te    th    ti    to    tr    tu    tw    ty    

table

crumbs of food that fall on the table or floor -PWMP *muqmuq

leaf; blade of paddle or oar; ‘table’ for eating -PMP *dahun

table - *(loan)

tray or low table -PPH *dulaŋ

taboo

forbidden taboo - *(loan)

forbidden, prohibited, taboo - *(loan)

forbidden, taboo -POC *tabu

forbidden, taboo -PCEMP *tambu

formal gathering, as of chiefs, with possible connections to announcing temporary taboos -POC *ponor

taboo -PAN *paliSi-an

taboo -POC *pali₂

taboo -POC *tabu-na

taboo, ritual restriction; purifying rite -PAN *paliSi

to forbid, make taboo -POC *paka-tabu

tabooed

be tabooed -POC *tabu-ni-a

be tabooed (?) -PAN *paliSi-en

taciturn

silent, taciturn -PWMP *Renek

tack

to wind, curve, turn to the side; to tack, sail into the wind -PMP *biluk

tadpole

tadpole - *(noise)

tadpole, polywog -PAN *qulu-qulu

tag

marker of a tag question -PMP *ha₁

Tahitian

a tree:Inocarpus spp., possibly the Tahitian chestnut:Inocarpus edulis -PMP *gayam

the ‘Tahitian chestnut’:Inocarpus fagiferus orI. edulis -POC *ipi₂

tail

a plant with flowers the shape of a dog's tail, used to treat abscesses -PMP *ikuR ikuR ni asu

cut short, as a bird’s tail -PWMP *puŋgu

have a tail -PWMP *maR-ikuR

long tail feathers of bird or rooster -PMP *lawi₁

short-tailed; cropped, of the tail -PPH *kibul

something that resembles a tail feather (?) -PWMP *lawi-lawi

tail -PAN *kikuR

tail -PPh *ipus

tail -PMP *ikuŋ

tail -PAN *ikuR

tail; end of something long, as a rope; tip of a leaf -POC *siku

wagging of tail - *(near)

tail-bone

tail-bone of animals -PWMP *imput

tailless

tailless (of birds or fowls), round-tailed (of fowls) -PWMP *tukuŋ

tailless, of birds -PWMP *puŋguk

tailor

a bird and its call, probably the tailor bird:Orthotomus atrogularis -PPH *tiwtiw

tainted

beginning to spoil, tainted (of food left uneaten too long) -PCEMP *baRi

beginning to spoil, tainted (of food left uneaten too long) -PMP *baRiw

taitensis

a tree:Rhus taitensis -POC *tawasi

taiwanianus

the Japanese raspberry:Rubus parvifolius (Linn.),Rubus taiwanianus (Matsum.) -PAN *RiNuk

take

able to fetch, get, take, reach -PPh *maka-alap

breath; life force, breath soul; to breathe; breathe easily, feel comfort, be at ease, have ‘breathing room’; to rest, take a break -PMP *nihawa

bring, take along -PAN-F *adaS

bring, take along -PWMP *embaq

cluster (b) == repay, return in kind; retaliate, take revenge (hence: to equalize a loss or debt) -PMP *baliw₄

come out, take out -PCMP *lesu₂

fetch, get, take -PAN *um-alaq

fetch, get, take -PWMP *maŋ-alaq₁

fetch, get, take -PAN *alaq₁

fetch, get, take -PWMP *alap-en

fetch, get, take -PWMP *um-alap

fetch, get, take -PWMP *maŋ-alap

fetch, get, take -PAN *alap

get, bring, take -POC *pa-i

get, take, bring -POC *pa₂

go around the edge, take a detour -PPH *liklík

go directly, take a shortcut -PWMP *la(n)t(e)qas

go or do something slowly, take one’s time -PPH *ananay₂

hold, get, take -POC *abit₂

lift, carry, bring; emerge, appear, begin; take a spouse -POC *puat₂

pinch, take up with the fingers -PWMP *zepit

repay, replace; take revenge -POC *bali

retaliate, take revenge -PPH *beles

side path, branch or fork in path or stream; take a side path or way; crossroads -PMP *simpaŋ

snatch, take away by force -PWMP *maŋ-qaRaw

snatch, take away by force, rob -PAN *qaRaw

squeeze between; pinch, take between fingers -PMP *Ri(m)pit

stop an activity, take a break, rest -PAN-F *Seked

take a long step, step over something -PWMP *akaŋ

take a side path -POC *siba₁

take a trip; commence a voyage -PPH *luás

take a woman as mistress -PPh *ba-bahi-en

take advantage of a situation or opportunity, exploit an advantage -PPH *sambut₁

take all that remains -PPH *simut

take apart, dismantle; break open -PMP *buŋkaR

take away from, dispossess -PWMP *pucut₂

take care, be careful -PWMP *maR-iŋat

take cover, hide behind -PPH *kub(e)li

take hold of, grasp -POC *qabi

take hold of, grasp -POC *abi

take hold of, grasp, touch with the hand -POC *taŋop

take in the hand, clasp, grasp -PMP *kemel

take in the hand, clasp, grasp -PAN *gemel

take off, remove (+ noun) -PAN *Su-

take one's time -PWMP *lantaŋ

take out - *(noise)

take passage, catch a ride in someone else’s boat -PWMP *tumpaŋ₂

take shelter, cover the head -PMP *teduŋ₁

take something home -PPh *i-uliq

take with fingers - *(noise)

take with hand - *(noise)

take with the fingers -PWMP *cubit

take with the hands -PWMP *maR-ambit

take with the hands -PWMP *maŋ-ambit

take, bring - *(noise)

take, get, fetch, obtain; marry -PAN *ala

to breathe; to rest, take a ‘breather’ -POC *mañawa

to fetch, get, take -PAN *um-ala

to lift, stand up, arise, emerge, begin, depart, carry; cargo; take something; take a wife -PMP *buhat₃

to notice, take note of; recognize -PWMP *ma-ŋilala

to remove, take off -PPH *taŋtáŋ₂

to remove, take off or out -PPH *ekal

to rest, take a break from work or other activity -PAN-F *Ceked

to seize, take by force -PWMP *kamkam

to seize, take by force -PPH *ma-ñamsám

to seize, take by force, snatch from another’s hands; pillage -PPH *samsám

to stride, take a step -POC *lakas

to stride, take a step -PMP *lakaj

to take care of, protect -PWMP *k<um>upkup

to take in one’s hand; handful -PMP *kaut

to take in one’s hand; handful -PAN *kahut

to take one piece of fruit from a bunch -PPH *siŋiq

to take root, grow roots -PWMP *maka-Ramut

walk about, take a walk -POC *pajale

walk, take a step -PAN *lakat₂

taken

be fetched, be taken -PAN *ma-ala

be snatched away, taken away by force -PPh *qaRaw-en

be taken -PAN *ala-en

be taken -PAN *alaq-en

be taken -PAN *ma-alap

booty, war captive; what is taken in war; elopement, captured bride -PMP *taban

captive, one taken alive in war; to spare, allow to live -PWMP *bihaR

fetched, gotten, taken -PWMP *ka-alap-an

fetched, gotten, taken -PWMP *ka-alap

head trophy, trophy taken in headhunting (?) -PAN *tabaN

taken, fetched -PWMP *ma-alaq

that which has been taken; was taken by -PAN *in-alap

what is taken (?) -PWMP *alap-an

take with fingers

pick up, take with fingers - *(loan)

taking

taking place at night -PPH *Rabi-en

to join, unite with in taking sides -PPH *k<um>ampi

visual assessment of something, as in taking aim, making a straight line, or forming an opinion -PWMP *sipat

talent

special talent -POC *bilak₂

sunrise, rising sun; to show off, be ostentatious, parade one’s talents, possessions, etc. -PPH *sikát

Talinum

plant with leaves used as a vegetable:Talinum paniculatum orTalinum triangulare -PPH *talínum

talisman

amulet, talisman - *(loan)

talisman, protective charm - *(loan)

talk

sound of chattering or loud talk -PWMP *kicaq

talk, talk about, discuss -PAN-F *kawaS₂

to explain, elucidate, talk through a problem -PPH *usay

to shout, talk loudly -PWMP *R<um>iak

to speak, talk, say -PWMP *kuan₂

to talk excessively, or in a rapid, meaningless stream -PPH *yamyám

word; talk; conversation; language -PMP *sau₄

talkative

talkative, loquacious -PPH *daldál

talking

caw, as a crow; raucous talking of people -PWMP *gakgak

foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth; to foam, to bubble; foam at the mouth; fond of talking; type of white bead -PMP *bujeq₂

sound of rapid talking -PPH *kata

tall

a tall forest tree which emits an unpleasant odor:Sterculia foetida -PMP *bubuR₃

a tall tree:Parkia spp. -PPH *kúpaŋ

high, tall -PMP *laŋkaw

high, tall -PMP *atas

high, tall -PAN *aCas

high, tall - *-kaw(root)

kind of tall grass:Themeda gigantea -PPH *taŋ(e)laj

tall - *(noise)

tall, high -PWMP *ma-atas

tall, of trees (especially coconut palms) -PPH *láyug

talon

claw, talon, fingernail -PMP *k<an>uhkuh

claw, talon, fingernail -PAN *k<aN>uSkuS

claw, talon, fingernail -PMP *kukuh

claw, talon, fingernail -PAN *kuSkuS₁

Talpa

Formosan blind mole:Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe) -PAN-F *mumu

tamarind

fruit tree, tamarind,Tamarindus indica - *(loan)

tame

accustomed to, familiar with; tame -PAN *ma-najam

accustomed to, familiar with; tame -PAN *najam

accustomed to, tame -PAN *ma-dajam

accustomed to, tame -PAN *dajam

tame, accustomed, used to -POC *lasa₁

tame, docile -POC *ma-nacam

tame, docile -PPH *ma-haq(e)muq

tame, docile, mild-mannered -PPH *haq(e)muq

to become tame or gentle -PPH *h<um>aq(e)muq

tamed

pet animal, animal that is tamed by humans feeding it -POC *paŋan-i

tamp

to tamp down, compact something -PAN *dekdek₂

tanarius

a tree and the tannin that it yields: probablyMacaranga tanarius -PWMP *samak

a tree;Macaranga tanarius -PPh *binuŋa

tandem

pound rice in tandem -PPh *maR-qasúd

pound rice in tandem -PPh *qasúd

to ride together with someone else, ride tandem -PPH *aŋkás

tang

sailfin tang:Zebrasoma veliferum -POC *piRa₂

tang of a knife, etc. -PMP *utiŋ

tangled

tangled, confused, complicated -PWMP *gusut

tangled, disordered, untidy -PWMP *kusut

tang of a knife or bolo

tang of a knife or bolo - *(loan)

tannin

a tree and the tannin that it yields: probablyMacaranga tanarius -PWMP *samak

tap

rap or tap lightly -PPH *tiltil

rap, tap -PWMP *tirtir₂

tap or beat lightly on -POC *kidik

tap or beat lightly on -PMP *gi(n)tik

tap, thump -PMP *te(m)bek

tap, touch, or reach in with the finger -PWMP *kuhit

to tap lightly on a hard surface -PWMP *ma-niktik

to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface -POC *titik₂

to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface -PMP *tiktik₁

to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface -PAN *tiktik₁

touch or tap so as to draw someone's attention -PMP *kebit

tapering

tapering, attenuating to a point -PWMP *tirus

tapping

sound of patting or tapping -PAN *pikpik

sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) -PMP *tik₁

sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) against something -PAN *tik₁

sound of ticking, flipping, light tapping -PWMP *pa(n)tik

target

be ensnared, caught in a trap; suffer, undergo, be struck by something; be entrapped or deceived; hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true -PAN *keNa

do something wrong, make a mistake; miss the target -PWMP *s<um>alaq

throw something at a target; shoot with bow and arrow -PAN *panaq

taro

cultivated taro:Colocasia esculenta -PAN-F *Cali

cut, slice into pieces, as breadfruit or taro -POC *siba

pounded taro with coconut cream -POC *moñak₁

taro -PMP *suli₃

taro -POC *mwapo

taro - *(noise)

taro sp. - *(noise)

taro sp., probablyColocasia antiquorum -PWMP *kaladi

taro variety -PMP *mapu₁

taro variety -PAN *utan

taro variety - *(loan)

taro:Colocasia esculenta -PPH *gabi

taro:Colocasia esculenta -POC *talos

taro:Colocasia esculenta -PMP *tales

wild taro, elephant-ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp. -POC *piRaq₂

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp. -PWMP *biRaʔ

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp. -PAN *biRaq₁

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp.; sexual itch -PMP *biRaq₁

tarpon

a white fish, the tarpon:Megalops cyprinoides -POC *pu-pulan

a white fish, the tarpon:Megalops cyprinoides -PMP *bulan-bulan₁

tart

tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits -PWMP *sapelet

tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits -PWMP *sapeled

tartar

dirt on skin; dandruff; tartar on teeth -PMP *daki

taste

acrid or bitter taste -PWMP *pelet

astringent taste, as of unripe bananas -PWMP *peled

fat, grease; sweet taste -POC *moña-moñak

fibrous and dry to the taste -PPH *sagapsap

having an unpleasant taste -PWMP *qanta

hotness of taste, spiciness; bitterness -PAN *paqiC

saltiness, salty taste -PAN *qasiN

sip, taste slightly -PPH *timtim

sweet taste -PEMP *emis₂

sweet taste -PMP *hemis

sweet taste -PMP *emis₁

tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits -PWMP *sapelet

tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits -PWMP *sapeled

taste -PMP *ñamit

taste - *(loan)

taste of unripe banana; slightly bitter or astringent taste -PMP *apeled

taste, test, try -POC *topoŋ

taste, test, try -PMP *tepeŋ₁

tasting 'woody' or coarse; astringent taste, as of unripe bananas -PWMP *sapela

to chew, taste -POC *mamin₂

to taste -POC *ñabi

to taste, savor something -PPH *mag-námit

to taste, try -PMP *tamiq

to taste, try -PMP *tamis

to try, taste -PWMP *kiñam

try the taste of something -PWMP *taway

try, taste -PAN *tañam

tasteless

tasteless, insipid -PWMP *taq(e)baŋ

tasteless, insipid -PMP *qambaR

tasteless, insipid; powerless; antidote, as against snakebite -PWMP *tabaR

tasteless; neutralize something efficacious, as an antidote for poison -PWMP *tawaR₁

tasting

spicy tasting - *(noise)

strong tasting - *(noise)

tasting 'woody' or coarse; astringent taste, as of unripe bananas -PWMP *sapela

tasty

fat, grease; tasty -PWMP *tabeq

fat, oil; oily, tasty -PCMP *bura₁

fat; sweet, tasty -POC *moñak₂

pleasant, agreeable; tasty, delicious -PWMP *sedep₂

savory, tasty - *-ñam(root)

tasty, delicious -PCEMP *ñañam

tasty, delicious -PMP *ñaman

tasty, delicious (?) -PAN *ñamñam

tasty, savory -PPH *ma-ñañam

tasty, sweet -POC *ñaman-na

tatters

tear, in tatters -PWMP *Rabak

tattle

tattle, tell on - *(loan)

tattoo

make a design; tattoo -PWMP *batik₁

mottled design, as of a tattoo -PMP *batek

tattoo -PAN-F *pataS

tattoo -PMP *betik₂

tattoo -PAN *beCik

to tattoo -PAN *tiktik₅

to tattoo someone -PAN *t<um>iktik

to tattoo, make designs -PAN-F *p<um>ataS

wingbone of flying fox, used in tattooing; tattoo -POC *sau₃

tattooed

tattooed, marked with a design -PMP *b<in>etik

tattooed, marked with a design -PAN *b<in>eCik

tattooing

an instrument for tattooing -PAN-F *pataS-an

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing -PMP *buaq

wingbone of flying fox, used in tattooing; tattoo -POC *sau₃

taught

thing pointed out, shown, or taught -PWMP *ka-tuzuq-an

taut

extended, stretched taut, put under tension -PMP *benteŋ

stretch; taut - *-teŋ₃(root)

taut -PWMP *geteŋ

taut - *(loan)

tight, taut - *(noise)

tax

tax, toll - *(loan)

taxing

difficult, taxing (of work); serious (of illness) -PWMP *payaq

taxon

crab taxon, probably a rock crab (Grapsidae) -POC *kape₂

teach

give knowledge, teach -PAN *pa-bajaq

to point at, indicate; teach, instruct -PWMP *i-tuzuq

to point out, show, teach -POC *akot

to point, indicate; teach, instruct -PMP *tuzuq-i

to teach -POC *paka-usuri

to teach, show someone how to do something -PPH *nau

teak

teak - *(loan)

tear

a cereal grass with edible seeds that are also used as beads, Job’s tears:Coix lachryma-jobi L. -PMP *zelay

a tear, small hole, or rip -PPH *punit

cut or tear off -PWMP *ri(n)tas

cut or tear open stitches -PWMP *t<um>astas

cut through, tear -PMP *ra(n)tas

front teeth, incisors; gnaw, to bite or tear off with the incisors -PMP *gutgut₁

rip or tear open -PMP *tetas

sever, tear -PMP *rutas

sever, tear -PMP *Ratas₁

split tear - *(noise)

split, tear open -PWMP *berit₂

split, tear open -PAN *beriq

tear a leaf or cloth into strips -PPH *kisay

tear apart something that one has made; undo -PPh *waswás₂

tear off, break off -PWMP *gisgis₂

tear or rip off - *-pas(root)

tear, in tatters -PWMP *Rabak

tear, rip -PWMP *sitsit

tear, rip -PMP *bitas

tear, rip - *-tes(root)

tear, rip - *(noise)

tear, rip open (as cloth or stitches), snap (as string) -PMP *be(R)tas

tear, rip open, cut open -POC *potas

tear, split, cut -PMP *Risiq

tear, split, cut -PMP *Risi

tears -PMP *luheq

tears -PAN *luSeq

tears -PCEMP *waiR ni mata

tears -PWMP *wahiR ni mata

to rip, tear, shred -PWMP *testes

to shed tears, weep -PPH *l<um>uheq

to shed tears, weep -PMP *maR-luheq

to shed tears, weep -PAN *maR-luSeq

to tear - *(noise)

to tear out -PMP *rebut

to tear with an upward motion -PPH *bak(e)nis

to tear, rip -PMP *birit₁

to tear, rip -PAN *biriC

to tear, rip (as cloth) -PPH *litas

to tear; split -POC *saRe

tearful

tearful, crying easily -PMP *ma-taŋis

tearful, crying easily -PAN *ma-Caŋis

tear into pieces

tear into pieces - *(loan)

tease

tease, vex, annoy -PWMP *uŋit

teem

teem, swarm -PWMP *kemut

teem, swarm -PWMP *daRayaʔ

teens

teens - *(loan)

teeth

angry; gnash the teeth - *-ŋeC (or *-ŋeqeC?)(root)

bare the teeth -PMP *wiŋis

bare the teeth -PMP *waŋis

bare the teeth -PMP *biŋis

bare the teeth - *-ŋis(root)

bare the teeth in smiling or laughing -PMP *riŋis₁

blackened, as the teeth with betel stains -PPH *deket₃

clean the teeth -PWMP *sugi

crush with the teeth -PMP *ŋasŋas

dirt on skin; dandruff; tartar on teeth -PMP *daki

food particles caught between the teeth -PMP *tiŋah

food particles caught between the teeth -PAN *CiŋaS

front teeth, incisors -PAN *gutgut₁

front teeth, incisors; gnaw, to bite or tear off with the incisors -PMP *gutgut₁

gnash the teeth -PAN *ŋeCŋeC

gnash the teeth in anger or impatience -PWMP *li(ŋ)get

grin widely, showing the teeth -PMP *beŋis₂

grin, show the teeth -POC *sisir₂

grin, show the teeth -POC *sisiq₂

grin, show the teeth -PMP *zizir

grin, show the teeth -POC *ŋiŋis

grin, show the teeth -PWMP *ŋiŋi

grin, show the teeth -PMP *ŋisŋis₁

grin, show the teeth -PMP *ziziq

harelip; missing or crooked teeth -PPH *buŋiq

have a painful feeling in the teeth, as when eating something very sour or cold, or hearing a screeching or scratching sound -PWMP *ŋilu-an

husk a coconut with the teeth -POC *saRi

intense sensation in teeth when eating sour fruit; for teeth to be on edge -PMP *nilu

painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour -PAN *ŋilu

painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour -PMP *ñilu

painful sensation, teeth or joints -PMP *ma-ñilu

painful, as of teeth on edge from eating something very sour -PAN *ma-ŋilu

pick or clean the teeth -PWMP *sisig

picking of fruit; falling out of teeth -PPH *tipuq

show the teeth - *(noise)

show the teeth, as in grinning -POC *sisi₂

stone; testicle; kind of banana; numeral classifier for teeth (?) -PMP *batu

to grin, show the teeth -PMP *ŋisi

to grip with the teeth, as a dog in carrying something -PWMP *saŋal

to have ‘buck teeth’, project forward, of the teeth -PWMP *suŋar

to husk a coconut with the teeth -POC *ŋiŋit-i

to nibble at, peel with the teeth -PPH *kutím

to peel sugarcane with the teeth -PPH *kúlit

to seize with the teeth, hold by biting -PMP *taŋaR

type of wild vine used to blacken the teeth -PPH *amuluŋ

telescoping

telescoping basket, double basket -PPH *tampipiq

tell

divine, find by divination, tell fortunes - *(loan)

say, tell - *(noise)

say, tell; speak -POC *kaRu₂

speak, say something, tell -PPH *suysuy

tell - *(noise)

tell, inform; ask, inquire -PMP *bajaq₂

to lie, tell a lie -POC *koron

to lie, tell a lie -PWMP *buqeli

to lie, tell a lie -PMP *beliq₁

to say, tell -PCMP *beŋa₂

telling

to narrate, as in telling a story -PPH *sáysay

tell on

tattle, tell on - *(loan)

temper

fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper -PAN *garaŋ₁

temple

cheeks, temples -PMP *pihpih

cheeks, temples -PAN *piSpiS

hair on the temples -PAN *pispis₁

temple, side of the head -PWMP *pilis

temporal

marker of past time in temporal expressions -PAN *ka-₁

temporary

field hut; temporary shelter used when working for extended periods in fields far from the village -PAN-F *taRuqan

formal gathering, as of chiefs, with possible connections to announcing temporary taboos -POC *ponor

hut, temporary shelter -PMP *uduŋ

shelter, temporary hut -PPH *luŋáluŋ

temporary aid - *(noise)

temporary hut, shelter -PPH *hábuŋ

temporary shed -PPh *pala pala₂

to block passage, oppose movement; come to a temporary stop -PPH *saR(e)ked

to imprint, leave a temporary mark -PWMP *gerger₂

temptation; to tempt

temptation; to tempt - *(loan)

ten

divided into ten parts (?) -PWMP *puluq-en

group of ten -PAN *puluq₁

linker for multiples of ten -PMP *ŋa

ten -PMP *sa-ŋa-puluq

ten -PAN *sa-puluq

ten -PWMP *ma-puluq

ten at a time (?) -PWMP *puluq-an

ten times (?) -PWMP *im-puluʔ

ten, in counting certain objects - *(noise)

tender

soft, tender -PWMP *ma-lemek

soft, tender, gentle -PMP *ma-lumu

soft, tender, gentle -PMP *lumu₂

tender, weak - *(noise)

tendon

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon -PAN *huRaC

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon; fiber; vein of a leaf; grain of wood; strand (of thread, rope); fishing line; root -PMP *uRat

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; sinew; tendon; ligament; fiber; tough, sinewy -POC *uRat

full of veins or tendons -PWMP *uRat-en

tendon, ligament; prominent veins -PPH *lítid

vines; veins, tendons -POC *waRoc waRoc

tenon

mortise and tenon joint -PWMP *asaŋ₁

tense

past tense marker - *(noise)

tension

break under tension -PMP *ku(n)tus

break under tension - *-tus(root)

break under tension, as a rope -PMP *utus₁

extended, stretched taut, put under tension -PMP *benteŋ

snap, break, as a rope under tension -PMP *butus

stretch, put under tension -PWMP *betek₂

to snap under tension (rope, string) -PPH *buR(e)tuq

tension-set

trigger of a tension-set trap -PMP *baquR

tent

tent - *(loan)

tentacles

finger, toe; tentacles of octopus -PPH *gulamay

finger, toe; tentacles of octopus -PPH *galamáy

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc. -PMP *gaway₁

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc. -PMP *kaway₂

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc.; rays of the sun -POC *kawe₁

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc.; rays of the sun -POC *kawe₂

tentative

slow and tentative movement -PWMP *ukaŋ

tenth

tenth -PMP *ika-puluq

tenth -PAN *Sika-puluq

teredo

teredo, sea worm that attacks wood -PWMP *tamiluk

term

father's sister, possibly address term -PMP *ema-q

father's sister, possibly address term -PMP *ema₁

heart (figurative); term of endearment -PMP *buaq ni qatay

nominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names -PAN *si₁

parent’s younger sibling, junior uncle; a young child’s term of address for his father, vocative of*ama -PMP *mama

polite term of address to an older woman (?) -PPH *úyaŋ

term of address for females - *(noise)

term of address for girls - *(loan)

term of address for girls - *(noise)

term of address for older female relative -PPH *nana₂

term of address to girls -PWMP *enzi-q

term of address to girls -PWMP *enzi

term of address to males -PWMP *azuq

term of endearment -PWMP *buaq qatay

term of endearment for a little boy -PPH *duduy

term of reference for older female relative -PPH *dada₂

vocative term for boys -PWMP *utuq

young child’s term for father -POC *mama

Terminalia

a shore tree with edible nuts:Terminalia catappa -POC *talise₁

a shore tree with edible nuts:Terminalia catappa -PMP *talisay

terminate

die; dead; sick; tired (of); faint, lose consciousness; eclipse; new moon; extinguished; blocked (path); paralyzed; numb, asleep (limbs); die down (wind); waterless (springs, rivers); dry up (plants); beaten (in a game); fixed (price); terminate a matter, reach an agreement; disaster; intensive, superlative; desire intensely, be deeply in love -PMP *m-atay

end, terminate, finish, use up - *-bus(root)

terminated

gone, vanished, terminated -PWMP *la(m)pus₁

termite

a flying white ant or termite -PMP *dalu₁

anthill, termite mound (lit, ‘growing earth’) -POC *tanoq tubuq

anthill, termite mound (lit, ‘growing earth’) -PMP *taneq tumbuq

eaten by termites, damaged by termites -PWMP *anay-en

insect of the orderIsoptera: termite, white ant -POC *ane

insect of the orderIsoptera: termite, white ant -PAN *aNay

termite -PAN *SayaN

termite mound -PWMP *puŋsu

termite-infested

termite-infested -PPh *ma-anay

tern

a bird, tern sp. -POC *kiRa

terraced

for water to run downhill, as in artificial irrigation on terraced hillsides -PPH *bawaŋ₂

terrestrial

sowbug, woodlouse: terrestrial isopod of the genusOniscus -PWMP *babuy babuy

territory

hunting ground, hunting territory -PMP *qanup-an

hunting ground, hunting territory -PAN *qaNup-an

inhabited land, territory supporting the life of a community -PMP *banua

jurisdiction, territory -PPH *sakup₂

test

taste, test, try -POC *topoŋ

taste, test, try -PMP *tepeŋ₁

test, assay, examine -PWMP *uzi

to test, try, examine -PPH *subuk₂

testicle

egg; testicle -PMP *qiteluR

egg; testicle -PMP *qateluR

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing -PMP *buaq

fruit; seed; blossom; egg; nut; testicle; numeral classifier for roundish objects; to fruit, bear fruit; show first signs of pregnancy; to swell, of the sea -POC *puaq

scrotum and testicles -PMP *laseR

scrotum; testicles -PPh *buŋaw₂

stone; testicle -PAN *batux

stone; testicle; kind of banana; numeral classifier for teeth (?) -PMP *batu

testicles -POC *lasoR

testicles -PAN *buCuq

testicles of animals; castrate animals -PMP *butuq

testicles; scrotum -POC *putuq

testudineus

a fish, the climbing perch:Anabas testudineus -PWMP *puyu-puyu

a fish, the climbing perch:Anabas testudineus -PWMP *puyu₁

tethering

tethering stake; drive a stake into the ground -PPH *palpál₂

Tetrodon

puffer fish, globe fish:Tetrodon lunaris -PWMP *butiti

textile

textile pattern - *(noise)

textilis

a plant in the banana family, probablyMusa textilis -PPH *qaRutay

Manila hemp:Musa textilis -PPh *abaká

texture

thinness, fineness of texture -PWMP *taRpis

that

2pl deixis and spatio-temporal reference: that; there, then -PAN *-Cu

3p deixis and spatial reference: that, there (distant?) -PMP *-di

demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here; that, there -PAN *si ia₂

demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here; that, there -PMP *ia₂

distal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there; then -PAN *-na

that -PWMP *a-nan

that -PWMP *-nan

that (2p) -PAN *i-Cu

that, there -PWMP *qadi

that, there -PMP *i-na

that, there -POC *iri

that, there -PMP *i-di

that, there -PMP *a-di

that, there (probably 2p.) -PWMP *ian₃

that, those -POC *nana₁

thatch

bamboo cross-lath used to hold down roof thatch -PWMP *belit₁

cover with thatch; place of thatching -PWMP *qatep-an

covered with thatch; place of thatching -PWMP *q<in>atep-an

fasten thatch to -PWMP *qatep-i

pinch, press between; fasten thatch together with slats in roofing a house -PMP *kapit

rafter, diagonal bamboo poles to which thatch panels are lashed -PMP *kasaw₁

ridge of the roof; ridge of a mountain, peak; deck of a boat; cover the ridgepole with thatch -PMP *bubuŋ₁

roof, thatch -POC *qatop

roof, thatch -PMP *qatep

to thatch a roof, put thatch on a house -PWMP *maŋ-qatep

thatched

be thatched, be roofed -PWMP *q<in>atep

thatching

cover with thatch; place of thatching -PWMP *qatep-an

covered with thatch; place of thatching -PWMP *q<in>atep-an

theft

theft - *(noise)

their

mercy killing; put someone out of their misery -PWMP *hunus

them

grinding stone, place where foods are ground up or instrument for grinding them -PWMP *giliŋ-an

of them, by them -PWMP *ni ida

push something to start it moving; accompany someone to help them start a journey -PPH *tulúd

they, them -PEMP *sira

they, them -PEMP *ira

they, them (cf *da) -PMP *ida

to keep someone awake, not let them sleep -PPH *puyat-en

Themeda

elephant grass, miscanthus grass:Themeda gigantea -PMP *taŋelaj

elephant grass, miscanthus grass:Themeda gigantea -PAN *Caŋelaj

kind of tall grass:Themeda gigantea -PPH *taŋ(e)laj

then

2pl deixis and spatio-temporal reference: that; there, then -PAN *-Cu

distal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there; then -PAN *-na

then, at that time -PEMP *iri

then, at that time -PMP *idi

there

2pl deixis and spatio-temporal reference: that; there, then -PAN *-Cu

3p deixis and spatial reference: that, there (distant?) -PMP *-di

anaphoric or relative particle: there, previously mentioned place -POC *ai₁

demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here; that, there -PAN *si ia₂

demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here; that, there -PMP *ia₂

distal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there; then -PAN *-na

look quickly here and there, look hastily in all directions -PPH *liŋát

negative existential: there is none -PAN-F *uka₁

over there, yonder -PAN-F *dua

that, there -PWMP *qadi

that, there -PMP *i-na

that, there -POC *iri

that, there -PMP *i-di

that, there -PMP *a-di

that, there - *(noise)

that, there (probably 2p.) -PWMP *ian₃

there -PWMP *sa-na

there (2p) -PWMP *si-tu

there (2p) -PWMP *di-tu

there (distant) -PWMP *ati₂

there, that -POC *iti

there, yonder -PWMP *sana

Thespesia

a plant yielding useful fibers:Thespesia populnea -PMP *balu₁

the Indian tulip tree:Thespesia populnea -PMP *banaRu

they

they -PMP *si ida

they three -POC *tolira

they, them -PEMP *sira

they, them -PEMP *ira

they, them (cf *da) -PMP *ida

thick

kind of thick rattan -PMP *naŋa₂

large, thick, bamboo sp. -PWMP *patuŋ

thick -PCEMP *təlu

thick -POC *matolu

thick (of fluids), viscous - *(loan)

thick (of objects) -PPH *kepal

thick or hard skin, buffalo hide, leather; callus -PWMP *balulaŋ

thick, as a plank -PWMP *ma-kapal

thick, as a plank -PWMP *kapal

thick, heavy rope -PWMP *kalat

thick, of objects; dense, of crowds -PMP *tebel₂

thick, of solid objects -PWMP *ma-kapal

thick, of solid objects -PAN *kaS(e)pal

thick, sticky, pasty -PPH *lap(e)qút

thick, viscous -PMP *buket

very thick, really thick -POC *matolu-tolu

viscous; thick, of liquids -PPH *sap(e)nut

thief

bandit, robber, thief - *(loan)

thief -PWMP *mana-nakaw

thief - *(loan)

thigh

crotch, space between thighs -PWMP *lakaŋ

groin, inner thigh where it joins the trunk -PCMP *kelen

thigh -PAN *paqa₁

thimble

thimble - *(loan)

thin

cover with a thin layer -PWMP *kupkup₁

fish with a thin, elongated body: long tom -PMP *selu

pig bristles; type of sea urchin with thin black spines -PMP *bulu ni babuy

skinny, thin, underweight -PAN *ma-kuliC

stone slab, thin layer -PMP *lapis

thin -PMP *mepis

thin (of materals) -PMP *ma-nipis

thin (of material objects) -PAN *iŋ(e)pis

thin (of materials) -PMP *tipis

thin (of materials) -PAN *ma-Nipis

thin (of materials) - *(loan)

thin covering, eyelid -PMP *takub

thin layer -PMP *lepit₁

thin, lean -PWMP *kuru₂

thin, of liquids such as soup; to dilute -PPH *lab(e)náw

thin, of liquids; watery -PPH *lásaw

thin, of material objects -PWMP *ma-iŋ(e)pis

thin, of materials -PMP *mipis

thin, of materials - *-pis₂(root)

thin, of people and animals -PMP *ma-niwaŋ

thin, of persons and animals -PAN *ma-Niwaŋ

thin, skinny (?) -PWMP *ma-Rusuk

thin, slender, skinny - *(loan)

thin, thin layer -PWMP *Rampis

to lose weight, grow thin -PMP *sutsut₁

to slice into thin strips, as meat or vegetables -PPH *gáyat

very thin -POC *manipi-nipis

thin cover to sleep on

quilt mattress thin cover to sleep on - *(loan)

thing

able to cope, able to handle things -PPH *sapal

be sharpened; thing sharpened -PWMP *hasaq-en

bunch or cluster of things; to gather -PWMP *kumpul

carving, thing made by carving wood -PWMP *ukir-an

clip used to fasten things together -PPH *siR(e)pít

compare two things -PWMP *tandiŋ

crossbar, strut, something to hold things apart -PMP *sekaŋ

divide, separate things that are joined -POC *pokaq

do, make, create, perform; to work; to wager: deed; thing; creation; behavior, conduct, performance; work; a bet; because, on account of, through the action of; need, use for something; necessary; for (benefactive) -PMP *buhat₂

edible things, food -PAN *ka-kaen-en

goods, belongings, things, possessions - *(loan)

his/her unnamed thing: his/hers -POC *anu-ña

his/her unnamed thing: his/hers -PMP *a-nu-ni a

improvised purse or bag, folded cloth used to carry things -PWMP *puyuŋ

join two things to give added length (rope, bamboo, etc.) -PAN-F *Nutud

knock two things together with a clicking sound -PPH *sintík

made, created; thing made or created -PMP *buhat-an₂

my unnamed thing: mine -PMP *a-nu-ku

narrow opening or passage between two things -PWMP *selat

net bag used by men for carrying things on back -PAN-F *kaway₃

old, of things -PWMP *dana

old, of things; ancient times -PMP *dadan

old, of things; ancient times -PAN *dadaN

person who peels; thing used to peel (?) -PWMP *pa-ŋulit

pinch together; tongs, etc. for pinching things together -PWMP *biR(e)tiŋ

rub two things together, create friction, as sticks to make fire, or the hands -PMP *kusu₁

separate two things -PMP *elak

smaller thing of a pair (?) -PWMP *paŋ-anak

space between two things -PWMP *qelet-an

spread wide apart, as the legs or any two things joined at a point -PMP *pikaŋ

thing around which binding is wound -PWMP *bejbej-an

thing borrowed -PWMP *hinzam-en

thing of uncertainty -PWMP *anu-anu

thing pointed out, shown, or taught -PWMP *ka-tuzuq-an

thing sucked (?) -PWMP *qisep-an

thing that gets wet -PWMP *baseq-an

thing used to knock or pound -PWMP *p<um>ekpek

thing whose name is unknown -PCEMP *anu

thing whose name is unknown, avoided, or cannot be remembered: what? -PMP *a-nu

thing; detail -PPH *bágay

things that have been made, created objects -PWMP *paR-buhat-en

to bind, tie tightly, probably of tying one thing which is moveable to another which is fixed -PPH *kedked

to catch, as a thing thrown -POC *sabot

to fall, of many things at once; to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something -PAN *taktak₁

to have one thing on top of another -PWMP *tumpaŋ₁

to hitch, tie two things together -PPH *Rakéd

to leave things or people alone; to abandon -PPH *bayáq

to mix two or more things -PPH *i-lahúk

to scatter things about -PPH *waság

tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching -PMP *qapit

tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching -PAN *qapiC

tree trunk, fallen tree, log; stem of a plant; body; corpse; self; bridge of the nose; most important or preeminent thing; main course of a river; mushroom or bracket fungus that grows on tree trunks or decaying logs -PMP *bataŋ

twine round and round; thing made by braiding -POC *piri-piri

verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice; nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action -PAN *-en

was escorted or brought; person escorted, thing brought -PWMP *h<in>ateD

what thing? -PAN-F *nema

your unnamed thing: yours -PMP *a-nu-mu

think

brood, think, be silent -PMP *sendem

consider, think -PWMP *agam

remember, think about -PWMP *maŋ-iŋat

think -PAN *nemnem

think (goal focus) -PPh *isip-en

think about, consider -PWMP *qituŋ

think about, think over -PWMP *iŋat-iŋat

think carefully about, consider -PWMP *a(ŋ)gap

think, consider; thought, idea -PPh *henaq

think, ponder, brood; remember - *-dem₂(root)

think, ponder, brood;-remember - *-nem₂(root)

think, ponder; brood -PWMP *qendem

think, understand -POC *adom

think, understand -PMP *handem

to think -POC *nonom

to think, ponder -POC *kana-kana

thinking

thinking, thoughts; opinion -PPh *ísip

thinness

thinness (of materials) -PAN *Nipis

thinness (of materials) -PMP *nipis

thinness, fineness of texture -PWMP *taRpis

thinness, of materials -PWMP *lupis₁

thinness, of materials -PWMP *lipis

thinness, of people and animals -PMP *niwaŋ

thinness, slenderness -PAN *Niwaŋ

third

relative of the third ascending or descending generation -PCMP *usi

relative of the third or fourth ascending or descending generation -PMP *piut

third -POC *ika-tolu

third -PMP *ika-telu

third -PAN *Sika-telu

third-party

verb prefix: third-party causative-command -PPh *ipa-

thirst

thirst -PPH *hawaw

thirst -PMP *quhaw

thirst -PAN *quSaw

thirst, hunger -PWMP *laqu

thirst, thirsty - *(loan)

thirsty

thirst, thirsty - *(loan)

thirsty -PAN *ma-quSaw

thirsty -PAN *quSaw-an

thirsty - *(noise)

thirty

thirty -POC *tolu-ŋa-puluq

thirty -PMP *telu-ŋa-puluq

this

1p deixis and spatial reference: this; here -PAN *ti

1p deixis and spatial reference: this; here -PAN *i-ti

a pandanus,Pandanus odoratissimus; a mat made from the leaves of this plant -POC *kiRe

deictic particle: this -PAN-F *nay

demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here; that, there -PAN *si ia₂

demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here; that, there -PMP *ia₂

demonstrative: this (?) -POC *ari

look from side to side, turn the head in this way -PWMP *liŋaR

paper mulberry tree:Brousonnetia papyrifera, used to make bark cloth; men’s loincloth made from this material -PCEMP *malaw

proximal deictic: this -PAN *qani₁

proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here; now -PAN *-ni

that, this - *(noise)

this -PMP *ieq

this -PWMP *-tu

this, here -PAN *i-ni

this, proximal deictic - *(noise)

this; here -PAN *qa-ni

this; here -PAN *ia-ni

to sway, stagger, turn this way and that -PPH *talátal

thorn

hook, thorn -PPH *sibít

thorn -PAN *duRi

thorn -PAN *suqaR

thorn -PAN *Cenek

thorn in the flesh -PPH *tunay₁

thorn, spine, as on a fish -PPH *tenek

thorn, splinter, fish bone -POC *suRi₁

thorn, splinter, fish bone -PMP *duRi

thorn, spur, barb -PMP *beRtek

thorn, spur, barb, stinger of stingray -POC *potok

thorn; splinter; fish bone -POC *ruRi

thorn; stinger of stingray -PEMP *betek₃

thorny

a thorny tree:Caesalpinia spp. -PMP *sepaŋ

a thorny vine:Smilax spp. -PMP *banaw

a thorny vine:Smilax spp. -PAN *baNaw

a thorny vine:Smilax spp. -PCEMP *banaR₂

a thorny vine:Smilax spp. -PMP *banaR₁

a thorny vine:Smilax spp. -PAN *baNaR

marine fish with thorny skin -PMP *utik

thorny -PWMP *ma-duRi

thorny, prickly -PPH *ma-tenek

those

that, those -PPH *danáq₂

that, those -POC *nana₁

thought

inside, interior; thoughts, emotions, memories -POC *ilo₁

think, consider; thought, idea -PPh *henaq

thinking, thoughts; opinion -PPh *ísip

thought, opinions -PPh *ka-ísip-an

thoughts, mind - *(loan)

thoughtful

wise, thoughtful -PPh *ma-ísip

thousand

thousand -PMP *Ribu

thrash

beat, thrash -PWMP *lasaq

beat, thrash -PWMP *qantem

beat, thrash -PWMP *maŋ-betbet

beat, thrash -PMP *betbet

hit, beat, thrash -PWMP *banat

to beat, thrash -PWMP *puspus₂

thread

ball of thread; spool -PAN *puduN

bundle of thread or plant fibers -PPH *lábag

device for making thread or yarn -PWMP *laway-an

drawstring; to thread a drawstring -PMP *huRhuR

drawstring; to thread a drawstring -PAN *SuRSuR

kind of brush made from coconut husk, used to scrub or polish a surface or to treat threads before weaving -PWMP *sikat

prepare the warp threads in weaving -PPH *saud

press together, make compact, as the threads or leaves in weaving -PPH *sensén

spin cotton thread - *(loan)

spool, shuttle; thread holder (in weaving or making nets) -PWMP *sikuqan

string, twine, thread -PPH *sulid

the weft thread in weaving -PMP *pakan

thread -PAN-F *walay

thread (for weaving, sewing) -PWMP *benaŋ

thread or fibers used in weaving -PWMP *rambut

thread used for sewing (?) -PAN *Ca-CaqiS

thread, yarn -PAN *laway

thread, yarn -PWMP *labay₁

thread, yarn -PWMP *banaeŋ

to thread a needle -PPH *tanúd

wind thread, etc. into a ball; spool -PMP *pudun

threaten

threaten - *(near)

threaten, confront violently -PWMP *ayat

three

all three, three together, three in total -PMP *ka-telu

be divided into three (?) -PWMP *telu-en

made of three parts, as triple-strand rope -PPH *t<in>elu

they three -POC *tolira

three -PEMP *tolu

three -PAN *telu

three (in children’s games) -PPH *telu-gan

three (of humans) -PAN *ta-telu

three (of people) -POC *ta-tolu

three each, three by three -POC *tolu-tolu

three each, three by three -PMP *telu-telu

three times -PWMP *pin-telu

three times -PWMP *in-telu

to divide into three parts -PWMP *maR-telu

to join with to make three -PWMP *telu-an

to triple, multiply by three -POC *paka-tolu

to triple, multiply by three -PMP *paka-telu

trivet, arrangement of three stones on which the cooking pot is placed -PMP *dalikan

twist together rope out of three strands -PWMP *ma-nelu

thresh

beat out, thresh -PAN *paspas₁

thresh grain by trampling -PAN *Riqek

thresh grain with the feet -PWMP *maŋ-Riqek

thresh with the feet (as rice) -PAN *iRik

thresh with the feet, as rice -PAN *qiRik

to thresh by trampling -PWMP *R<um>iqek

threshold

threshold - *(loan)

thrifty

thrifty - *(loan)

thrifty; to use sparingly -PWMP *inut

thrive

grow rapidly, thrive, be healthy -PPH *talúbuq

throat

choke, have something stuck in the throat -PWMP *bekeR₁

hiccup, produce a sound in the throat -PPH *sin(e)qek

make a gurgling sound in the throat, or hiccup -PWMP *seguk

neck, throat - *(noise)

puffy area around the throat of some birds -PWMP *tambuluk

slit an animal's throat -PAN *gereC

stopped in its course, as something which sticks in the throat -PWMP *buqul

throat -PWMP *telen-an

throat -PWMP *kaRuŋkuŋ

throaty

deep throaty sound -PMP *re(ŋ)guk

deep throaty sound -PPh *iŋguk

deep throaty sound -PWMP *haguk

deep throaty sound -PMP *de(ŋ)guk

deep throaty sound - *-guk(root)

deep throaty sound - *-ŋuk(root)

dull throaty sound -PMP *tekek

dull throaty sound - *-gek(root)

harsh throaty sound -PWMP *sukak

high-pitched throaty sound -PMP *egik

make a harsh throaty sound -PMP *pikak

raucous throaty sound - *-gak₂(root)

shrill throaty sound - *-gik (or *-giqik?)(root)

shrill throaty sound - *-kik(root)

shrill throaty sound - *-ŋik(root)

throaty sound - *(noise)

throb

beat, throb, pulse -PWMP *petuk

pound, throb -PAN *tibuk

throb with pain or exhaustion -PPH *seŋet-seŋet

throb, beat -PMP *pi(n)tik

throb, thud, clap, break - *-puk₁(root)

throbbing

throbbing pain -PMP *ŋutŋut₂

throng

crowd, throng - *(noise)

die in throngs; be on the verge of death -PMP *m-atay m-atay

through

able to pass through -PWMP *taR-selat

bore through - *(loan)

break through, of water -PMP *buntaŋ

break, broken, cut through -PMP *pataq

complete an activity, see through to completion -PPH *perper₁

cut through -PWMP *qantas

cut through, sever -PWMP *butas₂

cut through, sever, divide by cutting -PWMP *qutas

cut through, tear -PMP *ra(n)tas

do, make, create, perform; to work; to wager: deed; thing; creation; behavior, conduct, performance; work; a bet; because, on account of, through the action of; need, use for something; necessary; for (benefactive) -PMP *buhat₂

drill through, pierce, perforate -POC *paRo₁

drip, ooze through -PMP *tiRis

ear plug, roll of leaves, etc. inserted through pierced ear -PWMP *subeŋ

flow through a small opening, of rushing water -PPh *bug(e)ris

go right through, penetrate through and through -PWMP *terus

go through a narrow passage -POC *solso

hack a passage through -PWMP *maŋ-bentas

hack a passage through vegetation, blaze a trail -PMP *bentas

improvised trail, trail made by passing through? -PAN *ka-zalan-an

leak, spill through, stream out from a hole in a container -PMP *busbus

lose someone through death -PMP *m-atay-an

lose someone through death (?) -PAN *ka-aCay-an

neck shackle to prevent an animal from passing through fences -PMP *pagal

pierce, penetrate; pass through -PWMP *la(m)pus₂

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled through shallow water -PMP *tulak

put something into or through an opening -PPH *súbuq

sever, cut through, rip out stitches -PAN *tastas

sever, rip, cut through; short cut - *-tas(root)

snort, sniff; blow air through the nostrils -PWMP *eŋkus

soft through exposure to moisture; sticky -PWMP *luyak

sound of swishing, as of hand passing through water -PPH *kisaw

to eat too much, be cloyed, overfull, tired of something through excess; bored -PWMP *saweqaq

to explain, elucidate, talk through a problem -PPH *usay

to fly, soar through the air -PWMP *layaŋ₁

to hear, listen; obey; hear about; news; fame, famous; to feel, perceive through any sense other than sight -PMP *deŋeR

to pass through -PWMP *z<um>alan

to pass through or by something, esp. after stopping -PPH *lahús

to sip, as through a straw -PAN *siRup

to slip through or out, get away -PPH *pus(e)lít

to slip through, pass through -PPH *lusút

transport piecemeal; tranport through repeated trips -PAN *SakuC

transport piecemeal; transport through repeated trips -PWMP *maŋ-hakut

transport piecemeal; transport through repeated trips -PMP *hakut

wade through waist-deep water -PPH *lunuy

wear out through overuse, as fabric or a rope -PPH *rúnut

throw

discard, throw away; banish -PMP *buqaŋ

shoot at, throw a spear at -POC *lusa

spear used in warfare; throw a spear at someone -PPH *bákal

throw -PMP *tudaq

throw - *(noise)

throw at, hit with a projectile -PAN *buNuq₂

throw at, hit, strike with a sharp object; kill; extinguish (a fire) -PMP *bunuq₂

throw away, toss away -PWMP *ka-buaŋ

throw down - *(noise)

throw down, as a burden -PWMP *qempas

throw out (of a container or enclosure) -PWMP *la(m)bug₁

throw something at a target; shoot with bow and arrow -PAN *panaq

throw, cast -PMP *lambeg

to stone, throw a stone at -POC *piriŋ₃

to stone, throw a stone at -PCEMP *biriŋ₂

to throw -PAN *batu₃

toss up, throw into the air -PWMP *talaŋ₂

wrestle, seize and throw a person to the ground -PPH *ludeg

throwing

to sweep aside, clean by throwing aside -PPH *lunlún-en

to sweep aside, clean by throwing aside -PPH *lunlún

thrown

be thrown away or discarded -PWMP *b<in>uaŋ

game played with thrown reeds -POC *tika

to catch, as a thing thrown -POC *sabot

to catch, receive something thrown or sent one’s way -PWMP *sambut₂

thrush

a fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush -PMP *guham

a fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush -PAN *guSam

have a thrush or stomatitits infection -PWMP *guam-en

thrust

inserted, thrust in -PWMP *s<al>uksuk

shove, thrust forward -PWMP *unzur

thrust downward with sharp implement -PWMP *tuzaq

thrust into, pierce with -PMP *desek₂

thrust out, extend forward -PMP *qunzur

thrust out; extend - *-zur(root)

to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab -PAN *dukduk₄

thud

clap, thud -PMP *tampuk₁

fall with a dull thud -PMP *tebuk₂

fall with a thud -PWMP *lepuk

knock, pound, thud -PMP *etuk

pound, thud -PWMP *lebak₁

pound, thud -PWMP *debak

pound, thud, heavy splash - *-buk₂(root)

sound of a dull thud -POC *puk₁

sound of a dull thud -PMP *buk

sound of a thud -PWMP *gek

throb, thud, clap, break - *-puk₁(root)

thud -PWMP *lepak₂

thud -PAN *Cebuk

thud, strike against -PMP *rumpak

to pound, thud -PWMP *lebuk

thudding

make a thudding or popping sound -PWMP *lagetub₁

thudding sound -PWMP *ebek

thumb

squeeze between thumb and finger -PWMP *pi(n)zit

squeeze between thumb and finger -PWMP *pizet

thumb -PMP *ina ni lima

thumbnail

crush lice between the thumbnails -PWMP *tedes

crush with the thumbnail (as a louse) -PWMP *tedis

thump

beat, pound, bump, thump -PAN *tutuh

hit, thump - *(noise)

tap, thump -PMP *te(m)bek

thump! -POC *tok

thump! -PMP *tek

thumping

hit, sound of hitting, clapping, thumping -PAN *tepuk

thunder

deep rumbling sound; thunder -POC *guRuŋ

distant rolling thunder -PAN *deRuŋ₁

power in natural phenomena; thunder, storm wind -POC *mana₂

roll of thunder -PWMP *deRu

thunder -PPH *duldúl₂

thunder -POC *kururu₁

thunder -PWMP *delek

thunder -PMP *ru(ŋ)guŋ

thunder -POC *parara

thunder -PWMP *guntur

thunder -PMP *le(ŋ)gur

thunder -PMP *enduR

thunder -PWMP *duRduR

thunder -PAN *duhduh

thunder -PAN *deRdeR

thunder -PWMP *dalak

thunder - *(near)

thunder and lightning together -PWMP *letiq

thunder; roaring or thunderous sound -PAN *deŋdeŋ₂

thunderous

thunder; roaring or thunderous sound -PAN *deŋdeŋ₂

Thunnus

yellowfin tuna:Thunnus albacares -POC *takua

thwart

thwart, crosspiece -PMP *palaŋ₁

thwart, crosspiece, as one used to restrain person; lie athwart or across -PWMP *balagbag

thwarts of a canoe -POC *ili

transverse beam, thwart -POC *sokaŋ

transverse beams that support the roof of a house; thwart or ribs of a boat -PMP *seŋkar

tick

tick, click -PWMP *simetik

to tick, make a ticking or light knocking sound -PMP *kitik₂

ticking

sound of ticking -PWMP *hagetik

sound of ticking, flipping, light tapping -PWMP *pa(n)tik

sound of ticking, rain drops falling -PPH *tagiktik

ticking sound - *-tik₂(root)

to tick, make a ticking or light knocking sound -PMP *kitik₂

tickle

tickle - *(loan)

tickle; ticklish -PPH *giruk

to tickle -PPH *kiki₃

to tickle -POC *kiri

to tickle -POC *kirik

to tickle -PMP *kitik₁

to tickle -PWMP *kitek

to tickle -PMP *kilik₁

to tickle -PWMP *gitik

to tickle -PWMP *qitik qitik

to tickle -PWMP *qitik₂

to tickle -PMP *kirik

to tickle -PAN *kidiq

to tickle -PMP *giri

to tickle -PMP *gidik

ticklish

tickle; ticklish -PPH *giruk

ticklish sensation -PWMP *gilek

tidal

high tide, tidal flow -POC *Ruap

high tide, tidal flow -PMP *Ruab

lower part of a river; tidal bore -PMP *bena

tide

be lifted up or deposited on the beach by tide or current -POC *puRe₁

dry up; low tide -PWMP *keti

ebb tide - *(near)

ebb tide, dry reef -POC *maqati

ebb tide; coral reefs and sandbanks exposed at low tide; evaporate, dry up, of water in cooking, in a river, etc. -PMP *qeti₁

ebb, of water in streams; low tide -PMP *ma-qati

ebb, of water in streams; low tide -PAN *ma-qaCi

ebb, of water in streams; low tide -PMP *qati

flood tide -PWMP *pasaŋ₄

flood tide -PPh *atáb

go fishing; fish at low tide (?) -PMP *qeti₂

high sea or tide - *(noise)

high tide (?) -PWMP *taeb

high tide, tidal flow -POC *Ruap

high tide, tidal flow -PMP *Ruab

low tide -PWMP *ka-qati

low, of the tide -PMP *ma-qeti

tie

Hibiscus tiliaceus, a tree the bark of which provides a fiber much used in making cordage; to lash, tie, bind -POC *paRu

belt; tie around the waist -PAN *bakes₁

bind, tie together -PWMP *biŋkis

bind, tie together by winding around -PWMP *maŋ-bejbej

co-parent-in-law, the kinship tie between the parents of a married couple -PWMP *baisan

entangle, snarl, tie up, wind around, wrap -POC *pisi₁

fasten or tie to - *(loan)

fire saw; tie a tool around the hand or some other fixture -PPH *kulili

tie a knot - *(noise)

tie an artificial spur to the leg of a fighting cock -PWMP *maŋ-bulaŋ

tie around; belt -PPh *balíkis

tie by binding -POC *kobot

tie by binding around -PMP *kebet₁

tie down, fasten by binding -PPH *takéd

tie or clasp together; to button -PMP *kaput₁

tie the feet together -PMP *rimpuŋ

tie together -PMP *Rakut

tie together into a bundle -PWMP *maŋ-beRkes

tie together, of floating objects -PWMP *lantiŋ

tie up -PWMP *pusuŋ₁

tie up, bind tightly -PWMP *tambej

tie up, tie by wrapping around -PWMP *kabej

tie, bind, attach to by tying -PMP *hiket

tie, bind, attach to by tying -PAN *Siket

tie, bind, wrap around - *-kis₂(root)

tie, fasten together -PMP *sa(ŋ)kit

to bind, tie the hands or feet -PWMP *Rapus-en

to bind, tie the hands or feet, as a person in detention, or an animal to be slaughtered; restraining rope -PMP *Rapus

to bind, tie tightly, probably of tying one thing which is moveable to another which is fixed -PPH *kedked

to bind, tie up (as a person) -PPH *balud-en

to bind, tie up (as a person) -PPH *i-balud

to bind, tie up (as a person) -PPH *balud

to clasp, tie together -PWMP *ma-ŋaput

to hitch, tie two things together -PPH *Rakéd

to tie -PWMP *h<um>iket

to tie -PWMP *maR-hiket

to tie up, tighten a rope -PPH *higút

to tie with rope, fasten with rope -PAN *C<um>aliS

to tie, bind -PCEMP *paqus₂

to tie, bind together -PWMP *maŋ-hiket

to weave a net, tie strings together -PWMP *hiket

to wind, tie by winding around -PPh *bejbej-en

to wrap, tie up or tie together -PPH *puŋus

tied

be tied up tightly -PWMP *heRet-en

bound, tied up -PWMP *R<in>apus

drawn, tied, even in score - *(loan)

mooring place, place where a boat is tied -PWMP *talih-an

tied, bound together -PWMP *hiket-en

was tied by winding around -PWMP *b<in>ejbej

tight

hide, stay in a tight or hidden place -PPH *lukluk

narrow, tight -PPH *piet

narrow, tight, confined -PMP *gipit

squeeze, hold tight, clutch -POC *gomol

tight -PWMP *seket₁

tight -PWMP *ilet

tight, constricted -PMP *qetqet

tight, constricted -PAN *qeCqeC

tight, firm -PMP *ma-heRet

tight, firm -PAN *ma-SeReC

tight, taut - *(noise)

tight, tightness -PWMP *hiqepet

tighten

for the chest to tighten in excitement or fear; for the heart to pound -PPH *kebá

tighten -PPh *hiRet-an

tighten, fasten firmly -PMP *h<um>eRet

tighten, fasten firmly -PAN *S<um>eReC

tighten, make firm, of a binding -PWMP *maŋ-heRet

tighten; belt - *-ReC(root)

tighten; constriction -PPh *hiRét

to tie up, tighten a rope -PPH *higút

tight-fisted

stingy, tight-fisted - *(loan)

tight-fitting

tight-fitting -PPH *lapat₂

tight-fitting, of clothing -PWMP *sikep₂

tightly

be tied up tightly -PWMP *heRet-en

belt, anything that encircles tightly -PMP *bakes₁

bind tightly -PMP *qeRut

bind tightly - *(loan)

compact, compressed, packed in tightly -PWMP *pa(n)det

crowded together, packed in tightly -PWMP *degdeg

encircle tightly -PWMP *sel(e)qut

fit tightly, of clothes -PWMP *silet

hold something tightly in the fist -PWMP *maŋ-Ragem

hold tightly or firmly -POC *tabe

hold tightly, clutch to oneself -PPH *sak(e)lut-en

hold tightly, clutch to oneself -PPH *sak(e)lút

join together, attach tightly -PMP *rapet

narrow; squeeze tightly -PWMP *sempit

pack in tightly -PMP *pedet

pack in tightly (?) -PPh *maŋ-qunej

packed tightly -PWMP *sa(n)det

packed tightly together -PAN *detdet

press together, close tightly -PAN *kupit

roll up, curl up tightly -PAN-F *kuCkuC

stretched tightly -PWMP *iReteŋ

stuff, pack tightly -PPH *saksák

tie up, bind tightly -PWMP *tambej

tightly capped -PPH *takem

tightly packed, in space or time -PWMP *ma-seksek

to bind tightly; belt -PMP *heRet

to bind tightly; belt -PAN *SeReC

to bind, tie tightly, probably of tying one thing which is moveable to another which is fixed -PPH *kedked

to bind, to fasten tightly by tying -PPH *i-takéd

to clutch, hold tightly -POC *kukup

to clutch, hold tightly -PMP *kupkup₃

to grip, grasp tightly -PWMP *pigeŋ

to hold tightly -PAN *metmet

to slow cook in a tightly covered vessel -PWMP *kulub₂

to stretch tightly -PWMP *iReteŋ-en

wrap around tightly -PPH *tag(e)kés

wrap firmly around, encircle tightly -POC *likos

wrap firmly around, encircle tightly -PMP *likes

wrap tightly around -PWMP *keskes₂

tightness

tight, tightness -PWMP *hiqepet

tightness, congestion -PWMP *sendet

tigthly

encircle tigthly; band or ring around something -PWMP *selut

til

still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else) -PAN *pa₁

tiliaceus

Hibiscus tiliaceus, a tree the bark of which provides a fiber much used in making cordage; to lash, tie, bind -POC *paRu

a small shore tree:Hibiscus tiliaceus -PMP *baRu

till

till the soil - *(noise)

tilt

to pour out, tilt to pour -PWMP *tuaŋ₁

timber

hardwood tree with edible fruit and valuable timber:Palaquium spp. -PMP *ñatuq

time

at one time -PPH *minsan

be stretched out, of time; old (of past crops that are still not consumed) -PWMP *laun

beat time on a drum or slitgong -POC *tutu

by hundreds, hundreds at a time -PWMP *Ratus-an

distributive; one-by-one, one at a time -PAN *isa isa

do eight times -PAN *paR-walu-en

do eight times -PWMP *ka-walu

do four times -PAN *paR-Sepat-en

do six times -PAN *paR-enem-en

do six times -PWMP *ka-enem

duration of time, time period -PWMP *tagal

eight by eight, eight at a time -PMP *walu walu

eight times -PMP *paka-walu

eight times -PWMP *in-walu

eight times (frequentative, multiplicative) -PAN *maka-walu

endure, last a long time -POC *loan

first, before, anterior in time -PAN *(q)uNah

first, before, anterior in time -PMP *huna

five times -POC *paka-lima₂

five times -PMP *paka-lima₁

five times -PAN *maka-lima

five times -PWMP *ka-lima

five times -PWMP *iŋ-lima

four at a time -POC *pati pati

four at a time -PMP *epat epat

four times -POC *paka-pat

four times -PMP *paka-epat

four times -PWMP *maka-epat

four times -PAN *maka-Sepat

four times -PWMP *iŋg-epat

generic marker of location in space or time -PAN *i₂

go or do something slowly, take one’s time -PPH *ananay₂

how many times? -POC *paka-pica

interval of space or time -PWMP *selaŋ₁

long, of time -PWMP *lambat

long, of time; protracted -PPH *lawig

marker of past time in temporal expressions -PAN *ka-₁

nine times -POC *paka-siwa

old (of things), ancient times -POC *tuaRi

old, kept for a long time (as rice) -PWMP *ma-laun

old, of things; ancient times -PMP *dadan

old, of things; ancient times -PAN *dadaN

past, of time -POC *waRi₂

quick, do quickly; do in a short time -PPH *dalíq

season, time, weather - *(loan)

second time (?) -PPH *ipi-duhá

seven by seven, seven at a time -PAN *pitu pitu

seven times -PMP *paka-pitu

seven times -PMP *ka-pitu

six by six, six at a time -POC *onom onom

six by six, six at a time -PMP *enem enem

six times -POC *paka-onom

six times -PMP *paka-enem

six times -PWMP *iŋg-enem

six times (frequentative multiplicative) -PAN *maka-enem

take one's time -PWMP *lantaŋ

ten at a time (?) -PWMP *puluq-an

ten times (?) -PWMP *im-puluʔ

then, at that time -PEMP *iri

then, at that time -PMP *idi

three times -PWMP *pin-telu

three times -PWMP *in-telu

tightly packed, in space or time -PWMP *ma-seksek

time of birth (?) -PWMP *ka-anak-an

time of lengthening shadows; afternoon -PWMP *liŋay₁

to pass, cross over to the other side; to be past, of time for an action -PWMP *lapas

to pass, of time; to pass time idly -PAN *SuRay

to roost, of chickens; time of roosting -PPh *hápun

two by two, two at a time -POC *rua rua₁

two by two, two at a time; two each -PCEMP *dua-dua

two by two, two at a time; two each -PAN *duSa duSa

two by two, two at a time; two each; both -PMP *duha duha₁

use sparingly, a little at a time -PWMP *qinut

time limit

deadline, time limit - *(loan)

timid

timid, fearful; coward -PAN *talaw

timorous

wild, timorous, shy -POC *ila₁

wild, timorous, shy -PMP *ilah

tin

tin -PWMP *timeRaq

tin - *(noise)

tin can

tin can - *(loan)

tinctoria

a shrub with edible figs:Ficus tinctoria -POC *taŋa₃

indigo plant and dye:Indigofera suffruticosa (Mill.) andIndigofera tinctoria L. -PMP *taRum

tinder

fungus that grows on the sugar palm; tinder -PMP *baruk

tinder, punk -PWMP *lulug

tinder; start a fire -PPH *lublúb

tinea

be affected by tinea -PWMP *panaw-en

Tinea

fungus infection which produces light patches on the skin:Tinea flava orPityriasis -PMP *panaw₁

ringworm:Tinea imbricata -POC *puni₃

ringworm:Tinea imbricata -PMP *buqeni

tinkling

sound of tinkling or chiming - *(near)

tinkling sound -PMP *tiŋtiŋ

tiny

tiny biting insect -PCEMP *ñiñik

tiny biting insect: gnat, sandfly -PMP *ñikñik

tiny parasite on the body, itch mite, chicken louse -PMP *kuman

tiny red itch mite -PWMP *tuŋaw₁

tiny sea fish that ascends rivers in huge numbers to spawn -PEMP *ipun₁

tiny sea fish that ascends rivers in huge numbers to spawn -PMP *hipun₁

tip

extremity, tip -PWMP *utuŋ

mountain peak, cape of land; tip of anything -PMP *quzuŋ

point, tip - *(noise)

poke, prod with the tip of something -PWMP *suŋkul

prune, cut off the tip -PMP *puŋgul

prune, cut off the tip -PWMP *puŋgel

prune, cut off the tip -PWMP *puŋgal

snake venom; plant poison used on tips of arrows -PPH *dítaq

sprouting tip of a plant -PWMP *pucuk

tail; end of something long, as a rope; tip of a leaf -POC *siku

tip or shoot of growing plant -PPH *ugbús

tip, extremity -PMP *budu

to lever up, tip up by force -PWMP *tuas

top of a tree, tip, extremity -PWMP *lawi₂

top, tip, apex -PWMP *puntuk

trim, cut the tips off -PWMP *tiptip

tipped

tipped on the side (?) -PPH *ta-gílij

tiptoes

to bend backward, as when standing on tiptoes -PPH *tiqad

tire

tired, weary; to tire, grow tired -PPh *belay

tired

die; dead; sick; tired (of); faint, lose consciousness; eclipse; new moon; extinguished; blocked (path); paralyzed; numb, asleep (limbs); die down (wind); waterless (springs, rivers); dry up (plants); beaten (in a game); fixed (price); terminate a matter, reach an agreement; disaster; intensive, superlative; desire intensely, be deeply in love -PMP *m-atay

tired -PPH *banal

tired - *(loan)

tired, exhausted -PWMP *pagel

tired, weak, exhausted -PPH *lutuy

tired, weary; to tire, grow tired -PPh *belay

to eat too much, be cloyed, overfull, tired of something through excess; bored -PWMP *saweqaq

tired of

tired of - *(loan)

tissue

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing -PMP *buaq

tithe

a tithe, share given for help in harvesting the crops -PPH *húnus

title

title of rank - *(loan)

title of respect -PMP *puaŋ

title, yield, results - *(loan)

title (to land)

title (to land) - *(loan)

titter

titter, giggle -PMP *gikgik

to

at, on, in, to -POC *pa₂

preposition: at, on, in, to -PMP *ba₃

toast

a toast (in drinking); to offer a toast -PPH *tágay

roast over a fire, toast -PWMP *paŋgaŋ

toast (in drinking)

toast (in drinking) - *(loan)

tobacco

roll up a leaf, as a tobacco leaf -PPH *tustus

tobacco - *(loan)

toe

finger, toe -POC *taŋan

finger, toe -PMP *taŋan

finger, toe; tentacles of octopus -PPH *gulamay

finger, toe; tentacles of octopus -PPH *galamáy

supernumerary, as an extra finger or toe -PAN *sipiŋ

toenail

fingernail, toenail, claw -PPH *sulu₂

fingernail, toenail; claw -PWMP *silu₂

together

accompany, go together with -PWMP *duluR

all three, three together, three in total -PMP *ka-telu

appropriate, suitable, right; fit together; hit the mark -PAN *tama₁

appropriate, suitable; fit together; hit the mark -PMP *tamaq₁

bind, tie together -PWMP *biŋkis

bind, tie together by winding around -PWMP *maŋ-bejbej

bound together -PWMP *kawil₂

bound together (?) -PWMP *paR-Rakit

braid, twist together -POC *pijir, pijir-i

braid, wind together - *-pid(root)

canoes joined together lengthwise (?) -POC *kabat₂

clamp, pinch together -PWMP *sapit

clash together -PMP *tu(m)bak

click or clink together, as stones in making fire -PPH *santik

clip used to fasten things together -PPH *siR(e)pít

close together -PAN *pijpij

close together - *(noise)

close together, compact -PPH *sunsun

closely spaced, set close together -PAN *ma-pizpiz

crowd, push together -PWMP *da(ŋ)sek

crowded together, packed in tightly -PWMP *degdeg

crowded; crowd together -POC *osok

crowded; crowd together -PMP *esek₁

dense, close together - *(noise)

do something together with others -PAN *sabay₁

do something together with others -PWMP *sa(m)bay

do something with someone else, perform an action together -PAN *mi-da-duSa

eat together as a group -PPH *laŋlaŋ

eating partner; eat together -PPH *ka-laŋlaŋ

fasten together by sewing or tying -PAN *kapit

five each, five together -PWMP *taR-lima

flock together -PMP *tapuk₁

flow, stream together -PWMP *uluR

gather together -PMP *rempun

gather, collect together -PWMP *emuŋ

gather, flock together - *-puk₃(root)

go together -PMP *hampil

hook together -PWMP *ra(m)bit

join together - *(noise)

join together, attach tightly -PMP *rapet

join together; beams used in house construction -PWMP *lipit

join, fasten together, probably lengthwise -PWMP *diq(e)pit

knead, mix together -PMP *quli

knock two things together with a clicking sound -PPH *sintík

link in a chain; joined together, as links in a chain, people in sexual intercourse or marriage; hands joined in crossing pattern in circle dance -PWMP *kawiŋ

mate, companion, fellow; together with; alike, the same as; aligned or in good order -PWMP *sama

mix together -PMP *rembur

packed tightly together -PAN *detdet

pierce, skewer or string together -PAN *tusuk

pincer of crustaceans; press together, pinch, squeeze -PMP *qipit

pincer of crustaceans; tongs; press together, pinch, squeeze -PAN *qipit

pinch together -PMP *atip

pinch together; narrow -PWMP *gu(m)pit

pinch together; tongs, etc. for pinching things together -PWMP *biR(e)tiŋ

pinch, press between; fasten thatch together with slats in roofing a house -PMP *kapit

pinch, squeeze, press together -PMP *qatip₂

pound together, place of pounding together -PPh *qasud-án

press together, close tightly -PAN *kupit

press together, make compact, as the threads or leaves in weaving -PPH *sensén

press together, pack solid -PAN *pedped₁

press together, press between two surfaces -PAN *Sapit

press together, press between two surfaces; part of the loom -PMP *hapit

press together; pressed together -POC *kobit₁

press together; pressed together -PAN *kepit

press together; pressed together; carry under the arm, press between the legs -PMP *kepit

press, squeeze together -PWMP *upit

press, squeeze together; narrow - *-pit(root)

put close together -PWMP *lapit

roll together into a ball - *(noise)

rub two things together, create friction, as sticks to make fire, or the hands -PMP *kusu₁

set close together, dense, luxuriant -PMP *lebet

sleep together, sleep with someone -PWMP *ka-tuduR

social prefix, indicating action together with another -PPH *maki-

squeeze, press together -PPH *pekel

stick, adhere; join together -PWMP *liŋkit

strike together -PMP *rimpuk

strike two hard objects together to produce a spark -PPH *piŋkíq

string together, as beads -PAN *CuSuR

swarm together -PWMP *pekpek₂

thunder and lightning together -PWMP *letiq

tie or clasp together; to button -PMP *kaput₁

tie the feet together -PMP *rimpuŋ

tie together -PMP *Rakut

tie together into a bundle -PWMP *maŋ-beRkes

tie together, of floating objects -PWMP *lantiŋ

tie, fasten together -PMP *sa(ŋ)kit

tied, bound together -PWMP *hiket-en

to assemble, come together (of people); bring together (of things) -PPH *típun

to bind together -PMP *pakut

to bind together in a sheaf -PCMP *peu

to bring the hands together -PPH *daup₂

to clasp, tie together -PWMP *ma-ŋaput

to come together, assemble -PPH *ruru₃

to eat together, join others in eating -PPH *maki-kaen

to flap, clash together -PWMP *kibak

to gather, collect together -PWMP *maŋ-emuŋ

to hitch, tie two things together -PPH *Rakéd

to meet, come together -PAN-F *Cebuŋ

to mix in, mix together -PPH *l<um>ahúk

to mix together (?) -PWMP *pa-lamuj

to mix together, as ingredients in cooking -PWMP *ŋa-lamuj

to mix, stir together -PPH *i-rámas

to mix, stir together -PPH *rámas

to press down, press together -PWMP *desek₁

to ride together with someone else, ride tandem -PPH *aŋkás

to rub, rub together -PPH *desdes

to stir, mix together -POC *ule₂

to stir, mix together -PMP *ulay₂

to tie, bind together -PWMP *maŋ-hiket

to twist strands together (?) -PWMP *pintal

to twist together, make rope -PWMP *quntay₂

to weave a net, tie strings together -PWMP *hiket

to wrap, tie up or tie together -PPH *puŋus

tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching -PMP *qapit

tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching -PAN *qapiC

twine together, as strands of rope -PWMP *pa-talih

twist together -POC *piro-a

twist together -POC *piro

twist together rope out of three strands -PWMP *ma-nelu

twist together, intertwine -PWMP *bidibid

twist twine together - *-bid(root)

toil

trouble, toil, difficulty -PWMP *suker

toll

tax, toll - *(loan)

tom

fish with a thin, elongated body: long tom -PMP *selu

kind of long tom -POC *sao

tomato

tomato - *(loan)

tombstone

tombstone - *(loan)

tomorrow

later, tomorrow, in the future -PWMP *pagi

morning, tomorrow - *(loan)

morning; tomorrow -POC *puko

tomorrow -POC *mapua

tomorrow -PPh *buás

tone

drone, droning tone -PAN *teŋteŋ₁

tongs

narrow; pinch between tongs, etc. -PAN *kipit

narrow; to pinch; tongs -PWMP *supit

pincer of crustaceans; tongs; press together, pinch, squeeze -PAN *qipit

pincers, tongs -PWMP *sa(R)pit

pincers, tongs -PWMP *ca(R)pit

pinch together; tongs, etc. for pinching things together -PWMP *biR(e)tiŋ

to pick up with tongs or pincers -PPh *sipít-en

to pinch or squeeze, as with tongs -PWMP *s<um>ipit

tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching -PMP *qapit

tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching -PAN *qapiC

tongs, pincers -PPH *pa-nípit

tongs, pincers, claw of a crab or lobster; to pinch or squeeze -PAN *sipit

tongue

clack the tongue -PMP *le(n)tak

click with the tongue -PPH *tak(e)laq

to move the lips or tongue in chewing or lapping up -PPH *taptap

to stick out the tongue -PPH *dilam

to stick out the tongue -PWMP *zilat

tongue -POC *meme

tongue -PAN *lidam

tongue -PWMP *zelaq

tongue -POC *maya

tongue -PCEMP *maya

tongue -POC *karamea

tongue -PMP *hema

tongue -PAN *Sema

tongue - *(near)

tongue; tongue of tongue-and-groove joint in carpentry -PMP *dilaq₁

tongue-and-groove

tongue; tongue of tongue-and-groove joint in carpentry -PMP *dilaq₁

too

bruised or cramping, of feet after too much walking -PPH *tíkal

cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long -PAN *ma-baSaw

to become soft or overripe, as fruits that are kept too long -PPH *lúnus

to eat too much, be cloyed, overfull, tired of something through excess; bored -PWMP *saweqaq

too bad! it’s a pity! what a shame! -PWMP *sayaŋ

tool

adze or similar tool -PWMP *sa(ŋ)kal

fire saw; tie a tool around the hand or some other fixture -PPH *kulili

handle of a tool - *(loan)

hard stone used to make tools -POC *nadi

hooked instrument or tool -PWMP *pa-ŋawit

scoop, scooping tool -PPH *likup₂

tool for cutting with a forward digging motion -PPH *sudsud₂

tool for digging - *(near)

tool like chisel or trowel -PPH *saluksuk₁

wood-working tool: chisel -POC *paqot

wood-working tool: chisel -PMP *paqet

tool for sawing

saw, tool for sawing - *(loan)

tooth

barb, point; canine tooth? -PAN-F *waqit

canine tooth (?) -POC *bati

canine tooth; tusk, as of wild boar -PPH *sauŋ

molar tooth -PAN *beReqaŋ

molar tooth -POC *paRaŋ

molar tooth -PMP *baReqaŋ

molar tooth -PMP *bageqaŋ

molar tooth (?) -PPH *saŋi

pull up, pull out, as grass or a tooth -PPH *ganút-en

pull up, pull out, as grass or a tooth -PPH *gánut

tooth -POC *ipon

tooth -POC *ŋipon

tooth -PAN *ŋipen

tooth -POC *nipon

tooth -PAN *nipen

tooth -POC *lipon

tooth -PAN *lipen

tooth -PWMP *isi₁

tooth -PMP *ipen

tusk, canine tooth -PMP *baŋelih

tusk; canine tooth -PAN *baŋeliS

weevil that infests wood, bamboo, and rice; dust produced by the boring of this insect; tooth decay, dental caries -PMP *bukbuk₃

toothless

toothless -PAN *ŋidaw

toothless - *(loan)

top

above, on the top -POC *i papo

above, on top -PPH *ŋatu

above, on top -PMP *i-atas

above, on top -PAN *i aCas

above, on top of -PAN *i babaw

full to the top -POC *ponuq sake

head; top part; leader, chief; headwaters; handle of a bladed implement; prow of a boat; first, first-born -PMP *qulu

head; top part; leader, chief; headwaters; handle of a bladed implement; prow of a boat; first, first-born; hair of the head -PCEMP *qulu

head; top part; leader, chief; headwaters; prow of a boat; first, first-born; hair of the head -POC *qulu

high up, on top -PWMP *timbaw₂

high, on top -PWMP *embaw

high; top - *-baw₁(root)

its top -POC *atas-ña

lie in stacks, one on top of the other -PWMP *apid₂

overlapping, one on top of another -PPH *sak(e)níb

peak, summit, top -PWMP *puncu

peak, top -PMP *tuŋtuŋ₂

put something on top of something else -PPH *taq(e)paw-an

put something on top of something else -PPH *i-taq(e)paw

spin without wobbling, of a top -PWMP *ugəŋ

spinning top -PWMP *gasiŋ-an

spinning top -PWMP *gasiŋ

to have one thing on top of another -PWMP *tumpaŋ₁

to lay something on top of another -PAN *takep

top of a tree, tip, extremity -PWMP *lawi₂

top part; high -PMP *umbaw

top surface of something -PPH *taq(e)paw

top, summit, crown -PAN *tuktuk₂

top, summit, crown - *-tuk₄(root)

top, tip, apex -PWMP *puntuk

upper surface, top, above -PCEMP *bobo₂

upper surface, top, above -PMP *bawbaw

upper surface, top; highlands; on, upon, over, above -PAN *babaw₃

topknot

wear the hair in a bun or topknot -PPH *puyud

topmost

topmost hand of banana stalk -POC *qapaRa₂

topmost hand of banana stalk -PMP *qabaRa₂

topsy-turvy

topsy-turvy - *(noise)

torch

illuminate with a torch -PWMP *s<um>uluq

torch, probably of dried palm frond -PMP *suluq

torch; illuminate -PMP *qilaw

use a torch, as in fishing -PWMP *me-ñuluq

torches

tree resin used in torches (?) -PAN *damaR₁

torment

torment, torture - *(loan)

vex, torment -PWMP *ŋuy(e)qa

torn

split, torn; opening or water passage between two capes of land -PMP *beŋat₁

tortoise

scale of fish, lizard or snake; shell of turtle or tortoise -PMP *siksik₂

tortoise shell (?) -PPH *kara

tortoise, land turtle -PPH *baququ

tortoise, land turtle - *(loan)

tortoise shell

tortoise shell - *(loan)

torture

torment, torture - *(loan)

torture - *(noise)

toss

throw away, toss away -PWMP *ka-buaŋ

toss about -PWMP *lindag

toss up, throw into the air -PWMP *talaŋ₂

total

all three, three together, three in total -PMP *ka-telu

number; total -PWMP *bilaŋ-an

total amount (?) -PWMP *ka-bilaŋ-an

totally

to consume totally, use up -PPH *sipet

totter

sway, totter -PWMP *luyuŋ

touch

feel, touch -PPh *hipuq

rest the foot on; touch or knock with the foot -PMP *sakil

take hold of, grasp, touch with the hand -POC *taŋop

tap, touch, or reach in with the finger -PWMP *kuhit

to move or touch in an agitated or compulsive fashion -PPH *garaw-en

to touch -PPH *depel

to touch -PPH *kebil

to touch -POC *kobit₂

to touch lightly -PPH *kab(e)lit

to touch or hold -PPH *kapút

to touch someone lightly, rub the back -PPH *ap(e)rus

to touch, come in contact with -PPH *denet

touch lightly -PWMP *kubit

touch lightly, nudge; pull trigger -PPH *kal(e)bit-en

touch lightly, nudge; pull trigger -PPH *kal(e)bit

touch or brush against -PPH *saq(e)gid

touch or tap so as to draw someone's attention -PMP *kebit

touch someone lightly, as to get attention -PPH *kab(e)lít

touch with the lips (?) -PWMP *dumul

touch, come into contact -PWMP *sintuk

touch, grasp -PMP *ibit

touch, hold -PWMP *hemel

touching

skewer something so as to pick it up without touching it -PPH *tuRsúk

to hiss or steam, of water touching a fire -PWMP *s<um>ebuh

to hiss or steam, of water touching a fire -PAN *s<um>ebuS

touching or joined along the length -PWMP *ziŋkit

touching or joined along the length -PWMP *ri(ŋ)kit

touching or joined along the length -PWMP *diŋkit

touching or joined along the length -PMP *de(ŋ)kit

touching, adjacent, as fighters presenting a united front -PWMP *sundul

tough

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; sinew; tendon; ligament; fiber; tough, sinewy -POC *uRat

chew something tough, as sugarcane -PCEMP *ŋaŋas

strong, tough, inflexible -POC *kayu kayu

tough, as meat -PWMP *lañut

tough, elastic (of flesh) -PWMP *keñat

tough, rubbery, elastic -PPH *kúñat

toward

allative marker: to, toward -POC *ki₁

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer -PMP *wa-tu

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer -PMP *a-tu

bottom up, as a person bent far forward toward the ground -PWMP *tuad

come, toward the speaker -PWMP *ari

come; toward the speaker -POC *mai

come; toward the speaker; let’s go! -PAN *aRi

downriver, toward the sea -POC *laur

downstream, toward the sea -PAN *lahud

draw toward oneself; annex, make subject -PWMP *kabiR

harbor bad feelings toward - *(noise)

pull inward or towards oneself -PWMP *paqud

to pull something toward oneself -PPH *enat-en

to pull something toward oneself -PPH *enat

toward the sea -PCEMP *laur

upriver, toward the interior -POC *raya

upriver, toward the interior -PAN *daya

town

village, town -PMP *hili

toxic

a plant with toxic properties,Erioglossum edule orLepisanthes rubiginosa -PWMP *kalayu

toxicaria

a tree:Antiaris toxicaria; poison for blowpipe darts made from the sap of this tree -PWMP *qipuq

toy

to play; plaything, toy; pet -PWMP *qayam₃

trace

trace, track, mark, print (as footprint) -PMP *bekas₃

Trachurops

a fish: the big-eyed scadTrachurops crumenophthalmus -PMP *qatulay

track

beaten track, footprints making a trail -PPH *danáq₁

footprints, tracks -PPH *liqed

trace, track, mark, print (as footprint) -PMP *bekas₃

tract

a fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush -PMP *guham

a fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush -PAN *guSam

trade

barter, trade -POC *poli poli

cloth acquired in trade from Chinese (?) - *(loan)

southeast trade winds -POC *marau

strong southeast trade wind -POC *karak₁

trade - *(loan)

trade cloth

trade cloth (bright red) - *(loan)

trading

friend, partner; one of a pair; trading partner? -POC *soRa

traditional

conventional story, traditional narrative -PWMP *sudsud₁

to sing in unison, as in traditional festivals -PWMP *ñañuy

traditional dance form -PPH *tayaw

trail

animal path, trail -PMP *qenuR

animal trail -PAN *qeNuR

beaten track, footprints making a trail -PPH *danáq₁

hack a passage through vegetation, blaze a trail -PMP *bentas

improvised trail, trail made by passing through? -PAN *ka-zalan-an

pitfall or trail spikes made of sharpened bamboo -POC *suca

pitfall or trail spikes made of sharpened bamboo -PMP *suja

small path or trail -PAN *zalan-zalan

trailing

trailing behind -PMP *ikuR ikuR

trample

push down, trample down, as vegetation -PPH *desdés

step on, tread on, trample -PMP *inzak

step, tread, trample - *-cak₂(root)

step, tread, trample - *-zak(root)

step, tread, trample - *-zek(root)

to tread, trample on -PAN *zekzek

trample earth, turn into mud, as a paddy field prior to planting -PWMP *lucak

trample, stomp on -PPH *sadsad

trampling

thresh grain by trampling -PAN *Riqek

to thresh by trampling -PWMP *R<um>iqek

trance

curing ritual conducted by a medium in trance -PWMP *dawak

dazed, in a trance -PWMP *pukaw₂

tranport

transport piecemeal; tranport through repeated trips -PAN *SakuC

tranquil

calm, tranquil, of the surface of water -PMP *linaŋ

calm, tranquil, of the surface of water -PWMP *lineŋ

calm, tranquil, of the surface of water -PMP *linuŋ

calm, tranquil, of the surface of water -PAN *liNuŋ

tranquillity

calmness, tranquillity -PWMP *ka-teneŋ-an

transfer

move, transfer -PMP *lalin

move, transfer -PMP *halin

transform

turn over, roll over; transform; upside down -POC *buliŋ

transitive

local transitive suffix -PMP *-i₂

transitive and imperative suffix -POC *-ia

translate

pour from one vessel into another; translate, interpret -PWMP *salin

transplant

to plant cuttings or transplant seedlings -PPH *rubaŋ

transport

to carry, transport, move something -PAN-F *s<um>akut

to carry, transport, move something -PAN-F *sakut

transport piecemeal; tranport through repeated trips -PAN *SakuC

transport piecemeal; transport through repeated trips -PWMP *maŋ-hakut

transport piecemeal; transport through repeated trips -PMP *hakut

transport someone across a river (?) -PWMP *dapit

transport ship

transport ship - *(loan)

transverse

transverse beam or tree trunk -PWMP *bataŋ-an

transverse beam, thwart -POC *sokaŋ

transverse beams that support the roof of a house -POC *sokar

transverse beams that support the roof of a house; thwart or ribs of a boat -PMP *seŋkar

transvestite

shaman in ritual transvestite attire -PWMP *asug

trap

animal trap - *(noise)

be ensnared, caught in a trap; suffer, undergo, be struck by something; be entrapped or deceived; hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true -PAN *keNa

catch or get caught in a trap; hit mark with spear, etc. -PMP *ena

conical bamboo basket trap for fish -PWMP *buʔu

conical bamboo basket trap for fish -POC *pupu₂

conical bamboo basket trap for fish -PAN *bubu₂

cover trap for fish or crustaceans -PPH *salakeb

deadfall trap - *(loan)

deadfall trap to catch small mammals -PAN *qaCeb

domestic chicken used as a decoy to attract a wild fowl into a trap -PPH *pa-ŋátiq

eye, face, focal point, center or most prominent part; hole, aperture; doorway, window; budding part of plant; ‘eye’ of coconut; knot in wood; sun; core of a boil; blade of a knife; to awaken; operculum of a snail; mesh of a net; eye of a needle; noose of a trap; hearth; direction of the wind; head of a river; spring, source; lid, cover -PMP *mata

fish-corral, screen trap for fish -PWMP *banelat

kind of fish net or trap -PWMP *tuaD

kind of fish net or trap -PWMP *siqud

kind of fish or crab trap -PWMP *bintur

kind of fish or crab trap -PWMP *bintul

kind of fish trap -PWMP *sihud

noose or net trap -POC *sariŋ

noose or net trap -PMP *zariŋ

noose trap -PWMP *ziRet

noose trap -PWMP *zeRet

open the mouth wide, gape; gaping; opening of abubu fish trap, basket, etc. -PMP *ŋaŋa₂

snare trap -PMP *taRin

snare trap; set a snare trap -PAN *taqan₁

snare, noose trap; spring up suddenly, jerk up (as a fishing line or noose trap) -POC *pintik

snare, noose trap; spring up suddenly, jerk up (as a fishing line or noose trap) -PMP *bitik₁

spring back suddenly; spring-set spear trap; the constellation Orion -PWMP *bala(n)tik

spring-set spear trap -PWMP *pilantik

spring-set spear trap -PWMP *pale(n)tik

to bait a trap, set the bait for -PPH *paen-an

to catch, as in a trap -POC *kabi

to fish with a wickerwork basket trap -PWMP *maŋ-bubu

to spring a trap -PAN *bekas₁

trap - *(noise)

trap for fish or eels - *(near)

trap for mudfish -PPH *siqid

trigger of a tension-set trap -PMP *baquR

trigger on spring trap -PPH *baweR

trigger on spring trap -PMP *bauR

undo, untie, spring a trap -PMP *biŋkas

trapped

entangled, trapped -POC *sogo

trash

to sweep, remove trash -PAN *aSik

traveling

to stop by to visit when traveling -PWMP *tuli₂

tray

serving tray - *(loan)

shake grains on winnowing tray - *(loan)

tray - *(loan)

tray - *(noise)

tray or low table -PPH *dulaŋ

tray or low table

tray of low table. - *(loan)

treachery

treachery, betrayal -PPH *liput₂

tread

step on, tread on, trample -PMP *inzak

step, tread -PWMP *ti(n)zak

step, tread - *(loan)

step, tread on -PWMP *lanzak

step, tread on -PWMP *icak

step, tread, stamp on -PMP *bezak

step, tread, trample - *-cak₂(root)

step, tread, trample - *-zak(root)

step, tread, trample - *-zek(root)

step, tread; stamp -PWMP *enzak

to step, tread on -PWMP *pizak

to step, tread on something -POC *paRas

to tread, trample on -PAN *zekzek

tread, step -PMP *ki(n)zak

treat

a plant with flowers the shape of a dog's tail, used to treat abscesses -PMP *ikuR ikuR ni asu

kind of brush made from coconut husk, used to scrub or polish a surface or to treat threads before weaving -PWMP *sikat

supposing that; as if; to consider, treat as -PPH *bilaŋ₂

to treat with medicine -PPH *tambal₂

to treat with medicine -PPH *dápat₂

treat like a father -PMP *pa(ka)-amax

tree

Hibiscus tiliaceus, a tree the bark of which provides a fiber much used in making cordage; to lash, tie, bind -POC *paRu

a fruit tree, the pomelo:Citrus decumana -PPH *suháq

a fruit tree:Spondias dulcis -PCEMP *quRi

a hardwood tree:Intsia bijuga,Afzelia bijuga -PMP *qipil

a large tree in the mahogany family:Dysoxylum sp. -PWMP *tawa₂

a nut tree,Canarium sp. -POC *(q)alipa

a shore tree with edible nuts:Terminalia catappa -POC *talise₁

a shore tree with edible nuts:Terminalia catappa -PMP *talisay

a shore tree:Barringtonia spp. -PWMP *butuŋ

a shore tree:Barringtonia spp. -POC *putun₁

a shore tree:Barringtonia spp. -PMP *butun

a shore tree:Calophyllum inophyllum -POC *pitaquR

a shore tree:Calophyllum inophyllum -PMP *bitaquR

a shore tree:Calophyllum inophyllum -PWMP *bintaŋuR

a shore tree:Casuarina equisetifolia -PMP *qaRuhu

a shore tree:Casuarina equisetifolia -POC *aRu

a shore tree:Casuarina equisetifolia -PMP *aRuhu

a shore tree:Heritiera littoralis -PWMP *duŋun

a shrub or tree:Gnetum gnemon -PWMP *baguh

a shrub or tree:Melanolepis multiglandulosa -PPH *álem

a small shore tree:Hibiscus tiliaceus -PMP *baRu

a small tree bearing round, green fruit:Ehretia spp. -PMP *kanawah

a small tree bearing round, green fruit:Ehretia spp. -PAN *kaNawaS

a small tree with leaves used as medicine:Citrus aurantifolia -PPH *dayap

a tall forest tree which emits an unpleasant odor:Sterculia foetida -PMP *bubuR₃

a tall tree:Parkia spp. -PPH *kúpaŋ

a thorny tree:Caesalpinia spp. -PMP *sepaŋ

a tree and its edible fruit, the starfruit:Averrhoa bilimbi,Averrhoa carambola -PWMP *baliŋbiŋ

a tree and its fruit, the durian:Durio zibethinus -PWMP *duRi-an

a tree and its fruit, the Java plum:Syzygium cumini -PPH *luŋ(e)búy

a tree and its fruit:Artocarpus odoratissimus -PWMP *madaŋ

a tree and the tannin that it yields: probablyMacaranga tanarius -PWMP *samak

a tree found in mangrove swamps:Sonneratia sp. -PWMP *paRepat

a tree found in mangrove swamps:Sonneratia sp. -PWMP *paRatpat

a tree from which a sort of shampoo is derived:Albizia spp. -PWMP *laŋiR

a tree with bark that can be used as a shampoo:Ganphyllum falcatum Bl. -PPH *gúguq

a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica -POC *rarap

a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica -PMP *dapdap₁

a tree with edible fruit, and medicinal uses, probablyBuchanania arborescens -PMP *balunuR

a tree with edible fruit:Antidesma bunius -PWMP *buRnay

a tree with edible fruit:Diplodiscus paniculatus Turz. -PPH *baRubu

a tree with fragrant flowers:Cananga odorata -PMP *kanaŋa

a tree with roots that furnish a red dye:Morinda citrifolia -POC *gurat

a tree with sweet-smelling flowers:Fagraea berteroana -POC *buRat

a tree with very light wood:Octomeles sp. -PWMP *binuaŋ

a tree, probablyDipterocarpus spp.; resinous substance obtained from this tree -PWMP *balaw₂

a tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany:Shorea albus Foxw. -PMP *bulah

a tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany:Shorea albus Foxw. -PAN *buleS

a tree:Acalypha amentacea Roxb. -PPH *beRus

a tree:Alstonia scholaris -POC *sabakap

a tree:Alstonia scholaris -PMP *ditaq

a tree:Antiaris toxicaria; poison for blowpipe darts made from the sap of this tree -PWMP *qipuq

a tree:Aporosa spp. -PWMP *agas

a tree:Artocarpus sp. -PMP *kulu₁

a tree:Bischofia javanica -PMP *tuquR₂

a tree:Bischofia javanica -PAN *CuquR

a tree:Caesalpinia sappan -PWMP *sapaŋ

a tree:Calophyllum inophyllum -POC *tamanu

a tree:Cassia alata -PWMP *galiŋgaŋ

a tree:Cordia dichotoma -PAN *qaNuNaŋ

a tree:Cordia dichotoma -PMP *hanunaŋ

a tree:Cordia subcordata -POC *toRu

a tree:Cordia spp. -PMP *kendal

a tree:Cordia spp. -PMP *kanawa

a tree:Cynometra spp. -PMP *namut-namut

a tree:Diospyros sp. -PPH *kanadem

a tree:Diospyros spp. -PPh *talaŋ₁

a tree:Dolichandrone spathacea -PMP *tui₁

a tree:Dracontomelum edule -PMP *daqu₁

a tree:Erythrina spp. -PPH *sabaŋ₂

a tree:Erythrina spp. -PMP *dedap

a tree:Excoecaria spp. -PWMP *buta buta₂

a tree:Ficus sp. -PPH *lab(e)nuR

a tree:Ficus sp. -PPH *tebéR

a tree:Ficus sp. -PWMP *bunut₂

a tree:Ficus spp. -PMP *qaRa₁

a tree:Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.),Sapotaceae -PPH *piaŋa

a tree:Garcinia sp. -PWMP *kandis

a tree:Gnetum gnemon -PMP *suka₁

a tree:Inocarpus spp., possibly the Tahitian chestnut:Inocarpus edulis -PMP *gayam

a tree:Jatropha curcas L. -PWMP *kataŋan

a tree:Lagerstroemia speciosa -PPh *banabá

a tree:Litsea spp. -PWMP *bakan

a tree:Macaranga spp. -POC *pinuan

a tree:Macaranga spp.,Euphorbiaceae -POC *koka

a tree:Mallotus lackeyi Elm. -PPH *lamay

a tree:Mangifera sp. -PWMP *balunuq

a tree:Melia azedarach -PAN-F *baŋaS

a tree:Morinda citrifolia -PWMP *biŋkudu

a tree:Murraya sp. -PMP *kamuniŋ

a tree:Myristica spp. -PPH *lagu₂

a tree:Nauclea sp. -PMP *baŋkal

a tree:Ochrosia oppositifolia -POC *paoq (ʔ)

a tree:Ochrosia oppositifolia -PMP *pauq

a tree:Octomeles sp. -PWMP *benuaŋ

a tree:Octomeles spp. -PWMP *banuaŋ

a tree:Pangium edule -PWMP *paŋi

a tree:Planchonella obovata -PPH *banisah

a tree:Pongamia spp. -PPH *bani₂

a tree:Prunus sp. -PPH *taŋa₄

a tree:Pterocarpus indica -PMP *nara

a tree:Pterocarpus indica -PMP *naRah

a tree:Pterospermum sp. -PMP *bayuR

a tree:Radermachera gigantea -PWMP *tui₂

a tree:Rhus taitensis -POC *tawasi

a tree:Schleichera trijuga -PMP *kasambiʔ

a tree:Shorea polysperma -PPH *taŋíliq

a tree:Sterculia foetida -PMP *kalumpaŋ

a tree:Trema orientalis -PMP *deRuŋ₂

a tree:Tristania spp. -PWMP *palawan

a tree:Vitex pubescens -PMP *pa(m)pa

a tree:Zelkova Formosana -PAN *teRebeS

a tree:Zizyphus jujuba -PWMP *bidara

a tree: Elaeocarpus sp.? -PWMP *saŋa₂

a tree: probablyOctomeles spp. -POC *iRimo

a tree: the banyan or strangler fig -PMP *nunuk

a tree: the banyan or strangler fig -PPh *balítiq

a tree: the camphor laurel:Cinnamomum spp. -PAN-F *dakeS

a tree;Grewia spp. -PMP *qanilaw

a tree;Macaranga tanarius -PPh *binuŋa

a woody plant or tree:Vitex cofassus -POC *pasa(rR)

abaca fiber; fiber-yielding plant; kind of tree with bark that yields a vine-like fiber -PPH *lánut

an evergreen tree with decorative flowers:Cynometra ramiflora L. -PMP *namut

an evergreen tree, probablyAcacia confusa -PAN-F *tuquN

bare (of trees) - *(loan)

bare, of trees - *(noise)

bark of a tree; peel off bark -PWMP *pakpak₂

base of a tree; beginning; origin -POC *puna₁

base of a tree; cause; source, origin; beginning; foot of a hill or mountain; first wife; model or example (to be copied); expression for the mother’s brother -PMP *puqun

blossom of a fruit tree -PMP *buŋa na kahiw

branch of a tree -POC *raqan kayu

branch of a tree -PMP *daqan kahiw

break off a component piece of something, as twigs or branches from a tree, a banana from a bunch, a section from a fruit, etc. -PPH *sipíq

burl on a tree -PWMP *buŋkul kahiw

calabash tree:Crescentia spp. -PMP *bila₁

citrus tree with fruit like a lemon -PPH *kalamansíq

coastal tree, perhapsPongamia pinnata -POC *pesi

come to rest in a definite place, settle down, as birds on a tree -PMP *tekas

cut off, sever; ring a tree -PWMP *geleŋ

deep resounding sound; slit-gong, hollowed tree trunk used to send messages -PAN *kuŋkuŋ₁

ear; kind of tree fungus -PMP *taliŋa

enclosure; palisade around a village; fence around a planted tree or cultivated field -PMP *pager

felling of trees to make a swidden -PWMP *Rebaq

felling of trees, as in preparing a swidden -PWMP *tebeŋ

flower, blossom of fruit tree -PPH *sabuŋ₂

fruit tree -PWMP *baraŋan₂

fruit-bearing bush or tree -PAN *qanibuŋ

hardwood tree with edible fruit and valuable timber:Palaquium spp. -PMP *ñatuq

heartwood of a tree, hard, durable core of wood; ironwood tree -PMP *teRas

kapok; silk-cotton tree -PWMP *kapuk

kind of banyan tree,Ficus sp. -POC *baka₂

kind of citrus tree and fruit -PAN *dalayap

kind of citrus tree and its fruit -PMP *muntay

kind of ebony or persimmon tree with fruits that are pounded and used to stupefy fish:Diospyros spp. -PPH *kanúmay

kind of fruit tree:Pometia pinnata -PMP *tawan

kind of hardwood tree -PPH *lawaqan

kind of large red tree ant with bad bite -PWMP *alagaq

kind of tree -PWMP *parawan

kind of tree the leaves of which are used as poultices for boils -PMP *buqaR

kind of tree with leaves shaped like butterflies -PWMP *qali-baŋbaŋ

kind of wild lemon tree, possiblyCitrus hystrix -PPH *kabuRaw

large forest tree with edible brown, hairy fruits:Diospyros discolor -PPH *kamaguŋ

large red tree ant -POC *loRo

loquat tree and fruit:Eriobotrya deflexa -PAN-F *Ritu

mango tree and its fruit, probablyMangifera altissima -PMP *pahuq₁

mulberry tree and fruit:Morus formosensis (Hotta) -PAN *taNiud

notch cut in a tree -PAN *qabaS

notch, as in a tree that has been cut prior to felling -PWMP *baŋbaŋ₇

notch, as in a tree trunk; notch-shaped area under theglans penis -PWMP *etak

palm tree sp. - *(noise)

paper mulberry tree:Brousonnetia papyrifera, used to make bark cloth; men’s loincloth made from this material -PCEMP *malaw

peel off, of skin; remove the bark of a tree -PMP *bakbak₁

Philippine cedar tree:Cedrela sp. -PPH *kalantas

pine tree, pitch pine -PAN *saleŋ

pith of a tree -POC *quto

pith of plants or trees; core or middle of something -PMP *qunej

sap of a tree -PPH *tagek

sap of a tree or plant -PAN *Niteq

sap of a tree or plant -PMP *liteq

shrub or small tree:Abroma augusta L. -PWMP *anabu

silk cotton tree:Ceiba pentandra Linn. -PPh *buybuy

sit, squat; come to rest; stay in a place; settle down, as birds on a tree -POC *toka₃

small tree, probablyMorinda citrifolia Linn. -PPH *apatut

straight, as tree limbs -PPH *tánus

tall, of trees (especially coconut palms) -PPH *láyug

the almasiga tree:Agathis celebica (Koord.) -PPH *gala

the candlenut tree:Aleurites moluccana -PEMP *tuRi₂

the candlenut tree:Aleurites moluccana -PMP *kamiri

the horseradish tree:Moringa oleifera -PPH *maruŋgay

the Indian cork tree:Millingtonia hortensis -PMP *taŋga₂

the Indian tulip tree:Thespesia populnea -PMP *banaRu

the kapok tree:Ceiba pentandra -PMP *kabu-kabu

the sappan tree:Caesalpinia sappan L. -PPH *sibukaw

the seeded breadfruit tree:Artocarpus camansi -PPH *kamansi

the seeded breadfruit tree:Artocarpus camansi -PPH *kamansiq

to fall, of leaves from a tree -PPH *laglag

to fell a tree, cut down bamboo -PPH *pukán-en

to fell a tree, cut down bamboo -PPH *púkan

to fell trees -PMP *tebaŋ

to fell trees, as in preparing a swidden -PWMP *ma-nebeŋ

to pick, as fruit from a tree using a pole with a hook -PPH *su(ŋ)kit-en

to prune a tree; new growth from pruning -PPH *saliŋsíŋ

to shake, as a tree to bring down fruit -PPH *yegyeg

to shake, as a tree to bring down fruit fruit -PPH *yugyúg

top of a tree, tip, extremity -PWMP *lawi₂

transverse beam or tree trunk -PWMP *bataŋ-an

tree - *(noise)

tree (lit. ‘foundation/origin of wood’) -PMP *puqun nu kahiw

tree bark -PWMP *ubak

tree fern -PMP *puni₁

tree fern -PMP *apuni

tree resin used in torches (?) -PAN *damaR₁

tree sp. -PPH *ulayan

tree sp. -PMP *katimun

tree sp. -PMP *katapaŋ

tree sp. -POC *seasea

tree sp. -POC *ake

tree sp. -PWMP *hapuy hapuy₂

tree sp. -PWMP *Rihuq

tree sp. -PWMP *kenduŋ

tree sp. -PMP *kanarum

tree sp. -PAN *buŋuR

tree sp. -PPh *biu

tree sp. -PWMP *bintenu

tree sp. -PWMP *bintaŋ

tree sp. -PWMP *baŋkiriŋ

tree sp. -PWMP *barayeŋ

tree sp. -PWMP *barayaŋ

tree sp. -PPh *barat₂

tree sp. -PPh *banútan

tree sp. -PWMP *banuay

tree sp. -PPh *baniákaw

tree sp. -POC *(bp)alu

tree sp. -PWMP *balalantiq

tree sp. -PWMP *amaRa

tree sp. - *(loan)

tree sp. - *(noise)

tree sp. with poisonous sap -PPH *dayaŋdáŋ

tree sp.,Cananga odorata - *(loan)

tree sp.,Casuarina equisetifolia - *(loan)

tree sp.:Barringtonia - *(noise)

tree sp.:Erythrina indica - *(noise)

tree sp.:Schoutenia ovata -PMP *kukun

tree sp.:Sesbania grandiflora -PMP *tudiq

tree stump -PPH *tuŋel

tree stump; stubble -PAN *tuqed

tree trunk, fallen tree, log; stem of a plant; body; corpse; self; bridge of the nose; most important or preeminent thing; main course of a river; mushroom or bracket fungus that grows on tree trunks or decaying logs -PMP *bataŋ

tree with bright yellow fruit that has dry flesh:Lucuma nervosa -PPH *tisaq

tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica -PMP *depdep

tree with edible fruitSandoricum indicum orSandoricum koetjape - *(loan)

tree with edible hairy brown fruit:Diospyros discolor - *(loan)

tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond:Canarium commune -POC *kaŋaRi

tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond:Canarium commune -PMP *kanari

tree with fiber used to make fish nets -POC *tail

tree with fruit similar to breadfruit -PWMP *si teRep

tree with fruit similar to breadfruit -PWMP *teRep

tree with inedible white fruit and root that yields a useful dye:Morinda citrifolia L. -POC *ñoñu

tree with leaves like sandpaper:Ficus spp. -PMP *qa(m)pelas

tree with poisonous sap -PWMP *iŋas

tree with poisonous sap -PMP *butaq₂

tree with poisonous sap, (probablyAntiaris toxicaria) -PMP *laji₁

tree with sticky fruits:Cordia spp. -PAN *quNuNaŋ

tree with white fruit and roots that yield a useful dye:Morinda citrifolia -PCEMP *ñəñu

tree with white fruit and roots that yield a useful dye:Morinda citrifolia -PWMP *baŋkudu

tree with wood used to make fireplows -POC *qalo₂

tree,Glochidion spp. - *(near)

tree,Terminalia spp. - *(near)

tree,Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea - *(near)

trees in the genusBarringtonia -PMP *putat

uproot a tree -PPh *buál

uproot a tree -PPh *buág

uprooted, of a tree -PPh *ma-buál

various hardwood trees; heartwood of a tree -POC *toRas

visible tree roots above the ground -PWMP *paŋkal

wild palm tree with fruit similar to areca nut:Heterospathe elata -PPH *sagisí

wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks -PMP *taliŋa nu kahiw

wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks -PAN *Caliŋa nu kaSiw

wood; tree -PCEMP *kayu

wood; tree -PMP *kahiw

wood; tree -PAN *kaSiw

wooded, having lots of trees -PMP *kahi-kahiw

wooded, having lots of trees -PAN *kaSi-kaSiw

young tree, sprout -PMP *anak i kahiw

tree and its fruit:Lansium domesticum

tree and its fruit:Lansium domesticum - *(loan)

tree: Cycas spp.

tree: Cycas spp. - *(near)

tree: Litsea sp.

tree:Litsea sp. - *(near)

tree: Memecylon paniculatum

tree:Memecylon paniculatum - *(near)

tree: Shorea spp.

tree:Shorea spp. - *(loan)

tree with yellow fruit: Lucuma nervosa

tree with yellow fruit:Lucuma nervosa - *(loan)

trellis

trellis for plants to grow up -PWMP *paraq paraq

Trema

a tree:Trema orientalis -PMP *deRuŋ₂

tremble

shake, shiver, tremble -PAN *gerger₁

shake, shiver, tremble - *-ger(root)

shake, tremble -PAN *keRkeR

shake, tremble, rock -PCEMP *nini

shake, tremble, rock -PMP *ninih

shake, vibrate, tremble -PMP *eter

shiver, shake, tremble -PAN *birbir₂

shiver, tremble -PMP *gigil

shiver, tremble -PAN *tirtir₁

shiver, tremble -PAN *terter

shiver, tremble -PWMP *girgir

shiver, tremble -PMP *berber₂

shiver, tremble - *-ter(root)

to shake, shiver, quiver, tremble -PWMP *tiRtiR₂

to tremble or quiver -PWMP *ma-gigil

to tremble, as with chills -PPH *pegpeg₂

to tremble, shiver -PAN *teRteR

tremble - *(noise)

tremble, quiver - *-tir(root)

Treron

fruit dove, probablyTreron spp. -POC *bune

trevally

a large marine fish, the jackfish or trevally -PMP *pilu

a large marine fish, the jackfish or trevally -PMP *bilu-bilu

small trevally varieties -POC *pilu-pilu

triangulare

plant with leaves used as a vegetable:Talinum paniculatum orTalinum triangulare -PPH *talínum

tribute

one to whom tribute is paid -PPh *buhis-an

tribute -PWMP *buhis

Trichoglossus

parrot, probablyTrichoglossus sp. -POC *pwirip

trick

trick, ruse, scheme, wits - *(loan)

tricked

induced, tricked - *(loan)

trickery

deceit, trickery, fraud - *(loan)

trickle

drizzle, trickle - *(noise)

Tridacna

giant clam,Tridacna gigas -PMP *kima

trident

trident harpoon or fish spear -PWMP *sarapaŋ

trifling

little, small, trifling -PMP *iut₁

small in quantity, few; trifling amount -PMP *emit

small, trifling -PMP *kikit

trigger

touch lightly, nudge; pull trigger -PPH *kal(e)bit-en

touch lightly, nudge; pull trigger -PPH *kal(e)bit

trigger fish:Balistes sp. -POC *bubu₇

trigger of a tension-set trap -PMP *baquR

trigger on spring trap -PPH *baweR

trigger on spring trap -PMP *bauR

triggerfish

a fish: triggerfish sp.(?) -POC *bakul₂

a fish: triggerfish sp.(?) -PMP *pakul

brown triggerfish:Pseudobalistes fuscus -POC *lio-lio

triggerfish -PWMP *peget

triggerfish,Balistidae -POC *sumu

trijuga

a tree:Schleichera trijuga -PMP *kasambiʔ

trim

prune, trim - *(loan)

prune, trim branches -PWMP *tutuq

to hack, chop off, trim with a bolo; pound,beat, knock on -PWMP *tabtab₁

trim, cut off excess -PWMP *Ri(ŋ)kas

trim, cut the tips off -PWMP *tiptip

trim, prune, clear a path -PWMP *basbas₃

trimmed

trimmed short, as grass; bare (of a field) -PWMP *palpal₁

trip

take a trip; commence a voyage -PPH *luás

to leave on a trip, start a voyage -PPH *l<um>uas

transport piecemeal; tranport through repeated trips -PAN *SakuC

transport piecemeal; transport through repeated trips -PWMP *maŋ-hakut

transport piecemeal; transport through repeated trips -PMP *hakut

triple

to triple, multiply by three -POC *paka-tolu

to triple, multiply by three -PMP *paka-telu

triple-strand

made of three parts, as triple-strand rope -PPH *t<in>elu

Tristania

a tree:Tristania spp. -PWMP *palawan

trivet

trivet - *(loan)

trivet, arrangement of three stones on which the cooking pot is placed -PMP *dalikan

trochus

trochus shell -PMP *lalak

trodden

middle of the road, most trodden part of a path or road; guide who shows the way -PMP *mata nu zalan

trophy

head trophy, trophy taken in headhunting (?) -PAN *tabaN

trot

to trot, of a horse, to jog, of a person -PPH *yagyág

trouble

to cheat, lead astray, get someone into trouble -PPH *taliŋu

to hurt, cause pain or trouble -PWMP *sakit-an

trouble, toil, difficulty -PWMP *suker

trouble, worry, difficulty - *(loan)

trough

feeding trough -PWMP *paluŋ-en

feeding trough -PWMP *paluŋ-an

feeding trough -PWMP *paluŋ₁

trowel

tool like chisel or trowel -PPH *saluksuk₁

true

be ensnared, caught in a trap; suffer, undergo, be struck by something; be entrapped or deceived; hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true -PAN *keNa

real, genuine, true, sincere -PWMP *tunay₂

true - *(loan)

true, believable, correct -POC *tuna

true, correct, upright -POC *bonor₁

true, real -PMP *tatuqu

true, real, genuine -PEMP *molaŋ

true, real; truly, really -PMP *tuqu₂

true, righteous, honest -PMP *bener

true, truly -PMP *tuqu-tuqu

truly

true, real; truly, really -PMP *tuqu₂

true, truly -PMP *tuqu-tuqu

truly, surely, really, in fact -PPH *talagá

trumpet

conch shell trumpet -POC *tapuRi

conch shell trumpet -PMP *tabuRi

conch shell trumpet -POC *tapuRiq

conch shell trumpet -PMP *tabuRiq

conch shell trumpet -POC *buu₅

conch shell trumpet -PCEMP *buu₂

trunk

deep resounding sound; slit-gong, hollowed tree trunk used to send messages -PAN *kuŋkuŋ₁

groin, inner thigh where it joins the trunk -PCMP *kelen

notch, as in a tree trunk; notch-shaped area under theglans penis -PWMP *etak

the hard outer wood of a palm trunk, used in making bows -PPH *báhiq

transverse beam or tree trunk -PWMP *bataŋ-an

tree trunk, fallen tree, log; stem of a plant; body; corpse; self; bridge of the nose; most important or preeminent thing; main course of a river; mushroom or bracket fungus that grows on tree trunks or decaying logs -PMP *bataŋ

trunk - *(loan)

wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks -PMP *taliŋa nu kahiw

wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks -PAN *Caliŋa nu kaSiw