, his garden, his pigs, etc. (PMP: *dalij)Western Bukidnon

damathe checker game (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

dapitside; direction (PWMP: *dapit)Western Bukidnon

dateŋfever; to have a fever (PMP: *dateŋ)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (220 / 1013)

datu-ʔchief, leader (PMP: *datu)Western Bukidnon

davuŋthe edible shoots of thekewayan, (Bambusa spinosa), or thebentung bamboo (PPH: *dabuŋ)Western Bukidnon

dawatto receive or accept either an object or someone’s reasoning or argument (PPH: *dáwat)Western Bukidnon

dawaʔblame; offense (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

daʔanold; before (PMP: *daqan₂) *daqaNWestern Bukidnon

daʔatto destroy; to harm; to ruin (PMP: *zaqat)Western Bukidnon

deǥato frighten or discourage someone or some creature from repeating an action (PWMP: *zeRa)Western Bukidnon

deɣeŋgroan in pain (PMP: *deReŋ)Western Bukidnon

degurusswishing sound of rain falling or water flowing (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

dehemugdew, drops of water on plants and grass after a rain (PWMP: *dahemuR)Western Bukidnon

dekdekpound with an object such as a hammer, stone, fist, etc.; the instrument with which one hammers (PMP: *dekdek) *dekdek₁Western Bukidnon

deketto stick to; to adhere (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeCWestern Bukidnon

demdemblack beads (PAN: *demdem₂)Western Bukidnon

deŋega person’s reputation or good name (PMP: *deŋeR)Western Bukidnon

de-zuwatwo, the free form used in counting (PMP: *duha) *duSaWestern Bukidnon

d-ianthere (2p. or 3p.) (PWMP: *ian₃)Western Bukidnon

dilaʔtongue; to lick; to lap (PMP: *dilaq₁)Western Bukidnon

dineghear (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

di-vavewupon, over, above (PAN: *babaw₃)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (240 / 1013)

di-zayain an upstream direction (PWMP: *di-daya) *dayaWestern Bukidnon

diʔdiʔof water, to boil; figuratively of the brain, to think hard, to be full of thoughts; a bubble in a boiling substance (PMP: *diqdiq)Western Bukidnon

dudutto pluck, as feathers from a chicken or weeds from the ground (PWMP: *zutzut)Western Bukidnon

duɣithorn; of a thorn, to pierce something (PMP: *duRi)Western Bukidnon

dukilembecome night (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

dulasto slip or slide while walking (PMP: *dulas)Western Bukidnon

dumacompanion, another; to accompany (PAN: *duma)Western Bukidnon

dumpelto dull the cutting edge of a cutting tool (PMP: *de(m)pul)Western Bukidnon

dutdutpluck, as feathers from a chicken or weeds from the ground (PMP: *dutdut)Western Bukidnon

duwatwo (PMP: *duha) *duSaWestern Bukidnon

duyanto swing in a hammock (PPH: *dúyan)Western Bukidnon

duyan-aʔhammock (PPH: *dúyan)Western Bukidnon

eɣaniharvest (PWMP: *aRani)Western Bukidnon

eɣaniharvest (PWMP: *q<aR>anih) *qanihWestern Bukidnon

eɣ-ke-taʔuto know how (PMP: *taqu₂) *CaquWestern Bukidnon

ekaŋowl (PWMP: *ekaŋ)Western Bukidnon

elada piece, referring to flat wide objects with little or no volume, such as paper, boards, plates, etc. (PPh: *qelad₁)Western Bukidnon

elaŋspace in between; an object in between two objects (PMP: *qelaŋ)Western Bukidnon

elavatwall; to make a wall (PPH: *alabat)Western Bukidnon

eledshame, embarrassment; to shame or embarrass (NEAR)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (260 / 1013)

eletan object between two objects; be between two objects (PMP: *qelet) *qeleCWestern Bukidnon

eliy-avukdust; of dust, to fly or be stirred up (PMP: *qabuk)Western Bukidnon

emewdumb of speech; a dumb person (NEAR)Western Bukidnon

emissweet (PMP: *emis₁) *emisWestern Bukidnon

emumato show affection or good feeling for someone by taking good care of them or by welcoming them (PPH: *amuma)Western Bukidnon

emunif, when (in a declarative sense) (PWMP: *emun)Western Bukidnon

emʔemput something in the mouth (PAN: *qemqem)Western Bukidnon

enak-enniece, nephew; a person's relative of his child's generation (PWMP: *anak-en) *aNakWestern Bukidnon

enapiŋcheek (PWMP: *anapiŋ)Western Bukidnon

endudto back up, walk or move backwards (NEAR)Western Bukidnon

endudback up, move backwards (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

enebspread all over, as news, a custom, a certain plant which becomes common; of a person, to be well travelled; of a disease, to spread all over a province or all over a person's body (PMP: *qeneb₂) *qeNeb₂Western Bukidnon

enivuŋany palm of the genusOncosperma (PMP: *qanibuŋ)Western Bukidnon

enuga path or trail in the grass or forest which is used by wild pigs, rodents, etc. (PMP: *qenuR) *qeNuRWestern Bukidnon

enunaŋa tree,Cordia dichotoma, the leaves of which are used in decoction for bathing a new-born child and its mother. The gelatinous substance in the fruit is used for paste. In times of famine the young leaves are dipped in honey and eaten (PAN: *qaNuNaŋ)Western Bukidnon

eŋitto laugh aloud (PPH: *eŋit)Western Bukidnon

eŋitto laugh aloud (PPH: *heŋit)Western Bukidnon

eŋutburst out into loud speech (PMP: *eŋut)Western Bukidnon

epezugall bladder (PAN: *qapejux)Western Bukidnon

epitfood which has burned in cooking and has stuck to the pot (PMP: *epit₁)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (280 / 1013)

epukknock the breath out of someone (PMP: *epuk)Western Bukidnon

epuslast embers from the fire; fig., to consume completely (PMP: *epus)Western Bukidnon

eraŋto cry out; a cry (PWMP: *qeraŋ)Western Bukidnon

erenof a sitting hen; to sit on eggs (PWMP: *eden)Western Bukidnon

eruʔanmudfish (PWMP: *qaruqan)Western Bukidnon

esawaspouse (PAN: *qasawa)Western Bukidnon

etawaor (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

etiof water, to evaporate (PMP: *qeti₁)Western Bukidnon

etisaʔsneeze (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

etuvaŋin front of; stand or be in front of someone or something (PPh: *atúbaŋ)Western Bukidnon

evaɣatthe strongest wind, the Northeast monsoon (PMP: *habaRat) *SabaRatWestern Bukidnon

evatedcorn worm (PMP: *qabated)Western Bukidnon

evelsmoke; of a fire, to smoke (PAN: *qebel)Western Bukidnon

evukextinguish a fire (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

evuʔsevere stomach cramps; to disembowel or remove the entrails (PWMP: *ebuq)Western Bukidnon

ezekplant something close together, generally using a dibble stick to make the holes (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

gakita raft (PMP: *Rakit)Western Bukidnon

galiŋto grind, as grain (PWMP: *galiŋ)Western Bukidnon

gampuŋfloat (PWMP: *ga(m)puŋ)Western Bukidnon

gantiit is as if; to be in the stead of someone or something in such as way that it is as if the original one or thing were still there (PWMP: *ganti)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (300 / 1013)

gapuʔa pile of dead trees or branches; a log jam in a stream (PPH: *Rapuq₂)Western Bukidnon

gataʔcoconut milk (PMP: *Rataq)Western Bukidnon

gataʔcoconut milk (PWMP: *gateq)Western Bukidnon

gatushundred (PMP: *Ratus) *RaCusWestern Bukidnon

gawaŋclear an area in the bush or forest as a place for and an approach to a snare or trap; the cleared area (PWMP: *gawaŋ)Western Bukidnon

gawedvine (PMP: *waRej)Western Bukidnon

ge-hinawato breathe; breath; center of the emotions; oneself (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawaWestern Bukidnon

geluɣaʔachuete or annatto tree, the seeds of which are used for coloring food materials red:Bixa orellana (PWMP: *galugaʔ)Western Bukidnon

geraʔto decimate or destroy a group of living things (PWMP: *geraq)Western Bukidnon

geretnotch or cut (PMP: *geret)Western Bukidnon

gevaʔto break; to destroy; to finish felling all the trees when making a swidden (PPH: *gebáq)Western Bukidnon

geviʔiyesterday (PMP: *Rabiqi)Western Bukidnon

giliŋto spin thread (PMP: *giliŋ)Western Bukidnon

giliŋ-ana device for spinning (PWMP: *giliŋ-an) *giliŋWestern Bukidnon

gimukudthe immaterial part of a person which lives after death and passes on toIvaya’an; a ghost or soul of a dead person (PPH: *Rimukud)Western Bukidnon

giʔedindustrious, to be industrious (PWMP: *giqed)Western Bukidnon

giʔekto step on something; thresh rice by walking on it (PAN: *Riqek)Western Bukidnon

gumaʔa sheath for a sharp tool or weapon; to make a sheath; to put in a sheath (PAN: *Rumaq)Western Bukidnon

guntiŋscissors; to cut with scissors (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

gurisa line marked on something with a sharp instrument to delineate a boundary or a pattern; to mark something with a line (PAN: *guris)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (320 / 1013)

gusukrib bone of a vertebrate, with the exception of fish (PAN: *Rusuk)Western Bukidnon

guwaʔto go out of something or someplace (PWMP: *Ruaq)Western Bukidnon

guyudto pull or pull something; to drag something (PWMP: *guyud₃)Western Bukidnon

habhabof a person, to eat as an animal eats, without the use of hands (used only in a derogatory or joking sense); of a pig, to eat in its characteristic manner (PPH: *habhab)Western Bukidnon

hagukbreathe loudly (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

hakuthaul a quantity of something which requires more than one trip (PMP: *hakut) *SakuCWestern Bukidnon

halembe silhouetted, be only an indistinct shadow (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

halem-halemof someone or something far away or in the darkness, to be silhouetted; to be only an indistinct shadow (PMP: *halem)Western Bukidnon

halintransfer, move from one place to another; to change, as one's appearance (PMP: *halin)Western Bukidnon

hapenfishline (PMP: *hapen)Western Bukidnon

hapinpad something to avoid injury (PMP: *hapin)Western Bukidnon

hapuyfire (PMP: *hapuy) *SapuyWestern Bukidnon

hasekpress down on something (PMP: *hasek₂)Western Bukidnon

hateddeliver (PMP: *hateD) *SateDWestern Bukidnon

havelweave cloth (PPH: *habél)Western Bukidnon

haveŋblock an opening or a path so that nothing can pass, as to block other possible avenues on each side of a pig trap; a constructed barrier (PWMP: *hambeŋ)Western Bukidnon

haveŋblock an opening or a path so that nothing can pass; a constructed barrier (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

havuk-havukthe white powdery scale which forms on exposed parts of the body when a person does not often bathe; the powdery film on a mature squash or any white scale or powdery substance on something; to become covered with white scale or with a powdery film (PMP: *habuk)Western Bukidnon

havuk-havukwhite powdery scale which forms on exposed parts of the body when a person does not often bathe (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

hawakwaist of a person; by extension, waist of a garment; hold someone around the waist (PMP: *hawak) *SawakWestern Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (340 / 1013)

hawan-hawanspace between heaven and earth (PWMP: *hawan hawan) *hawanWestern Bukidnon

hawidgift which is given to someone to salve hurt feelings (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

hazekto smell, to kiss (PMP: *hajek) *SajekWestern Bukidnon

haziyounger sibling; a younger person of one's own generation, whether related or not (PMP: *huaji) *SuajiWestern Bukidnon

heǥetto tighten something; in tying or wrapping something, to pull it tight; to twist tight the lid of a bottle or jar; figuratively, to make a final settlement (PMP: *heRet) *SeReCWestern Bukidnon

heɣezanladder; stairway (PMP: *haRezan)Western Bukidnon

heluŋseek shelter from rain or sun (PWMP: *heluŋ)Western Bukidnon

hevel-enwoven cloth on the loom which is not yet complete (PWMP: *habel-en) *habélWestern Bukidnon

heʔ-enemsix (PAN: *a-enem) *enemWestern Bukidnon

heʔe-patfour (PMP: *a-epat) *SepatWestern Bukidnon

hiɣupsip a liquid by sucking it in with the breath (PMP: *hiRup) *SiRupWestern Bukidnon

higut-ana string or cord belt which is sewed into the waist of a pair of trousers (PPH: *higut-an) *higútWestern Bukidnon

hikettie up; commit suicide (PMP: *hiket) *SiketWestern Bukidnon

hiketto tie up; to commit suicide (PWMP: *hiket)Western Bukidnon

hilamunto weed (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

hilemun-enweeds (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

hilewunripe, uncooked (PPh: *hiláw)Western Bukidnon

hiluto poison; poison (PWMP: *hilu)Western Bukidnon

hilutto massage a part of the body (PPh: *hílut)Western Bukidnon

hi-mateykill (PMP: *m-atay) *aCayWestern Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (360 / 1013)

hi-panewwalk, go on a journey, go someplace (PMP: *panaw₂) *paNawWestern Bukidnon

hi-tindegstand up (PMP: *ti(n)zeg)Western Bukidnon

hiupblow on or at something; blow a musical instrument (PMP: *heyup) *SeyupWestern Bukidnon

hizeɣaʔlie down (PPh: *hideRáq)Western Bukidnon

hulidlie down next to someone; have sexual relations with someone; the person one lies next to (PMP: *hulij) *SulijWestern Bukidnon

hunago or be first; be first in relation to someone else (PMP: *huna)Western Bukidnon

hurapunalight in a flock (birds) (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

hurusto grip something, as in the hands or fingers, and allowing it to slip through, as letting a rope slip through the hand; slip something off something, as a ring off the finger; of a person, to be forced to slide down a tree trunk (PWMP: *hurus)Western Bukidnon

huvuʔto go and borrow fire from a neighbor (PPH: *hubuq)Western Bukidnon

huyuŋshake something back and forth, as to shake a tree to make the fruit fall, or as an earthquake shakes a house (PMP: *huyuŋ)Western Bukidnon

huzi-anfollowing all the rest; final; the final one (PWMP: *udehi-an) *udehiWestern Bukidnon

Ibe-vasukspirit deity of farming (PWMP: *bacuk)Western Bukidnon

i-búbudbe planted (PWMP: *bubud)Western Bukidnon

ihiʔurine, urinate (PMP: *ihiq) *iSiqWestern Bukidnon

ike-zuwasecond (PMP: *ika-duha) *duSaWestern Bukidnon

ikugtail (PAN: *ikuR)Western Bukidnon

ilaof people, but esp. of animals that are skilful in escaping from and avoiding humans, to be wary (PMP: *ilah)Western Bukidnon

ilamole on the skin (PMP: *qila)Western Bukidnon

ilebspittle; to spit (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

iliŋ-ʔiliŋexamine or investigate an object carefully (PWMP: *iliŋ₂)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (380 / 1013)

iluorphan (PWMP: *ilu)Western Bukidnon

ina-ʔM (addr.) (PAN: *iná-q) *inaWestern Bukidnon

ine-yM (ref.) (PMP: *iná-i) *inaWestern Bukidnon

initheat (PWMP: *qinit)Western Bukidnon

inumto drink (PMP: *inum)Western Bukidnon

inutbe sparing in the use of something, as money or food (PWMP: *qinut)Western Bukidnon

ipescockroach (PMP: *ipes) *SipesWestern Bukidnon

irabcarefully sharpen a point on something (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

iriŋdo or be the same; the same (PPh: *iriŋ₂)Western Bukidnon

isathe number one, used in counting (PAN: *isa₁)Western Bukidnon

isegmove over or move along (PMP: *iseR)Western Bukidnon

isipthe mind; to think (PPh: *ísip)Western Bukidnon

itemblack (PMP: *qitem)Western Bukidnon

ituʔa puppy (PPH: *ituq₂)Western Bukidnon

ivaʔtree with edible sour fruit (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

izasspouse's sibling-in-law (PAN: *idas₁)Western Bukidnon

izuŋnose (PMP: *ijuŋ)Western Bukidnon

ka2sg topic pronoun (PMP: *ka₄)Western Bukidnon

kaγatof any toothed creature, to bite (PMP: *kaRat) *kaRaCWestern Bukidnon

kaǥito say; to speak; to talk (PAN: *kaRi₁)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (400 / 1013)

kagkagto dry something in the sun (PPH: *kagkag)Western Bukidnon

kagkagto dry something in the sun (PWMP: *kaRkaR)Western Bukidnon

kahirthe cleared area on the ground in front of a chicken after he has scratched it clean looking for food (PWMP: *kahir)Western Bukidnon

kakakcackle (PMP: *kakakₐ) *kakakWestern Bukidnon

kakewthe cacao tree and its fruit:Theobroma cacao L. (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

kake-yolder or oldest sibling; the first wife of a man who has more than one (PMP: *kaka₂)Western Bukidnon

kália digging stick used for digging sweet potatoes, cassava, etc. (PMP: *kali₂) *kalihWestern Bukidnon

kanatstretch (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

kapeyto beckon for someone to come (PMP: *kapay)Western Bukidnon

karkarto dig or remove earth with a scratching motion of the hands (PAN: *karkar)Western Bukidnon

karusto scratch someone with the fingernails or claws (PMP: *garus)Western Bukidnon

karusto scratch someone with the fingernails or claws (PAN: *karus)Western Bukidnon

kasiŋa spinning top (PWMP: *gasiŋ)Western Bukidnon

katito catch a wild animal or bird by using another to attract him; to catch a criminal by using someone, perhaps a member of his family, as bait to attract him (PPH: *káti)Western Bukidnon

kavana trunk; a large wooden box (PWMP: *kaban₂)Western Bukidnon

kaveggiant fruit bat (PPH: *kabég)Western Bukidnon

kawatfine wire, often used as strings for thekutiyapiɁ (boat lute) (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

kawaʔa very large frying pan around 18” to 24” in diameter (PWMP: *kawaq)Western Bukidnon

kawiŋof a bride and groom, to enact the ceremony of exhanging rice which complete the marriage formalities (PWMP: *kawiŋ)Western Bukidnon

kawiŋof a bride and groom, to enact the ceremony of exchanging rice which completes the marriage formalities (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (420 / 1013)

kayewbe in readiness to fight (PMP: *kayaw) *ŋayawWestern Bukidnon

kayutree; wood; a stick; to gather wood (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiwWestern Bukidnon

kaʔanto eat (PAN: *kaen)Western Bukidnon

kebelpower by which a person is rendered (PWMP: *kebel)Western Bukidnon

keɁe-selemtomorrow (PWMP: *selem₂)Western Bukidnon

kelasagshield (PWMP: *kalasag)Western Bukidnon

kele-lawaʔspider (PMP: *lawaq₂)Western Bukidnon

keleŋturn the head to one side (PWMP: *keleŋ₂)Western Bukidnon

kelepenitthe smallest local variety of bat (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

keli-vaŋbaŋbutterfly (PMP: *baŋbaŋ₂)Western Bukidnon

kemaliga large but temporary house or shelter; to erect such a house or shelter (PMP: *kamaliR)Western Bukidnon

kəmantistomato fruit or plant:Lycopersicum esculentum (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

kemaŋawhetstone; to whet a knife or other tool (PPH: *kamaŋa)Western Bukidnon

kemasithe seeded breadfruit tree and its fruit:Artocarpus camansi (PPH: *kamansi)Western Bukidnon

kemasithe seeded breadfruit tree and its fruit:Artocarpus camansi (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

ke-metay-andeath (PWMP: *ka-m-atay-an) *aCayWestern Bukidnon

kemkemclench the hand into a fist; hold something in the fist (PWMP: *kemkem₁)Western Bukidnon

kempilana two-handed sword which has a long handle and a straight blade which, on the end, is split similar to a swallow’s tail (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

k-epat-anforty (PWMP: *ka-epat-an) *SepatWestern Bukidnon

kepisof an object, to shrink in volume; to shrivel, as a vegetable dried by the sun (PWMP: *ke(m)pis)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (440 / 1013)

kepkepto embrace (PMP: *kepkep)Western Bukidnon

ke-puʔunancestor (PWMP: *ka-puqun) *puqunWestern Bukidnon

kerudto scrape out something, as coconut meat out of a shell (PWMP: *kerud)Western Bukidnon

kesilieel (PWMP: *kasuli)Western Bukidnon

keskesof a snake, to wrap itself around something (PWMP: *keskes₂)Western Bukidnon

ke-taʔuability, skill, wisdom (PWMP: *ka-taqu₁) *CaquWestern Bukidnon

keteŋstraighten out an object, such as one's arm, a piece of wire, etc. (PMP: *keteŋ)Western Bukidnon

ketiof water, to dry up as a result of heat; boil away, evaporate (PWMP: *keti)Western Bukidnon

keti-yanthe one which is used for “bait” (PPH: *káti)Western Bukidnon

ketketof any sharp-toothed animal, to gnaw away; to gnaw a hold in something (PWMP: *ketket)Western Bukidnon

ketumbalchili pepper, any plant of the genusCapsicum (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

kevittouch or tap someone to draw his attention (PMP: *kebit)Western Bukidnon

ke-vulewan-anwealth, splendor (PAN: *bulaw-an) *bulawWestern Bukidnon

kewayanthorny bamboo,Bambusa spinosa (PAN: *kawayan)Western Bukidnon

ke-zekel-anmajority (PPH: *ka-dakel-án) *dakélWestern Bukidnon

kezutto pinch (listed only in the English index) (PWMP: *kezut₂) *kezutWestern Bukidnon

kidkidto grate, as young corn or sweet potato (PMP: *kiDkiD)Western Bukidnon

kidkiz-aʔa grater (PMP: *kiDkiD)Western Bukidnon

kilalato know someone; to recognize someone or something; an acquaintance (PAN: *kilala)Western Bukidnon

kilatlightning; to lighten, flash, of lightning (PMP: *kilat₁) *likaCWestern Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (460 / 1013)

kilewto eat uncooked food (PPH: *kilaw₁)Western Bukidnon

k<in>ilewfish or meat soaked in vinegar to be eaten raw (PPH: *kilaw₁)Western Bukidnon

kireyeyebrow (PWMP: *kiray)Western Bukidnon

kireyeyebrow (PWMP: *kiday)Western Bukidnon

kiskisa razor; to shave (PAN: *kiskis)Western Bukidnon

kitekto tickle (PWMP: *kitek)Western Bukidnon

kitek kitek kuʔkuʔan incantation used by children to immobilize an insect so that it may be caught (PWMP: *kitek)Western Bukidnon

kiyabto fan (PWMP: *kiab)Western Bukidnon

-ku1sg nontopic pronoun (PAN: *-ku)Western Bukidnon

kudkudof a wild pig, to burrow; to make a burrow (PMP: *kuDkuD)Western Bukidnon

kulambedof a vine, to climb or creep by entwining itself on other plants or trees (AlsoTiruraykulambed 'tie by winding around') (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

kulatgeneric for edible mushrooms (PMP: *kulat₂) *kulaCWestern Bukidnon

kuleywilt a plant or leaf in the fire for any purpose (PWMP: *kulay₂)Western Bukidnon

kureretto wrinkle, as an aged person’s skin (PPH: *kuretret)Western Bukidnon

kurisa person’s fortune written in the palm of his hand, or the fortune of a chicken written in the scales of its feet (PWMP: *kuris₂)Western Bukidnon

kuruta curl of the hair; to curl the hair (PMP: *kurut)Western Bukidnon

kusurub something between the hands (PMP: *kusu₁)Western Bukidnon

kutaʔa fort; fortification (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

kutkutto scratch; a rat’s lair in the ground (PWMP: *kutkut₁)Western Bukidnon

kutuhead lice (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCuxWestern Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (480 / 1013)

kutu-kutuflying sparks from a fire (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCuxWestern Bukidnon

kuwaa word of total generic use that may be substituted for any noun or verb in the language (PWMP: *kua₂) *kua₁Western Bukidnon

kuzencooking pot (PAN: *kuden)Western Bukidnon

kuzurof the bones of an animal or person who is extremely thin, to protrude (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

laǥeŋthe human voice (< *-geŋ?) (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

lahusto pass through; to pierce, of a projectile, weapon, or a beam of light through a translucent material (PPH: *lahús)Western Bukidnon

lalewgrieve over something to the extent that one does not eat (PWMP: *lalaw)Western Bukidnon

lanacoconut oil; oil from other vegetable sources (PMP: *laña)Western Bukidnon

laŋewa fly (PMP: *laŋaw)Western Bukidnon

laŋkada stride; the measure of a person’s step; to walk a step (PMP: *lakaj)Western Bukidnon

laŋkeblie face or front side down (PWMP: *la(ŋ)keb)Western Bukidnon

laŋkubin roofing, to finish a section or to finish the whole house (PPH: *lakub)Western Bukidnon

lapaʔto butcher (PAN: *lapaq)Western Bukidnon

lapisa layer of something, as a layer of skin or a layer of topsoil; to place a layer of something over something (PMP: *lapis)Western Bukidnon

lasuʔpenis (PMP: *lasuq₂)Western Bukidnon

latiʔa swidden which is made in a secondary growth area where the trees are still small; of an old swidden, to form secondary growth (PWMP: *latiq)Western Bukidnon

lavewhighest; great; to exceed someone (PPH: *labaw₂)Western Bukidnon

lavito make something more so; to put a higher value on one thing than another (PMP: *labi₁)Western Bukidnon

lawabody; tree trunk; top of a garment (PWMP: *lawa₄)Western Bukidnon

lawanto exceed or excel over someone or something (PWMP: *lawan₂)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (500 / 1013)

lawaŋto go out of something (PWMP: *lawaŋ₂)Western Bukidnon

lawedin the middle of a vast area, such as the ocean; to finish planting half of a field (PAN: *lahud)Western Bukidnon

lawithe long tail feather of a rooster (PMP: *lawi₁)Western Bukidnon

layagthe sail of a water craft; to sail in a sailing craft (PAN: *layaR)Western Bukidnon

layapbe blown by the wind (PAN: *layap)Western Bukidnon

layugof a coconut palm or an areca palm, to grow very tall (PPH: *láyug)Western Bukidnon

lekebdoor, shutter (PWMP: *lekeb)Western Bukidnon

lekuof an animal, to lie down (PMP: *leku)Western Bukidnon

le-levasto take off one’s own clothing (PWMP: *lebas)Western Bukidnon

le-limafive (PAN: *la-lima) *limaWestern Bukidnon

lenepduck so as not to be seen; duck or go under the water (PWMP: *leñep)Western Bukidnon

leŋasesame,Sesamum orientale; the seed is used for food; the oil of the seed is extracted and used for a cosmetic and for cooking; the leaves are used for cleansing hair (PMP: *leŋa)Western Bukidnon

lepetto wrap in a banana leaf or other wrapper (PWMP: *lepet₃)Western Bukidnon

lepuʔbreak a bone or a limb of the body (PWMP: *lepuq₁)Western Bukidnon

lesumake a hole in something (PWMP: *lesu₁)Western Bukidnon

lesuŋa rice mortar (PMP: *lesuŋ)Western Bukidnon

letewfloat on top of the water (PWMP: *le(n)taw)Western Bukidnon

letikflick something with the finger (PWMP: *letik)Western Bukidnon

letikto flick something with the fingers (PWMP: *labetik)Western Bukidnon

letikflick something with the fingers (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (520 / 1013)

levagto swell, as a wound swells up (PPH: *lebág)Western Bukidnon

levasto take off someone’s clothing (PWMP: *lebas)Western Bukidnon

leveŋgrave; to bury (PAN: *lebeŋ₁)Western Bukidnon

lewaŋ-ana room of a house which has an outside door; a part of the house near the doorway (PWMP: *lawaŋ₂)Western Bukidnon

lihiy-ana taboo, personal or general (PAN: *paliSi)Western Bukidnon

likuʔto return (PMP: *likuq)Western Bukidnon

limatekleech (PWMP: *qali-matek) *-matekWestern Bukidnon

limukenthe omen dove (PMP: *muken) *muken (X + muken)Western Bukidnon

l<in>epeta bundle of food wrapped up (PWMP: *lepet₃)Western Bukidnon

linewa calm area or pool of water (PMP: *linaw)Western Bukidnon

linugan earthquake; of the earth, to shake (PAN: *linuR)Western Bukidnon

liŋewof an occupation or an activity, to absorb someone so completely that he forgets everything else (PWMP: *liŋáw)Western Bukidnon

liŋiʔto turn the head (PPH: *liŋiq)Western Bukidnon

liŋuto do something by mistake (PWMP: *liŋu)Western Bukidnon

lipatto forget something (PPH: *lipat)Western Bukidnon

lipeŋof a supernatural, to blind someone mentally so that he doesn’t realize the proper course of action (PPH: *lipeŋ)Western Bukidnon

lipeyto be happy or elated (PPH: *lípay)Western Bukidnon

lipitto pinch or squeeze something between two objects (PMP: *liq(e)pit)Western Bukidnon

lipitto pinch or squeeze something between two objects (PWMP: *lipit)Western Bukidnon

lipit-lipitof a group of people, to crowd together (PMP: *liq(e)pit)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (540 / 1013)

lipit-lipitof a group of people, to crowd together (PWMP: *lipit)Western Bukidnon

liputto throw someone off guard by an appearance of good will and friendship in order that you may kill him; of a person’s children or loved ones, to cause the parent to go without food in order to give it to the children until the parent dies of starvation (PPH: *liput₂)Western Bukidnon

liseddifficult; to be in difficulty (PPH: *lised)Western Bukidnon

lisehaʔeggs of the insect parasites of humans or animals (PMP: *lisehaq, liseqah) *liseqeSWestern Bukidnon

lislísto pull up or roll up the legs, sleeves, or end of a garment, as one does when crossing a stream (PPH: *lislís)Western Bukidnon

líugo round an object or obstacle to get to the other side (PMP: *liu₂)Western Bukidnon

livasgeneric for citrus fruits and rattan fruits (PWMP: *libas₁)Western Bukidnon

liwanagto enlighten someone’s mind, to explain the true situation to someone (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

liyaŋa hole in the ground with vertical sides which is large enough for a person to get into (PMP: *liaŋ)Western Bukidnon

liyugo round an object or obstacle to get to the other side (PAN: *liuS)Western Bukidnon

liʔegthe neck (PAN: *liqeR)Western Bukidnon

luhaʔtear (of the eye) (PMP: *luheq) *luSeqWestern Bukidnon

lulunto roll up something, as a mat, sleeves of a shirt, a blanket, etc. (PMP: *lulun) *luluNWestern Bukidnon

lumbeʔto compete in a contest or competition; to race (PWMP: *lumbeq)Western Bukidnon

lumbeʔto compete in a contest or competition; race (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

lumpifold up something (PWMP: *lu(m)pi)Western Bukidnon

lumpifold up something (< *-pi) (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

lumpuka group of growing things, such a group of mushrooms, a banana grove, or an abaca grove (PMP: *lumpuk)Western Bukidnon

lumunto live with a family of which you are not a member; of two or more families, to live together in the same house (PPH: *lumun)Western Bukidnon

lumutaquatic algae or nonaquatic lichens (PMP: *lumut)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (560 / 1013)

lunewof a field in which the plants are beginning to sprout, to turn green; to have greenish tinge (PPH: *luh(e)naw)Western Bukidnon

lunlunto select or decide to use or eat one type only unmixed with anything else; to be of one sort or type (PWMP: *lunlun)Western Bukidnon

luŋuna coffin; to make a coffin (PWMP: *luŋun)Western Bukidnon

lusugdescend head first, as a dog goes down a ladder or a child falls down the ladder head first (PWMP: *lu(n)cuR)Western Bukidnon

lusugdescend head first, as a dog goes down a ladder or a child falls down the ladder head first (PWMP: *lu(ŋ)suR)Western Bukidnon

lutuʔfood taken on a journey; to cook; to ripen some fruit (PWMP: *lutuq)Western Bukidnon

luvekpound something in a mortar until it is like powder (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

luwawhoa! --- the word used to halt a work animal, such as a carabao, cow, or horse (PPH: *luá)Western Bukidnon

luwasto remove an article of clothing (PPH: *luas₂)Western Bukidnon

luwaʔto spit a non-liquid out of the mouth (PMP: *luaq)Western Bukidnon

luyutbulge, greatly, as a heavy load in a sack, or a swelling on the skin (PWMP: *luyut)Western Bukidnon

mamaterm of respect used by males and females to address a male of equal age or younger than the one speaking (PMP: *mama) *mamahWestern Bukidnon

mamaʔto chew betel nut (PMP: *mamaq)Western Bukidnon

ma-meketinmother pig with a litter (PPH: *baketin)Western Bukidnon

manemphatic particle (PPH: *man)Western Bukidnon

manukchicken (PMP: *manuk)Western Bukidnon

maraŋthemaraŋ tree and its fruit:Artocarpus odoratissima (PWMP: *madaŋ)Western Bukidnon

mataeye (PMP: *mata) *maCaWestern Bukidnon

m-ateydie (PMP: *m-atay) *aCayWestern Bukidnon

mayarice bird (PPH: *máya)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (580 / 1013)

me-stative prefix (PAN: *ma-₁)Western Bukidnon

me-ɣuraŋan old person; old (PAN: *Rudaŋ)Western Bukidnon

me-kepalof flat objects, thick (PPH: *kepal)Western Bukidnon

meke-zuwaday after tomorrow (PMP: *maka-duha) *duSaWestern Bukidnon

mele-wahigwatery; filled with liquid; juicy (PMP: *wahiR)Western Bukidnon

me-linewpeaceful (PMP: *ma-linaw) *linawWestern Bukidnon

me-lipeyhappy; elated (PPH: *lípay)Western Bukidnon

me-lipittight (PMP: *liq(e)pit)Western Bukidnon

me-lipittight (PWMP: *lipit)Western Bukidnon

me-luʔagwide (PMP: *luqaR)Western Bukidnon

me-mazadry (PMP: *ma-maja) *majaWestern Bukidnon

memaʔ-anbetel palm,Areca catechu (PMP: *mamaq)Western Bukidnon

mentiʔanaktype of long-necked deer supposed to be a demon who is actually a beautiful girl (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

meŋayawa raider (PMP: *ma-ŋayaw) *ŋayawWestern Bukidnon

me-ŋuhedof a plant or a person, immature physically (PPH: *ma-ŋuhed) *ŋuhedWestern Bukidnon

merepatikdomestic dove (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

me-runutof rope or rattan, rotten, weak, usually because of age (PPH: *rúnut)Western Bukidnon

me-selemmorning (PWMP: *selem₂)Western Bukidnon

mes-me-selemearly morning (PWMP: *selem₂)Western Bukidnon

me-taʔuskilled, clever, wise (PMP: *ma-taqu₁) *CaquWestern Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (600 / 1013)

me-teǥasdescriptive of a person who can endure torture or discomfort (PMP: *ma-teRas) *teRasWestern Bukidnon

me-vantugfamous (PPH: *bantug)Western Bukidnon

me-veɣatheavy (PMP: *ma-beReqat) *beReqatWestern Bukidnon

me-zaɣiŋloud, noisy (PAN: *daRiŋ)Western Bukidnon

me-zakelmany (PPH: *ma-dakél) *dakélWestern Bukidnon

me-zalemdeep (PAN: *ma-dalem) *dalemWestern Bukidnon

me-zaʔatbad; evil; dirty; undesirable (PMP: *ma-zaqat) *zaqatWestern Bukidnon

me-ʔinit he gehinawafearless (PPh: *ma-qinit) *qinitWestern Bukidnon

me-ʔitemblack (PMP: *ma-qitem) *qitemWestern Bukidnon

m-in-ateydead person (PAN: *m<in>aCay) *aCayWestern Bukidnon

muntiyaʔan object, as a stone or a pig’s tusk which is considered to have supernatural power and is kept as a fetish or charm (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

mustasathe leafy vegetable mustard:Brassica integrifolia (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

nanaʔpus (PMP: *nanaq) *naNaqWestern Bukidnon

nateksago, a starchy food prepared from the juice of the trunk of certain palms; the liquid is evaporated and an edible starch remains (PWMP: *natek)Western Bukidnon

natiyoung horse, carabao or cow (PMP: *nati)Western Bukidnon

ne-piraʔ-ana few days (PAN: *pijax)Western Bukidnon

ne-saŋkapto be fitted or equipped with whatever one needs (PPH: *saŋkap)Western Bukidnon

niɣua winnowing basket; to winnow (PMP: *niRu) *RinuWestern Bukidnon

nipisof flat objects, thin (PMP: *nipis) *NipisWestern Bukidnon

-nu2sg. non-topic pronoun (PWMP: *nu₂)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (620 / 1013)

-nu2sg possessor and non-subject agent (PAN: *-nu₂)Western Bukidnon

ŋazana name; to name something or use someone’s name (PMP: *ŋajan)Western Bukidnon

ŋipentooth (PAN: *ŋipen)Western Bukidnon

ŋisŋisa person who cannot control his laughter, i.e. he laughs at any provocation; to laugh continually (PMP: *ŋisŋis₁)Western Bukidnon

ŋisŋisa person who cannot control his laughter; to laugh his laughter; to laugh his laughter; to laugh continually (PPH: *ŋisŋis₂)Western Bukidnon

ŋuhedof a plant or a person, immature physically (PPH: *ŋuhed)Western Bukidnon

payet; still (PAN: *pa₁)Western Bukidnon

pahuʔa tree reaching 35 meters in height:Mangifera altissima; it bears small mangos, and is not cultivated (PMP: *pahuq₁)Western Bukidnon

pakpakwing; wing feather; clap the hands (PAN: *pakpak₁)Western Bukidnon

paladpalm of the hand; shake hands (PMP: *palaj₁)Western Bukidnon

palidblow the chaff away (PWMP: *palij)Western Bukidnon

palisto purify (ceremonially) with blood; ward off evil or sickness; remove sickness caused by offending a supernatural (PPh: *palis₃)Western Bukidnon

paliʔwound; to wound (PPh: *palis₃)Western Bukidnon

paliʔwound; to wound (PWMP: *paliq₂)Western Bukidnon

palpalstake; to drive a stake into the ground (PPH: *palpál₂)Western Bukidnon

paluheel; to kick with the heel (PMP: *palu) *palu₃Western Bukidnon

panaʔbow and arrow; shoot with bow and arrow (PAN: *panaq)Western Bukidnon

pandeyone skillful in fashioning wood, housebuilding, etc,; to be such a person (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

panitleather (PWMP: *panit)Western Bukidnon

pansutsquirt out (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (640 / 1013)

pantadsand; beach of a river; sandbar (PWMP: *pantad)Western Bukidnon

paŋia tree, probablyParartocarpus woodii, which bear large edible fruit the seeds of which are a source of edible oil (PWMP: *paŋi)Western Bukidnon

paŋpaŋa cliff (PWMP: *paŋpaŋ)Western Bukidnon

parasthe appearance or countenance of a person (PWMP: *paras₂)Western Bukidnon

pareythe rice plant,Oryza sativa, and the grain before it is milled or pounded (PAN: *pajay)Western Bukidnon

pasaŋto place a leaf-bound resin lamp in a holder made of a piece of wood which is partially split so that the lamp may be wedged in it (PWMP: *pasaŋ₂)Western Bukidnon

pasekput a post or stick in the ground (PAN: *pacek)Western Bukidnon

paspasto do something in a hurry (PPH: *paspás₄)Western Bukidnon

pataglevel, flat (PWMP: *pataR₂)Western Bukidnon

p-ateydie (PMP: *p-atay) *aCayWestern Bukidnon

patutfitted for something; deserving of something, whether good or bad (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

payuŋan umbrella (PWMP: *payuŋ)Western Bukidnon

paʔathe foot and/or leg (PAN: *paqa₁)Western Bukidnon

paʔisthe process of preparing sweet potato by grating it, wrapping it in leaves, and roasting it in a hole with a fire on top (PWMP: *paqis)Western Bukidnon

paʔitbitter; produce a bitter taste in someone’s mouth (PMP: *paqit₂) *paqiCWestern Bukidnon

paʔita small fish (PWMP: *paqit₁) *paqitWestern Bukidnon

peɣesto force someone or something (PAN: *peRes)Western Bukidnon

pekakof a hen, to cackle (PWMP: *pekak)Western Bukidnon

pekasslip something off, as a loop off a peg, a button out of a button-hole; force off someone's grip on something (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

peketof a sticky substance, to cause several or more things to stick together (PMP: *peket)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (660 / 1013)

pekuʔbend something (PMP: *pekuq₁)Western Bukidnon

peletikof an object which is flicked or knocked, to tumble over and over as it flies away (PWMP: *paletik)Western Bukidnon

peletikof an object which is flicked or knocked, to tumble over and over as it flies away (PWMP: *pale(n)tik)Western Bukidnon

pe-lewan-aʔof two or more, to argue (PWMP: *lawan₂)Western Bukidnon

peluŋ-antrough made of a hollowed log used as a water container for tempering steel in the blacksmith shop and as a hog trough (PWMP: *paluŋ-an) *paluŋ₁Western Bukidnon

p-em-alissacrificial animal given to someone as a propititation or appeasement (PPh: *palis₃)Western Bukidnon

p-em-elihia happening which breaks a taboo or is extraordinary, highly unusual or contrary to accepted behavior (PAN: *paliSi)Western Bukidnon

p-em-enahikclimb something, as a tree or ladder (PMP: *panahik)Western Bukidnon

pemineglisten to something, obey (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

pe-muketto net fish or to set out a net to catch animals (PWMP: *pa-muket) *puket₁Western Bukidnon

pe-munuwitto fish with hook and line (PPh: *bunwít)Western Bukidnon

pe-neyteyto cross a log bridge (PMP: *taytay)Western Bukidnon

peni-ŋagkagto warm oneself in the sun (PPH: *kagkag)Western Bukidnon

peni-ŋagkagto warm oneself in the sun (PWMP: *kaRkaR)Western Bukidnon

pe-nuluʔto hunt at night with a light (PMP: *suluq)Western Bukidnon

penuʔto fill something (PAN: *peNuq)Western Bukidnon

pe-ŋalito dig up sweet potatoes (PWMP: *pa-ŋali) *kalihWestern Bukidnon

peŋayawraid a house or village in order to kill someone (PWMP: *pa-ŋayaw) *ŋayawWestern Bukidnon

periaʔa plant the leaves and fruit of which are eaten as a vegetable. The fruit is very bitter, but relished:Momordica charantia (PWMP: *pariaq)Western Bukidnon

pesaʔsmash something, as an egg, a caterpillar, or somebodys body or head (PMP: *peceq₂) *peceqWestern Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (680 / 1013)

peselsqueeze something between finger and thumb (PWMP: *pecel)Western Bukidnon

petikslingshot (PAN: *peCik)Western Bukidnon

petikslingshot (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

petiyukana large honeybee which makes a paper nest (PWMP: *patiukan)Western Bukidnon

peypeya fan (PPH: *paypáy)Western Bukidnon

peyufasbroom (PWMP: *payupas)Western Bukidnon

pezessour; descriptive of any liquid which stings an open wound (PMP: *hapejes)Western Bukidnon

piaykind of fern:Acrostichum aureum (PWMP: *piay)Western Bukidnon

pidsaa boil (PWMP: *pi(R)sa)Western Bukidnon

pikittie one object to another by means of a cord or rope between them (PMP: *pikit)Western Bukidnon

pikit-pikithang onto something with the arms extended (PMP: *pikit)Western Bukidnon

pikpikto tap someone with the hand to get his attention (PAN: *pikpik)Western Bukidnon

pikuʔ-ana curve in the river or road (PAN: *pikuq₁)Western Bukidnon

pilita glutinous variety of rice (PMP: *pilit₁)Western Bukidnon

piliʔto choose (PAN: *piliq)Western Bukidnon

pilpilto pat something with the flat of the hand; to pat something as a sign of approval (PWMP: *pilpil)Western Bukidnon

pinduta pinch of some substance, as a pinch of salt, using the thumb and the fingers (PPH: *pidut)Western Bukidnon

pintuʔof a king, to place his daughter in seclusion so that she cannot be seen or molested by other people; this is known only in folklore (PPH: *pintuq)Western Bukidnon

p<in>useda type of design; a type of circular wrapping or binding with rattan (PPH: *p<in>usej) *pusejWestern Bukidnon

pirahow many?, how much? (PAN: *pijax)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (700 / 1013)

pisekto blind someone or something in one eye (PWMP: *picek) *picek₁Western Bukidnon

pisuspeso (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

pitasto cut apart two things that are held together by a rope, cord, strand, or stem (PWMP: *pi(n)tas)Western Bukidnon

pituseven (PAN: *pitu₁) *pituWestern Bukidnon

pituwaʔto explain a situation to someone so that he will understand the reason for one’s apparent lack of concern or helpfulness for him (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

piyakbaby chick (PAN: *piak)Western Bukidnon

piʔpiʔto wash clothes (PPH: *piqpiq)Western Bukidnon

puhagsubdue a nest of bees with syrope (PWMP: *puhaR)Western Bukidnon

puketa net of various kinds used for fishing or for catching birds or animals (PMP: *puket₁)Western Bukidnon

pukewto waken someone (PWMP: *pukaw₃)Western Bukidnon

pukpukto hit someone with a stick or similar weapon, but to “pull the punch” so that the blow is not very hard (PAN: *pukpuk)Western Bukidnon

pulidto push something off of something so that it falls; action (of the earth’s rotation) which causes celestial bodies to recede from the zenith (PPH: *pulij)Western Bukidnon

puluta sticky sap used for birdlime; to snare birds with birdlime (PMP: *pulut)Western Bukidnon

punasto wipe something (PMP: *punas)Western Bukidnon

puntira cloth bag (PWMP: *pu(n)tir)Western Bukidnon

puŋuhead of grain on a rice stalk (PMP: *puŋu)Western Bukidnon

pupusto use up something, as seed or a person’s life (PWMP: *puspus₁)Western Bukidnon

pusashandcuffs; fetters on the feet (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

pusedthe navel (PMP: *pusej)Western Bukidnon

pusekstick a plant into the ground so that it will grow; transplant rice seedlings (PMP: *pucek)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (720 / 1013)

pusekto stick a plant into the ground so that it will grow; to transplant rice seedlings (PPH: *pusek)Western Bukidnon

pusila gun (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

pustathe stake in gambling (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

pusuŋthe heart of a person or animal (PMP: *pusuŋ₂)Western Bukidnon

pusuʔan ear of corn; a banana blossom (PMP: *pusuq₁)Western Bukidnon

putiʔwhite; to whiten (PMP: *putiq)Western Bukidnon

putudto snap off something long, as an ear of corn or a piece of cassava, so that part remains in the husk or in the ground (PPH: *putud)Western Bukidnon

puʔuncome from somewhere, start from somewhere (PMP: *puqun)Western Bukidnon

puʔun-aʔdating from (PMP: *puqun)Western Bukidnon

raǥaa single woman; virgin (PMP: *daRa₂)Western Bukidnon

ragewto cause hoarseness in the voice (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

raɣumsewing needle (PAN: *zaRum)Western Bukidnon

ranewlake; of a supernatural, to flood an area turning it into a lake as a punishment for misbehavior (PAN: *danaw)Western Bukidnon

rapugto pile logs and branches to that they may be burned (PMP: *dapuR₁)Western Bukidnon

rarato weave a mat, basket, etc.; figuratively, of anything tangled or entwined (PWMP: *laja)Western Bukidnon

ravutof an angry person, to struggle to fight or hit someone (PWMP: *rabut)Western Bukidnon

reǥasto finish pounding rice or corn in a mortar (PPH: *deR(e)qas)Western Bukidnon

reɣesof rain, heavy (PMP: *deRes)Western Bukidnon

remburmix different kinds of seeds together (PMP: *rembur)Western Bukidnon

rendeŋconstant sprinkling of rain; a rainy day (PWMP: *rendeŋ)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (740 / 1013)

renebof a pool of water, to soak into the ground and disappear (PPH: *reneb)Western Bukidnon

renebsoak into the ground and disappear (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

reŋgukto snore (PMP: *de(ŋ)guk)Western Bukidnon

reŋɣukto snore (PMP: *re(ŋ)guk)Western Bukidnon

repaone fathom; the length of one’s outstretched arms; to measure by fathom or by outstretched arms (PAN: *depah)Western Bukidnon

repukspecific of wood, to rot (PMP: *repuk)Western Bukidnon

resikspill over or splash out (PMP: *recik)Western Bukidnon

rudrudscrape the skin (PWMP: *rudrud)Western Bukidnon

rudrudscrape (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

ruǥua partitioned off sleeping room (PWMP: *zuRu)Western Bukidnon

ruɣuŋthunder, to thunder (PMP: *ru(ŋ)guŋ)Western Bukidnon

rumiketsticky (as honey, mud) (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

runutto overripen a fruit; of the fruit, to be overripe (PPH: *rúnut)Western Bukidnon

rupuŋhand of bananas (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

rurusslide downward, slide something downward (PWMP: *durus)Western Bukidnon

rusiremdark (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

saǥepto catch fish by damming a stream or making a bypass for the water so that fish are stranded in shallow water (PPH: *sáRep)Western Bukidnon

saɣubody fluid which drips from a corpse which is delayed in being buried (PWMP: *saRu₂)Western Bukidnon

sahugof a small quantity or number, to be mixed with a larger quantity or number (PPH: *sahuR)Western Bukidnon

sakabof water creatures, to prey on other creatures from under the water by snatching them from the surface of the water; of a crocodile, to seize its prey (PPH: *sa(ŋ)kab)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (760 / 1013)

sakitpain (PMP: *sakit)Western Bukidnon

sakupfollower; subject; pay someone’s expenses (PPH: *sakup₂)Western Bukidnon

salagnest of a bird or rat (PMP: *salaR)Western Bukidnon

salaʔsin, fault, wrong (PMP: *salaq₁)Western Bukidnon

salsalto blacksmith; work in metal; to forge (NEAR)Western Bukidnon

sambutto do something early or quickly, in the sense of not waiting for a long time (PPH: *sambut₃)Western Bukidnon

samsamto feel with the hands in the dark or in a hole where one cannot see; to lay the hands on, i.e. treat for sickness (PPH: *samsám)Western Bukidnon

sandaɁto pawn something; to borrow money leaving some object of value as security (NEAR)Western Bukidnon

sandigto lean against something (PMP: *sandiR)Western Bukidnon

sandig-sandigto lean back on something (PMP: *sandiR)Western Bukidnon

saŋkaʔfight each other (PWMP: *cakaq)Western Bukidnon

sapuɁflesh; meat (PPH: *sapuq)Western Bukidnon

saputo rub something with the hand; to brush something off with the hand (PMP: *sapu)Western Bukidnon

sarabto roast something in the flames of a fire (PWMP: *sadab)Western Bukidnon

sarabto roast something in the flames of a fire (PPH: *sajab)Western Bukidnon

sarabto roast something in the flames of a fire (PPH: *sárab)Western Bukidnon

savaŋof a small creek, to run into a larger creek or river (PMP: *sabaŋ₁)Western Bukidnon

savewsoup, broth (PWMP: *sa(m)baw)Western Bukidnon

sawana sickness which makes one feel as if he were falling from a height (PWMP: *sawan)Western Bukidnon

sayewdance (PWMP: *sayaw)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (780 / 1013)

saʔitbarb on a fishhook (PAN: *saqit)Western Bukidnon

sebleyto hang something over something else (PPH: *sab(e)láy)Western Bukidnon

sedseda common matting sedge:Fimbristylis globulosa (PWMP: *sedsed₁)Western Bukidnon

segigirof a rooster, to strut (NEAR)Western Bukidnon

sekezua water pole; to fetch water (PPH: *sakedú)Western Bukidnon

sekispecific for the bottom of a pig’s foot, but also used of the whole foot (PPH: *seki)Western Bukidnon

selaksaka kingfisher which nests in holes in trees (PWMP: *salaksak)Western Bukidnon

selazeŋmale deer (PMP: *saladeŋ)Western Bukidnon

selemearly; to do something early (PWMP: *selem₂)Western Bukidnon

selugsugin sewing, to make a straight over and under stitch; of a splinter, to slip in under the skin or fingernail (PPH: *salugsúg)Western Bukidnon

seŋewsteam; water vapor; to spread from its source, as smoke or an odor (PWMP: *seŋ(e)qaw)Western Bukidnon

sepiɁto pick areca nuts or other nuts which are used in the betel chew (PAN: *sepiq)Western Bukidnon

serapaŋa pronged spear or arrow (PWMP: *sarapaŋ)Western Bukidnon

serebseba spring of water (PPH: *sarebséb)Western Bukidnon

sereruŋmake a temporary shelter (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

seridsidto move at an angle from above to below, as of the rain; to blow in at an angle; to jab down with a spear at an angle (PPH: *sarijsij)Western Bukidnon

sevuof a liquid in a kettle on a fire, to boil over; of perspiration, to appear on the body (PMP: *sebuh) *sebuSWestern Bukidnon

seyseyto explain (PPH: *sáysay)Western Bukidnon

seyutichayote,Sechium edule (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

siɣashine or flash, of a firefly, a flashlight, a light in the distance (PMP: *siRa₂)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (800 / 1013)

siǥato shine or flash, of a firefly, a flashlight, or a light in the distance (PMP: *siga)Western Bukidnon

siǥeysmall sea shells which are used medicinally for swollen breasts or nipples after having been heated in the fire and fanned (PWMP: *sigay)Western Bukidnon

sika-kaŋsit with the legs spread wide apart (PWMP: *sikaŋ)Western Bukidnon

sikew2s., topic case pronoun (PWMP: *s-ikaw) *kaSuWestern Bukidnon

si-kita1st pers. dual emphatic pronoun (PAN: *k-ita) *ita₁Western Bukidnon

sikuelbow (PAN: *sikux)Western Bukidnon

silaʔof the sun or moon, to rise (PMP: *silaq)Western Bukidnon

siliŋcross-eyed (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

silutto punish (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

sinewto polish or shine something (PWMP: *sinaw)Western Bukidnon

siŋkamaskind of vegetable (this food, which is eaten raw, comes from turnip-like tubers of a climbing herbaceous plant) (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

sipitpliers; tweezers; tongs; the claw of a crab (PAN: *sipit)Western Bukidnon

siraŋof the sun or some bright light, to blind one's eyes (PWMP: *siraŋ)Western Bukidnon

sirapto glance at someone (PPH: *sirap)Western Bukidnon

siriŋ-anneighbor (PWMP: *sidiŋ)Western Bukidnon

sisimof a fowl, to drink (PPH: *simsím)Western Bukidnon

sisim-ana watering place for wild animals (PPH: *simsím)Western Bukidnon

sisiŋfinger ring (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

siwaŋa carabao which has had the fleshy part between the nostrils torn in two; to tear out the fleshy part between the nostrils (PMP: *siwaŋ)Western Bukidnon

subliʔto do the same thing over again; to repeat an action (PPH: *sub(e)líq)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (820 / 1013)

sudsudto cut off a plant underneath the soil with the jabbing motion of the end of a bolo (PPH: *sudsud₂)Western Bukidnon

suǥatto hit a mark, as in shooting or throwing something; figuratively, to exactly meet a need, as to come up with the proper solution to a problem (PWMP: *suRat)Western Bukidnon

suɣkedwalking stick; use a walking stick for support (PAN: *suked)Western Bukidnon

sugkedwalking stick; use a walking stick for support (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

suǥudto begin something (PPH: *sugud)Western Bukidnon

suksukto slip under something, as a sliver slipping in under the skin (PAN: *suksuk)Western Bukidnon

sukutto go and collect or ask for the payment of a debt (PPH: *sukut)Western Bukidnon

sulithe taro plant and its tubers:Colocasia esculenta (PMP: *suli₃)Western Bukidnon

sulsulset fire to something with a torch (PWMP: *culcul)Western Bukidnon

sulsulto set a fire to something in various places with a torch (PPH: *súlsul)Western Bukidnon

sulutoenail; fingernail (PPH: *sulu₂)Western Bukidnon

suluʔa lamp, a light (PMP: *suluq)Western Bukidnon

sumbuŋto accuse (PPH: *sumbuŋ)Western Bukidnon

sumpita blowgun (PMP: *sumpit)Western Bukidnon

sundaŋa kris; to stab someone with something sharp (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

sunudto be next; to follow; to inherit (PPH: *sunúd)Western Bukidnon

suŋeythe horn of an animal; to horn or gore (PPH: *súŋay)Western Bukidnon

suŋitto put food into one’s own mouth or someone else’s (PPH: *suŋit₂)Western Bukidnon

suŋkuba device for trapping mudfish which is a funnel-shaped basket, open at the top and bottom; this is repeatedly pushed wide and down through the water to the mud; if a fish is caught it is retrieved through the top open end (PWMP: *suŋkub)Western Bukidnon

suŋkulhit something with the head or the top end of something (PWMP: *suŋkul)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (840 / 1013)

suŋsuŋto sniff at something with the nose close to it (PPH: *suŋsuŋ₃)Western Bukidnon

surata letter; writing; to write (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

surudfine-toothed comb for combing lice out of the hair (PWMP: *sujud)Western Bukidnon

susuthe nipples on the mammary glands; to suck at the breast (PAN: *susu₁)Western Bukidnon

suwalof a pig, to root up the ground (PMP: *sual)Western Bukidnon

suweyto part company (PPH: *suay)Western Bukidnon

suyuka corner inside of a house or rectangular area (PWMP: *suy(e)quk)Western Bukidnon

suʔukof a supernatural who has entered into a person, to influence him to do evil; of a fish in a large stream, to enter into a smaller stream during a flood (PPH: *suquk)Western Bukidnon

tafirst person dual pronoun, nontopic (PAN: *-ta)Western Bukidnon

tadiʔartificial spur of a fighting cock; to place such a spur on a cock (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

tadtadto chop up, as of vegetables (PWMP: *tadtad)Western Bukidnon

taǥadto wait (PPH: *taRad)Western Bukidnon

tagkestether (PPH: *tag(e)kés)Western Bukidnon

taɣuma certain leaf of a vine which is used as a black dye for dyeing abaca fiber (PMP: *taRum)Western Bukidnon

taGuʔto put inside (PMP: *taRuq)Western Bukidnon

taGuʔ-ana container (PWMP: *taRuq-an) *taRuqWestern Bukidnon

tahiʔto sew (PMP: *tahiq) *CaqiSWestern Bukidnon

takepa weir for catching eels (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kep₂)Western Bukidnon

takewsteal, acquire by theft (PMP: *takaw₁) *CakawWestern Bukidnon

taktakof an object or a container with a hole in it, to slam it down on something or shake it in order to dislodge something inside (PAN: *taktak₁)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (860 / 1013)

talewto beat someone in a fight so that he is intimidated (PAN: *talaw)Western Bukidnon

talia small rope (PMP: *talih) *CaliSWestern Bukidnon

tamanlimit, end; until (PWMP: *taman)Western Bukidnon

tambakto fill in a hole; to cover something over with some substance (PMP: *tambak₂)Western Bukidnon

tambarmedicine; to treat someone with medicine (PMP: *tambar)Western Bukidnon

tamiŋround shield (PMP: *tamiŋ)Western Bukidnon

tanaʔground; earth; land; dirt; region; to come to earth (PMP: *taneq)Western Bukidnon

tandiŋto compare two things to see which is better (PWMP: *tandiŋ)Western Bukidnon

tanekto steam immature unpounded rice in order to harden the grains so that it may be pounded and cooked (PMP: *tanek) *taNekWestern Bukidnon

tantanto be immobilized by fear or surprise (PPH: *tantán)Western Bukidnon

taŋagto take something of someone else’s without permission and leave with it (PPH: *taŋaR)Western Bukidnon

taŋkisto fend off a blow with one’s hands or arm (PWMP: *taŋkis)Western Bukidnon

taŋladlemon grass,Andropogon citratus, used in flavoring meat, and as a poultice (PMP: *taŋelaj) *CaŋelajWestern Bukidnon

tapasmoke something over the fire (PMP: *tapa₁) *CapaWestern Bukidnon

tapeyyeast for making rice wine; it is prepared from powdered rice, sugarcane juice, chili pepper, along with various other ingredients (PWMP: *tapay)Western Bukidnon

tapuŋany fine powdery substance; to brush the dust off something (PPH: *tapuŋ)Western Bukidnon

tapusthe end, the finish; to complete or finish (PAN: *tapus)Western Bukidnon

tastasto cut through a tie or wrapping of rope or rattan; to cut one’s way through vines and creepers (PAN: *tastas)Western Bukidnon

tavanspoils of war, loot (PMP: *taban) *tabaNWestern Bukidnon

tavaŋaid or help of any kind; to help; to render aid; to go and get something which has fallen (PMP: *tabaŋ)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (880 / 1013)

tavasa scimitar (PWMP: *tabas) *tabas₁Western Bukidnon

tavedto wrap a rope or string repeatedly around something (PWMP: *tambej)Western Bukidnon

tawagto summon someone; to call something by a name (PWMP: *tawaR₂)Western Bukidnon

tayaʔin card playing the ante or stake (PPH: *tayáq)Western Bukidnon

tazuhoneycomb; beeswax; the preparation of beeswax and coconut oil which is put on the lips to make them shiny (PWMP: *tadu)Western Bukidnon

taʔanset a trap or place a fish weir in order to catch something (PAN: *taqan₁)Western Bukidnon

taʔanto set a trap or place a fish weir in order to catch something (PMP: *taqen)Western Bukidnon

taʔifecal matter (PMP: *taqi) *CaqiWestern Bukidnon

taʔulof a dog, to howl (PPH: *taqul) *taqúlWestern Bukidnon

teǥasthemulavi tree or wood (PMP: *teRas)Western Bukidnon

teɣelto force something or someone (PMP: *tegel)Western Bukidnon

teγelto force something or someone (PWMP: *teRel)Western Bukidnon

teɣepArtocarpus elastica; the sap of this tree is used for birdlime; the fruit, similar to breadfruit, is cooked and eaten (PWMP: *teRep)Western Bukidnon

tekaw-ena thief (PWMP: *takaw-en) *CakawWestern Bukidnon

telaw-encowardly (PAN: *talaw)Western Bukidnon

telesekpush something into the ground (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

tele-ʔesawaman and wife; married couple (PPh: *tala-qasawa) *qasawaWestern Bukidnon

t<el>imbaŋsomething on one side which matches or balances that on the other side (PWMP: *timbaŋ)Western Bukidnon

teliŋaear; gills of a fish (PMP: *taliŋa) *CaliŋaWestern Bukidnon

teliwazaʔthe middle of something (PPH: *taliwájaq)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (900 / 1013)

teliwazen duweyan additional wife in a polygamous family, but not the most recent addition (PPH: *taliwájaq)Western Bukidnon

tem-belelatuka woodpecker (PMP: *balalatuk) *balalaCukWestern Bukidnon

temud-mudmurmur or grumble to oneself about something (PWMP: *temud)Western Bukidnon

tenduʔto point out someone or something (PPh: *tulduq)Western Bukidnon

teŋaʔone half; to halve something (PMP: *teŋaq)Western Bukidnon

teŋega certain tree and its bark, probablyCeriops Roxburghiana. The bark is mixed with palm wine, giving the wine a reddish color (PMP: *teŋeR)Western Bukidnon

teŋteŋto look at; to examine; to stare at (PWMP: *teŋteŋ₂)Western Bukidnon

tere-vuŋet-ana person who characteristically acts in this manner (PWMP: *buŋet)Western Bukidnon

tetarucaterpillar (PWMP: *qantatadu)Western Bukidnon

te-teluthree (PAN: *ta-telu) *teluWestern Bukidnon

tevasto finish harvesting (PWMP: *tebas₁)Western Bukidnon

tevayagcommon gourd orupo:Lagenaria leucantha (PPH: *tabayaR)Western Bukidnon

tevaʔcut a bunch of bananas (PMP: *tebah) *tebaSWestern Bukidnon

tevaʔto cut a bunch of bananas (PPH: *tebáq)Western Bukidnon

teviʔpiece which is split off; split something in pieces (PMP: *tebiq) *CebiqWestern Bukidnon

tevusugarcane,Saccharum officinarum (PMP: *tebuh₁) *tebuSWestern Bukidnon

teyteya bridge; a type of design used in weaving (PMP: *taytay)Western Bukidnon

tezuʔspecifically, the index finger; a finger; a toe; to point (PPh: *tulduq)Western Bukidnon

tiɣ-duwaby twos (PMP: *duha) *duSaWestern Bukidnon

tiɣisof liquid, to drip or flow in a tiny stream (PMP: *tiRis)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (920 / 1013)

tiɣtigstrike a glancing blow on a stone; strike a light with a flint and steel (PWMP: *tigtig)Western Bukidnon

tikesornamental knee bands (PWMP: *ti(ŋ)kes)Western Bukidnon

tiktikin winnowing, to separate the tiny broken pieces of rice out of the chaff (PPH: *tiktik₄)Western Bukidnon

tilemaflea (PAN: *qatimela)Western Bukidnon

timbaŋto balance something equally on both sides; to use a balance scale (PWMP: *timbaŋ)Western Bukidnon

timbaŋ-ana balance scale (PWMP: *timbaŋ-an) *timbaŋWestern Bukidnon

timeɣaʔlead (metal) (PWMP: *timeRaq)Western Bukidnon

timussalt; to salt something (PAN: *timus)Western Bukidnon

tinaʔto impregnate something with a black color (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

tiŋafood which is stuck between a person's teeth, generally meat; a toothpick; to pick the teeth (PMP: *tiŋah) *CiŋaSWestern Bukidnon

tipasto swerve aside to avoid hitting or being hit by someone or something coming toward you from the opposite direction (PWMP: *tipas)Western Bukidnon

tipeŋ-uzanrainy season (PMP: *quzan) *quzaNWestern Bukidnon

tudluʔto teach someone (PPh: *tulduq)Western Bukidnon

tugutto give permission, to allow (PWMP: *tuRut)Western Bukidnon

tukeda walking staff (PAN: *tuked)Western Bukidnon

tuktukbeak of a bird; the hole made in a tree by a bird pecking; to peck (PAN: *tuktuk₁)Western Bukidnon

tukuda cornerpost; the handle of an umbrella; the leg of a table or chair; to establish something (PAN: *tukud)Western Bukidnon

tukuŋchicken without long tail feathers, the tail may be covered with feathers but they turn under close to the body (PWMP: *tukuŋ)Western Bukidnon

tulanbone (PMP: *tuqelan) *CuqelaNWestern Bukidnon

tuleya bridge (PPH: *tuláy)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (940 / 1013)

tulicerumen (PMP: *tuli₁) *CuliWestern Bukidnon

tuliy-enhave a running ear infection (PMP: *tuli₁) *CuliWestern Bukidnon

tuludto push something to start it moving; to help someone get started on a journey by going part way with them (PPH: *tulúd)Western Bukidnon

tuluystop and visit along the way; stop by for someone or something (PMP: *tuluy₂)Western Bukidnon

tuluyto stop and visit along the way; to stop by for someone or something (PMP: *tuluy₁)Western Bukidnon

tunewto melt or dissolve something (PPH: *túnaw)Western Bukidnon

tuŋewthe parasitic larvae of a mite; a chigger (PWMP: *tuŋaw₁)Western Bukidnon

tuŋkuktap something lightly (PWMP: *tu(ŋ)kuk)Western Bukidnon

tuŋkuktap on something lightly (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

turismark out a design, a boundary, or a pattern (PMP: *turis₂) *CurisWestern Bukidnon

tu-tukedto use a walking staff (PAN: *tuked)Western Bukidnon

tutuŋof fire, to burn something (PMP: *tutuŋ)Western Bukidnon

tuɁuto believe (PMP: *tuqu₂)Western Bukidnon

tuvaa vine or tree of the genusDerris; the roots in decoction are used as a fish poison and the poison is also drunk as a means of suicide (PAN: *tubah)Western Bukidnon

tuvuʔof a seed or plant, to sprout or grow (PMP: *tubuq, tumbuq) *CubuqWestern Bukidnon

tuyuʔpurpose, intent; do something intentionally (PPH: *tuyuq)Western Bukidnon

tuʔedstump of a tree or plant (PAN: *tuqed)Western Bukidnon

tuʔugroast something (PMP: *tuquR)Western Bukidnon

udtuaction (of the earth's rotation) upon celestial bodies which causes them to rise to the zenith (PPh: *ugtu)Western Bukidnon

uɣatvein, of blood (PMP: *uRat) *huRaCWestern Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (960 / 1013)

uɣisalbino, of animals only (PPh: *quRis)Western Bukidnon

uɣupto help; aid in physical labor (PWMP: *uRup)Western Bukidnon

ukirto carve out a bas-relief design on something (PMP: *ukir)Western Bukidnon

ukurpower inherent in some possession or some person which/who appears to be charmed or appears to bring good luck (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

uledsnake; insect (PMP: *qulej)Western Bukidnon

uliʔreturn to the place of origin or to one's original state; to cure (PMP: *uliq₁)Western Bukidnon

uluhead of the body; source of a river or stream (PMP: *qulu) *quluhWestern Bukidnon

ulunrest one's head (PMP: *qulun₂)Western Bukidnon

umanrepeat something (PAN: *quman)Western Bukidnon

umanrepeat something (PMP: *uman) *umaNWestern Bukidnon

umbewgrow taller than someone (PMP: *umbaw)Western Bukidnon

umbewgrow taller than someone (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

umurthe span of life; to reach the end of one's life (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

undurshove a stick of wood further into the fire (PMP: *qunzur)Western Bukidnon

undurshove a stick of wood farther into the fire (PWMP: *unzur)Western Bukidnon

upahen, female fowl (PMP: *qupa)Western Bukidnon

upasthe heart of a banana stalk, which is eaten as a vegetable (PPH: *upas₂)Western Bukidnon

upewbald; to be bald (PPH: *upaw)Western Bukidnon

upewbald (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

upuŋhold someone's legs and feet together; hold several things together in the hand (PAN: *qupuŋ)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (980 / 1013)

urahikto go in the direction of upstream (PWMP: *udahik)Western Bukidnon

uriŋcharcoal (PAN: *qujiŋ)Western Bukidnon

uripenslave; to enslave someone (PWMP: *qudipen)Western Bukidnon

utaŋa debt; go into debt for something (PMP: *qutaŋ)Western Bukidnon

utasof falling a tree or cutting a log in two, to chop through it (PWMP: *qutas)Western Bukidnon

utaʔvomit; to vomit (PAN: *utaq)Western Bukidnon

utekbrain (PMP: *hutek)Western Bukidnon

utukcarry on top of the head (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

uvangrey hair (PMP: *quban) *qubaNWestern Bukidnon

uviyam orubi,Dioscorea alata (PMP: *qubi)Western Bukidnon

uvudthe edible heart or bud of a palm tree or banana plant (PMP: *qubuj)Western Bukidnon

uwaka crow (PMP: *uak₁)Western Bukidnon

uwittake, carry in the hand (PWMP: *uit₂)Western Bukidnon

uyagmake alive, cause to live (PPh: *quyag)Western Bukidnon

uzanrain (PMP: *quzan) *quzaNWestern Bukidnon

uʔuschew on sugarcane (PMP: *ququs)Western Bukidnon

wadwadto distribute, as transplanting plants in a field; to distribute one’s goods among many (PPH: *wadwad)Western Bukidnon

wagásof gold or a deity, pure; unmixed (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

wahigwater; river; stream (PMP: *wahiR)Western Bukidnon

wakaʔrip or pull off the jaw; pull two halves of bamboo apart (PMP: *wakaq)Western Bukidnon

Manobo (Western Bukidnon) (1000 / 1013)

wakaʔrip or pull off the jaw; pull two halves of bamboo apart (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

waliŋ-waliŋtype of orchid (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

walueight (PAN: *walu)Western Bukidnon

walwalshake or pull on a long horizontally hanging vine or line to make it move up and down; shake or pull on the network of rattan built over a field to frighten away rice birds (PPh: *walwál)Western Bukidnon

waŋketof strands of vines, abaca fiber, etc., to entwine or entangle (PWMP: *waket)Western Bukidnon

waŋwaŋcicada (NOISE)Western Bukidnon

waseyax (PWMP: *wasay)Western Bukidnon

wazaʔnothing; without; negative (PWMP: *wada-q) *wadaWestern Bukidnon

weris-anif a man marries and the price for his bride is paid by someone who is not his father, mother, or relative, the bride price paid to this man at some future time for a daughter born to him will be shared with the one who helped him marry. This daughter is thewerisan of the one who helped her father marry (LOAN)Western Bukidnon

yamyamto say “I told you so” (PPH: *yamyám)Western Bukidnon

yapyapthe final process in winnowing to remove the last of the chaff (PPH: *yapyáp)Western Bukidnon

yegeŋhum a tune (ROOT)Western Bukidnon

yekyeka choking cough (PPH: *yekyek₂)Western Bukidnon

yewyewto move the jaw back and forth as a sign of anger (PPH: *yawyaw)Western Bukidnon

akotcarry repeatedly in order to move something from one place to another (this activity does not mean carrying a lot at once, but rather repeated trips until all is carried as planned) (PMP: *hakut) *SakuC

apínprotective pad between two things; use as a protective covering (PMP: *hapin)

araŋanto be hesitant; to be reluctant; to be overly cautious (PPH: *alaŋ-án) *alaŋ

atuproof. A compact roof is made with the laves of thelombiya (sago) palm (PMP: *qatep)

awasto get off (as from a bus); to unload (as in taking off a pack) (PPH: *haq(e)was)

baáycassava (an edible root that can be poisonous if not prepared properly) (PMP: *bahay) *baSay

baaycassava (an edible root that can be poisonous if not prepared properly) (PPH: *baháy)

báiʔkind of palm tree (inner part is soft, but outer part is hard) (PPH: *báhiq)

bawasto keep part of; to remove part of (as a payment for something done) (PPH: *bawas)

báyaʔto allow; to tolerate; to leave alone; to let someone do by himself (PPH: *bayáq)

bibifreshwater clam which lives in muddy water; it is large and black, having black flesh and a green paper-like covering on a whitish shell (less tasty than thetoway clam) (PMP: *bibi₁) *bibi

bogaʔsquirt water from the mouth (e.g. bathe a chicken in this way) (PMP: *buRah) *buReS

bokaconfess, reveal; disclose, make known; lay bare, betray a confidence (PMP: *buka)

bonagkind of thin black and white ocean fish about 15 cm. wide by 22 cm. long with small scales; it is poisonous to eat (NOISE)

bontikind of small saltwater fish about 10 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, which is found in mangrove swamps; the soup of thebonti fish is bitter if the gallbladder is not removed (PWMP: *benti)

bosawdemon. There is only one of this demon, and he is the leader of the other demons. He is believed to eat people, and is used in curses such as 'May you be eaten by thebosaw' (PMP: *busaw)

bosoŋretribution for wrong act, curse (as from fighting with one's parents); to curse, visit retribution on for wrongdoing (as against one's relatives) (PWMP: *busuŋ)

botbotbring out (as an article of clothing to show someone) (PMP: *butbut₂) *buCbuC

botitipoisonous fish with large abdomen (can be eaten if the poison is first removed) (PWMP: *butiti)

botocause to blister (as a finger, from friction against a pestle in pounding rice) (PMP: *betu₃) *beCu

botogprotrude, bulge (as a boil that is beginning to swell, something in the pocket) (PWMP: *buntuR)

bugawdrive someone or something away (as mosquitos with smoke, chickens which are scratching around in rice that is drying in the sun) (PAN: *buRaw)

bugaw-ansimple structure in one's field for shelter; small granary in one's field (PWMP: *buRaw-an) *buRaw

burukfreshwater fish about 20 cm. in length; it is thin, black and white in color, and is found only in large rivers (PWMP: *buzuk)

daópkind of covering (this is the kind of covering in which the two sides support each other as they come together at the apex) (PPH: *daup₁)

dawdawkind of saltwater snail found in mangrove swamps; it is somewhat conical, and it has a black shell and black flesh (PPH: *dawdaw)

dinegates action (Di kaw ma-panaw adto ‘Will you not go there?’, etc.) (PPh: *diq)

dukutcrusted rice; to stick to (as a paper sticking to a table) (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

gabokrotten; easily broken; old and not strong (as clothing or a rope) (PMP: *Rabuk)

gogokind of vine which twines up trees; the bark of this vine is often used as soap (PPH: *gúguq)

kábaŋto be spotted or striped (as an animal); to be nonuniform; to be variegated (PPH: *kabáŋ)

kabosto do completely (as a flood wiping out all the people, someone completely eating all the rice given to him, etc.) (PMP: *kabus₁)

karawagkind of plant (used for seasoning, similar to ginger, but not hot tasting) (LOAN)

kowanwhat you may call it; what’s his name (a meaningless hesitation form in speaking) (PWMP: *kuan₂)

labnawdiluted; weak (as coffee); to weaken by diluting, to dilute (PPH: *lab(e)náw)

lakoblie face downward; place a thing face down; capsize, turn upside down (PWMP: *la(ŋ)keb)

lapasto transgress (a law); to violate; to trespass; to go beyond the limit (PWMP: *lapas)

logawporridge (as rice or sweet potato cooked with much water) (PPH: *l<in>ugaw) *lúgaw

lompoŋto grow in a cluster; to make into a cluster (as of flowers) (PWMP: *lumpuŋ)

lósiʔto strip off sheaths of a plant to get its shoot or inner part (PPH: *lusiq)

nanawto look all around searching for something; to search carefully (PPH: *nanaw)

omaŋkind of snail which has no shell of its own, but takes over other shells (PAN: *qumaŋ)

paspasto brush away (as dust); to drive away; to exile (as person) (PWMP: *paspas₂)

pataycorpse; deceased; kill; die (as people), deteriorate (as crops) (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

ponaykind of bird, a member of the dove family (eats the fruit of thekaramoging vine) (PAN: *punay)

saruŋpitch, used for torch fishing at night (pitch from analmasiga tree is very combustible) (PAN: *saleŋ)

sigaykind of saltwater snail (this kind of ocean snail has a spotted light brown cylindrical shell with a slit on the underside; its flesh is inedible; it is used as a children’s toy) (PWMP: *sigay)

simutto take all that remains (as of someone getting all the rest of the unharvested grain) (PPH: *simut)

sipiŋto do together (as two people lying down together or sitting together) (PPH: *sípiŋ)

sóboɁwhat is fed into a machine for processing (as abaca into an abaca stripping machine); to feed into a machine for processing (PPH: *súbuq)

sogodto go all around (as someone going all around a house or the village) (PPH: *sugud)

sokayto part (as hair to look for lice, or grass to look for something lost) (PPH: *sukáy)

soksokthorn; to insert into (as abaca into the stripping machine) (PAN: *suksuk)

sómpaɁto counteract (as witchcraft); to treat (as a boil with medicine) (PWMP: *sumpaq)

sompoŋto become depressed again; to have recurring pain or feelings (PPH: *sumpuŋ)

soŋot-soŋotto become tired; to become weary (as from continuous or repeated action) (PPH: *seŋet-seŋet)

soŋsoŋto go against (as the current); to sail against (as the wind) (PWMP: *suŋsuŋ₁)

sosolto burn (as a person or an animal) with a lamp or firebrand (PPH: *súlsul)

sowayto turn; to go in opposite or different direction; to part from someone on the trail (PPH: *suay)

suŋsuŋcap (of a bottle, etc.); to put a cap on, stop up (as an opening) (PWMP: *suŋsuŋ₂)

tabonkind of bird that when laying an egg digs a hole in the ground and lays its egg in the hole (PPH: *tabun₁)

tabugto return to its customary place of living, as bees or people (after being driven off or dispersed) (PPH: *tabuR₂)

tanogsound (as of a bus or a machine); to make a sound (as a machine) (PPH: *tanúR)

tarakitokkind of saltwater fish (white and medium-sized, 30 to 60 cm. in length and 20 cm. in width, having no scales) (PPH: *talakituk)

taytayto walk along something narrow (as a plank, log, or a narrow bridge) (PMP: *taytay)

taʔanto set a trap or place a fish weir in order to catch something (PMP: *taqen)

tiiŋto serve (as wine which is put into cups to be distributed to guests) (PPH: *tíqiŋ)

tíkboʔto spill and be wasted; to waste contents by shaking or breaking the container (PPH: *tik(e)buq)

tówadto bend forward so rear end protrudes; to fall over (as a tree) (PWMP: *tuad)

aparticle used 1. before names of persons, the pronounswai andmea, and names of canoes, months, etc. a) when they stand as subject in a sentence, b) when they follow any of the prepositionsi,ki,hei,kei, c) in explanatory clauses (PMP: *a₁)

a-particle used before names of places and local nouns when they (a) stand as subject in a sentence, (b) are repeated by way of explanation (PAN: *qa₁)

a-particle used before names of places and local nouns when they (a) stand as subject in a sentence, (b) are repeated by way of explanation (PMP: *ha₃) *Sa₂

ainot generally to be translated by any equivalent English word, but used in the following cases: 1. in relative clauses, where the relative in English is governed by a verb or preposition, 2. in clauses expressing thereason for which anything is done, or theobject in view in doing it, 3. in clauses marking the time or place of an action or event, 4. with a verb or adjective denoting an action or state consequent upon some previous action, 5. denoting present habitual condition or action, 6. with reference to something previously mentioned (POC: *ai₁)

aitu-āof ill omen, unlucky; unfortunate, in trouble, misfortune, trouble, disaster, accident; omen, particularly evil omen (PMP: *qanitu) *qaNiCu

akalong and thin roots of trees or plants; vine of any climbing plant (PMP: *akaR)

amaoutrigger on the windward side of a canoe; thwart of a canoe (POC: *saman) *saRman

araway, path; means of conveyance; layer of sedge thatch on a roof (POC: *jalan) *zalan

ateliver; the seat of the affections; heart; emotion; spirit, high feeling (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

atucorrelative tomai, used with verbs, etc., to indicate a direction or motion onwards, or away from the speaker in reference to either time or space (PMP: *a-tu) *-Cu

atucorrelative tomai, used with verbs, etc. to indicate a direction away from the speaker in reference to either time or space (PMP: *atu)

atuaGod, demon, supernatural being, ghost; object of superstitious regard; anything malign, disagreeable; strange, extraordinary (PMP: *qatuan)

hia ~ whiainterrogative numeral: how many?; an indefinite numeral: several(three, more or less) (POC: *pica) *pijax

hikutail of a fish or reptile; rear of an army on march, or of a company of travellers; tip of a leaf, etc.; point; headwaters of a river (POC: *siku)

hinegirl; chiefly used in addressing a girl or young woman, never used with an article or definitive; daughter (POC: *pine) *bahi

hoa-hoaspouse; used also of two women, wives of the same husband; wife of husband’s brother, or husband of wife’s sister (POC: *soRa)

hoepaddle, row, convey by canoe; travel in a boat or a canoe, make a voyage; paddle, oar (POC: *pose) *beRsay

hoe-hoepaddle about, make repeated trips in a boat or canoe; convey in a boat or canoe, making repeated trips; side fins of a fish (POC: *pose pose) *beRsay

huafruit; egg of a bird; roe of a fish; product, progeny; abundance, number; bear fruit or flowers; full (of the moon) (POC: *puaq) *buaq

huhularva of the beetlePrionoplus reticularis, found in decayed timber (POC: *pupuk₂) *bukbuk₃

hui-huiput or add together; congregate, come together; meet; double up; assembly, group (POC: *pui₁) *pui

hukedig up, expose by removing the earth; excavate; disembowel fish (POC: *puke) *buka

hukitransfix, spit, a bird, etc. on a stick; stick in, as feathers in the hair (PMP: *suksuk-i) *suksuk

huk-ito transfix, spit (a bird, etc..) on a stick; stick in, as feathers in the hair; a spit, consisting of a single pointed stick, on which fish, etc. are roasted (PAN: *suksuk)

huriturn round; overturn; overflow, overwhelm; grind; turn; revolve; turn to, set about; mill, grindstone or anything which revolves (POC: *buliŋ) *puliŋ₁

huri-huriturn over in one's mind, ponder, reflect upon; turn over and over (POC: *buliŋ) *puliŋ₁

huru-hurucoarse hair, bristles; not properly used of the hair of the head; feather (POC: *pulu pulu) *bulu₁

hut-i, huhut-ihoist, haul up; pull out of the ground; fish with a line; pluck feathers or hair (POC: *puput-i) *buCbuC

hut-i-ŋaplace cleared from weeds in preparation for a crop; things plucked up (POC: *puput-i) *buCbuC

ihofrom above, downwards, down; denoting immediate sequence of events or ideas (POC: *sipo)

inaŋawhitebait, the adult of the minnowGalaxias attenuatus (also the fry), and the fry of the smeltRetropinna retropinna (POC: *jiŋana)

kahia freshwater bivalve mollusc:Hyridella menziesi; a saltwater bivalve mollusc:Amphidesma australe (POC: *kasi)

kahobatten, laid horizontally on the rafters to carry the several layers of thatch of a house; of these battens the uppermost was considered sacred (PMP: *kasaw₁)

kaiconsume, eat; drink any liquid other than water, for whichinu is used; bite; food (POC: *kani) *kaen

ka-katisting, bite; eat, gnaw; be clenched, as the teeth; intense; keen, acrid, sour (POC: *kaRati) *kaRaC

kawaunpleasant to the taste, bitter, sour; a sprig of any tree, or sometimes a small sapling pulled up by the roots, used in certain ceremonies (LOAN)

kawekawetentacles of a cuttlefish; tendrils of a creeper, fringe on a mat, etc. (POC: *kawe₂) *kaway₂

kawekawetentacles of a cuttlefish; tendrils of a creeper, fringe on a mat, etc. (POC: *kawe₁) *gaway₁

kēdifferent, other, of non-identity; different, of another kind; strange, extraordinary (PCEMP: *kese)

kipreposition: to (a place, a person, after verbs of motion, desire, etc.); into; on, to, upon; towards, at; against, at, with (indicating opposition); for, in quest of; concerning, of, respecting; in consequence of; by means of, with (of instrument); at, with, on, in; according to; in the opininion of; in the event of, if; indicating occupation, employment, etc.; simply transitive, connecting the verb with its object; to introduce an explanatory clause (POC: *ki₁)

kipreposition: to (of place, of a person); after verbs of motion, desire, etc.; into; on to, upon; towards, at; against, at, with (indicating opposition); for, in quest of; concerning of, respecting; in consequence of; by means of, with (of instrument); at, with, on, in; according to; in the opinion of; in the event of (PMP: *ki₂ₐ) *ki₂

kitesee, perceive; find, discover; recognize; divination, prophecy, prophetic utterance (PAN: *kita₂) *kita

kōa wooden implement for digging or planting; sometimes used as a weapon of war; to dig or plant with akō; to thrust (POC: *kojom)

kokabrown; the brown outer skin adhering to the fiber of flax if badly dressed (POC: *koka)

kopidoubled together, as of anything hinged or jointed; shut, closed; gorge of a river; gather up into small compass; nip between the legs (POC: *kobit₁) *kepit

kurubreadfruit, the fruit and tree; now obsolete, occurring only in a few ancient songs (PMP: *kuluR)

māconjunction: and; used to connect numerals, to connect points of the compass, to express dual relationship caused by marriage of persons belonging to different generations, as in the case of a father and son marrying sisters (PAN: *maS)

maihither, correlative ofatu; used with verbs, adjectives and local nouns to indicate direction or action towards the speaker; indicating extension of time or space towards the speaker; often to be translated ‘from’ (POC: *mai) *ai₃

makiinvalid, sick person; sore; to afflict, of an illness (POC: *masakit) *sakit

manaauthority; control; influence, prestige, power; psychic force; effectual, binding, authoritative; having influence or power; be effectual, take effect; be avenged (POC: *mana₂)

manawabelly, bowels; bowels of the earth; heart; breath; patience; mind, spirit (POC: *mañawa) *NiSawa

mānufloat; be launched: so start, of an expedition by water; overflow; be flooded (POC: *maqañur) *qañud

maraeenclosed space in front of a house, courtyard, village common (POC: *malaqe)

ma-ramalight, not dark; clear, of sight or sound; transparent; easy to understand, plain (POC: *ma-ramaR) *damaR₁

maroa sort of kilt or apron worn by males and females; material (moss, lichen, etc.) used by a woman at certain periods; to put on, as amaro (PCEMP: *malaw)

marupower, authority; shadow, shelter; shield, safeguard; a glow in the heavens; shaded, sheltered; attended by an escort; proof against rain (PEMP: *maluRu)

mataraw, uncooked; unripe, of fruit; fresh, green, of foliage not dried or withered; fresh, as water (POC: *mataq) *hataq

mataraw, uncooked; unripe (of fruit); fresh, green, of foliage not dried or withered (POC: *mataq) *qataq

mata-kiteseer, one who foresees an event; to practice divination (PMP: *mata) *maCa

matakuto be afraid; fearful, afraid; inspiring fear; incompatible; averse (POC: *matakut) *takut

mata-matapoint, extremity; top, summit; headland; source; suddenly (PMP: *mata-mata) *maCa

matedead; extinguished; sick, ill, unconscious; injured, damaged, suffering; in want of, lacking; overcome with any emotion, the emotion being expressed; deeply in love; calmed down, subsided; moving slowly, slack; completed, finished, accomplished; caught; death; sickness, injury, wound; danger, defeat, calamity; desire; company of mourners (POC: *mate) *aCay

mate matedie or be taken or caught in numbers; sickly; shallow, failing, of streams (PMP: *m-atay m-atay) *aCay

matuaparent, and more especially father; division of an army, company; placenta; adult, grown up; main, chief, important (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

mātuaparents; first; important, large, abundant; main body of an army (POC: *matuqa) *tuqaS

ma-urilife principle, thymos of man; source of the emotions; talisman, a material symbol of the hidden principle protecting vitality,mana, fruitfulness, etc. of people, lands, forests, etc.; the moon on the twenty-ninth day (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

mewith, denoting concomitance, or concurrence in time; often to be rendered by and (PMP: *mai)

moo-monafat, rich, fertile; appetizing, in good condition; fat, of food; having desire or appetite (POC: *moñak₂) *meñak

murithe rear, the hind part; the sequel, the time to come, the future; behind, afterwards, backwards; youngest child (POC: *muri) *udehi

mutubrought to an end, left off; cropped, having the end cut off, truncated, mutilated; cut short, bring to an end (PEMP: *mutu₂)

nanu-nanuto stutter, talk unintelligibly; be uttered falteringly or imperfectly (PMP: *ñañuk)

ŋutulip; beak; rim of a vessel, mouthpiece of a calabash; mouth, entrance, of a cave, river, etc.; talk, gossip (PAN: *ŋusuq)

onebeach; sand, mud; in various names for different kinds of soil (POC: *qone) *qenay

otiused absolutely, or with a verb in the infinitive to denote the operation which is finished; finished (POC: *qoti) *qeti₃

pāstockade, fortified place; weir for catching eels, etc.; screen, blockade (POC: *baRa) *baRa₂

panito paint, besmear; to smear, spread anything upon something else (POC: *pani₂)

papaanything broad, flat, and hard; flat rock, slab, board; earth floor or site of a native house; bed of a lake (POC: *baban) *papan

patuto strike, beat, thrash; subdue; kill; pound (fern root, etc.); also used of washing clothes (PAN: *pa(n)tuk₂)

pē-heainterrogative. Of what sort, character, appearance, etc.; do or treat in what way, act in what way (POC: *pea)

pikobend, stoop; bent, curved; corner, bend; curve, and so ornamentation (POC: *biko) *pikel

pipicockle in general; particularly applied toChione stuchburyi andAmphidesma australe (POC: *bibi₂) *bibi

piristick, adhere, cling; come close, come to close quarters; attack; keep close; be attached, fastened to; a closely woven mat used as a defence against spear thrusts (PMP: *pilit₁)

piri-piriAcaena anserinifolia, a creeping burr;Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum andHymenophyllum demissum, ferns;Haloragis incana andHaloragis micrantha, plants;Bulbophyllum pygmaeum, a plant (NOISE)

ponotrue; hospitable, bountiful; abundant; means, chattels, abundance (POC: *bonor₁) *bener

poporotten, decayed, worm-eaten; anything rotten or decayed; rottenness, decay (POC: *popok) *bekbek₁

pūgeneral name for volute univalve molluscs of the winkle type, particularlyLunella smaragda andZediloma aethiops; pipe, tube, flute; gun (POC: *buu₅) *buu₂

pua puaClematis paniculata, a climber often used for making wreaths (POC: *bua bua)

pukuswelling, tumor, knob; head of seed, cob of corn, etc.; swell (POC: *buku) *bukuh

puratwinkle, shine with unsteady light; flash repeatedly (POC: *pulan₃) *bulaN

puraany small foreign substance in the eye; of the eye troubled by the intrusion of some foreign matter; blind (POC: *pulaR₂) *bulaR₁

purebivalve mollusks:Notovola novaezelandiae and otherPectinidae (POC: *buliq₁)

pure-purein patches or tufts, spotted; contagious disease which causes spots on the skin (POC: *buliq₁)

puruplug, cork, bung; plug up, stuff up; confine by means of a plug; thrust in, stuff in, cram in; crammed, stuffed; pulp (POC: *bulut) *pulut

putulie in a heap, lie one upon another; swell, increase, multiply; heap (POC: *putu, butu) *butu

putu-putuclose together; frequent, at short intervals; of close construction, closely woven, etc. (POC: *putu, butu) *butu

rā-kautree; wood, timber; stick, spar, mast; weapon; wooden (POC: *kayu) *kaSiw

ramatorch or other artificial light; catch eels, etc. by torchlight (POC: *ramaR) *damaR₁

raŋisky; heaven, upper regions, abode of supernatural beings; weather; day, period of time; chief, generally in the form of respectful address:e raŋi ‘sir’ (PMP: *laŋit) *laŋiC

rapaanything broad and flat; sternpost of a canoe; blade of a paddle, etc.; wide, flat; spread out, extended (POC: *lapar) *lapad

rarothe bottom, the under side; down, downwards, down below; beneath, under, the underworld; the north, north wind (POC: *ralom) *dalem

rau-raufoliage; thatch; a divination rite in which leaves were used (POC: *raun-raun) *dahun

riribe angry; quarrel, fight; urge with vehemence; chide, scold; anger; strife, quarrel, hostility; combat, fight, battle; hostility, angry feelings (POC: *lilim)

roŋoapprehended by the senses, except sight; hear; obey; tidings, report, fame; peace after war (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

ruruto tie, tie together; to draw closer together; close together (PPH: *ruru₃)

tādash; aim a blow at; strike, beat with a stick, etc.; whip a top; dash water out of a canoe; so bail; cut; tattoo; carve, fashion (PAN: *taRaq₁)

taithe sea, generally antithetical touta; the coast, as opposed touta, inland; tide; wave (PMP: *tasik)

tā-ku, tō-ku1sg possessive pronoun: my (with singular possessed object) (POC: *-gu) *-ku

taŋisound, give forth a sound, cry, of things animate or inanimate; weep, utter a plaintive cry, sing a dirge; fret, cry; salute, weep over; resound; mourn; cry for; lamentation, mourning, dirge (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

tapuunder religious or superstitious restriction; a condition affecting persons, places, and things, and arising from innumerable causes (POC: *tabu) *tambu

tarapoint, spike, as a thorn, tooth of a comb, spine in the dorsal fin of a fish or in the tail of a stingray, spear, etc.; peak of a mountain; horn of the moon; rays of the sun;membrum virile, papillae on the skin; skewer of greenstone (POC: *salaŋ)

taria mode of plaiting with several strands; noose for catching birds, etc; ensnare (POC: *tali₁) *CaliS

tauseason, year, the recurring cycle being the predominating idea rather than the definite time measurement (PMP: *taqun)

tau-tautie in bunches, thread on a string; hang in clusters or folds; hang suspended; string or cluster of objects (POC: *saur₁)

tau-tauto hang in clusters or folds, hang suspended; string or cluster of objects (POC: *tau₂) *tau

te whai a titipathe "coalsack", a dark spot near the Southern Cross; cat's-cradle; play at cat's-cradle (POC: *paRi) *paRiS

tokastone, rock; firm, solid; satisfied, contented; wait, stay still (POC: *toka₃) *tekas

tokastone, rock; firm, solid; satisfied, contented; to wait, stay still (POC: *toka₂)

tokopole, rod, particularly poles used in sacred rites; stilt; propel with a pole; support with a pole, prop up; push or force to a distance; divorce, separate husband and wife (POC: *tokon) *teken

toko-tokostaff, rod; walking stick; prop up; dispel, drive to a distance; walk with a stick (POC: *tokon-tokon) *teken

tuaback; the farther side of a solid body; the time past; the future; on the farther side (POC: *tuqa₁)

tuhidelineate, draw; write (modern); adorn with painting; point at; point out, indicate by pointing (PMP: *tusiq)

tuipierce; thread on a string; lace, fasten by passing a cord through holes; sew; put the hand or arm through a loop, pass the arm through another person's arm; string on which anything is threaded (POC: *tuRi₁) *CuSuR

tuk-ito pound, ram, beat, knock; pestle, pounder (for fern root, flax, etc.) (PMP: *tuktuk-i) *tuktuk₃

tunaAnguilla dieffenbachii, the long-finned, andAnguilla australis, the short-finned freshwater eels, and their varieties (PMP: *tuna) *tuNa

tuna hekemigrating eel (both species migrate to spawn in deep sea) (PMP: *tuna) *tuNa

tupugrow, increase; spring, issue, begin; shoot, bud; growth; social position; genuine, own (POC: *tubuq, tupuq) *Cubuq

tupuagoblin, demon, object of terror; one versed in magic arts; foreigner (POC: *tupuqa)

uabackbone; neck, back of the neck; thick twisted or plaited hem on the collar of a cloak (POC: *Ruqa)

uridark, deep in color, dark green, etc.; frequently used in compound words in contrast withtea (NEAR)

uruhead, in the singular; chief; top, upper end; point, of a weapon, etc.; hair of the head, in the plural (POC: *qulu) *quluh

uruenter; to possess, as a familiar spirit; associate oneself with; participate in, become accessory to an action; reach a place, arrive (PMP: *surup₁)

utathe land, as opposed to the sea or the water; the inland, the interior, as opposed to the coast (PMP: *qutan) *quCaN

wahothe outside; the open sea; the coast, as opposed to inland (POC: *papo₁) *babaw₃

wakacanoe in general; any long narrow receptacle, as trough for water, box for feathers, etc.; crew of a canoe; tribe (POC: *waga) *waŋka

whaka-causative prefix; combined with an intransitive verb, an adjective or participle to form an intransitive verb, it signifies a beginning of, or approach to, the action or condition indicated; combined with a noun to form an intransitive verb, it signifies the assumption of the character or form expressed by the noun; as a strict causative it may combine with a verb, adjective, participle, or noun to form a transitive verb (POC: *paka-) *pa-₂

whaka-managive effect to; give prestige to; make effective, rectify (POC: *mana₂)

whaka-ponobelieve, admit as true; perform rites connected with human victims; faith (modern) (POC: *bonor₁) *bener

whaka-puruto cram; protect with a pad; thatch a house; a protective spell (POC: *bulut) *pulut

whaka-taŋi-taŋiapplied to the largest and final wedge used in splitting a tree; cajole, appeal to sympathy of (PMP: *paka-taŋis) *Caŋis

whanogo, proceed; lead, of a road; verge towards; be on the point of; act, behave (POC: *pano) *paNaw

whaŋabay, bight, nook; stride, spread the legs; measure with the extended arms, or span with the thumb and fingers spread (POC: *paŋa₂) *baŋa₂

wharaa plant; ?Astelia sp., but possibly applied to any plant with ensiform leaves, such asAstelia,Phormium,Typha, etc. (POC: *padran) *paŋudaN

whara-wharalong plumes of the white heron, worn by chiefs on state occasions. (NOISE)

whatustone; kernel of fruit; pupil of eye; core of boil or abscess; anchor (POC: *patu) *batux

whaua shrub:Entelea arborescens; a tree:Nothopanax arboreum; to tie (POC: *paRu) *baRu

whirito twist, plait; use a certain trip in wrestling; plaited hem on the upper edge of a cloak (POC: *pilit) *bilit

asok-unto insert something into something else; to put something inside a place (as a machete in its sheath) (PMP: *hasek₁)

balaʔcalamity, disaster (believed to come from God, such as a plague, flood, earthquake) (PMP: *bajaq₂) *bajaq

baŋkay-baŋkay-ana time (usually three or seven days) of watching over the bed where a recently deceased person slept (PWMP: *baŋkay)

bataŋtrunk of a tree; log, stalk of a plant; long bar of laundry soap (PMP: *bataŋ) *bataŋ₁

batu-anset aside a coconut or stone for every hundred coconuts (PWMP: *batu-an) *batux

daanold (with respect to objects, in the sense of being worn, used often, out of date, out of fashion, etc.)’ (PMP: *daqan₂) *daqaN

dakdakstrike something or someone repeatedly (as laundry with a wooden paddle) (PWMP: *dakdak)

dallotto catch an animal with a noose (usually placed on the ground) (PWMP: *zeRet)

datu-ʔchief; headman; any male member or descendant of a chief’s family (PMP: *datu)

duwah-anfor a coach or owner of a rooster to have a player or rooster that has just won take on another opponent right after winning; to make it two (PWMP: *duha-an) *duSa

duyuŋsea cow; mermaid; a kind of unusual fish (some describe it as a mermaid; others say it’s part human and cries when butchered) (PMP: *duyuŋ₂)

e-ditembruised --- of the dark discoloration of skin tissue following trauma (PWMP: *li(n)tem)

gabukrotten (wood); crumbling (wood); turned to dust (as wood eaten by termites) (PMP: *Rabuk)

gayuŋany pail, dipper, or container used for drawing water or other liquids (LOAN)

gilaa wild jerking movement (as an animal when not wanting to have someone mount it or attach a cart to it); inappropriate behavior or words (PMP: *gila)

gila-gilah-ancharacterized by roughhousing or jumping around wildly (PMP: *gila)

giliŋ-unto grind something (as coffee or corn); to digest something; to husk rice by grinding; grind it!, husk it! (PWMP: *giliŋ-en) *giliŋ

guyudto drag something; when reduplicated this means to drag by force (as a thief being dragged by force into jail) (PWMP: *guyud₃)

jama-jama mataone’s reflection in another person’s eye (‘person of the eye’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

ka-nominalizer with adjectives or stative verbs indicating the manner of doing an action (PWMP: *ka-₆)

ka- -anmarker of the adversative passive;ka-lasuh-an ‘to be angry (at s.o. or about s.t.); (cf.lasu ‘anger’);ka-saŋom-am ‘be overtaken by the night (i.e. for night to come while one is doing something) (cf.saŋom ‘night, the period from about 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.);ka-uwan-an ‘to be rained on’ (cf.uwan ‘rain’) (PAN: *ka- -an₁)

ka- -anformative for nouns of location;ka-batuh-an ‘a rocky area’ (cp.batu ‘stone, rock’) (PAN: *ka- -an₂)

kabusfor someone to have run out of something (as money, or provisions when housebound during a typhoon) (PMP: *kabus₁)

ka-kila-h-anfor a person to be discovered as having something that has been recognized as not belonging to him (PWMP: *ka-kilala-an) *kilala

ka-matah-anto be seen (as proof that something is true or false) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

kasawpurlin (crosspiece nailed to rafters used as backing for nailing roofing material to) (PMP: *kasaw₁)

(ka)-takka-handestination; to have a feeling or emotion come upon you (like hunger, anger, sickness, tiredness, love, etc.) (PMP: *teka₁)

ka-taŋkas-anto be personally affected by the speed of something or someone; to think that something or someone is fast (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kas) *ta(ŋ)kas₁

kilato recognize something or someone; to be acquainted with someone; to identify something; to have someone identify something (PAN: *kilala)

kila-anto accuse someone for having something that you recognize as belonging to you or someone else (PWMP: *kilala-an) *kilala

-kuI; me; my; 1sg pronoun, both focus and non focus; also 1sg possessive pronoun (PAN: *-ku)

kumpoh-ana pile of things gathered together; a gathering of people (PWMP: *kumpul)

kuwitskin; the hide of an animal; rind, peeling of fruit; bark of tree; surface of water; coconut husk (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC

lakkopto be enveloped, covered completely (by lots of something, as a lump of sugar covered by ants) (PWMP: *lekep₁)

lammaʔsoftness; easy-going, flexible, receptive, patient; easy to overcome; weak (as one’s opponent) (PWMP: *lemeq)

lamudanything added or mixed (with something to form a blend or mixture) (PWMP: *lamuj)

lapatcompletely filled in or covered; completely closed up (as a car with all the windows up); plugged, as a hole, leak, opening (PPH: *lapat₂)

lappakto slap or swat (as a mosquito on one’s body); to pat on the back (PWMP: *lepak₂)

lawomdepth (as of the tide); deep (of thinking, common sense, wisdom, speech, understanding, etc.); late into the night; serious, of a sickness (PMP: *dalem)

leteka clattering sound (as from dishes clattering together); a clicking sound (as the keys on a typewriter (PWMP: *letek)

libas(for fruit to be) characterized as having lost some of its flavor due to being overripe; for a woman’s beauty to become less or to fade (due to her makeup running, her hair getting messed up, clothes getting wrinkled, etc.) (PWMP: *libas₁)

ligisto grind a creature or insect against another surface to kill it (PWMP: *li(ŋ)gis)

l<um>aŋito swim; to swim to a destination; to swim to an object and bring it back (PWMP: *l<um>aŋuy) *laŋuy

ma-daanto cause something to be old or worn out (esp. by constant wearing or using) (PMP: *daqan₂) *daqaN

mag-baŋkay-baŋkáy-anto stand watch over the place where a recently deceased person used to sleep in his bed (PWMP: *baŋkay)

mag-ka-hallot-anto seal (an agreement); to guarantee; to pledge (in order to seal an agreement) (PMP: *heRet) *SeReC

mag-layaŋ-layaŋfor something like a kite or leaf to float down in the wind with a swaying back and forth motion (PWMP: *layaŋ₁)

mag-pa-kilato introduce; to make oneself recognizable; to introduce oneself (PAN: *kilala)

mag-paŋkatto stack; make something higher; to add another level; to be stacked on top of each other (as lumber) (LOAN)

mag-pa-sipatto perceive, deduce; to indicate or give an impression (PWMP: *sipat)

mag-saŋayto address or refer to someone as “Sangay” because of having the same name (PWMP: *saŋay)

mag-takka-takkacome and go continuously; to fluctuate (as the price or availability of something, one’s good and bad traits, etc.) (PMP: *teka₁)

ma-lubukto make a light repetitive thudding sound (as when fruit falls to the ground, someone is pounding rice, etc.) (PMP: *lubuk₂)

mamaʔ-ana container for the ingredients of the betel nut chew (often brass or bronze) (PMP: *mamaq)

ma-ŋanto eat something, consume something; to bite into something (as sandpaper into wood) (PMP: *ma-ŋaen) *kaen

ma-ŋan-anutensils for eating, such as spoons, glasses, plates, etc. (PMP: *ma-ŋaen) *kaen

mapasto remove something by slapping, banging, brushing off (as when slapping a ball out of someone’s hand, banging an eraser against something to remove the built up chalk, brushing a bug off of one’s arm (PWMP: *paspas₂)

maraŋa tree that looks like a breadfruit tree; the fruit resembles breadfruit but its seeds and pulp are similar to jackfruit (PWMP: *madaŋ)

mataeye; the sharp edge or point of anything (as the cutting edge of a machete or knife, the sharp points on a grater, the head of a spear, etc.); anything circular in shape that is essential to that in which it is contained (as a burner on a stove, the core of a boil) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

nanow (indicates the arrival of the time of an expected event or the attainment of an expected state, or indicates that before the situation was different but now it has changed; already (indicates the occurrence of an event or the attainment of a state sooner than expected) (PMP: *na₄) *Na₂

nabbukto punch or hit something or someone with the palm part of the fist instead of the knuckles; to tag someone (PWMP: *tebuk₁) *tebuk

ñawaspirit of man or animal; the life principle which comes from God (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

ñawa-lihansomething like one’s subconscious that is believed to leave and come back to one’s body while one is sleeping (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

niprefix with the emphatic set of pronouns to indicate possession (mine/yours/his/hers/ours/theirs), and to indicate non-focus beneficiary outside the core of the clause, i.e. to or for me/you/him/her/us/them; this can also mean from or with me/you/him/her/us/them (PAN: *ni)

nipaʔa kind of palm tree or its leaves that are used for roofing material (PMP: *nipaq)

nipisthinness; slenderness (as of cloth, paper, human body) (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

niyugcoconut (six growth stages are terminologically recognized); coconut tree; coconut plantation; copra (PMP: *niuR)

-nuyou; your (second person singular non-focus pronoun or possessive pronoun) (PAN: *-nu₂)

ŋamantisto be swollen (as someone’s lip that has been stung by a wasp) (LOAN)

ŋaŋ-gamutto take root; to develop roots; to become established (PMP: *Ramut₁)

ŋayuto use wood, coconut shells, etc. as fuel in cooking; to add wood to a fire (PWMP: *ma-ŋahiw) *kaSiw

ŋiliŋto grind something, as coffee or corn; to turn something (on an axis) (PWMP: *maŋ-giliŋ) *giliŋ

ŋumpoto gather things together in a pile (as coconuts); to save (as money) (PWMP: *kumpul)

pa-instransitive causative motion within oneself, transition, or change of state becoming (PAN: *pa-₂)

pa-dappato measure something by armspans;to extend one’s arms out on both sides (PAN: *depah)

pa-kita-hanto show something to someone; to reveal oneself or cause oneself to be seen (PAN: *pa-kita) *kita

pa-lammaʔto soften something; to become soft or tender; to tenderize something (PWMP: *lemeq)

pallatacridity; bitterness; having an acrid, bitter taste (as soap, baking powder, turmeric, unripe pomelo, cigarettes) (PWMP: *pelet)

pannoʔto be full (as a jar, room, container, airplane, etc.); to have more than enough (with regard to wealth) (PAN: *peNuq)

pa-tiŋkasto become skilled at doing something quickly; to do something quickly with skill (PMP: *ti(ŋ)kas)

pawomto be shut off (as a light); to go out (as a fire); to be erased (PWMP: *padem)

payuŋan umbrella; a bamboo pole with ribs sticking out of it (having white cloth draped around it in an umbrella fashion, used at funerals) (PWMP: *payuŋ)

payuŋ-anto use an umbrella; to have an umbrella; to cover someone with an umbrella (PWMP: *payuŋ-an) *payuŋ

pepekto tap on something (in order to break it or make a sound); to beat a drum or strike a bell; to tap or beat on metal with a hammer in order to shape it (PAN: *pekpek₁)

piyok-piyoka high-pitched sound made by chicks or baby birds when afraid (PWMP: *piuk-piuk)

poontree, trunk of a tree; capital for investment; beginning, origin, source; reason or cause of something (PMP: *puqun)

poon-ancause, reason; source; having unhusked grains mixed in with husked grains of rice; start doing something (PWMP: *puqun-an) *puqun

putuh-anthe pot and the coconut shell with holes in it used for steaming cassava (LOAN)

sabitto have two or more lines, strings, or ropes crossing over each other, always touching and often slightly tangled (as kite strings that have crossed over each other) (PMP: *saqebit)

sabutfiber in fruits (like fiber in coconut husks, stringy fiber in mangoes) (PWMP: *sabut)

samain unison; for things to be in line with each other; simultaneously; parallel to each other (PWMP: *sama)

sassopto suck on something (as candy, medicine, a mother’s breast) (PAN: *sepsep)

sipersonal name marker used to indicate that the word that follows is a person’s name; also occurs before five kinship nouns when referring to one’s relative (‘Father’, ‘Mother’, ‘Aunt’, ‘Uncle’, ‘Grandfather/Grandmother’) (PAN: *si₁)

síkata small brush (made from a coconut husk used for scrubbing one’s body or nails when bathing) (PWMP: *sikat)

sipatan indication; a sign of something; evidence that something is true or happened (PWMP: *sipat)

sipita clip (such as a hairpin, clothespin, paper clip); a clamp; a crab’s pincers, etc. (PAN: *sipit)

s<um>ipitto pinch or clamp something between something; to pin something; clip something; to carry something under one’s arm (PWMP: *s<um>ipit) *sipit

sumpit-sumpittype of fish characterized by squirting water out of its mouth to knock insects off something and into the water (PMP: *sumpit)

sumpit-unfor a liquid to flow out because of pressure below (as from an underground spring, blood from a wound, etc.) (PMP: *sumpit)

tafirst person dual non-focus pronoun inclusive of speaker and hearer only: we (dual), our (dual) (PAN: *-ta)

tabasto cut cloth (according to a pattern or measurement in order to make a garment) (PWMP: *tabas₂)

tabas-tabascloth scraps; the leftover pieces of cloth after cutting out a garment (PWMP: *tabas₂)

tabuwanhornet; a large black and yellow wasp with a painful sting (PMP: *tabuqan)

tambakan orderly stacking of rocks or earth (as used for the foundation of a house on the seashore, for a wharf, for a retaining wall surrounding a grave or rice field, etc.) (PMP: *tambak₂)

tapayan indigenous confection made of rice and spices, seldom made nowadays (procedure: cook the rice, then mix spices with it, wrap the mixture in a big leaf and keep overnight; it’s ready to eat in the morning) (PWMP: *tapay)

ta-sapputany instrument used for spraying; a sprayer; also a blowgun (PWMP: *seput)

tattasto be or become severed; ripped; separated; come undone (esp. with respect to a place where it has been sewn) (PAN: *tastas)

taunyear; first planting season (when the dry season is about to end in May) (PMP: *taqun)

timbulfor an island or mountain to supernaturally appear out of the sea; (PWMP: *timbul)

tōʔto point at something or someone, to point out something or someone; a teaching (PAN: *tuzuq₁)

um-asokto enter; go inside (a place); to allow or have someone enter (PMP: *hasek₁)

akesentangle by boa constrictor; embrace, hug (AlsoBikolhagkós 'belt',Hanunóohákus 'to hug, embrace') (ROOT)

-ana third grammatical relation between the verb and theso-phrase is indicated by the suffix-an:Tabas(an) o bebai so mamaʔ (cuto-womanso-man) 'The man is the one for whom the woman will cut it' or 'The woman will cut it for the man'. Here the action is performed on behalf of the one designated by the particleso. Theso-phrase stands in an indirect relation to the verb. It may indirectly receive the action, be the location of the action, or be the associate or beneficiary of the action. The suffix-an thus marks referential voice (PAN: *-an)

apoyfire; work rapidly like fire; stimulate one to fever pitch (PMP: *hapuy) *Sapuy

aroqanmudfish:Ophiocephalus striatus Bloch; prepare or clean mudfish (PWMP: *qaruqan)

asal-asalprecedents dating very far back; very old status, of people or things (LOAN)

asek-asekpress hard, confine strongly and in an overcrowded condition (PMP: *hasek₂)

auēinterjection expressing astonishment or distress. Alas!; groan, make lamentation, cry (PCEMP: *qaue)

bakoŋCrinum asiaticum L., a plant with white flower, used to treat stomach ache (PAN: *bakuŋ₁)

bekaʔ-bekaʔpart widely, open and close and repeat this for some time (PMP: *bekaq)

bete-betekspar-like thing; poke at target point correctly and well (PMP: *beRtek)

boatbe like, be similar, resemble (as a child resembles its father) (PMP: *buat₂)

bois-anruler, a person to whom tribute is given, tax gatherer or collector (PPh: *buhis-an) *buhís

bokafeast at the end of the fast of Ramadan, feast at the end of Arirayaʔ (PMP: *buka)

bokawsmall red night bird that sounds warning for sorrowful events (PWMP: *bukaw)

bolalakawcraze, madness, insanity (caused by evil spirit); spirit, god of the fish (PPh: *bulalákaw₂)

bosoŋdie as payment for wrong doing (as for killing one's brother) (PWMP: *busuŋ)

botitibloated, as fish, or stomach with wind; fish with air-filled entrails (PWMP: *butiti)

dasekpress (as in pressing down the contents of a sack), full (as the mouth) (PWMP: *da(ŋ)sek)

galogaʔbush with seed used as dye or food coloring:Bixa orellana L. (PWMP: *galugaʔ)

gatos-anfeast celebrated for the dead one hundred days after burial (PWMP: *Ratus-an) *RaCus

gimbalwhack, sound of mosque drum for feast or prayer; stick for mosque drum (PWMP: *gimbal)

gimpiscrush between heavy weights, press (as sugarcane between the rollers of a mill) (PPH: *gimpis)

indaŋvarious trees:Clerodendron Brachyanthum Schauer,Macaranga hispida Blm./Muell.-Arg. (NOISE)

iposdone with, gone away (AlsoTirurayifus 'to complete a contract, agreement or period of time') (ROOT)

karandaʔrectangular or round metal box for betel, pumpkin; suitcase; enclose (LOAN)

lawi a manokplants:Digitaria Argyrostachya A. Camus,Sporobolus diandrus Retz./Beauv. (PMP: *lawi₁)

limeŋto hide, camouflage (as rain that has hidden footprints by washing them away) (PPH: *limeŋ)

logitto pry out; to separate the meat from the shell in copra making (PWMP: *lugit)

madaŋsweet fruit of the breadfruit type:Artocarpus odoratissima Blco. (PWMP: *madaŋ)

ma-maradry, dried (as soil that has dried up, or clothes after washing) (PMP: *ma-maja) *maja

ma-taʔoto have knowledge, know how (as in knowing how to act in a given situation) (PMP: *ma-taqu₁) *Caqu

olestogether; two using the samemalong (skirt-like garment with open ends) (PMP: *qules₂) *qules

ori-orilast to come, one at the end of the line; hindmost, rearmost (PMP: *udehi)

parakscatter (as people scattered about and residing in different locations) (NOISE)

pariaʔsucculent vegetable with quinine bitter taste:Momordica charantia L. (PWMP: *pariaq)

pediʔlonging for particular food, hunger for something particular; appetite (PMP: *hapejiq) *Sapejiq

pintastake away from, disturb, as one does the luck of a gambler (PPH: *pintás)

popokmallet; pound, hammer, knock, beat; copulate, have close or intimate body contact (PAN: *pukpuk)

potolcut (as wood), break (as in breaking twigs off a tree) (PMP: *putul) *putun

raŋawmeasure by using stretched thumb and finger as measuring tool; measuring worm, caterpillar (PPH: *daŋaw)

sambiɁchange, exchange (as a car given in exchange for a jeep; change for money) (NEAR)

sebosudden change from hot to cold temperature; temper (metal), sizzle, boil (PMP: *sebuh) *sebuS

seraypart, as hair or tall grass; divide geographically or politically (PWMP: *ceray)

sesegcrush (as a house by a falling tree), break (as a betel nut with one’s teeth) (PWMP: *seseg)

sikepcatch with bare hand; to reach in a hole or pocket for something; grey bird of prey (PMP: *cikep)

sipittongs, forceps, pincers of crabs or other animals; to clip or carry under the arm (PAN: *sipit)

sokoŋrod used as leash or harness; control by the nose; boom of a sail (PWMP: *sukuŋ)

solotto dress, put on (pants or shirt), to wear, as one wears pants or shirt (PPH: *suq(e)lút)

sorotagreement, agree, fit (as two people who are fit for one another) (PPH: *súrut)

tagomIndigofera suffruticosa Mill. --- leaves used to color things black; black, blacken, dark color: black, brown, blue or gray (PMP: *taRum)

tagoʔput (as rice in a pot), place; contents (as of a sack); keep (as money for someone), hide (as money for safekeeping) (PMP: *taRuq)

tambedto tie; wearmalong (skirt-like garment with open ends) tied around chest (PWMP: *tambej)

tampiʔmalong (skirt-like garment with open ends) worn by men knotted at the waist (PWMP: *tapiq₂)

tanaʔalight, as thing in air; go down, as from a steep thing; relevance (PMP: *taneq)

tandokstuff a siphon with cotton or other suitable material to draw out pus (LOAN)

tegasharden, solidify; salt obtained from boiling and evaporation; tough; hard, white-grained wood (PMP: *teRas)

tekencane or staff for walking; press abdomen to hasten parturition (PMP: *teken)

tipasdetour (as around log in path), swerve; askew (as picture on wall) (PWMP: *tipas)

toaDerris elliptica /Roxb./ Benth., plant used to poison fish; poison (PAN: *tubah)

todiʔa tree bearing edible pods and flowers,Sesbania grandiflora (Linn.) Pers. (PMP: *tudiq)

tokaʔbill of bird, beak, point; pick by bill or beak; bitten by a snake (PPH: *tukaq)

tolakdisown, renounce; push out to sea, as a boat; cut with a bladed weapon (PMP: *tulak)

tondaʔto pull after, drag, lead (as a man leading a carabao by rope) (PPH: *tundaq)

toŋawtiny fleas that plague both man and animal --- dark red in color (PWMP: *tuŋaw₁)

itoŋoRabbitfish, possiblySiganus corallinus (Oscellated orange spinefoot) (POC: *kitoŋ) *kiteŋ

tobaelevated barrier islands (i.e. islands enclosing sheltered water) (POC: *tobwa) *tobwa₁

dānwater; liquid; beverage; fluid; juice; sap of coconut tree (POC: *ranum) *daNum

iaḷroad; path; street; way; itinerary; journey; lane; route; transportation (POC: *jalan) *zalan

jaŋto cry; to play music on radio or phonograph; to lament, mourn, weep; wail (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

māj/meja-eye, face; cutting edge; lid; opening of any container, hole, doorway, or cave, etc. (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mo-urlive; life; existence; alive; recover; exist; cured (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

omwhermit crab \nq The "mw" in this form is whatAbo, Bender, Capelle and deBrum 1976 in the Marshallese-English dictionary describe as a 'heavy' (= pharyngealized) bilabial nasal; they use a cedilla under the 'm'. In some other languages of Micronesia (and Melanesia) which reportedly have a bilabial nasal different from [m] that is produced with lip spreading rather than lip rounding, "mw" is used. (POC: *qumwaŋ) *qumaŋ

peranbrave; courageous; bold; daring; heroic; undaunted; valiant; fearless (POC: *paRane) *baRani

pirotwins; double; grown together; joined; two pandanus keys joined together (POC: *piro)

rarto bleach pandanus leaves over a fire, to dry leaves by fire (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

uweto board; ride; get on; embark; to mount; to rise, of dough (POC: *puat₂) *buhat₃

átissugar apple and tree:Annona squamosa; refers to a small fruit less than the size of a man’s fist which is divided into minute sections and looks something like a small light green grenade; the fruit is full of seeds but the milky white flesh is very sweet (LOAN)

ba-báyifemale; girl, lady, woman (refers to the female sex of any animate being) (PAN: *ba-bahi) *bahi

bayópestle; refers to the item used for pounding/grinding something in a mortar, usually herbs, garlic or grain (PAN: *bayu)

dápdapbeautiful red-flowering deciduous tree that loses all its leaves, then bursts forth in deep red flowers: the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica (PMP: *dapdap₁)

darágaa young female, unmarried girl, young lady, maiden; refers to a young girl of marriageable age (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

dila-dilaʔ-ánto tongue something, as a harmonica in order to blow single notes; teach by use of the tongue (PMP: *dilaq₁)

duldul-óntouch with the hand, reach with a pole, touch with an instrument (PPH: *duldúl₁)

gutgótcut; refers to the piece cut from something else, usually with reference to butchering (PPH: *getget₂)

hi-dalómdeep (this has both a literal and a figurative meaning); deep part (PMP: *dalem)

i-káwyou sg. This form functions as a pre-predicate personal substitute for a subject AN class noun phrase. A different form occurs following predicates (PMP: *i-kahu) *kaSu

i-lawóddownstream area, seaward place; towards town place (PMP: *i-lahud) *lahud

ka2sg topic pronoun; this pronoun occurs only as a clitic to verbs and particles (PMP: *ka₄)

kagátto bite, sting, pinch (also refers to the pinch of a crab) (PMP: *kaRat) *kaRaC

kapúy-onbecome tired, become worn out, become wearied, become exhausted, become fatigued (PPH: *kápuy)

katig-ónoutrigger material (refers to something from which to make an outrigger, as bamboo) (PMP: *katiR)

kilalá-h-onbecome acquainted with, get to know; be treated, be regarded, be considered (PAN: *kilala)

-koI, by me; 1sg genitive pronoun which substitutes for the san class noun phrase; my, of mine (PAN: *-ku)

liug-ónbe forced, be obliged (usually implies the use of physical force) (PAN: *liqeR)

mag-darágabecome a marriageable female; refers to females who become of marriageable age (PWMP: *da-daRa) *daRa₂

mag- dukótto stick, adhere; this meaning is derived from the fact that cooked rice is sticky and is sometimes used to seal envelopes or informal letters (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

mag-gúyodto pull, drag, tow; refers to pulling something along by a tether (PWMP: *guyud₃)

mag-híŋossniffle, inhale through the nose, smell, snuffle; refers especially to play as in teasing a baby (PWMP: *Siŋus)

mag-limábecome five (as when a fifth person joins four already living in a house) (PWMP: *maR-lima) *lima

mag-línogto quake, tremble, shake, shudder (this meaning is limited to earthquakes) (PAN: *linuR)

mag-sábsabto chew a cud (refers to animals which regurgitate their food to chew it more thoroughly) (PAN: *sabsab)

mag-ságʔidto rub against, brush against (as a water buffalo rubbing against a post) (PPH: *saq(e)gid)

mag-sápadseparate hands of bananas from stalk (this means to do it byh removing a whole hand at a time) (PPH: *sápad)

mag-sikátboastful; show off, become pretentious, become flamboyant, act in a grandiose way (PPH: *sikát)

mag-suksókto insert something into or between, as inserting a pencil into the pocket, or a letter into a drawer (PWMP: *maR-seksek) *seksek₁

maki-bágayget along with people, have good interpersonal relations, be congenial (PWMP: *bagay)

mamáʔbetel nut chew (refers to a chew consisting of betel nut,buyo leaves, lime and tobacco) (PMP: *mamaq)

naparticle: already, now (Adi na sinda ‘They are here already’) (PMP: *na₄) *Na₂

niintroduces the personal genitive noun phrase; also introduces the out-of-focus agent of a verbal action (PAN: *ni)

níwaŋthin (refers only to the thinness of an animate being) (PMP: *niwaŋ) *Niwaŋ

ŋilópainfully sensitive. This usually results from eating something sour or tart, or from a shrill sound (PAN: *ŋilu)

pam-pilítadhestive, glue, paste, something used as glue or paste (PMP: *pilit₁)

pa-nipis-ánbe thinned (as lumber that is trimmed down for some purpose) (PMP: *nipis) *Nipis

paónbait, lure, enticement; something used to entice the victim in fishing or trapping (PAN: *paen)

para-hi-ŋútolice catcher … refers to someone who regularly catches and kills lice in someone else’s hair (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

púsoʔheart; banana plant heart (refers to the interior of the banana plant which is eaten as a vegetable) (PMP: *pusuq₁)

sabʔít-ana hook; anything used for hanging things (hook, nail or anything protruding which can serve the purpose) (PPh: *saqebit-án) *saqebit

sikuh-ónbe elbowed, be hit with an elbow, be nudged with an elbow (PWMP: *siku-en) *sikux

súndaŋwork bolo, bush knife, machete, a short square-ended bolo for work (LOAN)

tulúh-ansuitable for three (refers to something which is adequate for three portions, usually used in terms of food) (PWMP: *telu-an) *telu

kes-keeze-ŋablue or green color that is bright, intense, or strong (POC: *keja)

kete-liver; chest; place of feelings, conscience (used in many expressions describing emotional states) (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

kilaalaperceive, recognize; realize, understand; be aware, know well (PAN: *kilala)

koulime powder made by heating up pieces of coral; it is chewed together with betel nut and betel pepper fruits or leaves (PMP: *kapuR)

lua-ispit out something from one’s mouth (as the pulp of betel nut) (PMP: *luaq)

-lulto roll up, curl up, roll a cylindrical object back and forth in one’s hands (used of paper, tobacco leaves) (PMP: *lulun) *luluN

lumalgae (green, slimy growth on trees and on stones under the water) (PMP: *lumut)

luŋroller (logs put on the ground, on which canoes and other heavy objects are rolled) (POC: *luŋan)

maand (simultaneity or close temporal sequence, often causal, links predications that are components of a single complex event, cosubordinate nexus) (PAN: *maS)

ma-maazadry enough so that water does not drip anymore; dry, as the tongue when saliva stops flowing (PMP: *ma-maja) *maja

manbird (general term, also includes bats and other flying creatures with bones) (POC: *manuk)

mataeye, physical organ of sight; face, presence/sight of, appearance, front, color; kind, sort, type; mind; blade, edge, point, end, sharp, powerful, intense (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata-kiŋadifferent types, different sorts (kiŋa = scattered, dispersed’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

nathen (Sombe yaŋ isu, na ko nio aŋma som [FUT rain 3sg. fall, then IRR 1sg 1sg.come NEG] ‘If it rains, then I won’t come to you’) (PMP: *na₄) *Na₂

nadeterminer; bound relic of theProto-Oceanic article*na occurring on some nouns, most of which are probably borrowed from theMaleu language of northwest New Britain (PMP: *na₁)

niimiget rid of something, remove water, bail out (water), scoop out (as in bailing out a canoe); take all of someone’s possessions, use up all of what someone has (POC: *nimas)

ŋurŋurgrowling (of a dog); grunt at, growl at (used of pigs and dogs) (POC: *ŋuru) *ŋurut

pokburst up into view, appear, come up into view, rise up (as sun rising above horizon, creature emerging from water) (POC: *pwaka)

resoutheast monsoon season, wind that blows very strongly from a southeasterly direction during June-September, a rainy time in which sea travel is difficult due to the roughness of the sea, a time for harvesting yams, collecting sago,galip nuts, andtalis nuts (PCEMP: *raki)

saamaoutrigger; wife (figurative, indirect way of referring to someone’s wife) (POC: *saman) *saRman

-talto coil up, wind something thick around something else (used of cane and bigger things) (POC: *tali₂) *tali

tutto hit, strike; hammer, pound, mash; knock; bump against, hit against (POC: *tutuk₂) *tuktuk₃

we pen ma pukpukflapping helplessly, floundering, be in trouble and helpless (like a turtle lying on its back and flapping its flippers helplessly) (POC: *poñu) *peñu

zaalapath, road; way, manner; way of life; opportunity, chance (POC: *jalan) *zalan

423.Melanau (Balingian)(10)WMP[mel] (Melanau, Central)Malaysia (Sarawak)[aka: Balingian]

424.Melanau (Matu)(16)WMP[dro] (Melanau, Daro-Matu)Malaysia (Sarawak)[aka: Matu Melanau]

425.Melanau (Mukah)(340)WMP(Blust n.d. (1971))[mel] (Melanau, Central)Malaysia (Sarawak)[aka: Mukah Melanau]

abuktiny ash-like particles in the air (as from sago flour that is too dry) (PMP: *qabuk)

buaʔfruit; round or rounded object (used in names of many fruits and some vegetables) (PMP: *buaq)

b-uyewmarine crab one to four inches in diameter, with large pincers (PMP: *qayuyu)

-en-, -i-(in ablauting verbs) marker of the preterite passive (PAN: *<in>) *-in-

kədəŋto raise, pull up into a standing position (as a tree that is down) (PMP: *kedeŋ)

-kəw1sg genitive pronoun (marker of non-subject agency and possession) (PAN: *-ku)

mə-ŋuniəŋto become yellow, ripen (as rice in the field); make something yellow (LOAN)

puputspray water from the mouth, blow suddenly, puff; anything spat out (food, etc. mixed with saliva) (PMP: *putput₂)

dama-myour father (used by persons of GP's generation in speaking to GC) (PAN: *da-amax) *amax

tuʔəhstage in the ripening of fruits just before full ripeness (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

427.Melanau Dalat(79)WMP[mel] (Melanau, Central)Malaysia (Sarawak)(dialects:Kampung Kekan 4,Kampung Teh 54)[aka: Dalat Melanau]

kawitto hook something (as a fruit with a fruiting pole, or anything to be pulled toward oneself) (PAN: *kawit)Kampung Teh

səsəgto pound something (as gunpowder into a bamboo cannon, or rice into a bamboo tube for cooking) (PWMP: *seseg)

nərítall latex-yielding tree with large edible sweet green fruit (PMP: *ñatuq)

a-prefix indicating the completion of an event e.g.bala 'come out',a-bala 'it is out' (PMP: *ha-₁) *ha-

arigiposts upon which a house rests; posts that support the veranda of a house; posts under a sleeping platform (PMP: *hadiRi) *SadiRi

betekstretch, put under tension (a bow, mousetrap, etc.); tension (PWMP: *betek₂)

bilucape; bend in a river; circumnavigate a cape or a bend in the river (PMP: *biluk)

buafruit; husk; flower; testicle; part of the breast tattooing; ZC (nephew or niece) (PMP: *buaq)

mataydead; death; die; kill; go out (cigarette); set (sun); become feeble (penis) (PMP: *m-atay) *aCay

tubaa plant,Derris elliptica, Leguminosae, the sap of which is used as a poison to stun and catch fish; fish caught in this way (PAN: *tubah)

adat laŋkahextra fee for marrying a younger sister before the elder has been married off (PMP: *laŋkaq₁)

baŋartemporary dullness of hearing, e.g. after much diving or a stiff dose of quinine (PWMP: *beŋeR)

busuəŋswollen; belligerent attitude (tabooed behavior toward the guardian of customary law) (PWMP: *busuŋ)

datu-aʔtitle for administrators of customary law; term of address to an elder; grandfather (van der Toorn 1891) (PMP: *datu)

(h)antakramming down; tapping with the forepart of the foot, the heel remaining stationary (PWMP: *qantak)

jariaŋauthe sweet flag,Acorus calamus. A medicinal plant much used as a family remedy for children's complaints (PWMP: *zariaŋaw)

kaka-Ɂolder sister (in some places also older brother); term of address used with the wife of an older brother or for women who the speaker regards as older than himself (PMP: *kaka₂)

ma-uduah-kanplace a taboo sign as proof of ownership (usually accompanied by a spoken formula intended to bring sickness or misfortune to anyone who steals what is so marked) (PMP: *uduq₂)

mə-lasaŋto sit astride on anything; to handle roughly (fig.) (PWMP: *lasaŋ₂)

paguthe upper and more solid shelf over the kitchen fire (the lower light rack beingsalaian) (PWMP: *pagu)

paŋatstuffing fish or flesh and stewing it in a rich spicy sauce (PWMP: *paŋat)

ra(n)samforest fern:Gleichenia linearis, of which some parts are like whalebone and make Malay pens (PMP: *aResam)

sapaŋa low thorny tree with yellow flowers:Caesalpinia sappan; it produces sappan wood which is cut to pieces and boiled to produce a red dye (PWMP: *sapaŋ)

simpaŋbranching off; turning off at an angle (of crossroads branching off in three, four, five or six directions; fig., of a man controverting another’s words) (PMP: *simpaŋ)

si-ŋiaŋ-ŋiaŋwhining ghosts of unwanted children, taking the form of frogs (PWMP: *ŋiaŋ)

suyokprojecting part of the roof at the narrower ends of a Malay house (PWMP: *suy(e)quk)

tawaito test; to put to the proof; to try the taste (of anything) (PWMP: *taway)

tiŋkahto reply, of a person answering another; also of drum answering drum (LOAN)

tiŋ-kulukheadcloth worn by women; it is of the nature of a wrapper, and provides the long pendent ends that are seen hanging behind the largepayakombo headdress worn on gala occasions (LOAN)

uduahincantation; kind of basket with cooked rice, sugar and grated coconut, set in the field during rice-planting to guard against calamity (PMP: *uduq₂)

undoŋ-undoŋscreen or veil thrown over the head as a protection against rain (PMP: *uduŋ)

kuraynatural wood grain (also used of design in fowl’s feathers, etc.) (PWMP: *kuray)

ka-kamʷatree with small rounded, light green leathery leaves, white motley-colored bark, and small, fig-shaped fruit (POC: *kamwa-kamwa)

443.Modang (Long Glat)(2)WMP[mxd] (Modang)Indonesia (Kalimantan)[aka: Long Glat Modang]

pa-lamudto participate; to get involved in; to take part in; to associate with; to meddle (PWMP: *pa-lamuj) *lamuj

damoutrigger boom; wife (metaphorical, in the sense of ‘steadying influence’) (POC: *saman) *saRman

man-manspiritually powerful, able to do magic without artifice; magic, spiritual power (POC: *mana₂)

manubird; childhood disease thought to be caused by a bird in the body (POC: *manuk)

teteto walk along a ridge or branch of tree; to go towards the reef (POC: *tete) *taytay

450.Mongondow(1021)WMP(Dunnebier 1951)[mog]Indonesia (Sulawesi)[aka: Bolaang Mongondow]

aexclamation capable of expressing joy or amazement, as well as fear and shock (PMP: *a₃)

a-prefixed marker of location;a monik 'above, on top',a monag 'below, underneath' (PAN: *qa₁)

a-prefixed marker of location;a monik 'above, on top',a monag 'below, underneath' (PMP: *ha₃) *Sa₂

-ansuffix with locative sense, where what the base-word says happens, is, or comes; afflicted with (PAN: *-an)

asalorigin, cause, beginning; that from which one stems, ancestor; provided that (LOAN)

ataslave; often used to mean 'servant' in contrast with more prominent people (PMP: *qaRta)

bagua thin-stemmed, short tree from the bast of which cordage is made:Gnetum gnemon (PWMP: *baguh)

balunprovisions for a journey; bundle of sago, kind of carrying basket filled with sago (PWMP: *balun₂)

bataʔyoung, of animals and plants; good-looking, esp. of the appearance of youths (PWMP: *bataq)

biaglive, grow, exist; shoot, sprout; end of a rope; kindling of a fire, lighting of a cigarette; care for, tend, raise, bring up (PWMP: *bihaR)

bilafriend; also used for brother-in-law (but not as a term of address, as this islagoʔ) (LOAN)

bintaŋstar of diamond in the forehead with which -- according to legend -- some princes and princesses are born (LOAN)

binuaŋkind of light wood of which boats are made:Octomeles Moluccana (PWMP: *binuaŋ)

b-in-uga-anwas spit out (text example: a princess spews masticated old betel nut on adversaries who are thereby struck dead upon contact) (PMP: *buRah-an) *buReS

biŋkittwisted piece of material, as a handkerchief, used as a headband (PWMP: *biŋkis)

bo-bogoiwhat is used to pay a fine, what is done or given in penance (PMP: *beRay)

boganileader, commander, champion, hero, war chief (in former times), someone who dares to undertake something (PMP: *baRani)

bombaŋfly up, rise up together, as a swarm of flies, a flock of chickens (ROOT)

bonawaŋroomy and light; the forepart of a house; annex built under the (overhanging) roof whether in the front of the house, or on the side (PWMP: *banawaŋ)

bondulcrude expression for eating: gorge oneself (til the belly almost bursts) (PMP: *bendul) *bedul

botakto tear, split, break in two, cut in half, break out or emerge from; auxiliary for things that have been halved (PMP: *betak)

botu-anhaving blisters or calluses; also: a blister will form (it is already beginning to get red (PMP: *betu₃) *beCu

botukbent into a curve, of a length of rattan, a young bamboo or branch (PMP: *bentuk)

buatlift up, raise; begin; stand up; rise from one's place; climb up; start, leave (PMP: *buhat₃)

bubuksmall beetle that bores through materials and can cause serious damage in wood, rice and maize (PMP: *bukbuk₃)

bubulfeathers, fur, body hair and pubic hair; used as a term of abuse (PPh: *bulbúl)

bugaspit or spew out (with force), squirt out, exhale forcefully (PMP: *buRah) *buReS

bukasopen a door, remove the lid of a chest or box, open bed curtains, etc.; open the eyes (PMP: *bu(ŋ)kas) *bukas

bukaʔloosen, untie, open up; come loose; appear, arise; to sprout (of plants); rising of sun, moon or stars, and of air bubbles from the water; open the eyes (PWMP: *bukaʔ)

buligto carry, of two or more persons using a carrying pole or a stretcher (PWMP: *bulig)

buntoground, globular, spherical; shaped like the calf of the leg (PMP: *bunteR)

busirbud, beginning of a fruit (visible once the flower has fallen away) (PWMP: *butir)

busisiʔkind of marine fish; also used for a constellation, the Stingray, and for a half-formed frog (with new head, and tail from its tadpole stage) (PPh: *butítiq)

dagatsea, saltwater; according to some speakersdagat refers specifically to shallow sea near the coast (PMP: *daRat)

dagitseize something in a swift motion, as a bird of prey or a crocodile does (PPH: *daRit)

dakitto ignite, as a hearth fire; spread, jump across (also applied to sicknesses) (PWMP: *za(ŋ)kit)

dapotcome to or toward; arrive, reach; be fulfilled; bring in contact with, or bump against something; go toward a goal, to lay or set something on something else (PMP: *dapet)

datulord, prince, king; in earlier times people hardly dared to use the worddatu, and generally called the princeki tuang ‘the lord’ (PMP: *datu)

gimbaldouble-headed drum about a meter long, used in ceremonies to honor the ancestors (PWMP: *gimbal)

guʔaŋmine shaft, in particular one from which gold is excavated (PWMP: *Ruqaŋ)

ilu-adiʔshrub, the leaves of which are used to clean the bottoms of infants in the first few days of life (PAN: *qiluS)

im-buaʔ-anremove the endosperm of a germinating coconut to eat (children love to do this) (PMP: *buaq)

-in-infix which forms passives from underived verbs, thereby indicates that something or someone has entirely undergone the action described by the verb; past tense (PAN: *<in>) *-in-

iowexclamation of shock, fear, or astonishment used particularly by women (PAN: *qiaw)

iutcoitus; also, frequently used very coarse swearword, especially if women are present (PAN: *qiut)

kaɁitsweep with a sago palm leaf; scratch up the ground, of fowls (PWMP: *kaqis)

kamu2pl., you all (used only when a specific number of persons is named, thus:kamu-nda ‘you two’, kamu-(in)-tolu>/wd> ‘you three’,kamu opat ‘you four’) (PMP: *kamu₂) *amu

kasiglong bamboo or outrigger boom of a boat used to prevent capsizing (PMP: *katiR)

ko-marker of abstract nouns:ko-loben ‘size, magnitude’ (cp.mo-loben ‘large’) (PAN: *ka-₅)

kolobcover tightly; cover an object completely with, for example, a fly-cover (for drinks), or a basket (PPH: *keleb)

komaligthe house of the prince: palace. In priestly language: house (PMP: *kamaliR)

kompoŋintestines, according to some only the bowels without the stomach; also: belly (PWMP: *kempuŋ) *kempeŋ

ko-pituseven times; also ‘seventh’, but it then indicates a closer connection with the preceding ‘six’ thanimpitu (PMP: *ka-pitu) *pitu

kulintaŋmusical instrument consisting of five copper bowls placed on a wooden frame (PWMP: *kulintaŋ)

kuraŋused primarily to mean ‘displeased’ (in one’s feelings about someone) (LOAN)

kutu im batuused in explaining something very trifling, or when one humbles oneself (‘stone louse’) (PMP: *kutu₁) *kuCux

lekap, likapgrope with hands or feet, as a blind person, or someone in the dark (ROOT)

liŋuslightly disarranged; to almost forget, not remember well; almost escape (PWMP: *liŋu)

luaʔtears; anything that flows out; to flow out (of tears, blood, saliva); to spit out, vomit (PMP: *luheq) *luSeq

lukutparasite or creeper that grows on durian trees, etc., and which is used medicinally (PAN: *lukuC)

l<um>otuloss of vital energy or life-force (usually from sudden shock or fright) (PWMP: *l<um>esu) *lesu₃

mataeye; blade of a knife, cutting edge; the essence of something; counting classifier for sharp things like swords, knives, lances and nails (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mo-batunpull up, come up out of the depths, pull out of a pit or out of the water (PMP: *bantun)

mo-bokatbreak through, break out or loose, burst open (as a pond when the water finds an outlet, or a dam breaks) (PAN: *bekas₁)

mo-dua-dua iŋ ginato doubt, waver, hesitate (lit. ‘to have two breaths, minds, hearts’ (PMP: *duha) *duSa

mog-akutgo back and forth repeatedly in order to bring or carry something, put something down, or into something else, as rice, corn, firewood, etc. (PMP: *hakut) *SakuC

mog-ampilhave constantly near one, care for or look after something (so that one doesn't lose it) (PMP: *hampil)

mog-osicreate shallows, as by damming a river in order to catch freshwater shrimps (PPh: *maR-qeti) *qeti₁

moki-ompusubject oneself to or put oneself in the service of a lord (PMP: *maki-empu) *empu

mo-koyutpicking of vegetables, etc., but especially of rice; to harvest (PWMP: *ma-ŋezut) *kezut

mo-matunto pull up (in a metaphorical sense); to free, or purchase the freedom of slaves, emancipate, lift up from humiliation (PMP: *bantun)

mo-mogottie an artificial spur to the leg of a cock, or a weapon to the horns of a fighting carabao (PWMP: *maŋ-beRkes) *beRkes

mo-mokat(deliberately) provide an outlet in order to drain a pond, etc. (PAN: *bekas₁)

mo-mo-tadaŋcarry something that hangs from the middle of a strap over the shoulder (PPH: *sad(e)qaŋ)

mo-mutulto knot, tie a knot in thread or string (sometimes done as a means of keeping track of the passage of days until a certain event) (PMP: *butequl)

mo-muyakto bloom, of creepers, climbers, coffee plants; become pregnant, of upper class women (PWMP: *bujak)

mo-naguʔto store, keep, lay away, put away; leave behind (an inheritance); to withhold, keep in the heart; to inculcate, impress on someone (PWMP: *ma-naRuq) *taRuq

mo-naŋagto elope with an unmarried girl (elopement with a married woman ismoŋ-agow) (PPH: *taŋaR)

mo-nobicollapse of the ground from floodwaters or a heavy rain (PMP: *tebiq) *Cebiq

mo-oŋ-kolom-aiused to describe the time of day when light is fading, dusk (PAN: *kelem)

mo-piagood, beautiful, proper, in order; healthy; delicious, agreeable (PMP: *ma-pia) *pia₂

mo-pupudblunt; wasting away, of limbs from sickness; to lose a finger, etc. (PPH: *ma-pudpud) *pudpud

mo-talugfollow the edge of a cultivated field, a river bank or river bed (PWMP: *saluR)

moyo-dameto re-establish ties of friendship, make peace with one another (PWMP: *damay)

mubudto strew, scatter (medicine on wound, corn to entice chickens, etc.) (PWMP: *maŋ-bubud) *bubud

ŋaŋaopening or entrance of an elongated object, as a bamboo internode used in cooking, or a long passage; can also be used for opening of the mouth or the entrance to the gullet (PMP: *ŋaŋa₂)

oḷomcoolness, protection from the heat of the sun, shadow (distinct fromolinow 'the shadow of something'), the cool place under a tree (PMP: *elem₁)

olutonremains of firewood in the hearth, pieces of smoldering wood (PMP: *aluten)

ompu-anthat toward which respect is shown; that which is respected or honored (PWMP: *empu-an) *empu

ompu-ʔopening word in the solemn invocation of the higher powers, as when swearing an oath, treating the sick with medicine, in uttering blessings, congratulations, etc.; O gods! (PMP: *empu-q) *empu

onatunroll, draw out (of a ball of yarn or string); stretch oneself (PWMP: *eñat)

ondi-ʔterm used by elders to address girls up to about seven years of age (obsolescent); also used as a proper name (PWMP: *enzi-q) *enzi

onopsunken in or covered with water; saturated, as cooked rice in a cooking pot which still contains water (PMP: *eñep)

opitsubstance between the leaves and stem of a coconut palm, something like theidup (horsehair-like fibers) of an areca palm; a few interwoven pieces are commonly used as the inner lining of baskets used to carry sago (PPH: *epis)

opoḷattree with leaves that can be used as sandpaper:Ficus politoria (PMP: *qa(m)pelas)

paŋia tree,Pangium edule. Its shredded leaves are mixed with bacon and blood and cooked in a bamboo to make a favorite dish. The seeds of the fruit are also eaten, but are poisonous and must first be roasted (PWMP: *paŋi)

p-atoykill; extinguish a fire or light; bring flowing water to a standstill (PMP: *p-atay) *aCay

p<in>aŋkatone appointed to a given rank; the exalted one (used esp. of the spirits of the dead) (LOAN)

pindiŋbelt buckle or clasp (mostly of gold or gilded silver); little girls of prominent families, as they wander about stark naked often have a goldenpinding hanging before their private parts (LOAN)

pitowmachete or bolo that a Mongondow man always keeps by his side when travelling (PMP: *pisaw)

pituaexplanation, interpretation (of a dream, etc.); information; prophecy (LOAN)

po-buat-antime or place in which one shall leave; expected departure (PMP: *buhat₃)

poki-ompusubject oneself to the authority of another (as to a prince) (PWMP: *paki-empu) *empu

pokog-atodtime of the bringing of something (used in a fixed expression uttered at the time the marriage dowry is brought) (PMP: *hateD) *SateD

poḷutto get loose (as flower petals, or an animal from a noose trap) (PAN: *pelus)

po-mamaʔbetel kit, the full set of accessories for chewing betel nut (PMP: *mamaq)

pompaŋsteep slope of a mountain, but one along which one can still descend (PWMP: *paŋpaŋ)

p<om>upul-antime when (or place where) trees are being (or will be) hacked down (PWMP: *pulpul₁)

po-noyaɁside-dish, either fish or meat that is eaten with the main course (PPH: *sedaq)

popodend, ending, extremity (as the end of a rope, a village, a conversation) (PWMP: *pedped₂)

popota piece of something; to cut in two or in pieces, of a long object or a snake (PPH: *petpet₃)

putuʔheart; also heart-shaped inflorescence of the banana plant (PMP: *pusuq₁)

silomfade, become invisible (as stars at the rising of the sun); blinded by glare (PWMP: *silem)

silomto fade from sight (as stars with the rising sun); blinded by a strong light (PWMP: *tilem₁)

sipuʔpicking (of fruit), shelling (of maize), falling out (of teeth) (PPH: *tipuq)

siʔatpart of something that is split; classifier for split rattan, bamboo (PWMP: *siqat)

tabaʔaŋ, tobaʔaŋkind of shrub:Cordyline terminalis; the leaves are used in sacrificial offerings and the branches employed as boundary markers (PWMP: *sabaqaŋ)

takitghosts of lower rank that cause sickness and all sorts of trouble, and that reside in springs, rivers, oddly-shaped stones, in the forest, etc., above all in lonesome and deserted places; takit also means ‘sickness’, and is then associated with the forces that cause sickness (PMP: *sakit)

takoiget on a horse or a vehicle, go for a ride, sail, navigate (PMP: *sakay₁)

taḷaʔmistake, error, fault, guilt; difference, distinction; fine, penalty (PMP: *salaq₁)

taŋitkind of song that is heard, for example, during the demolition of the scaffolding in the deathhouse of a prince (PWMP: *saŋit)

tataʔsago palm leaves stripped of the mid-rib and used as roofing material (PMP: *sasah)

togopa tree from which birdlime is obtained:Artocarpus elastica (PWMP: *teRep)

toli-butaʔstand in relation to the earth, as through rights of usufruct (PMP: *buRtaq)

tondagto roast (of coffee, corn or peanuts) in a pan on the fire (PMP: *saŋelaR)

toŋkobridgepole cover, the bamboo that covers the ridge of the roof (PWMP: *se(ŋ)keb)

toŋo sikuan elbow-length: a measure from the middle finger to the elbow of the same arm (some say this is a longer measure from the middle finger to the elbow of the opposite arm) (PAN: *sikux)

topiɁbunch, cluster, as of bananas; classifier in counting bunches of bananas (PAN: *sepiq)

to-tabakkind of hammer used to pound sago out of the sago palm (PWMP: *tabak₁) *tabak

totoya bridge, formerly not much more than a tree trunk or bamboo over the water (PMP: *taytay)

tubatwaste, what is thrown away, as a chewed betel quid or a fruit from which the juice has been sucked (PWMP: *tu(m)bas)

tukoda prop; to prop up or support; press a sagging surface upward (as a ceiling) (PAN: *suked)

tuŋowbush louse, a nearly invisble light red insect that bores into the pores of the skin and causes terrible itching (PWMP: *tuŋaw₁)

uliʔrepair, mend; return something to its original condition; quenching of thirst, hunger (PMP: *uliq₁)

uluhead; beginning, origin; the most prominent or highest point (PMP: *qulu) *quluh

uyuʔcharm used to safeguard one's property, but also used to inflict harm on others (PMP: *uduq₂)

wakat-anshore or swamp tree on high stilt-roots:Rhizophora conjugata (PMP: *wakat)

fanaaim at with bow; fa-fana go to kill birds or fish with bow and arrow (PAN: *panaq)

-apersonal pronoun, 3sg., suffixed as object to verb and preposition; him, her, it (PMP: *-a₂)

a-simple preposition, locative; at; before infinitive verb, to; used before the names of places; forms compound preposition,avune 'on', etc. (PAN: *qa₁)

a-simple preposition, locative; at; before infinitive verb, to; used before the names of places; forms compound preposition,avune 'on', etc. (PMP: *ha₃) *Sa₂

aruthe casuarina tree, which has a sacred character; hencetano aruaru 'a sacred place witharu trees' (POC: *aRu) *aRuhu

ganto eat food; to eat, as an ulcer or sore; to spread, as fire (POC: *kani) *kaen

gara cockle shell, used to cut yam vines, and to scrape out meat of coconut (POC: *kaRi₂)

garuto advance by motion of legs and arms, so to wade and swim, of men (POC: *kaRu₁)

ira3rd pl. suffixed to verb and preposition; never subject; the people, companions of (PEMP: *ira) *ida

-k1sg possessive pronoun, suffixed to some nouns: my (same as–ku) (POC: *-gu) *-ku

kokoto keep close, contract; carry water in hands or leaf (POC: *kokop) *kebkeb₁

koko-rto enclose, hold carefully with both hands; keep carefully, faithfully (POC: *kokop) *kebkeb₁

koko-sto enclose, prevent from escaping, as fish in a net, fowls by the people catching them (POC: *kokop) *kebkeb₁

korto become dry, with heat or time; coconut in its last condition before it falls from the tree; a breadfruit artificially dried (POC: *koRaŋ₁) *keRaŋ₃

lauthe seaside as opposed to the inland, the beach as approached from the land (POC: *laur) *lahud

lowhat is inward, and thence place; in, at; as in compound prepositionalo (‘in, on’),ilo (‘into’),talo (‘of or belonging to’); in names of places, as Lo Sepere (POC: *lom) *lem

maloa tree, probably a mulberry; the girdle of leaves and flowers used bytamate (members of the ‘ghost’ society) (PCEMP: *malaw)

mamafather, in addressing him; also in speaking of him, less properly; to call one’s father (POC: *mama) *mamah

manaan invisible spiritual force or influence; to influence, work upon withmana; to havemana; a charm, sung withmana, to pass it (POC: *mana₂)

-na3sg. possessor, suffixed to a class of nouns and to one preposition (POC: *-ña) *-a₂

palato double, set stick against stick, set across; wattle; fasten between two stickspalapalato move crossing one another, cut with scissors; scissors (LOAN)

palaŋset one thing obliquely across another; to wattle sticks (PMP: *palaŋ₁)

pia-icoagulated vegetable sap; such as sap of bananas when cut; the sap of the pith of sago (POC: *biRaq₃) *biRaq₂

pia-icoagulated vegetable sap; such as sap of bananas when cut; the sap of the pith of sago (POC: *biRas₂) *biRas

punto dash out by hand or foot, rub out, as fire or anything written on a slate; to satisfy, said of food (PMP: *punas)

puto-isomething that stands up round; navel; inner substance of a rod or withe; pistil of flowers (POC: *buto)

roŋoto feel, hear, smell, taste, apprehend by senses; be patient of, be in a passive state (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

rovato stretch out the arm, stretch out at arms’s length; to measure with the stretch of the arms; a fathom (POC: *ropa) *depah

rowospring, leap, move quickly up forward, rise, grow; of birds and flying fish, to fly (POC: *Ropok) *Rebek

sak kaloto catch a thing, under it, as it falls; hang up on a line (PMP: *sakup₁)

saruto put on or off what is drawn around the body in one piece (hat, bracelet, armlet, dancing dress put over the head) (PMP: *saRuk)

savasomething; interrogative pronoun, what?; of a kind, what kind?; any kind whatever (PMP: *sapa)

seiinterrogative and indefinite pronoun, who?; some, anyone; with or without a personal article,i-sei (PMP: *sei) *

suliua sucker from roots, shoot from tubers (metaphorically, children, offspring) (PMP: *suli₁)

tano pul ~ tano puluttenacious earth, red, black, volcanic earth which sticks, used in buildingwona (stone feasting platform) at Gaua (POC: *tanoq pulut) *taneq

taŋito weep, cry, with reference both to tears and sounds; to cry, of birds, animals; sound of musical instruments; to weep, as a tree when chopped (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

tassea, saltwater; the name of the lake at Gaua, so called because the water of it is notpei, simple water, buttas, brackish (PMP: *tasik)

Tasmatea district of Mota to leeward where the sea is quiet or dead; generally the lee side of an island (PMP: *tasik)

tauseason, either of planting, or of the maturity of what is planted (PMP: *taqun)

ta-val-a imwathe other side of the house; members of the otherveve, with whom alone marriage is allowed (POC: *bali₇) *baliw₁

tikato glance off; the game, played with reeds which glance off the ground; the reed used in the game (POC: *tika)

tovspring below high water mark; the brackish water of such a spring (POC: *topuc) *Cebuj

tovspring below high water mark; the brackish water of such a spring (POC: *topuR) *tebuR

tur-saŋathe main post of a house, forked to receive theqatsuna (POC: *saŋa₁)

umwaclear away growth from a garden, the first stage in preparation (PMP: *quma) *qumah

utularge long fish with very sharp teeth and small scales: a sphyraenid, baracouta (PMP: *qutud)

vago or come; the same used as auxiliary with the notion of going on, but not easy to distinguish from the causativeva- (POC: *pa₃) *ba₆

valto refrain from certain food as a sign of mourning (PMP: *baliw₃) *baliw₁

valistall coarse grass; in recent use grass generally and onions (POC: *palici) *baliji

valistall coarse grass; in recent use grass generally and onions (POC: *palisi₂) *balizi

var-prefix, 1. of reciprocity, 2. of plurality (e.g. children crying all together) (PEMP: *paRi-)

varathe shoot, plumule, of the cocoanut, as it forms first within the nut, afterwards when it shoots outside, and finally as growing up from the radicle (PMP: *para)

varasto stamp for something; to trample on; to trample to death, as intruders in agamal (men’s house) (POC: *paRas)

vatotopins which fasten the yoke-pieces to the outrigger of a canoe (PEMP: *patoto)

vunto poison fish with leaves, fruits, bark that is rubbed in the hands (POC: *(bp)una)

wasto drive a hole, make a hole by hammering in some tool, as to drive holes through the plank side-pieces with a shell tool, and lash them to the hull (POC: *pasok) *pasek

wilturn over, turn on axis; to peel, turning the fruit over in peeling (POC: *piliŋ) *biliŋ

woroto squeeze, wring out (juice of herbs, liquor of fruits) over food and things prepared for charms (POC: *poRos) *peRes

wotrise up, stand up, appear, shoot up (as land coming into sight when at sea) (POC: *potu₁) *betu₁

adastalk (pedicel) of one banana; stalk of various fruits; body of penis; the stalk (pedicel) of a bunch of bananas iskwasi (POC: *kada)

adiagreen jobfish:Aprion virescens; small-tooth emperor:Lethrinus microdon (POC: *kasika)

aiof time or place; in, at, when, during. May be used after single words or clauses (POC: *ai₁)

asihull of large multi-hulled canoe (finished more roughly than single-hulled canoe); large canoe (POC: *katiR)

ata-ispace between earth and sky; above, seawards; used withkahana to mean 'southeast direction' (NOISE)

bubuhymen; an insect like a wild bee that destroys timber (POC: *pupuk₂) *bukbuk₃

dae-kauto ascend to and reach a place, e.g. to go up onto a veranda from the ground (POC: *sake) *sakay₄

dodo-ato soak up; to absorb; to drink up (used of a sponge, cloth, etc., and of persons) (POC: *sosop) *sepsep

dudu-ato insert in armlet; to prod with a stick (as a wasp’s nest, so as to make it fall) (PAN: *suksuk)

halo-ato perfect, complete (of work badly done and returned to worker) (POC: *palos) *bales₂

halo-asteer off the wind so that the sail may catch the wind better (POC: *palo₁)

haraplatform of sticks on which meat is grilled; a gridiron (POC: *paRa, baRa) *paRa₁

henao-henaosteal again and again; constant theft; illicit intercourse; fornication (POC: *penako) *Cakaw

hiri-afasten by twisting round and round; tie up a parcel or bundle, twisting string all round it; to kill for visitors (as a pig) (PMP: *pirit)

huaincrease (as an ulcer, or wave about to break); be full (of udder); to fruit (POC: *puaq) *buaq

huato increase (as an ulcer, or a wave about to break), to be full (of an udder), to fruit (POC: *pula₄)

hure aisito be drifted by tide or current eastward; to be lifted up on beach by tide or current (POC: *puRe₁)

i-instrumental prefix (daro-a 'sweep',i-daro 'broom',budu-a 'bore a hole',i-budu 'boring instrument', etc.) (PMP: *i-) *Si-₁

inaaddress of a child to its mother;ina used also when speaking to a child of its mother (PCEMP: *ina)

kani-kanifull of dirt, weeds or mud (metaphor of infectious diseases, wars, raids or killing) (POC: *kani-kani)

koro-abreak off twigs so as to mark the road; to notch, to carve (POC: *korot) *geret

kuru-kurulong grass used for thatching:Imperata cylindrica (POC: *kuRun) *guRun

laura-badasoutheast trade wind (brings refreshing coolness from the sea) (POC: *aura)

mase maseused as an intensive withhebiri (sit or stand close together),hesede (crowded, jostle, etc.) (PMP: *m-atay m-atay) *aCay

mataeye; point or tip of anything; mesh; a synonym of death; foremost (PMP: *mata) *maCa

mata hanaisecond sight; to see in a trance; to diagnose, as of doctor (hanai = ‘cross over’) (PMP: *mata) *maCa

nademonstrative adjective, used in place of the definite article (PMP: *na₁)

pisijump quickly upwards, as sparks, or a nail hit wrongly (POC: *pintik) *bitik₁

puneTorres Straits or nutmeg pigeon:Myristicivora spillorrhoa (POC: *bune) *punay

rai-aprepare a canoe for the sea; tie the outrigger on; tie two canoes to make anirai (double-hulled canoe) (POC: *rakit) *dakit

ruruto hold back, slacken the speed of a boat (of an oar, or anything dragging) (POC: *ruru₁)

ruru-rurudisturbed, as the surface of the sea by a wind after a calm (POC: *ruru₂)

sihiman’s girdle; the paper mulberry from which the girdle is made (POC: *tipi)

taia tree the inner bark of which is used for rope-making:Hibiscus tiliaceus (POC: *tali₁) *CaliS

taia tree the inner bark of which is used for rope-making (Hibiscus tiliaceus) (POC: *tail)

taku-taku tau-naa hasty, impulsive man, one who rushes off without waiting to hear the whole story (POC: *taku₁)

tano badathe earth; the land, as distinguished from sky and sea (‘big land’) (POC: *tanoq) *taneq

taoto hold to (used in composition to mean ‘hold fast’, as inmoi-atao ‘to hold by stepping on’) (PMP: *ta(ŋ)kep₂)

tara-iato adze; to chop; to cut wood; to sting (of hornet); to peck food (of fowls) (PAN: *taRaq₁)

tuhathe dynamite plant, the leaves and roots of which are used to stupefy fish (Derris uliginosa) (POC: *tupa₂) *tubah

uda-udaload, of pots inlagatoi (cited only in the English index sub 'load') (POC: *ucan) *ujan

uda-udaload pots intolagatoi [traditional sailing canoe used on trading voyages] (PMP: *lujan)

udu kibinarrow-mouthed; of a water pot with narrow mouth; of a small mouth due to a sore (POC: *kibit) *kipit

uhethe end of the yam which is kept for planting; any seed for planting (PEMP: *upe)

urudeep groaning; stertorous breathing, as when near death (POC: *uRuŋ) *huRuŋ

bhaŋkomangrove tree (its wood is used for cooking and building) (PWMP: *bakehaw)

dadano longer fresh, wither (of leaves, skin); cook vegetables in water (PMP: *daŋdaŋ₁) *daŋdaŋ

deuneedle (sometimes worn in the cap to ward off malicious spirits) (PAN: *zaRum)

dhadhathe sound of something falling in great numbers (as mangoes falling in quantity all at once from a tree) (PWMP: *dakdak)

fafakind of tree, the wood of which is light and durable, used for boat and house building (PMP: *pa(m)pa)

faghastalk of certain trees (coconut, areca) from which grow branches (PMP: *paqa₂)

fat-ofour (before classifiers, measure nouns, units of time) (PWMP: *pat-aŋ) *Sepat

gambiwooden betel nut container with compartments for betel leaf, areca nut, lime, gambier and tobacco (now obsolete) (LOAN)

inawalife-sustaining force, spirit, soul (of people, animals, also maize and rice; when people die this soul leaves the body) (PMP: *nihawa) *NiSawa

i-toluthree days; commemoration on the third day after someone’s death (PMP: *i-telu) *telu

ka-deverbal noun denoting the abstraction of the verbal quality’:ka-tehi ‘fear’ (cp.tehi ‘afraid’);ka-ghosa ‘strength, hardness, health’ (cp.ghosa ‘strong, hard’) (PAN: *ka-₅)

kaihooked, unable to stretch (of elbow, knee); pull with a hook (fruits, fish), hook up (PAN: *kawit)

ka-laŋkakind of basket with big holes; low frequency; spacing, interval (PWMP: *la(ŋ)ka)

kamalipalace (the former house of the Muna king in the old Kota Muna) (PMP: *kamaliR)

ka-mamasomething chewed (as chewed maize for an infant); to chew on (trans.) (PMP: *mamaq)

ka-matawatch closely, observe (a girl, to find out whether she is a suitable partner) (PMP: *ka-mata) *maCa

ka-tukowalking stick, cane, crutch; use a walking stick or crutch (PAN: *tuked)

konaone’s catch or haul (as a deer caught in a trap); get caught in a trap (as a wild chicken); to catch in a trap (PAN: *keNa)

ko-puhubanana blossom, banana flower which hangs from the stalk (eaten as a vegetable) (PMP: *pusuq₁)

kuliskin; hide, leather; bark; peel, husk, rind, shell, crust (PMP: *kulit) *kuliC

laloheart; seat of emotions (many idioms relating to feelings are formed with this word); wish, desire (PMP: *dalem)

laŋkarare(ly), scarce, seldom; spaced wide apart (of teeth, plants, etc.) (PWMP: *la(ŋ)ka)

liligo or travel around; go around selling something; go around looking for something (PMP: *liliŋ₂)

linduhave a shaking or spinning pain inside (as when the head is ‘spinning’) (PMP: *linduR)

loŋkof-ilie face down on or over someone; cover with the body (PWMP: *leŋkeb)

mataeye; o’clock; sharp edge or point (of weapons and utensils); classifier for sharp objects; unit of liquid, cup, glass; the appointed day or time for festivals, the high point (PMP: *mata) *maCa

para-verbal prefix on verbal bases; a-class, amenable to-um-, intransitive. Meaning: iterativity in combination with habituality. In some cases the emphasis is on the variety of the implied objects;no-para-toŋka vomit repeatedly (PWMP: *para-) *para-₁

pa-sandeto lean against (as a wall), to depend on (as someone for support in time of need) (PMP: *sanday) *saŋeday

rato-mibring food and drink to someone; take care of someone’s life (PMP: *dateŋ)

rato-ratolong-horned grasshopper whose call signals the arrival of a guest (PMP: *dateŋ)

rofafathom, double arms length; measure in arms’s lengths (with outstretched arms) (PAN: *depah)

rumbiasago tree (the leaves are used for roofing; and the pith of the stalk is eaten, but rarely) (PMP: *Rumbia)

sandeto lean (as against a housepost); to prop, lean something against (PMP: *sanday) *saŋeday

sauwood, stick; classifier for teeth, finger and betel nuts; bolt of cloth (PMP: *kahiw) *kaSiw

sikuelbow, cubit; brace, subsidiary timbers to strengthen the frame; be elbow-shaped; to nudge, hit with the elbow (PAN: *sikux)

sosop-ito suck many times (as a leech sucking one’s blood) (PMP: *sepsep-i) *sepsep

sunsu ~ susustorey, layer (of house, tray, etc.); arrange, pile up (as stones) (PMP: *susun) *susuN

tondo-tondoyard around house; land owned and cultivated in the past; hairline (on the forehead) (PWMP: *tendek₂)

tughahard; old, ripe (of fruit); invulnerable (of the skin), immune (PMP: *tuqah) *tuqaS

turua drop (as of palm wine being tapped from a tree); to drip, come down (of rain), trickle’ (PAN: *tuduq)

tuwakind of creeper, the roots of which are used to stun fish (Derris elliptica); to catch fish using this root (PAN: *tubah)