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I

1sg nominative; I -PAN *aku

1sg., I, me -POC *naku

1sg., I, me -PAN *i-aku

1sg.: I -POC *ŋau₂

ichthyosis

disease which produces scaly skin: ichthyosis -PWMP *bugis

idea

think, consider; thought, idea -PPh *henaq

idiot

idiot, fool - *(loan)

idiotic

stupid, idiotic - *(loan)

idle

lazy, idle - *(loan)

idly

to pass, of time; to pass time idly -PAN *SuRay

if

as if dead? -PMP *ma-m-atay

but, if -PCEMP *ba₁

conditional, if -PAN *ka₂

conjunction: or, if; perhaps; because -PMP *ba₁

if -PWMP *emun

if, when (in future) -PAN *nu₁

marker of indefiniteness: if, perhaps, hopefully; or; any -POC *baraŋ₂

marker of indefiniteness: if, perhaps, hopefully; or; any -PMP *baraŋ₁

supposing that; as if; to consider, treat as -PPH *bilaŋ₂

ignite

ignite, set aflame -PWMP *deket₂

ignite; kindle; set fire to -PPH *súlsul

to ignite, set fire to -PMP *tutuŋ

ignorant

ignorant, uneducated; poor - *(loan)

stupid, silly, ignorant -PPH *taŋah

ignore

ignore, neglect - *(noise)

iguana

iguana, eel - *(noise)

ill

fall ill, become sick -POC *masakit-ia

seriously ill - *(loan)

to fall ill, become very sick -PMP *ma-saki-sakit

illegally

to appropriate to oneself illegally -PPH *kamkam-en

illness

a state of pain or difficulty; be afflicted by illness -PWMP *ka-sakit-an

fever, illness -PWMP *damdam

hurting; sick with something, suffering from an illness -PWMP *sakit-en

sick; illness -PSHWNG *bisik₂

sickness, illness -PWMP *pa-ñakit

suffer illness -PWMP *haŋin-en

suffer in silence, conceal an illness -PWMP *pelaqam

to waste away from illness -PPH *sárut

illuminate

illuminate with a torch -PWMP *s<um>uluq

to illuminate, cast light on -PWMP *suluq-i

torch; illuminate -PMP *qilaw

image

shadow, indistinct image -PPh *qaninaw

imbricata

hawksbill turtle:Chelonia imbricata -PCEMP *keRan₂

hawksbill turtle:Chelonia imbricata -PCEMP *keRa

ringworm:Tinea imbricata -POC *puni₃

ringworm:Tinea imbricata -PMP *buqeni

imitate

copy, imitate, pass on -POC *usuri

imitate, copy - *(loan)

similar; imitate -PPh *iriŋ₂

to copy, imitate -PWMP *tulad

to copy, mimic, imitate -POC *toa

to follow, copy, imitate -PWMP *suaq

immature

immature rice grain (?) -PWMP *ubek

immature stage of coconut or areca nut (?) -POC *piras

young (of fruits); immature -PAN *mudaq

young (of fruits); immature; light (of colors) -PMP *muda

young, immature, primarily of plants -PPH *ma-ŋuhed

young, immature, primarily of plants -PPH *ŋuhed

immediately

continue on with doing something, do immediately, without hesitation -PPH *dágus₁

straightaway, immediately; get done at once; continue on, lasting -PMP *tulus

immerse

dive, immerse -PWMP *ce(R)neb

dive; immerse oneself -PWMP *salem

immerse, dip in water -POC *puraq₂

immerse, dip in water -PMP *budaq₂

immerse, submerge -PWMP *ceñeb

sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water; to set, of the sun -PAN *selem₁

to immerse, put under water -PAN *teneb

immodest

offensive to decency, immodest -PPH *law(e)qay

impatience

gnash the teeth in anger or impatience -PWMP *li(ŋ)get

Impatiens

a plant:Impatiens balsamina -PPH *kamantigi

impatient

restless, impatient, annoyed -PWMP *deŋut

impede

impede, obstruct, restrain -PMP *qempeŋ

Imperata

sword grass,Imperata cylindrica -PMP *guRun

sword grass:Imperata cylindrica -PMP *keRiq

sword grass:Imperata cylindrica -POC *kuRun

sword grass:Imperata cylindrica -PAN-F *Rimeja

sword grass:Imperata cylindrica -PAN *Riaq

sword grass:Imperata cylindrica -PMP *eRiq

sword grass:Imperata cylindrica -POC *pitu₂

sword grass:Imperata cylindrica -PCEMP *bitu

imperative

imperative suffix -PAN *-i₁

imperative suffix -PAN *-a₁

transitive and imperative suffix -POC *-ia

impetuous

impetuous -PAN *lamlam₁

implement

handle of an implement -PWMP *pakaw

head; top part; leader, chief; headwaters; handle of a bladed implement; prow of a boat; first, first-born -PMP *qulu

head; top part; leader, chief; headwaters; handle of a bladed implement; prow of a boat; first, first-born; hair of the head -PCEMP *qulu

hooked implement -PWMP *sabit

implement with curved blade: adze; hammerhead shark -PMP *biŋkuŋ

thrust downward with sharp implement -PWMP *tuzaq

to hammer, to hit with a hard implement -PMP *palu

wooden implement - *(noise)

important

heavy; weighty, important -POC *mapat

important (of people); self-important -PWMP *raŋaq

tree trunk, fallen tree, log; stem of a plant; body; corpse; self; bridge of the nose; most important or preeminent thing; main course of a river; mushroom or bracket fungus that grows on tree trunks or decaying logs -PMP *bataŋ

imported vase or jar of Chinese origin

imported vase or jar of Chinese origin - *(loan)

impose

impose one’s will, force or compel someone to do something -PWMP *teRel

impotent

sexually impotent -PWMP *basiR

sexually impotent -PWMP *baciR

impression

give an impression (physical or psychological) -PWMP *pa-bekas

imprint

to imprint, leave a temporary mark -PWMP *gerger₂

improvised

improvised purse or bag, folded cloth used to carry things -PWMP *puyuŋ

improvised trail, trail made by passing through? -PAN *ka-zalan-an

impurities

clear, of liquid free of impurities -PPH *tenaw

in

at, on, in, to -POC *pa₂

In

how? In what way? -PPh *anu-en

in

on, onto, in, into -POC *o₁

preposition: at, on, in, to -PMP *ba₃

inalienable

3sg. possessor of inalienable possessed nouns -POC *-ña

possessive marker used with inalienable pronouns -POC *o₂

inarticulate

inarticulate sound -PCEMP *ŋaŋaŋ

inarticulate sound -PMP *ŋa(ŋ)ŋaŋ

inarticulate sound -PMP *ŋaŋ

inattentive

inattentive -PWMP *liŋa₁

inattentive -PWMP *balaŋa(q)

incantation

incantation - *(loan)

incapable

incapable, incompetent -PPH *taŋaq₁

incense

incense, ritual smoke -PWMP *asep

incessantly

to weep continuously or incessantly -PMP *taŋis-taŋis

incest

incest -PWMP *sumbaŋ

inchoatives

verbal infix marking actor voice for intransitive verbs, and of inchoatives -PMP *<um>

incise

incise, make an incision in flesh -POC *tapa₂

incision

incise, make an incision in flesh -POC *tapa₂

to cut, make an incision -POC *tapar

to cut, make an incision -PMP *tabad

to make an incision to draw blood -PPH *kal(e)dít

incisors

front teeth, incisors -PAN *gutgut₁

front teeth, incisors; gnaw, to bite or tear off with the incisors -PMP *gutgut₁

incite

incite - *(loan)

incite, prod into action - *(loan)

incite, spur to action -PMP *asuŋ

incite, urge on, stir up -PWMP *asag

incl

1pl. incl. genitive suffix -PAN *-ta

1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun -POC *-da₁

1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun -PAN *ta-₁

1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our -PAN *ata

1pl. incl. possessive suffix -POC *-da₂

1pl. incl. subject prefix and possessive suffix; we (incl.); our (incl.) -POC *da₂

1st pers. incl. genitive; our -PAN *n-ita

inclination

inclination, leaning to the side -PWMP *keleŋ₂

leaning, inclination, predilection - *(loan)

incline

incline one's head to the side -PAN *qipiŋ

lean against, lean or incline on -PMP *sandiR

lean against, lean or incline on -PMP *sandeR

lean, incline -PWMP *seŋjiR

lean, incline -PPh *hírig

slant, incline -PWMP *qiriŋ₂

inclined

slanting, inclined -PWMP *sunduŋ

include

include with something else -PPH *taq(e)kip

included

included with - *(noise)

including

also, including -PPH *patí

beach creepers, includingIpomoea grandiflora andIpomoea pes-caprae -POC *puRe₂

kind of reed or cane, includingSaccharum spontaneum -POC *pijo

incompetent

incapable, incompetent -PPH *taŋaq₁

inconvenience

to bother, disturb, annoy or inconvenience someone -PPH *abála

increase

add to, increase -PWMP *unzan

add to, increase; addition, supplement -PWMP *tambaq

growth, increase - *(noise)

have children, increase -PWMP *maŋ-anak-i

increase, addition -PWMP *imbuq

increase, growth -PMP *bubuq

swell, increase in size -PMP *beŋkak

to speed up, increase the pace of something -PPH *paspas-an₂

incredulity

interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc. -PAN *ai₂

incur

borrow, incur a debt -PWMP *maŋ-qutaŋ

incurable

disastrous, incurable - *(noise)

indebtedness

indebtedness -PWMP *ka-qutaŋ-an

indeed

indeed; interjection expressing validity to an interlocutor -PPH *ŋani

particle expressing confirmation: indeed -PPH *qa

indefinite

interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?; adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few -PAN *pijax

indefiniteness

marker of indefiniteness: if, perhaps, hopefully; or; any -POC *baraŋ₂

marker of indefiniteness: if, perhaps, hopefully; or; any -PMP *baraŋ₁

indentation

dented, having an indentation -PWMP *picek₂

independent

alone, in isolation, independent -PWMP *taniq

index

index finger -PAN *Cuzuq

index finger -PMP *t<an>uzuq

index finger -PWMP *pa-nuzuq

pointer, index finger -PWMP *tu-tuzuq

Indian

a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica -POC *rarap

a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica -PMP *dapdap₁

Indian - *(loan)

the Indian cork tree:Millingtonia hortensis -PMP *taŋga₂

the Indian tulip tree:Thespesia populnea -PMP *banaRu

tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica -PMP *depdep

indica

a plant:Lactuca indica Linn., andSonchus oleraceus Linn. -PAN-F *Samaq

a small bee:Apis indica -PMP *qari-ñuan

a small bee:Apis indica -PMP *qani-Ruan

a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica -POC *rarap

a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica -PMP *dapdap₁

a tree:Pterocarpus indica -PMP *nara

a tree:Pterocarpus indica -PMP *naRah

a vine with red flower clusters, the Chinese honeysuckle,Quisqualis indica -PPH *taluluŋ

a vine:Flagellaria indica -PMP *huaR

tree sp.:Erythrina indica - *(noise)

tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica -PMP *depdep

indicate

to point at, indicate -PMP *tusiq

to point at, indicate; teach, instruct -PWMP *i-tuzuq

to point, indicate; teach, instruct -PMP *tuzuq-i

to point, indicate; to point out, instruct -PPh *tulduq

indicating

prefix indicating place of origin (for ethnic groups) -PPH *taga-

social prefix, indicating action together with another -PPH *maki-

indicum

a plant, sesame:Sesamum indicum -PAN-F *Samud

indigo

indigo plant and dye:Indigofera suffruticosa (Mill.) andIndigofera tinctoria L. -PMP *taRum

indigo dye

indigo dye - *(loan)

Indigofera

indigo plant and dye:Indigofera suffruticosa (Mill.) andIndigofera tinctoria L. -PMP *taRum

indistinct

fog, haze, mist; indistinct, blurry -PMP *kabut

shadow, indistinct image -PPh *qaninaw

vague, indistinct -PWMP *sawaŋ₁

indistinctly

speak indistinctly, mumble -PMP *ñañuk

indolent

lazy, indolent -PPH *tamád

Indonesia

Chinese born in Indonesia - *(loan)

induced

induced, tricked - *(loan)

indulgence

sexual indulgence, orgy -PPH *urag

industrious

industrious, diligent -PPH *sipag

intense, industrious -PWMP *saŋet

zeal, ardor; industrious, keen -PWMP *giqed

inedible

tree with inedible white fruit and root that yields a useful dye:Morinda citrifolia L. -POC *ñoñu

infant

chew without intending to swallow, as betel nut; premasticate food to give to an infant; premasticated food -PMP *mamaq

cry of a newborn infant -PWMP *uhaq

premasticate food for infant -PMP *paqpaq₁

premasticated food for infants -POC *meme

premasticated food for infants -PMP *maymay

swinging cradle for an infant -PPH *dúyan

infected

be affected by itching, be infected with scabies or other itchy skin disorders -PWMP *gatel-en

fluid oozing from a wound, infected sore, or corpse -PWMP *sagu₂

infection

fungus infection which produces light patches on the skin:Tinea flava orPityriasis -PMP *panaw₁

have a thrush or stomatitits infection -PWMP *guam-en

inferior

conquered, subdued; lower, inferior -PWMP *saur₂

inferior type of betel nut -PMP *burun

social inferior - *(loan)

infertile

infertile rice grain, husk without grain inside -PPH *lupes

infested

be infested with worms, worm-eaten -PMP *qulej-en

infested with flies, covered with flies -PAN *laŋaw-en

infested with wood-boring insects -PPh *ma-bukbuk

infested with wood-boring insects -PWMP *bukbuk-en

infested with lice

infested with lice - *(near)

infests

insect that infests wood and bamboo; dust produced by the boring of this insect -POC *pupuk₂

weevil that infests wood, bamboo, and rice; dust produced by the boring of this insect; tooth decay, dental caries -PMP *bukbuk₃

infix

verbal infix marking actor voice -PAN *<um>

verbal infix marking actor voice for intransitive verbs, and of inchoatives -PMP *<um>

inflammation

inflammation of the skin -POC *tubu₁

inflate

inflate - *(noise)

inflated

distended, inflated (of the belly) -PMP *bunter

have an inflated abdomen -PPh *butítiq

suffer from an inflated abdomen as punishment for wrongdoing -PWMP *busuŋ-en

inflexible

hard, strong, inflexible; vehement -PMP *keRas

strong, tough, inflexible -POC *kayu kayu

unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, stubborn -PMP *teger

unyielding, obstinate, inflexible, stubborn -PMP *tegel

inflorescence

heart of a person or animal; purple heart-shaped inflorescence of banana plant -PMP *pusuq₁

influence

influence - *(loan)

inform

tell, inform; ask, inquire -PMP *bajaq₂

to accuse, to inform on someone -PPH *sumbuŋ

to spy, inform on someone -PPH *tiktík₃

ingredient

ingredient in a mixture -PPH *ka-lahúk

to mix together, as ingredients in cooking -PWMP *ŋa-lamuj

inhabitant

child, offspring; son, daughter; brother's child (man speaking), sister's child (woman speaking); young animal or plant; young; small (for its kind); dependent or component part of something larger; native, resident, inhabitant; interest on a loan -PMP *anak

flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers); contents; blade of a knife; inhabitants, residents -PAN *isi₅

inhabited

inhabited land, territory supporting the life of a community -PMP *banua

inhale

sob, inhale suddenly -PWMP *si(n)dek

suck, inhale -POC *isop

suck, inhale -PAN *hisep

in harmony

in harmony, synchronized - *(loan)

inherit

inherit, inheritance -PWMP *maña

inherit, inheritance -PWMP *mana₁

to borrow; to inherit -PPH *sub(e)liq

inheritance

heir, inheritance - *(loan)

inherit, inheritance -PWMP *maña

inherit, inheritance -PWMP *mana₁

share, portion, inheritance; to allot, divide property -PMP *baqagi

to distribute an inheritance (?) -PPH *taRak

inheritance; heirloom

inheritance; heirloom - *(loan)

inherited

inherited characteristic; bloodline -PPH *pulí

injure

to hurt or injure others -PWMP *ma-ñakit

injustice

injustice, oppression - *(loan)

ink

ink - *(loan)

inland

mountain; forested inland mountain areas -PAN *bukij

inlay

inlay of gold or silver -PWMP *tataq

inlet

bay, inlet -POC *tobwa

inner

groin, inner thigh where it joins the trunk -PCMP *kelen

inner pulp or young leaves -PPH *sepet₁

inner self, feelings, mind -POC *loto₁

insides, area within, inner part of something; between; below, under; deep; mind, feelings -POC *ralom

insides, area within, inner part of something; between; below, under; deep; mind, feelings, liver (fig.) -PMP *dalem

liver; seat of the emotions, inner self: core, mind, will, desire, feeling, intelligence, understanding; to want or wish; hollow of the palm of the hand or sole of the foot; pith, as of bamboo -PMP *qatay

Inocarpus

a tree:Inocarpus spp., possibly the Tahitian chestnut:Inocarpus edulis -PMP *gayam

the ‘Tahitian chestnut’:Inocarpus fagiferus orI. edulis -POC *ipi₂

inophyllum

a shore tree:Calophyllum inophyllum -POC *pitaquR

a shore tree:Calophyllum inophyllum -PMP *bitaquR

a shore tree:Calophyllum inophyllum -PWMP *bintaŋuR

a tree:Calophyllum inophyllum -POC *tamanu

inquire

ask, inquire -PMP *utaña

ask, inquire about -PWMP *maR-kutaña

ask, inquire about -PMP *kutaña

inquire about, mention someone -PPH *umat

know, understand; ask, inquire -PAN *bajaq₁

tell, inform; ask, inquire -PMP *bajaq₂

insane

knock on the head; crazy, insane -PPH *katúk

wild; insane -PMP *gila-gila

wild; skittish; insane -PMP *gila

insatiably

to lap up water, like a dog; to guzzle, drink insatiably -PPH *rakrak

insect

body hair; fur; feather; down; antenna of insect or crustacean; spikes of sea urchin; floss on plant skins, color; type, kind -PCEMP *bulu₁

chigger or similar insect -PPH *kuykúy₁

destructive insect -PWMP *taŋaq₃

fly (insect) - *-ŋaw(root)

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing -PMP *buaq

grasshopper or stick insect -POC *sakwa

infested with wood-boring insects -PPh *ma-bukbuk

infested with wood-boring insects -PWMP *bukbuk-en

insect -POC *manu-manuk

insect destructive to rice -PWMP *zaŋaw

insect of the orderIsoptera: termite, white ant -POC *ane

insect of the orderIsoptera: termite, white ant -PAN *aNay

insect sp. -PPh *wasay wasay

insect sp. - *(noise)

insect that infests wood and bamboo; dust produced by the boring of this insect -POC *pupuk₂

maggot, caterpillar, larva of a metamorphosing insect -PMP *qulej

malodorous insect that damages rice plants -PWMP *tanaŋaw

orthopterus insect: cicada or grasshopper -POC *sisi(rR)

paddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field -PAN *baŋaw

shrill sound of an insect, probably cricket or cicada -PWMP *pispis₂

stinger of an insect -PWMP *seRed

tiny biting insect -PCEMP *ñiñik

tiny biting insect: gnat, sandfly -PMP *ñikñik

to sting or bite, of an insect -PAN *seŋet₂

venom of a poisonous snake or insect -PPH *kamandag

weevil that infests wood, bamboo, and rice; dust produced by the boring of this insect; tooth decay, dental caries -PMP *bukbuk₃

worm, insect -PAN-F *kulay₁

insert

enter, penetrate, insert -PWMP *hasuk

insert -POC *susul₂

insert -PMP *cu(l)cul

insert - *(near)

insert between -PMP *selet

insert between, slip in -PPH *luq(e)kip

insert(ed) vertically in the ground -PWMP *tasek

insert, cram in -PAN *selsel₁

insert, penetrate, enter - *-suk (or *suquk?)(root)

insert, pierce, penetrate -PAN *Cesek

insert, plug -PMP *suled

insert, plug -PMP *sulen

insert, plug -PAN *suleN

insert, put or drive in -PWMP *ra(ŋ)suk

insert, slip between -PPH *saluksuk₂

insert, slip between -PWMP *sisip

insert, stick into a soft surface - *-sek₂(root)

insert, tuck in -PPH *suq(e)kip

insert, wedge in; prepare something for use -PWMP *pasaŋ₂

pierce, penetrate; insert -PAN *suksuk

to enter, insert -PPH *pusek

to insert between, intersperse -PPH *saletán

to insert between, intersperse -PPH *i-salét

to insert between, intersperse -PPH *salét

to insert something -PPH *i-síŋit

to insert, cram, stuff -PMP *suksuk-i

to insert, plug something in -PPH *i-saksák

to poke into, pierce, insert -PWMP *ma-ñuksuk

inserted

ear plug, roll of leaves, etc. inserted through pierced ear -PWMP *subeŋ

inserted, thrust in -PWMP *s<al>uksuk

wedge, shim, piece inserted to prevent movement -PPH *baŋil

inside

below, beneath; inside -POC *i rarom

below, beneath; inside -PMP *i dalem

enclose; hold something inside the mouth -PMP *qeŋkem

hold something inside the mouth -PMP *eŋgem

in, inside -PMP *lem

in, inside; deep -PAN *dalem

infertile rice grain, husk without grain inside -PPH *lupes

inside area, estuary -PPH *luqúb

inside, interior; thoughts, emotions, memories -POC *ilo₁

insides, area within, inner part of something; between; below, under; deep; mind, feelings -POC *ralom

insides, area within, inner part of something; between; below, under; deep; mind, feelings, liver (fig.) -PMP *dalem

knock anything hollow so as to extract what is inside -PWMP *tuŋtuŋ₁

pithy ball inside sprouted coconut, coconut endosperm -POC *piri

insight

conscience, mind, insight - *(loan)

insipid

sweet; insipid, as fresh water -PCEMP *ma-emis

tasteless, insipid -PWMP *taq(e)baŋ

tasteless, insipid -PMP *qambaR

tasteless, insipid; powerless; antidote, as against snakebite -PWMP *tabaR

weak (in intensity); insipid -PWMP *lamlam₂

insist

to insist; to force, compel someone to do something -PPH *pílit

insistently

to urge, press on insistently -PWMP *perper₂

insomnia

insomnia, sleeplessness -PPH *púyat

inspect

inspect, examine -PWMP *indaŋ

install

make a floor, install a floor -PWMP *saleR-i

instinct

instinct -POC *mata qate

instruct

to point at, indicate; teach, instruct -PWMP *i-tuzuq

to point at, point out, lecture or instruct, give advice -PAN *t<um>uzuq

to point out, instruct -PMP *tuzuq₂

to point, indicate; teach, instruct -PMP *tuzuq-i

to point, indicate; to point out, instruct -PPh *tulduq

instruction

instruction, guidance, help in getting started -PWMP *tuntun

to direct someone to something, to give instructions -PWMP *tuzuq-an

to follow instructions, follow an example; carry along, give in, allow something to happen -PWMP *tuRut

instrument

a percussive musical instrument or ensemble: the gamelan -PWMP *kulintaŋ

a person who turns or grinds something; an instrument used for rolling or grinding -PWMP *paŋ-giliŋ

an instrument for tattooing -PAN-F *pataS-an

anything used for salting, salting instrument -PWMP *paŋ-qasin

bailer, instrument used for bailing -PMP *la-limas

grinding stone, place where foods are ground up or instrument for grinding them -PWMP *giliŋ-an

hammer, mallet, instrument for pounding or hammering -PAN *palu-palu

hooked instrument or tool -PWMP *pa-ŋawit

hunting bow; bow-like instrument used to card kapok fiber -PMP *busuR₂

instrument for washing -PWMP *paŋ-huRas

instrument used for eating -PAN *Si-kaen

instrument used to press -PWMP *paŋ-hapit

kind of wind instrument -PWMP *pipit₁

lever, instrument for prying something up -PWMP *quŋkil

means or instrument for catching -PWMP *paŋ-alap

means or instrument for counting -PWMP *paŋ-bilaŋ

musical instrument -PWMP *huni huni

nominal prefix marking instruments, or products of an action -PWMP *paŋ-

person or instrument that grinds or sharpens -PWMP *paŋ-hasaq

to card kapok fibers with a bow-like instrument -PWMP *maŋ-busuR

to knock on something, play a musical instrument -PPH *tugtug-én

instrumental

marker of instrumental nouns -PMP *ha-

marker of instrumental nouns -PAN *Sa-₂

verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice -PAN *Si-₁

verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice’ -PMP *i-

insufficient

insufficient, half-heartedly -PWMP *alaŋ-alaŋ₁

insularis

Formosan blind mole:Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe) -PAN-F *mumu

insulation

liner, layer, insulation, padding; sleeping mat -PMP *hapin

lining, insulation, padding; underlayer, as of clothing -PPH *sapín

insure

ceremony at planting to insure the well-being of the crops -PWMP *buhat₁

integument

fibrous integument at the base of coconut fronds -POC *kaka₃

intellect

will; intellect; reasoning, intention, mental presence, mind -PPH *nákem

intellectually

to understand, grasp something intellectually -PPH *tarús

intelligence

intelligence, craft, scheme - *(loan)

knowledge, skill, intelligence -PPH *dunuŋ

liver; seat of the emotions, inner self: core, mind, will, desire, feeling, intelligence, understanding; to want or wish; hollow of the palm of the hand or sole of the foot; pith, as of bamboo -PMP *qatay

intelligent

clever, intelligent - *(loan)

having a good memory; intelligent -PPH *tandaq

intend

point at, aim for; intend to do something; do something intentionally -PPH *tuyuq

intended

water not intended for drinking - *(loan)

intending

chew without intending to swallow, as betel nut; premasticate food to give to an infant; premasticated food -PMP *mamaq

intense

fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper -PAN *garaŋ₁

intense green or blue-green -POC *keja

intense sensation in teeth when eating sour fruit; for teeth to be on edge -PMP *nilu

intense, industrious -PWMP *saŋet

intensely

crave, desire, intensely -PPh *hínam

die; dead; sick; tired (of); faint, lose consciousness; eclipse; new moon; extinguished; blocked (path); paralyzed; numb, asleep (limbs); die down (wind); waterless (springs, rivers); dry up (plants); beaten (in a game); fixed (price); terminate a matter, reach an agreement; disaster; intensive, superlative; desire intensely, be deeply in love -PMP *m-atay

intensive

die; dead; sick; tired (of); faint, lose consciousness; eclipse; new moon; extinguished; blocked (path); paralyzed; numb, asleep (limbs); die down (wind); waterless (springs, rivers); dry up (plants); beaten (in a game); fixed (price); terminate a matter, reach an agreement; disaster; intensive, superlative; desire intensely, be deeply in love -PMP *m-atay

intentially

to intentially drown, cause to drown -PWMP *lemes-en

intention

intention - *(noise)

intention, purpose - *(noise)

purpose, intention -PWMP *layak

will; intellect; reasoning, intention, mental presence, mind -PPH *nákem

intentionally

on purpose, intentionally -PPH *tikís

point at, aim for; intend to do something; do something intentionally -PPH *tuyuq

intently

look at closely, stare intently -PWMP *sineŋ

intercourse

copulate, have sexual intercourse -PAN *qiut

copulate, have sexual intercourse -PWMP *ayut

copulate, have sexual intercourse -PWMP *ayud

copulate; copulation, sexual intercourse -POC *qait

link in a chain; joined together, as links in a chain, people in sexual intercourse or marriage; hands joined in crossing pattern in circle dance -PWMP *kawiŋ

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse -PPH *iut₂

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse -POC *kiuq

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse -PMP *kiuq

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse -PWMP *kiut

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse -PMP *kiud

interest

child, offspring; son, daughter; brother's child (man speaking), sister's child (woman speaking); young animal or plant; young; small (for its kind); dependent or component part of something larger; native, resident, inhabitant; interest on a loan -PMP *anak

child, offspring; son, daughter; interest on a loan -PAN *aNak

defend, protect one’s interests -PPH *agum-an

interest, desire - *(near)

lose interest in doing something (?) -PPH *tantán

to cloy, satiate, do something to excess and so lose interest -PPh *s<um>aweqaq

to pick at one’s food, show little interest in eating -PPH *kimkím

interest on a loan

interest on a loan - *(loan)

interior

above, in the interior -PWMP *di-daya

inside, interior; thoughts, emotions, memories -POC *ilo₁

interior - *(noise)

interior hill country, hilly or mountainous part of island -POC *solos

upriver, toward the interior -POC *raya

upriver, toward the interior -PAN *daya

interjection

exclamation, interjection -PMP *a₃

indeed; interjection expressing validity to an interlocutor -PPH *ŋani

interjection - *(noise)

interjection of disapproval or disgust -PMP *qis

interjection of negative emotive force -PMP *qisaq

interjection of pain, surprise, etc. -PWMP *qau

interjection or exclamation -PMP *ba₂

interjection or exclamation to call attention or answer a call -POC *oe

interjection used to call a dog -PPH *tútuq

interjection used to chase off animal -PMP *isu₂

interjection used to halt a carabao in the fields -PPH *luá

interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc. -PAN *ai₂

interjection; to startle -POC *pa₁

interlocutor

indeed; interjection expressing validity to an interlocutor -PPH *ŋani

intermediate

medium, average, intermediate - *(loan)

interment

to be laid out after death, prepared for interment -PPH *burul

intermittently

rain intermittently -POC *qusan qusan

rain intermittently -PMP *quzan quzan

internal

an internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas -PAN *paliq₁

internal organ, pancreas (?) -PPH *dilas

internode

closed bamboo internode used as a container for salt, valuables, etc. -PWMP *tubuŋ

internode - *(loan)

internode (of bamboo, sugarcane, etc.) -PWMP *biqas

internode of bamboo; section of something -PAN *lawas₃

interpret

pour from one vessel into another; translate, interpret -PWMP *salin

interpretation

explanation, interpretation - *(loan)

interrogation

particle of doubt or interrogation -PMP *ias₁

interrogative

interrogative - *(noise)

interrogative marker: which? -PAN *manu

interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?; adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few -PAN *pijax

interrogative particle -PAN-F *qa₂

interrogative; probably 'when?' -PAN *ka-nu₁

postverbal interrogative particle -PWMP *ba₅

interrupta

a small stinging plant, perhapsLaportea interrupta -POC *karat₂

interrupted

interrupted of sleep - *(near)

interspace

intervene; interspace - *-let (or *-leget?)(root)

intersperse

to insert between, intersperse -PPH *saletán

to insert between, intersperse -PPH *i-salét

to insert between, intersperse -PPH *salét

interspersed

alternate, interspersed -PPH *salét-salét

intertwine

braid, intertwine -PWMP *epid

intertwine (as strands in making rope) -PMP *bilit

intertwine, braid, as strands to make rope -PPH *labid

to braid, intertwine strands -PPH *lapid

to intertwine, twist and turn -POC *pilit

twist together, intertwine -PWMP *bidibid

interval

having wide intervals; seldom -PWMP *zaRaŋ

interval of space or time -PWMP *selaŋ₁

interval, intervening space -PAN *qeleC

interval, space between -PMP *qelet

intervene

intervene; interspace - *-let (or *-leget?)(root)

intervening

division, partition, intervening space -PMP *belat₁

interval, intervening space -PAN *qeleC

intervening space -PWMP *sela

intervening space -PMP *qelaŋ

intestinal

be afflicted with intestinal worms -PWMP *bituk-en

earthworm; intestinal worm -PWMP *gelaŋ

intestinal worm -PWMP *bituk

intestinal worm -PPh *bitek

intestinal worm -PMP *biaR₁

roundworm, ascaris, intestinal worm; also earthworm? -PMP *bulati

intestine

intestines -POC *tinaqe

intestines -PMP *t<in>aqay

intestines -PWMP *qunej qunej

intestines -PWMP *isaw

small intestine -PMP *t<in>aqi

small intestine -PAN *C<in>aqi

stomach; large intestine -PMP *bituka

intevening

with intevening spaces -PWMP *qelet qelet

intimidated

to fear, be intimidated by -POC *nopo-nopo

into

a long slender point, as of land jutting into the sea -PPH *ráwis

appear, come into view -POC *potu₁

appear, come into view -PMP *betu

be chopped into pieces, be minced, as meat or vegetables; what is chopped up or minced -PAN *tektek-en

be divided into four -PWMP *epat-en

be divided into seven parts -PWMP *pitu-en

be divided into three (?) -PWMP *telu-en

be divided into two -PMP *duha-en

be divided into two -PAN *duSa-en

become four, divide into four (intr.) -PWMP *maR-epat

become night, turn into night -PPH *R<um>abiqi

bent into a curve -PWMP *iŋkul

blow on or into -POC *upi-a

break into several large pieces -PAN *peceq₁

break into several large pieces; hatch -PMP *pesak

break into several large pieces; to hatch, of an egg -POC *posaq

break into several large pieces; to hatch, of an egg -PMP *peceq₂

break up into small pieces -PPH *sagsag-en

break up, fall into pieces, scatter, disperse -PWMP *baRbaR

bump or bang into, collide unceremoniously -PWMP *sempuk

chop or hack into pieces -PWMP *ma-nektek

collapse, fall into ruin -PWMP *rebas

collide, bump into -PWMP *sa(m)puk

come into view -POC *pwaka

crammed, forced into an opening, stuff full -PWMP *pelpel

crumble, break into small pieces -PWMP *remay

cut into pieces -PMP *keleŋ₁

cut, slice into pieces, as breadfruit or taro -POC *siba

divide into five -PPh *paR-lima-en

divide into five (?) -PMP *pa-lima

divide into four (?) -PMP *paR-epat-en

divide into groups of five -PWMP *maR-lima

divide into groups of five -PWMP *maŋ-lima

divide into multiple parts -POC *wa(n)se wa(n)se

divide into seven parts (?) -PWMP *maR-pitu

divide into six (?) -PMP *pa-enem

divide into two -PWMP *maR-duha

divide into two parts -PWMP *man-duha

divide into x (x = numeral) -PAN *paR-₂

divided into four (?) -PMP *ma-epat

divided into ten parts (?) -PWMP *puluq-en

domestic chicken used as a decoy to attract a wild fowl into a trap -PPH *pa-ŋátiq

drive or force into -PMP *buRsuk

drive pigs into a net -POC *bubuR₂

forced marriage; to force into marriage -PPH *píkut

hack, chop into pieces -PAN *saksak₁

insert, stick into a soft surface - *-sek₂(root)

make a rope or string, make something into rope or string -PWMP *ma-nalih

mallet for beating bark into bark cloth -POC *ike

mallet for beating bark into bark cloth -PMP *ikay

numeral prefix, divide into x (x = numeral) -PMP *pa-₁

on, onto, in, into -POC *o₁

particle used to soften questions or turn statements into rhetorical questions -PPH *taq₂

place into which something is poured -PPh *buqbuq-an

plunge, dive into -PPH *tapuák

pound into fine particles -PWMP *maŋ-bekbek

pour from one vessel into another; translate, interpret -PWMP *salin

press into -POC *usok

press into -PMP *u(n)sek

press into, penetrate; enter crouching; drive in stakes -PMP *usuk

push, slide or glide forward, as in pushing wood into a fire, or storming the enemy -PWMP *suruŋ

put something into a container -PWMP *dalem-en

put something into or through an opening -PPH *súbuq

roll into balls - *(noise)

roll together into a ball - *(noise)

sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water; to set, of the sun -PAN *selem₁

slice, cut into pieces -PWMP *sayat

squeeze into a ball -PPh *qemel

stab, stick into -PWMP *tisuk

step into clothing, put on a sarong -PMP *saRuk

stick into the ground -PWMP *tazuk

suddenly appear, come into view suddenly or partially -PPH *tuq(e)maw

tear a leaf or cloth into strips -PPH *kisay

tethering stake; drive a stake into the ground -PPH *palpál₂

thrust into, pierce with -PMP *desek₂

tie together into a bundle -PWMP *maŋ-beRkes

to arrive, appear, come into view -POC *pura

to bind into bundles or sheaves -PPH *betek-en

to bump into lightly -PPH *sindul

to cheat, lead astray, get someone into trouble -PPH *taliŋu

to divide into shares, give out portions -PPH *hátaR

to divide into three parts -PWMP *maR-telu

to force apart, at with a wedge; force something into someone’s mouth -PPH *tiŋal

to make into gruel, rice porridge -PPH *lugaw-en

to peel, pare, as fruit or yam; to cut into slices -PPH *tájip

to plunge, dive into water -PWMP *sesed

to poke into, pierce, insert -PWMP *ma-ñuksuk

to pound into powder, as grain -PWMP *ledek

to press into, force or cram in -PWMP *ma-ñeksek

to put food into the mouth -PPH *i-súbuq

to sink, soak into -PPH *reneb

to slice into thin strips, as meat or vegetables -PPH *gáyat

to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab -PAN *dukduk₄

to twist into rope (?) -PMP *t<um>alih

to wade into water; to bathe -PPH *sug(e)bu

to wear, as clothes; to get dressed, slip into -PPH *suq(e)lút

to wind, curve, turn to the side; to tack, sail into the wind -PMP *biluk

toss up, throw into the air -PWMP *talaŋ₂

touch, come into contact -PWMP *sintuk

trample earth, turn into mud, as a paddy field prior to planting -PWMP *lucak

twist fibers into twine -PPH *lubid-en

was made into rope; what was made into rope -PMP *t<in>alih

was made into rope; what was made into rope -PAN *C<in>aliS

wind thread, etc. into a ball; spool -PMP *pudun

intoxicated

drunk, intoxicated -PMP *ma-buhuk

drunk, intoxicated -PAN *ma-buSuk

intoxication

drunkenness, intoxication -PMP *buhuk

drunkenness, intoxication -PAN *buSuk

intransitive

verbal infix marking actor voice for intransitive verbs, and of inchoatives -PMP *<um>

Intsia

a hardwood tree:Intsia bijuga,Afzelia bijuga -PMP *qipil

inttervening

inttervening space -PWMP *uhaŋ

inundated

overflow, be inundated -POC *lolop

inured

harden one's feelings, become inured -PWMP *kalis

invent

make, create, invent -POC *buat

invertebrate

edible marine invertebrate - probably sea cucumber -PPh *balát

inverted

inverted, reversed, upside-down -PPH *tumbalik

turned around, inverted - *(loan)

investigate

examine, investigate - *(loan)

invigorates

plant chewed with betel that invigorates - *(loan)

invisible

invisible -PWMP *qali-meqes

invisible nature spirit -PWMP *buni₂

invite

invite - *(near)

involuntary

prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action -PAN *taR-

prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action -PMP *ta-₂

involved

entangled, caught up in, involved, embroiled -PWMP *saŋkut

involvement

involvement, engagement, business -PPH *labut

invulnerability

charm for invulnerability - *(loan)

invulnerable, invulnerability -PWMP *kebel

invulnerable, invulnerability -PWMP *kabal₂

invulnerable

invulnerable, invulnerability -PWMP *kebel

invulnerable, invulnerability -PWMP *kabal₂

inward

concave, curved inward -PMP *leŋkuŋ

concave, curving inward -PWMP *likuŋ

curved inward, sunken -PWMP *sa(ŋ)kuŋ₂

pull inward or towards oneself -PWMP *paqud

iodine

iodine - *(loan)

Ipomoea

an edible plant, swamp cabbage:Ipomoea aquatica -PPH *taŋkuŋ

beach creepers, includingIpomoea grandiflora andIpomoea pes-caprae -POC *puRe₂

creeping vine that grows on sandy beaches, the beach morning glory:Ipomoea pes-caprae -PPH *balinu

iron

iron - *(loan)

iron (metal) -PAN-F *Namat

iron (metal) - *(noise)

ironwood

heartwood of a tree, hard, durable core of wood; ironwood tree -PMP *teRas

irrealis

stative marker in irrealis constructions, counterpart to*ma- in realis constructions -PAN *ka-₂

irregular

irregular behavior - *(loan)

irrigate

to irrigate -PMP *pa-danum

to irrigate -PAN *pa-daNum

to water, irrigate -PAN *pu-daNum

irrigated

irrigated ricefield? -PWMP *sabaq

irrigation

for water to run downhill, as in artificial irrigation on terraced hillsides -PPH *bawaŋ₂

irritable

moody, irritable -PAN *biŋiC

irritate

to provoke, annoy or irritate -PPH *sugsúg

irritated

anger; angry, irritated, annoyed -PWMP *buŋet

angry, irritated -PWMP *gemes₁

irritated, angry -PPH *suŋet

irritated, annoyed -PWMP *suŋut₁

irritated, annoyed -PWMP *seŋit

irritation

anger, irritation - *-ŋaC(root)

anger, irritation - *-ŋiC(root)

annoyance, irritation -PMP *ŋitŋit₂

show annoyance or irritation -PAN *ŋiCŋiC

sore, dermal irritation, wound -POC *lake

Islamic

slaughter in accord with Islamic law - *(loan)

Islamic law

slaughter in accord with Islamic law - *(loan)

island

channel between islands or islets -POC *mata ni cawa

channel between two islands -POC *sawaŋ₂

interior hill country, hilly or mountainous part of island -POC *solos

island -PPH *pujuq

island -PMP *nusa₁

island - *(loan)

island - *(noise)

small island, islet -POC *a-nusa

islet

broken off; islet; detached reef -POC *motus

channel between islands or islets -POC *mata ni cawa

small island, islet -POC *a-nusa

isolation

alone, in isolation, independent -PWMP *taniq

isopod

sowbug, woodlouse: terrestrial isopod of the genusOniscus -PWMP *babuy babuy

Isoptera

insect of the orderIsoptera: termite, white ant -POC *ane

insect of the orderIsoptera: termite, white ant -PAN *aNay

Istiophoridae

sailfish:Istiophoridae -POC *piRu-piRu

Istiophorus

needlefish, young ofIstiophorus spp. -PMP *saku₂

it

3sg. personal pronoun: he, she, it -PAN *si ia₁

3sg. personal pronoun: he, she; him, her, it -PAN *ia₁

a bird and its call, probably the tailor bird:Orthotomus atrogularis -PPH *tiwtiw

a bird sp. and its cry -PWMP *tuqaw

a tree and its edible fruit, the starfruit:Averrhoa bilimbi,Averrhoa carambola -PWMP *baliŋbiŋ

a tree and its fruit, the durian:Durio zibethinus -PWMP *duRi-an

a tree and its fruit, the Java plum:Syzygium cumini -PPH *luŋ(e)búy

a tree and its fruit:Artocarpus odoratissimus -PWMP *madaŋ

a tree and the tannin that it yields: probablyMacaranga tanarius -PWMP *samak

a vine and the seeds of its fruit:Abrus precatorius -PWMP *saga

Adze it!, Hew it! -PAN *taRaq-i

choose it! -PAN *piliq-i

cover something to protect it or oneself -PPH *salúkub

draw a bow to its full extent -PAN *biaC

draw a bow to its full extent’ -PMP *biat

drink it! (imper.) -POC *inum-ia

drink it! (imper.) -PWMP *inum-a

eat it -POC *kani-a

eat it (imper.) -PMP *kaen-a

eat it! -PAN *kaen-i

eat something before it is ready to eat -PWMP *maŋ-qataq

fill it (imper.); be filled -POC *qutup-ia

for force something open or out of its position -PPH *tu(ŋ)kab-án

groin, inner thigh where it joins the trunk -PCMP *kelen

how?, how is it? what is the matter? -PMP *kuja

how?, how is it? what is the matter? -PAN *kuja

how?, How is it? What is the matter? -PMP *kua₁

husk it! -PPh *bunut-i

it is getting dark, night is coming on -POC *e boŋi

it is said, people say..... -PWMP *kenu

it is said, people say..... -PWMP *ken

it is said, people say..... -PPH *kunuq

it is said, people say..... -PMP *kunu₂

its top -POC *atas-ña

kind of bird and the sound of its call -PAN *kuaw

kind of bird that buries its eggs deep in the sand -PPH *tabun₁

kind of citrus tree and its fruit -PMP *muntay

kind of plover and its cry -POC *kekekeke

kind of small bird and its cry -PWMP *pitpit₁

mango tree and its fruit, probablyMangifera altissima -PMP *pahuq₁

only child; alone, by onself; go it alone -PPH *buR(e)túŋ

pet animal, animal that is tamed by humans feeding it -POC *paŋan-i

push something to start it moving; accompany someone to help them start a journey -PPH *tulúd

return to its previous condition -PWMP *puliq

scrape something off a surface so as to uncover it -PPH *kuykúy₂

shake something in the water; shake something with water in it -PMP *luglug

shake something to determine its unseen contents -PWMP *kutug

skewer something so as to pick it up without touching it -PPH *tuRsúk

small bird and its call -PWMP *kuŋkuŋ₅

snag, be snagged, caught in something that prevents it from falling -PPH *saq(e)ŋit

snatch with the mouth, as a dog seizing something in its mouth and running away with it -PPH *sak(e)mál

stopped in its course, as something which sticks in the throat -PWMP *buqul

submerge a container to fill it -POC *qutup

submerge a container to fill it -PEMP *qutub

to arrest the progress of something by stopping or catching it; to support, keep from falling -PWMP *saŋgaq

to attack, as an animal attacking its prey -PPH *tekeb₂

to fall, of many things at once; to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something -PAN *taktak₁

to fill; fill it! -PWMP *penuq-en

to have had something done with it -PWMP *in-anu

to overflow its banks, of a river; to flood field (for planting) -PPH *layas₂

to rain; it is raining -PAN *q<um>uzaN

to seize property and run off with it; to elope with a single woman -PPH *taŋaR

too bad! it’s a pity! what a shame! -PWMP *sayaŋ

which number is it? -PPH *ika-pija

italica

millet sp., probably foxtail millet:Setaria italica -PMP *betem

millet sp., probably foxtail millet:Setaria italica -PMP *beteŋ₁

millet sp., probably foxtail millet:Setaria italica -PAN *beCeŋ

millet sp.:Setaria italica (?) -PAN *zawa₂

itch

chicken flea, itch mite -PWMP *kaRaw₂

itch, feel itchy -PAN *gaCel

itch, feel itchy; sexually stimulated -PMP *gatel

itch, itchy -PMP *atel

tiny parasite on the body, itch mite, chicken louse -PMP *kuman

tiny red itch mite -PWMP *tuŋaw₁

to itch, begin to itch -PWMP *g<um>atel

to scratch an itch -POC *kadrut

to scratch an itch -PAN *k<um>aRaw

to scratch an itch -PAN *kaRaw₁

to scratch, as an itch -PMP *gutgut

to scratch, as an itch -PAN *guCguC₂

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp.; sexual itch -PMP *biRaq₁

itchiness

any plant with hairs that sting or cause itchiness -PWMP *amiaŋ

itching

be affected by itching, be infected with scabies or other itchy skin disorders -PWMP *gatel-en

kind of vine that causes swelling and itching -PPH *lipay

wild taro, elephant-ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp. -POC *piRaq₂

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp. -PWMP *biRaʔ

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp. -PAN *biRaq₁

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp.; sexual itch -PMP *biRaq₁

itchy

be affected by itching, be infected with scabies or other itchy skin disorders -PWMP *gatel-en

become itchy -PWMP *maka-gatel

itch, feel itchy -PAN *gaCel

itch, feel itchy; sexually stimulated -PMP *gatel

itch, itchy -PMP *atel

itchy -PEMP *ma-katel

itchy -PMP *ma-gatel

Ixora

a flowering plant:Ixora spp. -PPH *santán

a plant:Ixora sp. -PWMP *tabuŋ