ob    oc    od    of    og    oh    oi    o.    ol    om    on    oo    op    or    os    ot    ou    ov    ow    ox    oy    

oar

leaf; blade of paddle or oar; ‘table’ for eating -PMP *dahun

oar; to row a boat -PPH *gáqud

oath

oath, pledge; curse -PWMP *sapaq₂

oath, pledge; curse -PWMP *sumpaq

oath; curse -PWMP *kutuk₁

obesity

corpulence, obesity -PWMP *ka-tabeq-an

obey

follow, obey, agree with -PPH *súrut

to hear, listen; obey; hear about; news; fame, famous; to feel, perceive through any sense other than sight -PMP *deŋeR

to obey -PPH *s<um>unúd

to obey, follow orders -PWMP *ma-nuRut

object

3sg. object -PMP *-a₂

after, behind; the outside of an object; stern of a canoe -POC *muri

container for solid objects; package -POC *busa₃

disposal of objects, banishment of people -PWMP *paŋ-buaŋ-an

foreign object in the eye -PWMP *puliŋ₂

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing -PMP *buaq

fruit; seed; blossom; egg; nut; testicle; numeral classifier for roundish objects; to fruit, bear fruit; show first signs of pregnancy; to swell, of the sea -POC *puaq

lay long objects side by side; raft -PMP *Rakit

leaf; head hair; classifier used in counting certain types of objects -PEMP *raun

leaf; head hair; classifier used in counting certain types of objects -PCEMP *daun

long, of objects -PWMP *a(n)duq

object of respect; distinguished or respected person -PWMP *empu-an

prefix marking possession of some object -PAN *mi-

prick or poke with a pointed object -PWMP *tulesuk

pull or drag a heavy object along, as on a sled -PWMP *guyud₃

round object; young coconut -POC *poku

sharp-pointed object, possibly sea urchin -PEMP *sala

sheet; flat, wide object -PPh *qelad₁

space within a concave object - *(noise)

specklike object -PWMP *pa(n)dek

strike two hard objects together to produce a spark -PPH *piŋkíq

ten, in counting certain objects - *(noise)

thick, of objects; dense, of crowds -PMP *tebel₂

thick, of solid objects -PWMP *ma-kapal

thick, of solid objects -PAN *kaS(e)pal

thin, of material objects -PWMP *ma-iŋ(e)pis

things that have been made, created objects -PWMP *paR-buhat-en

throw at, hit, strike with a sharp object; kill; extinguish (a fire) -PMP *bunuq₂

tie together, of floating objects -PWMP *lantiŋ

to hit, strike, or hard objects colliding -PPh *beRták

vessel for fetching water from a well, objects from a pit, etc -PMP *timba

what is honored, object of honor or respect -PWMP *paŋ-empu-an

obligation

obligation, duty, commitment - *(loan)

to forfeit, lose by failure to meet an obligation -PWMP *leleb

oblique

1pl ex oblique -PWMP *ameq

1pl ex oblique -PAN *amen

1pl in oblique -PWMP *ateq

1pl.ex oblique -PAN *i-amen

1sg oblique -PAN *aken₁

1sg oblique: to me, for me -PAN *k-aku

approach or strike from the side or at an oblique angle -PPH *sarijsij

oblique case marker for personal nouns -PAN *ki₂

oblique case marker for plural personal names -PAN *ka₃

oblique case marker for singular personal nouns -PMP *ki₂ₐ

oblique of common nouns (cf. *ki, *ka) -PAN *ku

obovata

a tree:Planchonella obovata -PPH *banisah

obovatifolia

a tree:Ganua obovatifolia.(Merr.),Sapotaceae -PPH *piaŋa

obscure

dark, obscure -PPH *kanap₂

dark, obscure -PWMP *medem

dark, obscure, cloudy -PPH *ma-diklém

dark, obscure, cloudy -PPH *dik(e)lém

dark, obscure; black -PMP *tidem

dark, overcast, visually obscure -PAN *kelem

dark; obscure - *-lem₁(root)

dim, dark, obscure -PWMP *ma-qilem

dim, dark, obscure -PMP *qilem

obscure, dusky -PWMP *sidem

obscuring

darkening, obscuring of light -PPH *dulem

observe

notice, observe -PPh *himatún

observe closely or critically -PPH *mata-en

obsidian

obsidian spear point (?) -POC *koto

obsolete

past one’s prime, outdated, obsolete -PPH *laqús

obstacle

ambush, block the way; obstacle, hindrance -PMP *qambat

ambush, block the way; obstacle, hindrance -PMP *abaŋ₁

barrier, obstacle -PWMP *sabeD

hindrance, obstacle -PWMP *habed

hindrance, obstacle -PWMP *aped

obstacle - *(loan)

obstacle; block, obstruct the flow -PWMP *tubeŋ

obstinate

unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, stubborn -PMP *teger

unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, stubborn -PMP *tegel

obstruct

block, hinder, obstruct -PWMP *ayum

block, obstruct -PWMP *ta(m)beŋ

block, obstruct -POC *opoŋ

block, obstruct -PWMP *benben₁

block, obstruct, dam a stream -PMP *empeŋ

block, obstruct; something which separates one area from another -PWMP *ataŋ₁

impede, obstruct, restrain -PMP *qempeŋ

obstacle; block, obstruct the flow -PWMP *tubeŋ

obstruct, block the way -PWMP *qambeŋ

obstruct, block the way -PWMP *hambeŋ

obstruct, lie across or athwart -PWMP *qalaŋ

obstruct, stretch across - *(noise)

plug, obstruct -PMP *umpaŋ

to block, obstruct a path; ambush -PWMP *qadaŋ

to pile up earth or rocks, heap up so as to obstruct -PWMP *t<um>ambak

obstructed

obstructed, of the flow of water -PMP *sepet₂

obstruction

dam, obstruction of flow -PWMP *tambeŋ

heaped up, as an obstruction -PWMP *ma-tambak

obstruction, barrier -PMP *qeteŋ

obstruction, barrier -PAN *qeCeŋ

open space, empty of obstruction -PWMP *tawaŋ

obtain

able to obtain -PWMP *maka-uliq₁

get, obtain -PWMP *uliq₂

prefixed to a noun means ‘to get, obtain, collect, gather’ (noun) -PAN *ki-

take, get, fetch, obtain; marry -PAN *ala

to get, obtain -PPH *ma-dawat

obtained

a tree, probablyDipterocarpus spp.; resinous substance obtained from this tree -PWMP *balaw₂

plant from which a dyestuff is obtained -PWMP *gamat

vine from which poison is obtained -PWMP *ziteq

obtusa

the Japanese cypress:Chamaecyparis obtusa -PAN-F *baŋun₁

ocean

sea, ocean -PAN-F *tenem

Ochrosia

a tree:Ochrosia oppositifolia -POC *paoq (ʔ)

a tree:Ochrosia oppositifolia -PMP *pauq

Ocimum

a strongly-scented plant:Ocimum sanctum L. -PWMP *kamaŋi

Octomeles

a tree with very light wood:Octomeles sp. -PWMP *binuaŋ

a tree:Octomeles sp. -PWMP *benuaŋ

a tree:Octomeles spp. -PWMP *banuaŋ

a tree: probablyOctomeles spp. -POC *iRimo

octopus

finger, toe; tentacles of octopus -PPH *gulamay

finger, toe; tentacles of octopus -PPH *galamáy

gall, gall bladder, octopus sepia -POC *qasu₂

octopus -PMP *kuRita

octopus -PAN *guRiCa

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc. -PMP *gaway₁

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc. -PMP *kaway₂

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc.; rays of the sun -POC *kawe₁

tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc.; rays of the sun -POC *kawe₂

ocular

ocular cataract -PWMP *putik₁

odor

a tall forest tree which emits an unpleasant odor:Sterculia foetida -PMP *bubuR₃

acrid, pungent, of odor -PMP *seŋ(e)hit

acrid, pungent, of odor -PMP *seŋ(e)hij

acrid, pungent, of odor -PMP *seŋet₁

aromatic odor -PWMP *aŋi₁

fragrance, pleasant odor -PPH *baŋ(e)lúh

fragrance, pleasant odor or smell -PMP *beŋi

give off an odor (?) -PWMP *bahu-an

odor - *(noise)

odor of burnt food -PMP *haŋus₂

odor, stench -PMP *bahu

odor; stench -PMP *bahuq

pungent odor, strong disagreeable smell -PWMP *saŋ(e)hid

smell, odor -POC *boi₂

smell, odor -POC *bou

smell, odor -PAN *haŋut

smell, odor, scent -POC *bona₁

stench, bad odor -PPh *buŋ(e)tút

stench, musky odor of an animal -PAN *qaŋeSit

stench, odor, as of fish -PWMP *laŋ(e)qes

stench, strong unpleasant odor -PMP *imbu

unpleasant odor -PMP *mapu₂

unpleasant odor -PAN *laŋ(e)si

odorata

a tree with fragrant flowers:Cananga odorata -PMP *kanaŋa

large mango:Mangifera odorata -PWMP *qambawaŋ

tree sp.,Cananga odorata - *(loan)

odoratissimus

a pandanus,Pandanus odoratissimus; a mat made from the leaves of this plant -POC *kiRe

a tree and its fruit:Artocarpus odoratissimus -PWMP *madaŋ

odor of urine

odor of urine - *(loan)

off

bark of a tree; peel off bark -PWMP *pakpak₂

bark, rind, sheath; to peel off bark -PWMP *upak₁

be carried off, as loot or a captive in war; what is carried off -PWMP *t<in>aban

be pinched off -PPH *ketel-én

be rasped or cut off (?) -PWMP *sapsap-en

be washed off -PWMP *huRas-en

bite off the surface of something -PAN *ŋabŋab

bite, bitten off, of food -PPH *suŋit₂

blow the nose by pinching off one nostril -PMP *eseŋ

blown off course -PWMP *babas

break off -PMP *pukaq

break off -PWMP *upik

break off -PMP *pu(ŋ)kaq

break off a component piece of something, as twigs or branches from a tree, a banana from a bunch, a section from a fruit, etc. -PPH *sipíq

break off fruit or branches -PAN *sepiq

break off with the hand -POC *baki₁

break off, chip off - *(noise)

break off, snap off -POC *pati

break or split off -PMP *ibak

break, crack off -PMP *lepak₁

break, cut off, sever -POC *kutu₂

break, snap off at a joint -PWMP *sepak₁

break, split off -PWMP *lu(m)pak

broken off, cut off -PEMP *mutu₂

broken off; islet; detached reef -POC *motus

brush or shake off dust or dirt -PPH *pagpág

chip off, cut off bit by bit -PWMP *sapsap

chop, hack off -PWMP *pated

chop, hack, cut off -PMP *qetes

chop, hack, cut off -PMP *etes₁

close, shut off -PMP *si(m)pet

cockscomb; cut off a cock’s comb -PPH *páluŋ

cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long -PAN *ma-baSaw

cut chips or bits from something, scrape off -PPH *dapdáp

cut off -POC *koRot

cut off -PMP *hiras

cut off - *(noise)

cut off with a knife -POC *tapa

cut off, prune -PWMP *eteb

cut off, sever; ring a tree -PWMP *geleŋ

cut or lop off branches -POC *paRi₃

cut or tear off -PWMP *ri(n)tas

cut up, cut off - *(noise)

deflected off course -PWMP *bias

drive away, chase off -PWMP *ka-buRaw

drive off, chase away, expel -PPh *maR-buRaw

drive off, chase away, expel -PWMP *maŋ-buRaw

drive off, chase away, expel -PPh *buRaw-en

drive off, chase away, expel -PAN *buRaw

driven away, chased off -PAN *ma-buRaw

drop off to sleep, fall asleep when one should stay awake -PWMP *ka-tuduR-en

far, far away, far off, distant -PPH *ma-adayuq

fly off, of solid bits or water droplets -PAN *lecik

fragment, piece broken off - *(noise)

frighten off birds or animals from the fields; place used to frighten off birds or animals from the fields -PWMP *buRaw-an

front teeth, incisors; gnaw, to bite or tear off with the incisors -PMP *gutgut₁

give off an odor (?) -PWMP *bahu-an

give off smoke continuously, pour out smoke -PMP *qasu qasu

giving off smoke or steam; to steam cook rice -PWMP *kukus

glide off, slide off - *(noise)

gnaw meat off bones -PWMP *kilkil

hernia; to slip down, slip off, pull back the foreskin of the penis -PMP *luslus

interjection used to chase off animal -PMP *isu₂

lift off a cover, be lifted off -PMP *tikas

lop off, cut off -PWMP *ta(m)pas

marry off, cause to get married -PMP *pa-qasawa

nibble off, gnaw off -PAN *qiCqiC

paid off, of a debt -PMP *qimpas

part split off -PWMP *bilaq₁

peel off bark -POC *babak₂

peel off, of skin; remove the bark of a tree -PMP *bakbak₁

peel off, remove bark -PWMP *bakbak-an

peel off, separate - *(noise)

pick, pluck, break off -PMP *ketuq

piece broken off, husk -PWMP *upek

pinch off -PAN *ketil

pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces; pluck, pick off -PAN *pitpit₂

pluck (as fruit), strip off (as leaves) -POC *puput

plugged, stopped, closed off - *-pet(root)

prune, cut off the tip -PMP *puŋgul

prune, cut off the tip -PWMP *puŋgel

prune, cut off the tip -PWMP *puŋgal

pull off, remove covering -PPH *ukap

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled in shallow water -PWMP *maR-tulak

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled through shallow water -PMP *tulak

put off, delay, postpone, break one’s promise -PPH *liwag

rinse wash off - *(noise)

rinse, rinse off -PPh *bal(e)ñáw

rub something off -PPH *gidgíd

scrape off -PAN *kutkut₂

scrape off -PAN *kiSkiS

scrape or rub off -PPh *hírud

scrape something off a surface so as to uncover it -PPH *kuykúy₂

send off with a message -PWMP *tuRun₂

shake off, flick off -PPh *waksí

shaved off, made smooth -PWMP *paras₁

show off -PWMP *asi₂

shut off -POC *boboŋ₁

slip down or off -PWMP *rusrus₂

slip off -POC *lulus

slip off -PAN *pelus

slip off - *-lus(root)

slip off - *(noise)

slip off, slip away -PWMP *burus₁

slip or slide off -PAN *perus

slip or slide off - *-rus₂(root)

snap off, snapping or clicking sound -PMP *li(n)tik

snap, break off (twigs, etc.) -PMP *lepik

split apart; piece split off -PWMP *buŋkaq

split off, separate - *-bak₃(root)

split or slice off -PWMP *siqat

split, break off -PMP *tempak

split, break off -PWMP *hepak

split, break off -PMP *baqak₁

split, divide, break off -POC *topiq

split, divide, break off -PAN *Cebiq

split, divide, break off; section of a betel nut -PMP *tebiq

split, peel off -PWMP *hupak

sunrise, rising sun; to show off, be ostentatious, parade one’s talents, possessions, etc. -PPH *sikát

take off, remove (+ noun) -PAN *Su-

tear off, break off -PWMP *gisgis₂

tear or rip off - *-pas(root)

to bite something off, to chew something up; to mince -PMP *gatgat

to break off, cut off -PMP *putul

to break off, cut off, as a limb -PAN *putun₂

to break, chip off -POC *babak

to break, chip off -PMP *papak

to brush or shake off dust or dirt -PPH *i-pagpág

to carry off, kidnap, loot a place -PWMP *maR-taban

to carry off, kidnap, loot a place -PWMP *ma-naban

to chase away or shoo off small animals -PMP *sika

to chew off -PWMP *ŋatŋat

to chew or bite off -POC *kakat-i

to chew, chew off -POC *ŋau₁

to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds) -PMP *h<um>uni

to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds) -PAN *S<um>uni

to chop, hack, cut off -PAN *t<um>əktək

to cut across, cut off -PWMP *pi(n)tas

to cut off a piece -PCMP *lolan

to cut off small pieces; to chip off bit by bit -PWMP *ma-ñapsap

to cut off with one stroke -PPH *tiq(e)pas

to cut, cut off -POC *koti

to distance oneself, move far off -PPH *d<um>ayuq

to drive away, shoo off -PPH *tabuR₂

to flay, peel back or off, as bark or skin -PCEMP *sisi₃

to hack, chop off, trim with a bolo; pound,beat, knock on -PWMP *tabtab₁

to let food or hot water cool off -PPH *pa-bahaw-en

to open, peel off -PWMP *ruŋkab

to peel off -PWMP *lekup

to peel off skin, bark or leaves; excoriated, decorticated, defoliated -PWMP *laklak

to peel, skin off -PMP *kelas

to peel, strip off -PCEMP *isi₂

to pinch off -PPH *ketél

to pluck, as fruit; strip off leaves -PWMP *pulpul₁

to remove, take off -PPH *taŋtáŋ₂

to remove, take off or out -PPH *ekal

to scrape off -PWMP *kiskis-en

to scrape off -PWMP *kiskis-an

to scrape off, peel off -POC *karasi

to scratch, scrape off -PPH *kudkud-én

to seize property and run off with it; to elope with a single woman -PPH *taŋaR

to sever, cut off -PAN *keret

to shake off water droplets -PWMP *piRpiR₂

to shave, scrape off -PAN *kiskis

to show off -PPH *pa-sikat

to singe, burn off -PWMP *sadab

to skin peel off - *-NiC(root)

to slice off, cut a slice off -PPH *hírap

to snap, break off -PPH *putud

to snap, break off -PPH *lipuk

to snap, break off -PWMP *putut₁

to snap, break off -PWMP *putus₂

to snap, break off, as a twig -POC *kotos

to snap, break off, as a twig -PMP *getes

to sound off, cry out -PPH *tekuk₂

to spring back, bounce off -PWMP *latiŋ

to sprinkle, shake off water -PWMP *pispis₃

to wipe away, wipe off -PPH *nisnis-an

to wipe off or brush off; broom -PMP *sapu

to wipe, wipe off -PWMP *ma-maʔid

trim, cut off excess -PWMP *Ri(ŋ)kas

trim, cut the tips off -PWMP *tiptip

wall of a house; partition off -PMP *diŋdiŋ₁

wall; wall in, screen off -PCMP *dindiŋ₁

wash, rinse off -PWMP *mam-bañaw

wipe off -PWMP *pahid

wipe off, wipe out -PMP *punas

wiping off -PWMP *paqid

off-balance

lopsided, off-balance -PAN *biqiR

offended

(lit. 'sick/hurt liver') resentful, offended -PMP *X₄ + qatay

offense

error, mistake; fault, offense -PWMP *ka-salaq-an

offensive

offensive to decency, immodest -PPH *law(e)qay

offer

a toast (in drinking); to offer a toast -PPH *tágay

offer - *(noise)

proffer, offer -PWMP *e(n)zuk

to offer a drink, drink -PPH *i-tágay

offering

food offering -POC *qaso

make offering to spirits (?) -PMP *maŋ-qanitu

official

religious official - *(loan)

officinarum

sugarcane:Saccharum officinarum -PMP *tebuh₁

sugarcane:Saccharum officinarum -PAN *tebuS

sugarcane:Saccharum officinarum -PMP *tebuh₂

sugarcane:Saccharum officinarum -PAN *CebuS

offshoot

offshoot shoot of a plant - *(loan)

offspring

child, offspring -PEMP *natu

child, offspring; son, daughter; brother's child (man speaking), sister's child (woman speaking); young animal or plant; young; small (for its kind); dependent or component part of something larger; native, resident, inhabitant; interest on a loan -PMP *anak

child, offspring; son, daughter; interest on a loan -PAN *aNak

offspring child - *(noise)

of rice

badly cooked, of rice - *(loan)

of sleep

interrupted of sleep - *(near)

often

quick, fast, of speech or actions; often, frequently -PPH *darás

of time

pass slowly, of time - *(loan)

ogre

ogre - *(loan)

oh

exclamation: ah!, oh!, alas! -PWMP *abá

oil

apply oil or paint to the body -POC *pani₂

fat, oil; oily, tasty -PCMP *bura₁

grease, oil, fat -PMP *himaR

grease, oil, fat -PAN *SimaR

oil - *(noise)

oil, grease -POC *lumu₁

solid residue left after squeezing to remove coconut oil, etc. -PPH *lunek₂

the castor oil plant:Ricinis communis -PWMP *taŋan-taŋan

to stir-fry, cook in a frying pan without oil -PMP *saŋelaR

vegetable oil -PMP *laña

what is stir-fried or roasted in a pan without oil -PWMP *saŋelaR-en

oily

fat, oil; oily, tasty -PCMP *bura₁

oily, as the hair or skin -PWMP *lumek

oily, as the hair or skin -PMP *lumuk

ointment

fat, grease; ointment -PMP *miñak

fat, grease; ointment -PMP *meñak

salve, ointment - *(loan)

O.K.!

go ahead!, O.K.! - *(loan)

old

adulthood, maturity; old age -PWMP *ka-tuqah-an

be stretched out, of time; old (of past crops that are still not consumed) -PWMP *laun

old -PPH *baqak₂

old (of things), ancient times -POC *tuaRi

old woman; female, of animals -PPH *bakes₂

old, ancient -PAN *daqaN

old, ancient; formerly -PMP *daqan₂

old, elder, senior -PAN *ma-tuqaS tuqaS

old, former -PAN *lama₂

old, kept for a long time (as rice) -PWMP *ma-laun

old, of people -PAN *ma-tuqaS

old, of people -PWMP *laki₂

old, of people -PAN *Rudaŋ

old, of people; mature, as fruit -PMP *tuqah

old, of people; primary forest, old forest -PAN *tuqaS

old, of people; very, extremely; to die, dead (euphemism) -PMP *ma-tuqah

old, of things -PWMP *dana

old, of things; ancient times -PMP *dadan

old, of things; ancient times -PAN *dadaN

old, older person, elder; old stand forest -POC *matuqa

old, worn out -PPH *lúmaq

older

aunt, older woman - *(noise)

old, older person, elder; old stand forest -POC *matuqa

older people, elders -PMP *tuqah tuqah

older people, elders -PAN *tuqaS tuqaS

polite term of address to an older woman (?) -PPH *úyaŋ

term of address for older female relative -PPH *nana₂

term of reference for older female relative -PPH *dada₂

oleifera

the horseradish tree:Moringa oleifera -PPH *maruŋgay

oleraceus

a plant:Lactuca indica Linn., andSonchus oleraceus Linn. -PAN-F *Samaq

omen

omen bird:Alcippe spp. -PAN-F *SiSiN

omen dove -PMP *muken

omen dove -PWMP *buken₂

owl sp., bird of bad omen -PWMP *bukaw

omission

absence, omission -PPH *laŋan

omit

step, stride; to omit or skip over -PMP *laŋkaq₁

on

at, on, in, to -POC *pa₂

on, onto, in, into -POC *o₁

preposition: at, on, in, to -PMP *ba₃

once

once -PPh *maka-esa

simultaneous, at once -PMP *lepes

straightaway, immediately; get done at once; continue on, lasting -PMP *tulus

to fall, of many things at once; to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something -PAN *taktak₁

to gulp, swallow all at once -PMP *teguk

Oncosperma

a palm, probablyOncosperma sp. -PMP *qanibuŋ

one

able to satiate, able to satisfy one's appetite -PWMP *maka-besuR

at one time -PPH *minsan

balanced, as a person in walking, or two weights opposite one another -PWMP *timbaŋ

be bought from or for someone; what one has bought -PWMP *beli-an

be killed; one that is killed -PWMP *bunuq-en

blind in one eye -PWMP *picek

blind in one eye -PPh *bul(e)díŋ

block, obstruct; something which separates one area from another -PWMP *ataŋ₁

blow the nose by pinching off one nostril -PMP *eseŋ

captive, one taken alive in war; to spare, allow to live -PWMP *bihaR

carry in front of one; hold in the lap -PWMP *paŋku

catch one's breath -PWMP *ciŋap

companion, close relative, other one -PWMP *ka-ibah-an

companion, close relative, other one -PMP *ibah-an

companion, close relative, other one -PMP *ibah

companion, close relative, other one -PAN *ibaS

consider as one's child -PWMP *maka-anak

defend, protect one’s interests -PPH *agum-an

distributive; one-by-one, one at a time -PAN *isa isa

do one's utmost - *(loan)

dress up, be decked out in one’s finest clothing -PWMP *kena

drop off to sleep, fall asleep when one should stay awake -PWMP *ka-tuduR-en

finished, used up; all, every one -PWMP *qabis

finished, used up; all, every one -PWMP *qabiq

flat (of things that are expected to rounded), flat on one side -PWMP *sapaD

follow; drive animals before one -PWMP *maŋ-iriŋ

friend, partner; one of a pair; trading partner? -POC *soRa

go or do something slowly, take one’s time -PPH *ananay₂

gulp down food, gorge on one food to the exclusion of others -PWMP *lunlun

hang one's head -PMP *su(ŋ)kuk

harden one's feelings, become inured -PWMP *kalis

hop on one leg -PWMP *kiŋkiŋ₂

hop on one leg, limp -POC *tige

impose one’s will, force or compel someone to do something -PWMP *teRel

in layers, adjacent to one another -PMP *taq(e)pil

in one’s maidenhood -PWMP *d<um>aRa

in succession, one after the other -PWMP *suqud suqud

incline one's head to the side -PAN *qipiŋ

killer, one who kills -PMP *pa-bunuq

lie in stacks, one on top of the other -PWMP *apid₂

lie on one's side -PWMP *tumbiriŋ

line up one behind the other -PWMP *maR-aRak

location, place where one stays -PWMP *paR-ian-an

mother animal; leader; large one of a class -PWMP *indu-q

mother animal; leader; large one of a class -PWMP *indu-ŋ

mother animal; leader; large one of a class -PWMP *indu

new, fresh; recent(ly); youth, bachelor; beautiful, in one's prime -PMP *baqeRu

one -PWMP *isa-q

one -PAN *isa₁

one -PAN *esa

one -PAN *asa₁

one - *(noise)

one (clitic form of *esa) -PAN *sa₃

one (in counting) -POC *tasa

one (of humans) -PCEMP *asa₂

one (of humans) -PAN *a-esa

one (unit) -PMP *sa-buaq

one after the other, successive -PPH *sunúd-sunúd

one by one -PMP *esa esa

one hundred -PMP *sa-ŋa-Ratus

one hundred -PWMP *ma-Ratus

one joint or node (as of bamboo or sugarcane) -PWMP *sa-ŋa-buku

one month (in duration) -PWMP *sa-ŋa-bulan

one of the four principal rafters -PPh *paR(e)bu

one quarter; designation for a division of society, probably a lineage -PMP *suku

one side, one half -PWMP *pihak

one stem, one stalk -PMP *sa buliR

one to whom tribute is paid -PPh *buhis-an

one who gathers firewood (?) -PWMP *pa-ŋahiw

one who has died, dead person -POC *m<in>ate

one who is banished or cast out -PWMP *buaŋ-an

one who is led, one who is conducted -PWMP *in-aRak

one who lies next to another -PWMP *ka-hulij

overlapping, one on top of another -PPH *sak(e)níb

own, one’s own; self -PPH *kaniá

passageway, place where one has walked -PAN *zalan-an

past one’s prime, outdated, obsolete -PPH *laqús

place where one eats -PAN *ka-kaen-an

place where one eats; food -PAN *kaen-an

place where one rests the head: wooden headrest -PMP *qulun-an

place where one spends the night -PWMP *paR-beRŋi-an

place where one washes -PMP *hiñaw-an

place where one washes -PAN *Siñaw-an

pour from one vessel into another; translate, interpret -PWMP *salin

put off, delay, postpone, break one’s promise -PPH *liwag

round about, around, in one’s surroundings; go around -PMP *kuliliŋ

spy, scout, one who looks for possible danger ahead -PMP *mata-mata

stamp, put one's foot down -PWMP *qantak

step on, place one's foot on -PMP *re(n)zak

sticky, adhesive; stuck in one’s memory -PWMP *leket

strike one another (as fighting cocks) -PWMP *bazaw

sunrise, rising sun; to show off, be ostentatious, parade one’s talents, possessions, etc. -PPH *sikát

take one's time -PWMP *lantaŋ

tear apart something that one has made; undo -PPh *waswás₂

that with which one binds something -PPh *i-bejbej

the one who is behind (?) -PWMP *udehi-an

the remaining one -PAN *isa-ŋa

thwart, crosspiece, as one used to restrain person; lie athwart or across -PWMP *balagbag

to bind, tie tightly, probably of tying one thing which is moveable to another which is fixed -PPH *kedked

to catch, receive something thrown or sent one’s way -PWMP *sambut₂

to confront one another, as in a dispute -PPH *saŋsáŋ

to crave, as food one wants to eat -PPH *sab(e)lék

to cut off with one stroke -PPH *tiq(e)pas

to have one thing on top of another -PWMP *tumpaŋ₁

to keep on doing something, continue in one’s ways -PPH *útas

to meet or greet someone who is arriving, or who one encounters by surprise -PPH *sabat-en

to pass one another in coming from opposite directions -PWMP *sulaŋ

to pass one another while going in different directions -PPH *sub(e)líq

to pick at one’s food, show little interest in eating -PPH *kimkím

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely -PPH *dápat₁

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely -PMP *dapet

to squat, sit on one’s heels -POC *tiko

to take in one’s hand; handful -PMP *kaut

to take in one’s hand; handful -PAN *kahut

to take one piece of fruit from a bunch -PPH *siŋiq

to unite, combine in one -PAN *paR-isa-an

turn one’s head to the side to look back -PPH *liŋiq

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other -PWMP *aRak-aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other -PWMP *maŋ-aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other -PMP *aRak

was chosen; what was chosen, one’s preference -PWMP *na-piliq

was killed; the one that was killed -PWMP *b<in>unuq

well-equipped, having what one needs to do live or do a job -PPH *saŋkap

one-by-one

distributive; one-by-one, one at a time -PAN *isa isa

one-fourth

one-fourth -PWMP *paR-epat

oneself

broil; warm oneself or something near a fire -PAN *daŋdaŋ₁

clean oneself by scrubbing -PEMP *isug

clean oneself by scrubbing -PMP *hisuq

cover something to protect it or oneself -PPH *salúkub

defend oneself, parry a blow -PWMP *taŋgul

dive; immerse oneself -PWMP *salem

draw toward oneself; annex, make subject -PWMP *kabiR

hide oneself -PWMP *tapuk₃

hold tightly, clutch to oneself -PPH *sak(e)lut-en

hold tightly, clutch to oneself -PPH *sak(e)lút

keep something to oneself; silent, secret -PWMP *hidem

keep to oneself -PPh *enep

keep to oneself; be different; alone -PCEMP *kese

pull inward or towards oneself -PWMP *paqud

refresh oneself, go out for some fresh air -POC *paka-aŋin-aŋin

repeat oneself monotonously -PWMP *quman-quman

repeat oneself monotonously -PAN *quman

self, oneself - *(loan)

sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water; to set, of the sun -PAN *selem₁

to appropriate for oneself -PPH *águm

to appropriate to oneself illegally -PPH *kamkam-en

to distance oneself, move far off -PPH *d<um>ayuq

to pull something toward oneself -PPH *enat-en

to pull something toward oneself -PPH *enat

to wave the hand, as in beckoning someone or in fanning oneself -PPH *paypáy

to wave the hand, to fan oneself -PWMP *kiap

warm oneself or something near a fire; heat or dry near a fire -PMP *daŋdaŋ₁

onion

onion - *(loan)

Oniscus

sowbug, woodlouse: terrestrial isopod of the genusOniscus -PWMP *babuy babuy

only

just, merely, only, usual -PPH *sená

only -POC *pua₁

only child; alone, by onself; go it alone -PPH *buR(e)túŋ

only, alone -PMP *ma-isa

only, just -PCEMP *bua₂

only, just, but -PPH *lámaŋ

only, just, merely -PPH *laŋ

onom

onom. for dull sound -PWMP *desuR

onomatopoetic

onomatopoetic for dull sound -PWMP *bek

onomatopoetic for sound of fluttering, flying -PMP *ber

onself

only child; alone, by onself; go it alone -PPH *buR(e)túŋ

onto

hold onto, cling to -PPH *kapét

on, onto, in, into -POC *o₁

step onto - *(noise)

to hook, catch onto something -PWMP *s<um>abit

onward

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer -PMP *wa-tu

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer -PMP *a-tu

ooze

drip, ooze -PMP *titis

drip, ooze through -PMP *tiRis

to suppurate, ooze pus -PWMP *maR-nanaq

oozing

body fluid from a corpse; fluid oozing from a wound -PWMP *saRu₂

fluid oozing from a wound, infected sore, or corpse -PWMP *sagu₂

open

be open, as the mouth -PMP *kaŋa

be pried open -PPH *tiŋkab-én

be propped open -PWMP *tukaŋ-an

break open -PWMP *beta₁

break open, force open -PWMP *tu(ŋ)kab

burst open, as an overfilled sack -PMP *betus

burst open, split open -POC *poŋkaR

burst, split open -PMP *betaq₂

crack, split open -PWMP *reŋat

crack, split open (as dry ground) -PAN *betak

crack, split open (as the stomach of a fish) -PMP *belak

cut or tear open stitches -PWMP *t<um>astas

for force something open or out of its position -PPH *tu(ŋ)kab-án

force open -PMP *re(ŋ)kaq

force open -PWMP *pilak₁

gap, open space -POC *jiwaŋ

gap, open space, breach -PPH *giwaŋ

gap, open space; groove -PMP *siwaŋ

gape, be open -POC *paŋa₃

gape, open the mouth -PMP *ciŋaŋ

gape, open the mouth wide -POC *paŋaŋap

gape, open the mouth wide -PMP *qaŋap

gape, open the mouth wide -PMP *qaŋab

gape, open the mouth wide - *-ŋa(root)

gape, open the mouth wide - *-ŋa(q)(root)

gape, open the mouth wide - *-ŋaq(root)

gape, open the mouth wide; be dazzled, amazed -PMP *beŋaŋ₂

gape, open wide -PMP *laŋaq₁

gape, open, of the mouth - *-ŋab(root)

gasp, open the mouth to breathe -PWMP *egap

in pieces, break open - *-ceq(root)

loosen, open -PMP *qukaq

loosen, open -PAN *hukaq

open -POC *rokaq

open -PMP *u(ŋ)kaq

open -PWMP *tukas

open -PMP *rakaq

open - *(noise)

open forcibly - *-kaq₁(root)

open forcibly, force apart (as the eyelids with the fingers) -PMP *bikaq₁

open space -PWMP *liwaŋ

open space -PWMP *banawaŋ

open space, empty of obstruction -PWMP *tawaŋ

open space, expanse of land or water -PWMP *bawaŋ₁

open the eyes -PMP *kulat₁

open the eyes wide -PMP *kilat₂

open the eyes wide -POC *pilat₁

open the eyes wide -PMP *bilat₁

open the eyes wide - *-lat₁(root)

open the eyes wide, stare with round eyes -PWMP *maŋ-bulat

open the eyes wide, stare with round eyes -POC *bulat₂

open the eyes wide, stare with round eyes -PMP *bulat₁

open the legs wide -PWMP *siŋkat

open the mouth -PAN *ŋaŋa₂

open the mouth -PMP *beŋa₁

open the mouth -PMP *beŋaq

open the mouth -PWMP *baŋaq₁

open the mouth wide -PMP *uŋap

open the mouth wide -PMP *Raŋa₁

open the mouth wide -PPh *buŋáŋaq

open the mouth wide -PMP *aŋaq

open the mouth wide, gape -PWMP *taŋaŋaq

open the mouth wide, gape; gaping; opening of abubu fish trap, basket, etc. -PMP *ŋaŋa₂

open the mouth, gape -PWMP *ŋaqŋaq₁

open wide -PWMP *tiŋaqŋaq

open wide - *(noise)

open, of the eyes -PMP *bidak

open, of the mouth; gaping - *-ŋap(root)

open, spacious -PMP *beŋaŋ₃

open, spacious -PPH *antad

open, uncover -PMP *siŋkab

open, uncover -PAN *lekab

open, uncover -PWMP *hu(ŋ)kab

open, uncover -PWMP *e(ŋ)kab

open, uncover - *-kab(root)

open, undress, remove, release -PMP *lekas₁

open, untie -PWMP *bukaq

outside, wide open spaces; loose -PMP *luqaR

pry open -PMP *qu(ŋ)kaq

rip or tear open -PMP *tetas

slap, hit with open hand -PMP *tampek

slit open -PPh *wíqwiq

split open -PWMP *sibak

split open -PPh *busiqsiq

split open, burst under pressure -PMP *besiq

split, crack open -PMP *beka

split, crack open -PMP *bekaq

split, rip open -PPh *busiq

split, tear open -PWMP *berit₂

split, tear open -PAN *beriq

spread open, as the legs -PWMP *u(ŋ)kaŋ

spread out, unroll (mats, etc.), open out, unfold (as the hand); wide -PMP *bekelaj

spread wide open -PPH *tákaŋ

stand open - *(noise)

stretch open or apart -PMP *pekaŋ

stretch open, dilate -PPh *biŋát

take apart, dismantle; break open -PMP *buŋkaR

tear, rip open (as cloth or stitches), snap (as string) -PMP *be(R)tas

tear, rip open, cut open -POC *potas

to open -PAN *taŋa₂

to open -PWMP *maŋ-hukab

to open -PWMP *buŋkal

to open -PWMP *maŋ-buka

to open the mouth -PPH *gaŋa

to open, as a fist; to blossom, of flowers; break up, dismantle, demolish -PWMP *bekaj

to open, as a fist; to blossom, of flowers; split open, break up, dismantle, demolish -PMP *be(ŋ)kaR

to open, as a flower -PPh *bes(e)káj

to open, as a flower -PPh *bes(e)kág

to open, break open -PMP *su(ŋ)kab

to open, peel off -PWMP *ruŋkab

to open, uncover -PWMP *likab

to open, uncover -PWMP *iŋkab

to open, uncover -PMP *bu(ŋ)kas

to open, uncover -PWMP *maŋ-bukaʔ

to open, uncover -PWMP *bukaʔ

to open, uncover -POC *puke

to open, uncover, expose -PMP *buka

to pant, as a dog with open mouth -PPH *halhál

to pry open -PPH *tiŋkáb

to pry open slightly -POC *makaka

to split open -PPH *buqak

to split open -PMP *siraq₁

to split open -PMP *le(ŋ)kaq

uncultivated field, open grassland; field covered with sword grass (Imperata cylindrica) -PWMP *padaŋ

unfold, open up, blossom -PPh *buk(e)lad

wide open -PMP *labak

wide open -PWMP *daŋaq

wide open -POC *paŋa₂

wide open -PMP *baŋa₂

wide open - *(near)

wide open (mouth) -PWMP *eŋaq

wide open space -PPH *luaŋ₂

wide open space -PPh *waŋáwaŋ

wide open spaces -PWMP *sawaŋ₂

wide open, of the eyes -PMP *hilat

wide, broad, open (of land) -PWMP *layaŋ₂

will open? -PAN *ma-taŋa

open-air

open-air; outdoors -PAN *CaSaw

opened

be opened -PWMP *hukab-en

be opened -PWMP *buka-en

opened, having a gap or opening -PPh *ma-siwáŋ

open-eyed

open-eyed (?) -PMP *m<in>ata

open-eyed (?) -PAN *m<in>aCa

opening

circular opening -PWMP *lauR

crammed, forced into an opening, stuff full -PWMP *pelpel

door opening - *(noise)

flow through a small opening, of rushing water -PPh *bug(e)ris

gate, opening -PWMP *gawaŋ

hole, opening, vagina -POC *buta

mouth, opening; speak, say -PMP *baqbaq

narrow opening or passage between two things -PWMP *selat

open the mouth wide, gape; gaping; opening of abubu fish trap, basket, etc. -PMP *ŋaŋa₂

opened, having a gap or opening -PPh *ma-siwáŋ

opening - *(noise)

opening, gap -PPH *tiwaŋwáŋ

put something into or through an opening -PPH *súbuq

split, torn; opening or water passage between two capes of land -PMP *beŋat₁

open wide

dilate, open wide - *(near)

openwork

kind of large openwork basket -PPH *kaqiŋ

large open-work basket -PPh *balúlaŋ

operculum

eye, face, focal point, center or most prominent part; hole, aperture; doorway, window; budding part of plant; ‘eye’ of coconut; knot in wood; sun; core of a boil; blade of a knife; to awaken; operculum of a snail; mesh of a net; eye of a needle; noose of a trap; hearth; direction of the wind; head of a river; spring, source; lid, cover -PMP *mata

opinion

thinking, thoughts; opinion -PPh *ísip

thought, opinions -PPh *ka-ísip-an

visual assessment of something, as in taking aim, making a straight line, or forming an opinion -PWMP *sipat

opium

opium - *(loan)

opponents

pit two opponents against each other; cockfight -PWMP *sabuŋ₁

opportunity

take advantage of a situation or opportunity, exploit an advantage -PPH *sambut₁

to waste an opportunity -PPH *sayáŋ-en

oppose

answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy -POC *bali₇

argue with, oppose someone -PWMP *bantaq

dual division, moiety == cluster (a) answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy -PMP *baliw₁

go against the current, oppose, go in the opposite direction -PPH *sudsud₃

oppose, attack -PWMP *suleŋ

oppose, contradict - *(near)

oppose, dispute with -PWMP *cakaq

oppose, go against someone -PMP *laban-an

oppose, go against someone -PMP *laban₂

to block passage, oppose movement; come to a temporary stop -PPH *saR(e)ked

to oppose, go against -PPH *sudsud-en

opposed

path, made by a human as opposed to an animal; way or means to do something -PAN *zalan

path, made by a human as opposed to an animal; way or means to do something; wake of a boat; the Milky Way -PMP *zalan

opposite

answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy -POC *bali₇

balanced, as a person in walking, or two weights opposite one another -PWMP *timbaŋ

dual division, moiety == cluster (a) answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy -PMP *baliw₁

free side of canoe, opposite the outrigger -POC *katae

go against the current, oppose, go in the opposite direction -PPH *sudsud₃

on the opposite side -PPH *di-baliw

on the opposite side (esp. of a river) -PWMP *di hipaR

opposite side (esp. of a river) -PMP *hipaR₂

opposite side (esp. of a river) -PAN *SipaR

side of canoe opposite the outrigger -POC *qatai

to pass one another in coming from opposite directions -PWMP *sulaŋ

oppositifolia

a tree:Ochrosia oppositifolia -POC *paoq (ʔ)

a tree:Ochrosia oppositifolia -PMP *pauq

oppress

to force upon, oppress -PPH *luges

oppressed

feel oppressed -PWMP *siqir

oppression

injustice, oppression - *(loan)

or

marker of indefiniteness: if, perhaps, hopefully; or; any -POC *baraŋ₂

marker of indefiniteness: if, perhaps, hopefully; or; any -PMP *baraŋ₁

oral

a fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush -PMP *guham

a fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush -PAN *guSam

orange

Bitter orange Seville orange:Citrus aurantium - *(loan)

kind of citrus fruit, Philippine orange -PPH *kutay

orangutan:Simia satyrus

orangutan:Simia satyrus - *(loan)

orchard

garden, orchard -PWMP *parelak

orchid sp.

orchid sp. - *(loan)

order

arrange, put in order - *(loan)

fifth in order -PWMP *kuma-lima

flatten; press down in order to squeeze in -PWMP *petpet₁

for the purpose of; in order to -POC *puat₃

hit, beat with hand or club in order to kill -PPH *palpál₁

insect of the orderIsoptera: termite, white ant -POC *ane

insect of the orderIsoptera: termite, white ant -PAN *aNay

mate, companion, fellow; together with; alike, the same as; aligned or in good order -PWMP *sama

mend, repair, set in order -POC *tupak

order, request -PPh *hi-bilín

order, request, command; message; something left for another -PWMP *bilin

pave with stones; pile or stack up, arrange, order, put in sequence -PMP *qatuR₁

set in order - *(noise)

stack up; in a row, lined up; to order, arrange -PCEMP *qatuR₂

surrround in order to confine or protect -PWMP *kuŋkuŋ₄

to obey, follow orders -PWMP *ma-nuRut

to order; leave a message -PPh *maR-bilín

orderly

orderly rule-governed - *(noise)

pave with stones; pile up, arrange, put in an orderly fashion -PWMP *qatuR-an

pile up, arrange, put in an orderly fashion -PWMP *maŋ-qatuR

ordinal

prefix for ordinal numbers -PAN *Sika-

prefix for ordinal numerals -POC *ka-

prefix for ordinal numerals -PMP *ika-

ore

gold ore -PPH *balitúk

orellana

a plant:Bixa orellana -PWMP *galugaʔ

organ

an internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas -PAN *paliq₁

internal organ, pancreas (?) -PPH *dilas

organic

stench of spoiled or souring organic matter -PAN *qaŋeRu

orgy

sexual indulgence, orgy -PPH *urag

Oriental

kind of water bird, the Oriental darter:Anhinga melanogaster -PPH *kasíli

orientalis

a tree:Trema orientalis -PMP *deRuŋ₂

origin

base of a tree; beginning; origin -POC *puna₁

base of a tree; cause; source, origin; beginning; foot of a hill or mountain; first wife; model or example (to be copied); expression for the mother’s brother -PMP *puqun

origin, cause, provided that - *(loan)

originate; related by common origin; be born -POC *pusa₁

prefix indicating place of origin (for ethnic groups) -PPH *taga-

source, origin -PMP *puna₂

source, origin -PMP *punaŋ

source, origin - *(loan)

originate

originate from, come from -PMP *hi-

originate from, come from -PAN *Si-₂

originate; related by common origin; be born -POC *pusa₁

Orion

spring back suddenly; spring-set spear trap; the constellation Orion -PWMP *bala(n)tik

ornament

ear ornament -PWMP *sumpiŋ₂

ornamental

ornamental shrub used for hedgesGraptophyllum pictum -PWMP *qatay qatay₂

orphan

orphan -PWMP *ulila

orphan; orphaned -PWMP *ilu

orphaned

orphan; orphaned -PWMP *ilu

orthopterus

orthopterus insect: cicada or grasshopper -POC *sisi(rR)

Orthotomus

a bird and its call, probably the tailor bird:Orthotomus atrogularis -PPH *tiwtiw

oscillate

swing, oscillate -PWMP *tayug

to swing, oscillate -PWMP *ayun

ostentatious

sunrise, rising sun; to show off, be ostentatious, parade one’s talents, possessions, etc. -PPH *sikát

other

another, other; different, distinct -PPH *iba

be affected by itching, be infected with scabies or other itchy skin disorders -PWMP *gatel-en

boiled foods other than rice -PMP *t<in>anek

boiled foods other than rice? -PAN *t<in>aNek

companion, close relative, other one -PWMP *ka-ibah-an

companion, close relative, other one -PMP *ibah-an

companion, close relative, other one -PMP *ibah

companion, close relative, other one -PAN *ibaS

contend with others, compete for something -PPH *sikil

do something together with others -PAN *sabay₁

do something together with others -PWMP *sa(m)bay

except, other than; another, different -PPH *sabáliq

fire saw; tie a tool around the hand or some other fixture -PPH *kulili

for fish to prey on other fish -PPH *hárab₁

ford a river, cross to the other side (of a river, street, etc.) -PPH *dákit

gulp down food, gorge on one food to the exclusion of others -PWMP *lunlun

in succession, one after the other -PWMP *suqud suqud

lie in stacks, one on top of the other -PWMP *apid₂

line up one behind the other -PWMP *maR-aRak

murky, as water or other liquid -PPH *parek

negator of nominals; other, different -PWMP *beken

one after the other, successive -PPH *sunúd-sunúd

other, to change - *(noise)

pit two opponents against each other; cockfight -PWMP *sabuŋ₁

someone; other people; be different -PAN *duma

sticks or other markers used as aids in calculation -PWMP *bilaŋ-bilaŋ

summon others to join an activity -PWMP *azak

to eat together, join others in eating -PPH *maki-kaen

to hear, listen; obey; hear about; news; fame, famous; to feel, perceive through any sense other than sight -PMP *deŋeR

to hear; what is heard, news; to perceive by any sense other than sight -POC *roŋoR

to hurt or injure others -PWMP *ma-ñakit

to pass, cross over to the other side; to be past, of time for an action -PWMP *lapas

to rest, take a break from work or other activity -PAN-F *Ceked

veining pattern on wood or other material -PWMP *kuray

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other -PWMP *aRak-aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other -PWMP *maŋ-aRak

walk single-file; be positioned one behind the other -PMP *aRak

otter

otter - *(near)

river otter -PAN-F *Sanaq

ouch

exclamation of pain; ouch! -PPH *ananay₁

ought

should, ought to -PPH *dapat₄

our

1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.) -PMP *aten

1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.) -PAN *iten

1pl. excl. genitive, our -PAN *n-ami

1pl. excl. genitive, our -PMP *m-ami

1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our -PAN *ata

1pl. incl. subject prefix and possessive suffix; we (incl.); our (incl.) -POC *da₂

1st pers. incl. genitive; our -PAN *n-ita

ours -PPH *n-aten

out

avoid someone out of fear -PWMP *ketiR

bail out a canoe -PMP *limas

bail out water -PWMP *maŋa-limas

bail out water -POC *qasu

be pointed at, be pointed out -PAN *tuzuq-en

be pulled out, be plucked; what is pulled or plucked out -PPh *butbut-en

be spread out; what is spread out -PWMP *bekelaj-en

be stretched out, of time; old (of past crops that are still not consumed) -PWMP *laun

be stretched, be straightened out -PPh *uñat-en

bear down, press out, as in defecation or childbirth -PMP *maŋ-qezen

bearing down, pressing out, as in defecation or childbirth -PMP *qezen

beat out, thresh -PAN *paspas₁

blow out, force out -PMP *leput

break out in boils -PPh *apúy

burst out - *(noise)

casting net; spread out, as a casting net -PWMP *Rambaŋ

close the eyes; go out, of a light -PWMP *qezep

come out, take out -PCMP *lesu₂

crooked, out of alignment -PWMP *biqaŋ₂

crush between weights; press out -PPH *gimpis

crushed or squeezed out of shape -PWMP *lu(q)luq

cry out, as in pain or fear -PMP *beŋit

cry out, bellow, moan -PPH *ŋalŋál

cry out, clamor -PWMP *Riaw

cry out, shout -PMP *iak

cry out, shout -PMP *iag

decant, pour liquid out for drinking -PPH *tíqiŋ

dig a hole, hollow something out -PPH *kabkáb

distribute, deal out -PPh *wáras

dress up, be decked out in one’s finest clothing -PWMP *kena

dried out -POC *(bp)ala₁

drip or drain out -PMP *huhuq

drip or drain out -PAN *SuSuq

drip or drain out -PMP *huqhuq

drip or drain out -PAN *SuqSuq

drip or pour out -POC *pupus-a

dry out, become dry -PMP *asat

dug out, excavated - *(noise)

empty out -PWMP *Ruaq

expression of warning: watch out! -PWMP *hatay

fall out - *(noise)

fly out, splash, spatter - *-cik(root)

food laid out for a feast -PPH *das(e)qaR

for force something open or out of its position -PPH *tu(ŋ)kab-án

germinate, burst out - *(noise)

give off smoke continuously, pour out smoke -PMP *qasu qasu

go out for some fresh air -PMP *pa(ka)-haŋin-haŋin

howl, cry out in pain -PWMP *qeraŋ

last burning bit; to snuff out a spark -PMP *latu

leak out, of air -PWMP *hius

leak, pour out; loose or crumbling; crumble and fall -POC *pupus

leak, spill through, stream out from a hole in a container -PMP *busbus

lower or let down, as on a rope; pay out fishline; launch a boat -PMP *huluR

lower something, pay out rope -PWMP *maŋ-huluR

manner in which an action is carried out -PWMP *ka-₆

mercy killing; put someone out of their misery -PWMP *hunus

old, worn out -PPH *lúmaq

one who is banished or cast out -PWMP *buaŋ-an

out of breath -PMP *heŋak

out of breath, gasping -POC *aŋak

out of breath, gasping -PWMP *haŋak

pant, be out of breath - *(noise)

pay out a rope -PWMP *lu(m)baR

pick out with the fingers -PCMP *kisi

picking of fruit; falling out of teeth -PPH *tipuq

pluck out -PWMP *Ranebut

pluck out -PWMP *ranebut

pluck, pull out -PMP *gutgut₂

pluck, pull out -PMP *ubut

pluck, pull out -PWMP *zutzut

pluck, pull out -POC *rurut

pluck, pull out -PAN *ubuC

pluck, pull out -PMP *Radut

pluck, pull out -PAN *guCguC₁

pluck, pull out -PMP *dutdut

point at, point out -PMP *tuzuk

point out directions - *(noise)

pour out, of liquids -PWMP *buhus

pour, pour out, as water or grain from a container -PMP *buqbuq

pull out something rooted in soft matter, as flesh -PWMP *raq(e)but

pull out with force -PMP *cabut

pull out, extract -PWMP *Rebut

pull out, extract -PMP *benut₂

pull out, extract -PAN *beNuC

pull out, uproot -POC *iput₂

pull out, uproot -PMP *ibut₁

pull out, uproot (as plants); pluck (as hair or feathers) -POC *puput-i

pull out, uproot, pluck -PMP *butbut-i

pull up, as out of a pit or out of water -PMP *bantun

pull up, pull out, as grass or a tooth -PPH *ganút-en

pull up, pull out, as grass or a tooth -PPH *gánut

pulling out, uprooting -PPH *búnut

punctured, perforated so that the contents spill out -PWMP *busbus-en

put out to sea, embark on a voyage -POC *toka₃

refresh oneself, go out for some fresh air -POC *paka-aŋin-aŋin

run out, come to an end, of supplies; be poor -PMP *kabus₁

scrape out, as meat from a coconut -PWMP *suqsuq

send out new growth, of vegetation -POC *tupul

set fire to, smoke out -PMP *sunuR

sever, cut through, rip out stitches -PAN *tastas

shake out - *(noise)

slip out or away -PWMP *pulesit

smoke out bees -PWMP *puhaR

spatter, fly out in all directions -PMP *becik

spill out - *(noise)

spit out (food, substances alien to the body), to spew -PMP *luaq

spit something out, vomit something -POC *lua-ki

spit, spit out -PAN *lupaS

spread out - *(noise)

spread out in the sun to dry -PMP *bilaj

spread out on ground -PPH *latag

spread out to dry in the sun -PWMP *belaj

spread out, as a net or clothes on the ground to dry -PPH *ladlád

spread out, unfurl -PPh *bik(e)laj

spread out, unfurl -PMP *barbar

spread out, unroll (mats, etc.), open out, unfold (as the hand); wide -PMP *bekelaj

spread out, unroll (mats, etc.); wide -PEMP *bolaj

spurt or gush out -PMP *puRcit

spurt out -PMP *pucut₁

squeeze or squirt out -PWMP *lucut

squeeze out -POC *popos

squeeze out -PMP *picit

squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing -POC *poRos

squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing -PAN *peRes

squeeze out juice, wring out water -PPH *piRaq₁

squeeze out juice, wring out water -PAN *peReq

squeeze out juice; squirt out -PAN-F *peSiq

squeeze out, slip out -PWMP *lecut

squeeze out, squirt out -PWMP *lesit

squeeze out, squirt out -PMP *lecit

squeeze out; massage -PMP *pespes

squeeze, squirt out -POC *posit₂

squeeze, squirt out -PMP *pe(R)cit

squeeze, squirt out -POC *posit₁

squeeze, squirt out -PMP *becit

squirt out - *-cit(root)

squirt, squeeze or slip out - *-cut(root)

sticking out or turned forward, of ears -PWMP *kupiŋ

straighten out, of a limb, etc. -PMP *keteŋ

stretch out -POC *sau₁

stretch out - *(noise)

swollen, filled out -PMP *kembuŋ

take out - *(noise)

thing pointed out, shown, or taught -PWMP *ka-tuzuq-an

throw out (of a container or enclosure) -PWMP *la(m)bug₁

thrust out, extend forward -PMP *qunzur

thrust out; extend - *-zur(root)

to bail out completely -PWMP *limas-an

to be bailed out, of water -PWMP *limas-en

to be laid out after death, prepared for interment -PPH *burul

to burn or set a fire under to smoke out -PPH *sunúg-en

to choose, select, pick out -PAN *p<um>iliq

to choose, select, pick out -PWMP *maR-piliq

to choose, select, pick out -PWMP *ma-miliq

to choose, to select; to pick out -PAN *piliq

to complete, make full, round out -PWMP *pa-genep

to cut out, as a pattern -PWMP *tabas₂

to distribute, pass out shares (as of food) -PPH *bunuŋ

to distribute, pass out shares of food -PPH *tagtág

to distribute, spead out evenly -PPH *wadwad

to divide into shares, give out portions -PPH *hátaR

to divide, share out -POC *tupa₃

to divide, share out (as an inheritance?) -POC *pari₂

to draw out; to pickpocket someone -PPH *dúkut

to flow, stream, move out rapidly -POC *rere₂

to gouge or pry out -PWMP *lugit

to leaf out, sprout leaves -PWMP *maR-dahun

to pant, be out of breath -PAN *ŋesŋes

to pay out a rope -PWMP *lumbaR

to pluck, pull out -PAN *putput₁

to pluck, pull out, uproot -PWMP *maŋ-butbut

to point at, point out, lecture or instruct, give advice -PAN *t<um>uzuq

to point at, point out, show by pointing -PWMP *ma-nuzuq

to point at, point out; give directions -POC *tusuq

to point at, point out; give directions -PAN *tuzuq₁

to point out -PAN *tudiŋ

to point out, give directions (?) -PAN *pa-tuzuq

to point out, instruct -PMP *tuzuq₂

to point out, show, teach -POC *akot

to point, indicate; to point out, instruct -PPh *tulduq

to pour out (possibly only solids) -PPH *bukbuk₄

to pour out contents (of solids?) -PPH *i-bukbuk

to pour out, tilt to pour -PWMP *tuaŋ₁

to pull by the hair; to pull out hair -PPH *sabunut

to pull on or out with the fingers -PPH *húRut

to pull out -PPH *bag(e)qut-en

to pull out -PPH *bag(e)qut

to pull out or up -PPH *gábut

to pull out, as hair -PPH *bagut-en

to pull out, as hair -PPH *bagut

to pull out, uproot -PPH *bunút-en

to pull out, uproot -POC *saput

to remove, take off or out -PPH *ekal

to rip out stitches -PWMP *ma-nastas

to run out of supplies, lack something needed -PPH *kapus

to scrape or scrub out, remove by scraping -PPh *kuskus-an₂

to scrape out -PWMP *kuskus₂

to set out a lavish meal -PPH *lámak

to sip or suck in or out -PWMP *ma-ñepsep

to slip through or out, get away -PPH *pus(e)lít

to sound off, cry out -PPH *tekuk₂

to spill out, pour out -PWMP *tumpaq

to spill, pour out -PPH *tik(e)buq

to spit out chewed betel quid -PPH *sapaq-en

to spread out -PWMP *maŋ-bekelaj

to squeal, cry out, as a pig -POC *ŋek₂

to squeeze out juice, wring out water -PWMP *ma-meRes

to squeeze out juice, wring out water -PWMP *ma-meReq

to stand; straighten out -PMP *kezeŋ

to stand; stretch out, as the body -PMP *kedeŋ

to start out, begin -PPH *lapu₃

to stick out the tongue -PPH *dilam

to stick out the tongue -PWMP *zilat

to stretch, straighten out -PPh *uñat

to stretch, straighten out -PPh *huñat

to suck up, suck out -PMP *mismis₂

to tear out -PMP *rebut

to undo stitches, pull out tying material -PPH *tastas-en

to wail, cry out in grief -PWMP *ŋulŋul₂

to weed, pluck, pull out - *-buC(root)

to wring out, as water from wet clothes -PAN-F *pedel

to wring, squeeze out by twisting or wringing -PMP *lesles₂

twist together rope out of three strands -PWMP *ma-nelu

twitter, call out (bird) -PWMP *ciak

unfold, spread out -PWMP *bitaD

unroll a mat, spread out a mat -PMP *hampaR

unroll a mat, spread out a mat -PAN *SapaR

unroll, spread out a mat -PAN *S<um>apaR

uproot, pluck, pull out - *-dut(root)

uproot, pull out by the roots -POC *Raput

uproot, pull out by the roots -PMP *Rabut

uproot, pull out by the roots -PAN *RabuC

wake up, get out of bed -PAN *baŋuN

was pointed out (?) -PWMP *t<in>uzuq

was spread out -PWMP *b<in>ekelaj

wear out through overuse, as fabric or a rope -PPH *rúnut

wipe off, wipe out -PMP *punas

withdraw, pull out, extract -POC *unus-i

withdraw, pull out, extract -POC *unus

withdraw, pull out, extract -PMP *hunus

withdraw, pull out, extract -PAN *SuNus

worn out - *(noise)

worn out by overuse; broken; blunt -PPH *pudpud

worn out, decaying -POC *Rapuk

worn out, worn down, as by overuse -PPH *ma-pudpud

wring, squeeze out (trans.) -POC *lolos-i

outdated

past one’s prime, outdated, obsolete -PPH *laqús

outdoors

open-air; outdoors -PAN *CaSaw

outdoors, outside -PMP *tahaw

outer

outer corner of the eye -PMP *ikuR ni mata

outer layer of abaca plant -PPH *lupis₂

the hard outer wood of a palm trunk, used in making bows -PPH *báhiq

outpouring

outpouring of light -PMP *sila₁

outpouring of light -PMP *sirak₁

outpouring of light -PMP *silaq

outrigger

(small) outrigger canoe or canoe hull -POC *katiR

canoe hull, small outrigger canoe -PMP *katiR

cross-stick for outrigger - *(loan)

free side of canoe, opposite the outrigger -POC *katae

outrigger boom -POC *kayajo

outrigger boom -POC *kiajo

outrigger canoe with dugout hull -PEMP *waŋka

outrigger canoe with dugout hull; passengers in a canoe -POC *waga

outrigger float -POC *saman

outrigger float -PMP *saRman

side of canoe opposite the outrigger -POC *qatai

sticks that connect the float to the booms of an outrigger canoe -PEMP *patoto

type of boat, possibly dugout with outrigger -PWMP *bilug

outside

above; outside -POC *papo₁

after, behind; the outside of an object; stern of a canoe -POC *muri

last, come after or behind; late, later; future; stern of a boat; youngest child; west; young; outside -PCEMP *m-udi

outdoors, outside -PMP *tahaw

outside -PPH *líwan

outside -PWMP *luqaq

outside -PMP *luqar

outside -PAN *NataD

outside, wide open spaces; loose -PMP *luqaR

outside; outside area; spacious, roomy -PMP *luas₁

space outside the village -POC *natar

outsiders

outsiders, alien people -PMP *qulun₁

outsiders, alien people -PMP *qaRta

outskirts

outskirts, edge of settlement -PPh *hilít

outstretched

to span with outstretched arms, measure in fathoms -PWMP *d<um>epa

outward

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer -PMP *wa-tu

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer -PMP *a-tu

swollen, expanding outward -PWMP *kembaŋ

ovary

ovary of an an oviparous animal -PMP *natuq

ovata

tree sp.:Schoutenia ovata -PMP *kukun

oven

bake or roast in an earth oven -POC *qumun-a

cook in an earth oven -POC *qumun-i

cook in an earth oven -POC *papi

cook in earth oven -POC *taqo

earth oven -PMP *qumun

oven - *(loan)

over

bend over -POC *rokuk

bend over, stoop -POC *rukuq

bend over, stoop -PMP *dukuq

bend over, stoop -PMP *zuŋkuk

bend, stoop over -POC *oŋkol

bent over, hunched -PWMP *ukuq

carry by a strap over the shoulder -POC *sape

carry slung over the shoulder -PPh *qambijay

carry slung over the shoulder -PPh *qambiday

cook over a fire -PMP *baŋi₂

cover over, cover up -PMP *Ruŋkeb

cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave -PWMP *suŋkub

cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave -PWMP *cuŋkub

cover; fold over - *-kep₁(root)

crush, roll over -PWMP *li(ŋ)gis

crush, roll over -PWMP *li(n)dis

drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth -PAN *sapay

drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth -PMP *sampay₁

fish wrapped in banana leaf and cooked over hot coals -PWMP *p<in>aqis

fold over -POC *pinu

fold over, fold up -POC *binu

fold the arms over the chest; fold the wings, of a bird -PWMP *kumkum

go beyond, go over, go past -PWMP *la(m)baŋ

go over and beyond -PPH *l<um>ápus

go over and beyond -PPH *lápus

hand over - *(noise)

hang of drape over the shoulder -PWMP *salampay

hunch over, curl up (body) -POC *pokut

hunched over -PMP *duŋkuk

hunched over -PMP *bikut

hunched over, bent - *-kut(root)

hunched over, bowed (as with age) -PMP *quŋkut

hunched over, bowed (as with age) -PAN *qukut

hunched over, stoop-shouldered -PMP *hekut

hunched over, stoop-shouldered -PAN *SekuC

hunched, bent over -PWMP *hukuq

jump over or across -PPH *lik(e)taw

jump over or across -PPH *lak(e)táw

look over a wide area, search for something with the eyes while standing in place -PPH *nanaw

over there, yonder -PAN-F *dua

put in or over a fire -PWMP *alub

raised flesh over a wound -POC *pupula

reddish; discolored, as the skin over a bruise -PWMP *baŋbaŋ₈

reverse, turn over or around -PPh *balikid

roast food over a fire -POC *tunu tunu

roast food over a fire -PMP *tunu

roast food over a fire -PAN *CuNuh

roast over a fire, toast -PWMP *paŋgaŋ

slant, lean over (as a tree) -POC *(bp)alalan

sling over the shoulder -PPh *abijay

smear, paint over -POC *bubuni

spread all over -PMP *qeneb₂

spread all over -PAN *qeNeb₂

step, stride; to omit or skip over -PMP *laŋkaq₁

stoop, bow, bend over -POC *roko

swell up, as boiling rice; boil over -PMP *luab

take a long step, step over something -PWMP *akaŋ

think about, think over -PWMP *iŋat-iŋat

to bargain, haggle over the price -PWMP *tawaD

to bend over -PMP *dekuŋ

to bend over, as a person -PMP *pikut

to bend over, bend down (of a person); hunchbacked -PMP *bekut

to bend over, bend down (of a person); hunchbacked -PAN *bekuC

to cross over, wind around, embrace -PPH *lambid

to cry for, cry over, mourn, bewail, weep for the dead -PMP *taŋis-i

to cry over something or someone -PMP *taŋis-an

to cry over something or someone -PAN *Caŋis-an

to cry over something or someone (?) -PWMP *taŋis-en

to fold over -PPH *lapi

to fold over, double -PMP *ta(ŋ)kep₁

to fold, fold over -PAN *lipet

to grind, as by rolling over -PMP *giliŋ

to hang, drape over something -PPH *sab(e)láy

to hold an umbrella or parasol over someone -PWMP *payuŋ-an

to lay down a walkway over muddy ground -PPH *latay

to pass, cross over to the other side; to be past, of time for an action -PWMP *lapas

to plaster over something -PWMP *pulpul₂

to put on or over something -PPH *tuqun₁

to roll down or over something -PPH *pulin

to roll over and over -PWMP *ligid

to roll, roll over -POC *puri

to skim over the surface -PMP *tapis₂

to turn over, to dig by turning over, as rocks -POC *kili

to turn, roll over; grind up -PWMP *g<um>iliŋ

turn around, turn over -POC *liliu

turn over, rock back and forth, swing -POC *pui pui

turn over, rock back and forth, swing -POC *pui₂

turn over, roll over; transform; upside down -POC *buliŋ

turn the soil over, as in removing stones prior to planting -PWMP *suŋkal

upper surface, top; highlands; on, upon, over, above -PAN *babaw₃

walk over a plank or log bridge -PWMP *ma-naytay

overabundant

in excess, overabundant; surplus -PPH *saway

overcast

dark, of weather; overcast -PAN *lemlem

dark, overcast, cloudy -PWMP *gelem

dark, overcast, gloomy -PAN *ma-demdem

dark, overcast, visually obscure -PAN *kelem

dark; overcast - *-dem₁(root)

darkened by clouds, overcast -PAN *kudem

dim, overcast -PWMP *ludem

foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain -PAN-F *ma-lebleb

foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain -PAN-F *lebleb₁

gloom, darkness; dark, overcast, gloomy -PAN *demdem₂

overcast -PWMP *agem₃

overcast, darkened -PMP *gu(n)dem

overcast, darkened, as the sun -POC *kurom

overcast, twilight -PAN *beNelem

overcast; dull lustre -PWMP *ma-edem

overcast; dull lustre -PWMP *edem₁

overcome

be overcome by darkness, be benighted -PPH *ma-Rabi-an

be overcome by night, benighted -POC *boŋi-a

defeat, overcome -PWMP *maŋ-alaq₂

overcome by darkness, benighted -PWMP *ka-beRŋi-an

overcooked

overcooked until mushy, as rice or vegetables -PPH *lusa₂

overcrowd

overcrowd -POC *boboŋ₂

overcrowd -PMP *beŋbeŋ₃

overdo

surpass, exceed, overdo -PPH *lepaw₃

overfilled

burst open, as an overfilled sack -PMP *betus

overflow

a flood; to overflow, be in flood -PMP *bahaq₂

a flood; to overflow, be in flood -PAN *baSaq

overflow, be inundated -POC *lolop

sink, submerge; overflow -PMP *lebleb₂

to overflow -PPH *lapu₂

to overflow its banks, of a river; to flood field (for planting) -PPH *layas₂

to overflow, flood, of a river -PPH *laq(e)nab

overflowing

soaked, saturated, full of liquid; crowded or filled to overflowing -PMP *teReb

overfull

to eat too much, be cloyed, overfull, tired of something through excess; bored -PWMP *saweqaq

overgrown

be overgrown with grass or weeds -PWMP *dukut-en

overgrown, clumsy, sluggish -PMP *bagal

overland

go overland, hike -PPH *t<um>aneq

overlapping

cover, overlapping part -PWMP *ta(ŋ)keb

overlapping, one on top of another -PPH *sak(e)níb

overlook

pass by, overlook something when searching; to pass by (of time) -PPH *labas

to pass by, overlook -PPH *labas-an

overnight

stay overnight, spend the night -PWMP *pa-beRŋi

over-ripe

over-ripe, beginning to rot -PPH *tupúk

ripe, overripe -PCEMP *madar

to become soft or overripe, as fruits that are kept too long -PPH *lúnus

overtake

to pass someone by, overtake in walking, go past -PWMP *libas₂

to reach, overtake, catch up with -PPH *qábut

overuse

wear out through overuse, as fabric or a rope -PPH *rúnut

worn out by overuse; broken; blunt -PPH *pudpud

worn out, worn down, as by overuse -PPH *ma-pudpud

overwhelmed

be caught in a mosquito swarm, be overwhelmed by mosquitos -PPH *ñamuk-en

overwhem

overwhem in numbers? -PMP *penuq sakay

oviparous

ovary of an an oviparous animal -PMP *natuq

owe

be in debt, owe -PMP *ma-qutaŋ

owl

ghost, ancestral spirit; nature spirit; corpse; owl; various plants -PMP *qanitu

ghost, spirit of the dead; owl -PAN *qaNiCu

hoot, as an owl -POC *ŋoŋoŋ

owl -PWMP *puek

owl -POC *druru

owl -PAN *qekuŋ

owl - *(near)

owl sp. -POC *kururu₂

owl sp. -PWMP *butbut₁

owl sp. - *(noise)

owl sp., bird of bad omen -PWMP *bukaw

own

own, one’s own; self -PPH *kaniá

owner

grandparent, ancestor, lord, master, owner (voc.) -PPh *apu-q

grandparent/grandchild (recipr.); ancestor; lord, master, owner -PMP *empu

owner, possessor -PWMP *empu-ni-a

ox

wild ox - *(loan)

oyster

kind of shellfish, probably oyster -PPH *talabá

oyster -POC *tiRom

oyster -PMP *tiRem