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aligature between nouns; also binds possessive pronouns and adjectives with nouns; genitive particle (PAN: *a₅)

-noalready, no longer, not anymore, now (particle with negatives) (PMP: *na₄) *Na₂

alato bite a thing or animal; by extension, to catch a pig, of a dog or a man hunting with dogs (PMP: *kaRat) *kaRaC

buli, buli-buliroll across the ground; teeter; roll back and forth; turn over and over; push or roll something too heavy to carry (POC: *buliŋ) *puliŋ₁

butu, butu-bututo sound a slitgong, especially to beat it loudly and call out at the same time (POC: *putuk) *butuk

halulushadow; reflection; photograph; occasionally spirit of a human being (POC: *qanunu)

hate-liver or solar plexus (seat of emotion); internal organs in general; sometimes spleen (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

iainterrogative used at the end of phrase or sentence to indicate question similar to French "N'est-ce pas?" (PMP: *ias₁)

iamild affirmative indicating that one has understood something just said (PAN: *qia)

ilothe inside, the interior; interior of the body, interpreted as the seat of emotions (POC: *ilo₁) *ilo

la-haraplant used for wrapping of coiled basket:Lygodium circinnatum (POC: *qasam) *qaRsam

la-humuhearth; "earth oven" in which only hot stones, without earth, are employed (PMP: *qumun)

la kuli-kuliskin (a piece rather than the whole); bark; peel; cloth (introduced) (POC: *kulit) *kuliC

la lahiacultivated ginger (Zingiber sp.); by extension, a warrior (PMP: *laqia)

la-mataa hole; a channel, passage; a doorway or door; kind, variety (PMP: *mata) *maCa

la-mata-laits eye; the top of it, especially if a cap or something similar; its point; a time for it, its date (PMP: *mata) *maCa

la-mata-la hulumu‘the door of the men’s house’: circular bottom of frame forebiribiri mask (PMP: *mata) *maCa

la-putuscrotum; elephantiasis of the scrotum; cluster of nuts (POC: *putuq) *buCuq

la-tia-gumy belly, stomach (of human being); occasionally, my emotions, desires (PMP: *tian) *tiaN

la-ulubreadfruit,Artocarpus incisa; by extension the soursop,Anona muricata (PMP: *kuluR)

la-vuhu-latrunk or base of a tree; stem of a leaf; base of a pearl shell; first part of a story; the reason; because of; origin, story of one’s ancestry (PMP: *puqun)

ma-huli(huli)be in good health; come to life; to live, survive (of a sickly baby or the victim of an attack) (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

malaito be withering or drying up, of leaves, fruit, copra (when completely dry =pakuku) (POC: *malai)

ma-mara-tidammed up, of water; finished, of water in the hollow of a tree; dry, of water; very low tide (PMP: *ma-maja) *maja

matato look, to look at; to appear; to turn face or eyes toward; sharp (PMP: *mata) *maCa

o-locative marker (in expressions such aso-ata 'up, on top of',o-hulu 'in the men's house',o-luma 'in the family house',o-mai 'here, hither, toward me', ando-muli 'to the left as one faces inland') (POC: *o₁)

ta-prefix marking action that takes place of its own accord (gole ‘to pluck leaves’ :ta-gole ‘to fall off, of a tree branch’) (PMP: *ta-₂)

taluto put in; to plant; to put down on the ground, as a bundle carried on the head (PMP: *taRuq)

tauman, person (used only in connection with sib and village affiliation and in expressions showing relations between two or more persons; in both cases it is in apposition to a pronoun, usually expresssed) (PMP: *tau₁) *Cau

tututo tap, as with a tattooing needle; to strike with the finger; to bump, of heads (POC: *tutuk₂) *tuktuk₃

valito cut, as wood or a leaf, from a tree; remove all the limbs from a tree (POC: *paRi₃) *paRi

valiapply paint, feathers, or other surface adornment to the head or body (POC: *wali₁)

valito cut, as wood or a leaf, from a tree; remove all the limbs from a tree (NOISE)

virito constrict, as a python; be mixed up or twisted, of a child's speech; twist, wind up, wind around; too much, a great deal (PMP: *pirit)

ləwovillage (community of people together with their communal ritual house) (PMP: *lebuq)

taʔūthe indigo plant (Pogostemon cablin), used for dyeing woven fabrics (PMP: *taRum)

adasplant whose seed is used to produce an oil:Foeniculum vulgare (PWMP: *hadas)

-ana noun +-an, most often a reduplicated noun, specifies a large variety of the thing signified by the single-morpheme noun' (e.g.bataŋ 'tree' :bataŋ-bataŋ-an 'all kinds of trees'; verbal roots combine with-an to form nouns signifying the result of the action of the verb:cinciŋ 'carry (something light)' :cinciŋ-an 'that which is carried',aji 'to chant' :aji-an 'the chant',xatoŋ 'to come' :xatoŋ-an 'guests, the people coming'; partial reduplication +-an functions as a circumfix, combining with some intransitive verb roots meaning to cook, expressing a variety of ingredients used in the cooking process:gulay 'to make soup' :ga-gulay-an 'vegetables',pajaʔ 'to boil something' :pa-pajaʔ-an 'greens for boiling'; this combination also occurs with a few adjective and intransitive verb roots to give the abstraction of the root meaning:taway 'to teach' :ta-taway-an 'teaching, instruction',demon 'like' :da-demon-an 'a liking' (PAN: *-an)

pitu xanicelebration of the seventh day (e.g. after a death) (PAN: *pitu₁) *pitu

326.Lara Land Dayak(2)WMP[lra] (Bakati’, Rara)Indonesia (Kalimantan)[aka: Lara', Lara' Land Dayak]

mata-naclassifier for coins, holes, and round or circular objects (PMP: *mata) *maCa

alitwine round, encircle; surround; coil a rope, wind a line; coil up like a dog; curled, tangled, of hair; make a loop, bend string or rope; strand of a rope (POC: *tali₁) *CaliS

alito twine round, encircle; to surround; to coil a rope, wind a line; to curl up like a dog (POC: *tali₂) *tali

aluto place, put, lay down; to give, send; to bury; to have, to be; to become, change into (PMP: *taRuq)

āŋito cry, produce a sound, e.g. bird singing, trumpet, thunder (PMP: *taŋis) *Caŋis

a-ŋ-itawhen? (past or future, and not always interrogative) (PMP: *ŋa-ijan) *ijan

balipart, side, portion, half; disunited, on the other side; each side in a game; two-edged, two-sided (POC: *bali₇) *baliw₁

balipart, side, portion, half; each side in a game; two-edged, two-sided (PCEMP: *pali₁) *pali

bīto cook in a stone oven; a bambooful of cooked food, etc.; packet, parcel, bundle (LOAN)

bilastale, as long standing water in bottle; musty, of food; body smell; sediment in washing tapioca (POC: *biRaq₃) *biRaq₂

bilastale, as long standing water in bottle; musty, of food; body smell; sediment in washing tapioca (POC: *biRas₂) *biRas

bina-binaa flash of lightning flashing; reflected light; to flash with a glass (PMP: *binaR)

bua buaspecies of vine used for tying thatch and for decorative work with bamboo (POC: *bua bua)

butamake a parcel, wrap up in a parcel; a parcel, packet, roll; dead man wrapped up for burial (POC: *busa₃) *busa₂

fā-causative prefix which also makes transitive verbs from intransitive verbs, adjectives and nouns (roŋo ‘to hear’ :fā-roŋo ‘to tell’;mamagu ‘fear’ :fā-mamagu ‘loathsome’;ŋū ‘to sing’ :fā-ŋū ‘teach to sing’) (POC: *paka-) *pa-₂

fafacarry on shoulders, pick-a-back; carry a bag round the neck (POC: *papa₁) *baba₁

fanerise up in sky, of sun, moon, or cloud; high, as a hill; tall, of a tree or house; rise, swell, or ferment, as of bread or a pudding, or a boil (POC: *panek) *panahik

faŋato eat, have a meal; a meal, food; to bite, nibble, of fish (POC: *paŋan) *kaen

filuumbrella palm; leaves sometimes dyed red for decorations; grasses dyed red, decorating canoes; leaf ornaments of warriors dyed red withkikiri (POC: *piRu) *biRu

fuato, for, to his advantage or disadvantage; to, towards; for the purpose of; in order to; to; that; with; by means of (POC: *puat₃) *buhat₂

fudibanana (bou substituted in recent times becausefudi occurred in name of a well-known woman) (POC: *pudi) *punti₁

fufuto swell, distend body, have a swollen stomach; sp. of fish swollen like a football (POC: *pupuŋ) *buŋbuŋ₄

fuluto clean, wipe, rub off dirt, wash away earth (of rain) (POC: *pulu₂) *bulu₂

funuperish, come to nothing, destroy utterly, be destroyed; destruction, extinction; excessive, immense; excessively; complete, completed (POC: *punuq₃) *buNuq₂

fura-furaspring up, of water; to boil; to gargle; noise in the throat of a dying man (POC: *puraq puraq) *budaq₁

fūs-ipluck leaves, flowers, fruit; twitch off fruit with a pole (POC: *puput-i) *buCbuC

-gawe, us (1pl. incl., suffixed to some nouns and prepositions) (POC: *-da₂) *-ta

gafuindistinct, blurred, of writing or distant object; mist (POC: *kaput₂) *kabut

ilocative preposition, at (used before names of place, position, time) (PAN: *i₂)

ifia bed (mat spread out)ifi-tai spread out, open out, as cloth or a mat (NOISE)

iro-irotranslucent pool, still and clear; looking glass, pearl shell of nautilus (POC: *iro iro)

iro-irosearch for; a translucent pool, still and clear; a looking glass; pearl shell of nautilus, mother-of-pearl (POC: *tiro-tiro) *tindaw

iro-iro-areflected light, dazzling, silver light of the moon on white clouds, moonshine (POC: *iro iro)

iro-iro-airidescent; reflected light, dazzling; silver light of moon on white clouds, moonshine (POC: *tiro-tiro) *tindaw

kasito adze, chop; to knock a nut with a stone on another stone (POC: *kakas(-i))

kururuto roar, the sound of thunder or surf; to roar, as a waterfall (POC: *kururu₁)

lalocenter, middle, as of a garden; inner room, yard, enclosed space; between two things, not one or the other (as between black and white) (POC: *ralom) *dalem

liato change appearance, in color or from wearing different clothes or beard or hat; to change in appearance like a chameleon and some fish; to change nature, a throwback in plants (PMP: *lian)

luahigh tide; unusually heavy sea, big waves; to flow in, of tide (POC: *Ruap) *Ruab

ludato carry in a canoe, carry as cargo; to load a canoe or ship; a coconut tree loaded with fruit (POC: *Rucan) *Rujan

māeye, face, aperture, mesh; door, porch, gate, mouth; point, edge, spout of a jug (the part that does the work); point of pen, edge of knife; bow of a ship; operculum of a mollusc; hand, wrist; time, season; to eye, to stare at (PMP: *mata) *maCa

maewithout motion, still; unconscious, numb, paralyzed; to faint; die; stop (of a clock), go out (of a light); be eclipsed, of sun or moon; tired out, weak, very ill, ready for rest; war; rainbow (POC: *mate) *aCay

ma-manaefficacious (of medicine), spiritually or magically powerful; grow well, of trees; good, of news; be prosperous, lucky, in good health; be true, come true, be fulfilled; to impart spiritual or magical power (POC: *mana₂)

-nahe, she, it, him, her, after nouns and prepositions, usually called a possessive pronoun (POC: *-ña) *-a₂

namothe lagoon inside a reef, near the reef (the deep) pools towards the shore (POC: *namo) *namaw

nau-nauself-assertive, egotist; strong and violent, of a person (POC: *naku) *aku

niof, belonging to (fote ni fera ‘native paddle’ [paddle of home]; in order to, for; according to, in the matter of, with; forms adverbs (PAN: *ni)

ŋeŋeto dispute, contradict, disobey, argue with; to creak by rubbing against (POC: *ŋeŋe)

ofupile up, amass; bunch, group of people (AlsoNggelaovu 'crowd, heap, pile, flock') (ROOT)

onahard part at base of a palm; spines of echinus or crayfish; stake in a hole to impale an enemy (POC: *ona₁) *ona

otaspecies of shrub with large leaves and large white flowers, on swampy ground (NOISE)

raraspecies of tree with scarlet leaves,Erythrina fasca (POC: *rarap) *dapdap₁

rua-nasecond; alternative; again; a friend, closer in relationship than English friend; lover; to be friends with, be in love; wife’s sister’s husband (POC: *rua) *duSa

saethe core of a thing; carcass skinned, feathers removed; meat of an egg; peeled yam or orange; kernel of nut; think, suppose (PMP: *qatay) *qaCay

saiasp. of tree,Parinarium glaberrimum; the nut, and vegetable putty made from it to caulk a canoe (POC: *qatita)

sulu-nagreen, of timber; melted, running, liquified; to melt (POC: *suRuq₁) *zuRuq

susuto prick; impale, pierce; pick out, poke with a stick; to sting; to darn; to accuse (PAN: *suksuk)

tōlapersons of same age, two brothers, two sisters, man and wife; fellow, one of a pair (POC: *soRa)

ʔaia person, individual; a woman; thing; kind, sort; another, different (POC: *kai)

ʔetedifferent, of another sort or kind; strange, foreign, queer, odd, curious; various; alone, apart, for oneself only; keep food for oneself (PCEMP: *kese)

ʔulafuspecies of large fish, up to six feet long, brown or blue spots, grouper (PMP: *kuRapu)

ñattall tree with small leaves and large sweet fruit with seeds that are white when unripe and black when ripe (PMP: *ñatuq)

ñoñtree with inedible fruit; the roots yield a pink dye:Morinda citrifolia (POC: *ñoñu) *ñəñu

padrkind of pandanus with narrow light-green leaves, used in plaiting mats (POC: *padran) *paŋudaN

kernamiddle-sized marine turtle with prized shell:Chelonia imbricata (PCEMP: *keRan₂)

let-ilidwelling on a mountain, because the dwelling of a monarch originally was on an elevation (cf.leta village, country, land) (PCEMP: *qili) *qilih

rarmathe interior, what is inside; fig. heart, feelings; in, inside (PMP: *dalem)

valirestore, equalize a loss, win back what was lost in a game (PMP: *baliw₄) *baliw₁

pakind of pandanus with narrow light-green leaves, used in plaiting mats (POC: *padran) *paŋudaN

paysmoking rack for fish and storage rack above the hearth (POC: *paRa, baRa) *paRa₁

pono-sani-to clear out, sweep, straighten up a garden after heavy clearing is completed; trim trunk of tree before chopping up (POC: *sani)

babaused of a baby, to ride (on its mother's back), or of the mother to carry by slinging on the back (NG) (POC: *papa₁) *baba₁

buthe sound of the (holed) conch shell being blown, as a signal, especially infaŋ-kOn and other ceremonies, for the killing of pigs, etc., and in canoes, boats, launches as they approach the shore, or to summon villagers (POC: *buu₅) *buu₂

famake a sudden and alarming noise, to startle, jerk, to shock, cause shock, etc. (POC: *pa₁) *ba₂

furto appear, come clear, come 'out' (as when a cloud covers the moon) (POC: *pura)

fur-furto appear, come clear, come ‘out’ (as when a cloud passes over the moon) (POC: *pura)

haltrack, road; road for thinking about, the faculty of being able to forecast events (POC: *jalan) *zalan

-k1sg possessive suffix: my (directly attached to many relationship terms, and some names of bodily parts) (POC: *-gu) *-ku

lɔŋ-nεto hear, to feel (not only hearing, but general personal feeling, and sense of smell, are expressed bylɔŋ-nε) (POC: *roŋoR) *deŋeR

ma-urise up, grow up; (of a person) to recover from illness; be alive, be growing (of plants, etc.); be better (from a sickness) (PMP: *ma-qudip) *qudip

tiŋto sound out, of a drum (modern usage: sound of engine, chimes of clock, etc.; (<*titiŋ-i)) (POC: *titiŋ) *tiŋtiŋ

vaːspongy kernel of a mature coconut (which is rich in oil, and nourishing) (PMP: *para)

vango, pass (and so also of time); to continue (to do ...); often; adverbially: away (POC: *pano) *paNaw

wUnto come (to fight), prepare for fighting, approach aggressively, to plot (probable violence) (POC: *punuq₃) *buNuq₂

wUŋɔ-used by a small boy of his MBD, who also happens to be his FZD; wife's mother, wife's father (POC: *puŋao)

kamkind of fiber from a jointed vine, used to make cordage for nets (POC: *kabe₁)

nottall latex-yielding tree with good timber and large edible sweet green fruit (PMP: *ñatuq)

parkind of pandanus with narrow light-green leaves, used in plaiting mats (POC: *padran) *paŋudaN

pupconical bamboo basket trap with mouth of converging splints used to catch fish (POC: *pupu₂) *bubu₂

sou-n pwIkwingbone of flying fox (used in sewing, tattooing, etc.) (POC: *saRu) *saRu₃

Lukep (Pono)(11)OC

kamatularge bottom-feeding reef fish that swims in groups and has a large protrusion on its head (POC: *kamatu)

kano-fruit (of, e.g.., breadfruit), inner substance (POC: *kanoŋ)

karak-asoutheast trade (POC: *karak₁)

koro-pubic hair (POC: *koRo)

kutabanana cultivar (POC: *kuta)

puruwhale (POC: *puRa-puRas)

sauneedlenose fish (POC: *sao)

sisgrasshopper (POC: *sisi(rR))

susula fish: emperor (POC: *susul₁) *susul

-tuk-ato hang (as when climbing a tree trunk) (POC: *tuku₃)

tuncorrect (POC: *tuna)

-adoget away from something; put distance between someone and some place (PMP: *zauq)

aŋeha variety of softwood tree preferred for making thetafiʔ, a two-string guitarlike musical instrument (PWMP: *saŋa₂)

defeha measurement indicated by the span of both arms outstretched between the tips of the middle fingers; a fathom, six feet (PAN: *depah)

defuŋ refuka very poisonous snake with a color that resembles a rotten log (PAN: *depuŋ)

dəkətstick on; a suckerfish which feeds on moss at waterfalls (PMP: *deket₁) *dekeC

ereta piece of cloth ortalun (tree bark) tied around the waist, normally worn by elderly women (PMP: *heRet) *SeReC

fe-daataccuse or blame one another; say bad things about one another (PMP: *zaqat)

fefeka hammer; the driving or knocking of a nail into a wall or a long object into the ground (PAN: *pekpek₁)

fetood tumidliterally “hooking each other with the heels,” making love or engaged in a sexual act (PWMP: *tumid)

fufuʔthe debarking of a tree by beating the bark, for making walls of a house, or a barrel for storing rice (PWMP: *puqpuq₃)

kakarspreading of grains such as paddy or corn on a mat to dry in the sun (PWMP: *kaRkaR)

kimutclosing and moving the mouth tightly with lips pointed together (PWMP: *kimut kimut)Kemaloh

lamuda mixture ofbəriŋan [an herb],təlakaʔ [tree with blisters on the bark that cause a skin rash when touched], andlikuaa [a variety of ginger], used as ingredients for brewingburak [rice wine] (PWMP: *lamuj)

lawaʔspace between two things; alternate, miss, skip a day or two (PWMP: *lawaq₃)

lifen fureta small cylindrical stone, said to be the tooth of thunder which strikes tall trees during a thunderstorm (PAN: *lipen)

likopassing by, not taking something into account; take an alternate way (PAN: *likaw)

me-gilegticklish; squeamish (about bugs, etc.), repelled, disgusted with something (earthworms, snakes, etc.) (PWMP: *gilek)

mek-uratcan be cut, injured, or wounded with a sharp object; will be cut, injured or wounded with a sharp object (PWMP: *maka-suRat) *suRat

nabanto kidnap, abduct, take or carry away without the owner’s permission (PMP: *taban) *tabaN

natada field; a resting place made along a jungle trek; weed or clear grass before planting (PMP: *natad) *NataD

ŋ-abaŋlay an ambush, lay in wait for an enemy or animal; block, guard (soccer) (PWMP: *maŋ-abaŋ) *abaŋ₁

padekhusk of rice grain after separation by pounding (cf.lipaŋ 'husk of rice grain before separation by pounding') (PWMP: *padek)

r<en>iktrampling, threshing, walking on (such as rice to separate it from stalk) (PAN: *Riqek)

r<in>ikwas trampled on (such as by a water buffalo), threshed, walked on (PAN: *Riqek)

rinuha shallow open-weave square basket used to separate pounded rice from chaff (PMP: *niRu) *Rinu

r<um>iktrampling, threshing, waling on (such as rice to separate it from stalk) (PWMP: *R<um>iqek) *Riqek

tabana kidnapping, an abduction; a person who was caught during a headhunting raid and taken back by the person who caught him/her and made a slave (PMP: *taban) *tabaN

tecuŋa black mourning cloth worn by a woman to mourn the death of her husband (PMP: *teduŋ₁)

te-ŋaŋaʔto open wide (as the mouth, so that all the teeth can be seen) (PWMP: *ŋaqŋaq₁)

titiʔthe sucking of something; feeding an infant with mothers milk (PMP: *titiq)

tubehfishing poison; varieties include:tubeh buayeh (cactus);tubeh enep,tubeh demacar,tubeh kutat (trees);tubeh feladeh,tubeh falaŋ,tubeh bilaaʔ buluʔ,tubeh kayuh yuŋ,tubeh tebayan,tubeh fadih (roots);tubeh war ilaŋ (vine) (PAN: *tubah)

Lun Dayeh (Kemaloh)(15)WMP(Ganang, Crain and Pearson-Rounds 2008)

kabansmall wooden box (PWMP: *kaban₂)Kemaloh

kafitsticking on (especially on a wall) (PMP: *kapit)Kemaloh

kafit-kafitsomeone holding onto another (PMP: *kapit)Kemaloh

katama wood plane (LOAN)Kemaloh

kekeŋa muscle cramp (PMP: *keŋkeŋ₂)Kemaloh

kənəhhitting the target (PAN: *keNa)Kemaloh

ketutpassing gas (PWMP: *ketut)Kemaloh

kilatawakened by someone (PMP: *kilat₂) *kilatKemaloh

kimutclosing and moving the mouth tightly with lips pointed together (PWMP: *kimut kimut)Kemaloh

kiodthe movement of a belly dancer’s hips (PMP: *kiud)Kemaloh

kiod-kiodthe movement of the body after being tickled (PMP: *kiud)Kemaloh

mə-kənəhhit or be right on the target (PAN: *keNa)Kemaloh

me-kiodsway the pelvis (as if dancing) (PMP: *kiud)Kemaloh

ŋatamto plane wood (LOAN)Kemaloh

ŋekeŋto shorten (like a leech shortens itself) (PMP: *keŋkeŋ₂)Kemaloh