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cabbage

an edible plant, swamp cabbage:Ipomoea aquatica -PPH *taŋkuŋ

cablin

kind of aromatic herb:Pogostemon cablin -PPH *kab(e)liŋ

cacao

cacao,Theobroma cacao L. - *(loan)

cackle

cackle, laugh loudly - *-kak₁(root)

caw, cackle -PAN *kakak

sound of a cackle, loud laugh, etc. -PAN *kak

sound of a sob, cackle, etc. - *-kuk₂(root)

to cackle -PWMP *tekak

to cackle -PWMP *pekak

to cackle -PMP *kakakₐ

to cackle, of a hen -PPH *kuták

to cluck, or cackle; make a clucking or cackling sound -PWMP *ketak

cackling

cackling laughter -PMP *akak

to cluck, or cackle; make a clucking or cackling sound -PWMP *ketak

Caesalpinia

a thorny tree:Caesalpinia spp. -PMP *sepaŋ

a tree:Caesalpinia sappan -PWMP *sapaŋ

a vine:Caesalpinia bonduc -PPH *kabit₃

the sappan tree:Caesalpinia sappan L. -PPH *sibukaw

Caesionidae

a fish, the fusilier:Caesionidae sp. -POC *sulik

a fish, the fusilier:Caesionidae sp. -PMP *sulig

cage

cage, as for an animal; to enclose in a cage or pen -PWMP *kuruŋ

cage; stockage -PWMP *kuruŋ-an

cajole

cajole - *(loan)

cake

rice cake -PPH *súman

rice cake - *(loan)

rice or sago cake (used as an offering?) -PWMP *tumpiq

rice wine; yeast; fermented rice; fermented rice cake -PWMP *tapay

sticky rice cake -PMP *pusuq₂

sticky rice cake -PAN-F *qemu

calabash

calabash tree:Crescentia spp. -PMP *bila₁

Calamus

a plant:Calamus spp. -PWMP *zariaŋaw

rattan,Calamus sp. -POC *que

rattan,Calamus sp. -PAN *quay

calcium

lime, calcium -PAN *qapuR

lime, calcium carbonate -PMP *kapuR

calculate

count, calculate -PMP *ihap

reckon, calculate, count -PWMP *maŋ-bilaŋ

reckon, calculate, count -PPh *ma-bilaŋ

to count, calculate; hold valuable -PAN *bilaŋ₁

calculated

be counted, be calculated -PPh *ihap-en

calculation

sticks or other markers used as aids in calculation -PWMP *bilaŋ-bilaŋ

caldera

cauldron; caldera, volcanic crater (?) -PWMP *kawaq

calf

calf - *(loan)

calf of the leg -PWMP *baties

calf of the leg -POC *qate qate

calf of the leg -PWMP *butiqes

calf of the leg -PMP *buaq ni bities

calf of the leg -PCEMP *betis

calf of the leg -PAN *beties

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing -PMP *buaq

lower leg (below the knee); calf of the leg -PMP *bities

lower leg, calf of the leg -PWMP *betiq₁

calf-kicking

calf-kicking contest -PWMP *binti₂

calf-kicking contest -PMP *bintiq

call

a bird and its call, probably the tailor bird:Orthotomus atrogularis -PPH *tiwtiw

call (v.), summon (spirits) - *(loan)

exclamation to express surprise, call attention, etc. -PMP *uy

exclamation to express surprise, call to a friend, respond to a distant call, etc. -PMP *huy

exhortation to call a person or animal -PAN *kati₁

interjection or exclamation to call attention or answer a call -POC *oe

interjection used to call a dog -PPH *tútuq

kind of bird and the sound of its call -PAN *kuaw

small bird and its call -PWMP *kuŋkuŋ₅

small bird that produces a deep resounding call -PAN *kukuŋ₁

sound used to call puppies -PWMP *kuyuk

to call chickens, cry for calling chickens -PWMP *kuruk

to call on a person to do something -PAN *suRuq₂

to call, summon -POC *boi₃

to call, summon; chant to call the spirits -PWMP *tawaR₂

to hiss, as to call attention to -POC *sisit

to name, give a name to; to call by name -PWMP *i-ŋajan(-an)

twitter, call out (bird) -PWMP *ciak

wave the hand or arms; call by waving -PMP *kaway₁

word used to call chickens, etc. -PMP *kur

word used to call chickens, etc. -PMP *kuru₁

called

called or regarded as siblings (?) -PAN *Suaji-an

Callicarpa

beautyberry:Callicarpa spp. -PPH *anayup

calling

ritual for calling back the soul (?) -PPH *lawit₂

to call chickens, cry for calling chickens -PWMP *kuruk

callus

callus -PWMP *kubal

callus on the foot (lit. ‘fish eye’) -POC *mata ni ikan

callus on the foot (lit. ‘fish eye’) -PMP *mata nu hikan

callus, blister -PMP *betu₃

callus, blister -PAN *beCu

callus, corn; blister -PMP *butu₁

callus, corn; blister -PAN *buCu

thick or hard skin, buffalo hide, leather; callus -PWMP *balulaŋ

calm

calm (of the wind) - *(noise)

calm, still, as the surface of water -PMP *ma-linaw

calm, still, as the surface of water -PMP *linaw

calm, still, as the surface of water -PWMP *teneŋ

calm, still, of the surface of water -POC *ma-lino

calm, still, quiet -PPH *linak

calm, still, windless -POC *marapu

calm, tranquil, of the surface of water -PMP *linaŋ

calm, tranquil, of the surface of water -PWMP *lineŋ

calm, tranquil, of the surface of water -PMP *linuŋ

calm, tranquil, of the surface of water -PAN *liNuŋ

still, calm - *(noise)

still, calm, quiet -PWMP *anteŋ

calmness

calmness, tranquillity -PWMP *ka-teneŋ-an

Calophyllum

a shore tree:Calophyllum inophyllum -POC *pitaquR

a shore tree:Calophyllum inophyllum -PMP *bitaquR

a shore tree:Calophyllum inophyllum -PWMP *bintaŋuR

a tree:Calophyllum inophyllum -POC *tamanu

camansi

the seeded breadfruit tree:Artocarpus camansi -PPH *kamansi

the seeded breadfruit tree:Artocarpus camansi -PPH *kamansiq

camphor

a tree: the camphor laurel:Cinnamomum spp. -PAN-F *dakeS

can

a tree with bark that can be used as a shampoo:Ganphyllum falcatum Bl. -PPH *gúguq

canal

canal, ditch -PAN *kali₁

ditch, canal -PWMP *parik

ditch, canal -PWMP *parij

womb, uterus; birth canal -PWMP *paR-anak-an

Cananga

a tree with fragrant flowers:Cananga odorata -PMP *kanaŋa

tree sp.,Cananga odorata - *(loan)

Canarium

a nut tree,Canarium sp. -POC *(q)alipa

tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond:Canarium commune -POC *kaŋaRi

tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond:Canarium commune -PMP *kanari

Canarium almond

Canarium almond - *(near)

candle

candle - *(loan)

candlenut

the candlenut tree:Aleurites moluccana -PEMP *tuRi₂

the candlenut tree:Aleurites moluccana -PMP *kamiri

cane

cane cord used for heavy binding - *(loan)

cane grass,Miscanthus sp. -PAN *biRaSu

cane, staff, walking stick - *-kud(root)

hollow cane for blowing on the fire -PWMP *heyup heyup

kind of reed or cane, includingSaccharum spontaneum -POC *pijo

kind of wild cane with edible flower head -POC *piso₁

walking stick, cane, staff -PAN *sukud

canine

barb, point; canine tooth? -PAN-F *waqit

canine companion -PPh *ka-asu

canine tooth (?) -POC *bati

canine tooth; tusk, as of wild boar -PPH *sauŋ

tusk, canine tooth -PMP *baŋelih

tusk; canine tooth -PAN *baŋeliS

cannaeformis

herb used in making baskets:Donax cannaeformis -PWMP *benben₂

herb used in making baskets:Donax cannaeformis -PWMP *benban

canniformis

plant sp.:Donax canniformis, used as material for making baskets -PMP *niniq₁

cannot

person whose name is avoided or cannot be remembered: So-and-so -PMP *sanu

person whose name is avoided or cannot be remembered: So-and-so -PWMP *i-anu, si-anu

person whose name is unknown, avoided or cannot be remembered: who? -PPh *si-nu

place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where? -PAN *i-nu

thing whose name is unknown, avoided, or cannot be remembered: what? -PMP *a-nu

whatchamacallit, filler for word that cannot be recollected -PWMP *kua₂

canoe

(small) outrigger canoe or canoe hull -POC *katiR

after, behind; the outside of an object; stern of a canoe -POC *muri

bail out a canoe -PMP *limas

bailer in a canoe -PAN *nimas

bailer; to bail water from a canoe -POC *nimas

board, plank, side of canoe -POC *baban

boat, canoe -PAN *qabaŋ₁

canoe -PCEMP *waŋka

canoe hull, small outrigger canoe -PMP *katiR

canoe paddle, paddle a canoe -PEMP *boRse

canoe paddle; paddle a canoe -POC *pose

canoe paddle; paddle a canoe -PMP *beRsay

canoe shed, storehouse -POC *pale

canoe type -POC *mona

canoe, small boat -PPH *lunday

canoes joined together lengthwise (?) -POC *kabat₂

cargo; load a canoe -PMP *ujan

cargo; load a canoe -PMP *lujan

dugout canoe -PPh *balútu

face; front; prow of canoe -POC *nago

free side of canoe, opposite the outrigger -POC *katae

gunwale, side plank on canoe - *(loan)

kind of seaweed used to paint canoes -POC *boma

large canoe -POC *tola

non-native canoe -POC *pakaq

outrigger canoe with dugout hull -PEMP *waŋka

outrigger canoe with dugout hull; passengers in a canoe -POC *waga

prow of a canoe -PWMP *duluŋ

push, launch a canoe -POC *usu

rollers for beaching a canoe -POC *luŋan

rollers for beaching a canoe -POC *laŋon

rollers for beaching a canoe -PMP *laŋen₁

side of canoe opposite the outrigger -POC *qatai

side of the face, cheek; side planks of a canoe -POC *babaR

sticks that connect the float to the booms of an outrigger canoe -PEMP *patoto

thwarts of a canoe -POC *ili

to backpaddle a canoe; walk backwards -PEMP *suak

type of canoe -PWMP *alud

canopy

palate; canopy -PWMP *laŋit laŋit

canvas

canvas - *(loan)

cap

cap - *(loan)

sores on the scalp; 'cradle cap' -PWMP *buduk

capable

able, capable, strong, wealthy -PWMP *kaya

to be capable, able, knowledgeable -PMP *ma-taqu₁

to be capable, able, knowledgeable -PAN *ma-Caqu

cape

mountain peak, cape of land; tip of anything -PMP *quzuŋ

peninsula cape - *(loan)

split, torn; opening or water passage between two capes of land -PMP *beŋat₁

capped

tightly capped -PPH *takem

caprice

whim, caprice, sudden change of mood; moodiness -PPH *sumpuŋ

capsize

capsize, of a boat; sink -PWMP *kaRem

to sink, submerge, capsize -PPH *ma-lúnud

captive

allowed to live, given life; made captive -PPh *bihaR-en

be carried off, as loot or a captive in war; what is carried off -PWMP *t<in>aban

booty, war captive; what is taken in war; elopement, captured bride -PMP *taban

captive, one taken alive in war; to spare, allow to live -PWMP *bihaR

live, be alive; be captive -PPh *ma-bihaR

capture

(lit. 'fetch the liver') capture someone's fancy -PMP *qalap qatay

domestic fowl used as a decoy or lure to capture wild fowl -PPH *káti

domestic fowl used as a decoy or lure to capture wild fowl -PPH *kátiq

to catch, capture; embrace -PAN *d<um>akep

captured

be caught, captured -PAN *dakep-en

booty, war captive; what is taken in war; elopement, captured bride -PMP *taban

carabao

interjection used to halt a carabao in the fields -PPH *luá

large ruminant species: carabao, water buffalo (?) -PMP *qanuaŋ

large ruminant species: carabao, water buffalo (?) -PAN *qaNuaŋ

mud puddle, wallow for wild pig or carabao -PPH *tebug

water buffalo, carabao - *(loan)

carambola

a tree and its edible fruit, the starfruit:Averrhoa bilimbi,Averrhoa carambola -PWMP *baliŋbiŋ

carbon

charcoal, carbon, soot -PWMP *budiŋ

carbonate

lime, calcium carbonate -PMP *kapuR

carbuncle

boil, carbuncle -PWMP *pi(R)sa

boil, carbuncle - *(noise)

carcass

corpse, carcass -PWMP *baŋkay

card

hunting bow; bow-like instrument used to card kapok fiber -PMP *busuR₂

playing cards - *(loan)

to card kapok fibers with a bow-like instrument -PWMP *maŋ-busuR

carded

carded kapok fibers -PWMP *paŋ-busuR

cardinal

numeral prefix; cardinal numeral marker -POC *e

care

care for, raise (an animal) -PAN *pa-qudip

take care, be careful -PWMP *maR-iŋat

to care for children -PPH *taR-anak

to care for someone, wait on -PPH *alílaq

to note, remember; care, attention, caution -PMP *iŋat

to take care of, protect -PWMP *k<um>upkup

careful

careful, cautious -PPH *áman

careful, cautious - *(loan)

mindful, careful, attentive -PWMP *ma-iŋat

take care, be careful -PWMP *maR-iŋat

carefully

think carefully about, consider -PWMP *a(ŋ)gap

caress

caress, cuddle - *(loan)

cargo

cargo, load (on a boat) -PMP *Rujan

cargo; load a canoe -PMP *ujan

cargo; load a canoe -PMP *lujan

load, cargo, freight -POC *ucan

to lift, stand up, arise, emerge, begin, depart, carry; cargo; take something; take a wife -PMP *buhat₃

to load, as cargo on a boat -POC *Rucan

caries

weevil that infests wood, bamboo, and rice; dust produced by the boring of this insect; tooth decay, dental caries -PMP *bukbuk₃

carpenter

carpenter’s plane - *(loan)

carpentry

tongue; tongue of tongue-and-groove joint in carpentry -PMP *dilaq₁

carried

be carried away by someone or something -PPH *taŋay₂

be carried away by water -POC *tape-a

be carried off, as loot or a captive in war; what is carried off -PWMP *t<in>aban

be carried under the arm -PWMP *kilik-en

be picked up or carried dangling from the fingers -PWMP *bitbit-en

bearable, able to be carried -PWMP *ka-taŋguŋ

branches carried along and deposited by water -PPH *Rapuq₂

brought by, carried by -PWMP *in-uit

carried under the arm or on the hip -PWMP *kilik₂

caught up in, carried along -PWMP *tuluy₃

drift on a current, carried away by flowing water -PAN *qañud

lifted, carried -PWMP *buhat-en

lifted, carried -PMP *buhat-an₁

manner in which an action is carried out -PWMP *ka-₆

what is carried on the back -PMP *h<in>eban

what is carried on the back -PAN *S<in>ebaN

what is carried on the head; a burden -PWMP *zuŋzuŋ-an

carry

bring, carry -PWMP *um-uit

bring, carry -PAN *kaCu

bring, carry - *(noise)

carry a child with a carrying cloth -PMP *heban

carry a child with a carrying cloth -PAN *SebaN

carry a load between two people -PPH *tuaŋ₂

carry a person pick-a-back; ride pick-a-back -PMP *baba₁

carry a person pick-a-back; ride pick-a-back -PAN *baba₁

carry between two or more persons -PMP *bintiŋ

carry between two persons -PMP *qusuŋ

carry by a strap over the shoulder -POC *sape

carry dangling from the fingertips -PMP *binit₁

carry in a shoulder cloth -PWMP *qawis

carry in front of one; hold in the lap -PWMP *paŋku

carry in the folds of the clothing -PWMP *hambin

carry in the hand -PWMP *biŋbiŋ₁

carry on a pole between two persons; help someone carry a load -PPh *bulig-an

carry on a pole between two persons; help someone carry a load -PWMP *bulig

carry on a shoulder pole -PWMP *taŋguŋ

carry on a shoulder pole between two people -PWMP *ataŋ₂

carry on the back -PAN-F *apa₂

carry on the head -POC *suqun

carry on the head -PWMP *zuŋzuŋ

carry on the head -PAN *suquN

carry on the shoulders -PMP *pasaqan

carry pick-a-back -PPh *aba₂

carry piggyback -POC *papa₁

carry slung over the shoulder -PPh *qambijay

carry slung over the shoulder -PPh *qambiday

carry water -PAN *CaNum

carry, carry away -POC *kawe

cloth used to carry a child on the back -PMP *haban

cloth used to carry a child on the back -PAN *SabaN

help someone carry a load -PPh *maR-búlig

hold by biting carry in the mouth - *(near)

hold or carry under the arm -PWMP *meŋ-qabin

hold or carry under the arm -PMP *qabin

improvised purse or bag, folded cloth used to carry things -PWMP *puyuŋ

lift, carry -POC *puat-an₂

lift, carry, bring; emerge, appear, begin; take a spouse -POC *puat₂

lift, raise, carry -PWMP *maŋ-aŋkat

pad placed under cooking pots, loads to carry on the head, etc. -PPH *dikén

pick up or carry dangling from the fingers -PWMP *maR-bitbit

pick up or carry dangling from the fingers -PWMP *maŋ-bitbit

press together; pressed together; carry under the arm, press between the legs -PMP *kepit

rattan basket used to carry garden produce, etc. -PWMP *karanzaŋ

shoulder pole; carry with a shoulder pole -PAN *pasaqaN

shoulder; carry on the shoulder -POC *qapaRa₁

shoulder; carry on the shoulder -PMP *qabaRa₁

to bring, to carry along -PAN *k<um>aCu

to carry -PMP *binit

to carry -POC *binit₂

to carry at the side or on the hip, pressed under the arm -PPH *kilít

to carry away -PPH *taŋay-en

to carry off, kidnap, loot a place -PWMP *maR-taban

to carry off, kidnap, loot a place -PWMP *ma-naban

to carry on a shoulder pole -PCMP *lemba

to carry on the shoulder -POC *pua₂

to carry something by shoulder strap -PPH *sakeláy

to carry, transport, move something -PAN-F *s<um>akut

to carry, transport, move something -PAN-F *sakut

to follow instructions, follow an example; carry along, give in, allow something to happen -PWMP *tuRut

to lift, stand up, arise, emerge, begin, depart, carry; cargo; take something; take a wife -PMP *buhat₃

tubular basket used to carry and store rice or sago -PWMP *basuŋ

carrying

bringing, carrying -PWMP *uit₂

carry a child with a carrying cloth -PMP *heban

carry a child with a carrying cloth -PAN *SebaN

carrying pouch or small basket -PWMP *uyut₁

carrying vessel made from folded palm leaf sheath -PWMP *timbalaŋ

coiled base on which cooking pots are set or on which loads are placed for carrying on the head -PWMP *riken

coiled base on which cooking pots are set, or on which loads are placed for carrying on the head -PWMP *Riken

kind of large carrying basket -PMP *Rantaŋ

long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying -PMP *habit

long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying -PAN *Sabit

net bag used by men for carrying things on back -PAN-F *kaway₃

to grip with the teeth, as a dog in carrying something -PWMP *saŋal

carve

cut, carve, slice (meat or fish) -PPh *hiwáq-an

cut, carve, slice (meat or fish) -PPh *híwaq

to carve -PWMP *maŋ-ukir

to notch, to carve -POC *korot

carved

be cut, carved, sliced (meat or fish) -PPh *hiwáq-en

carved wooden figure, charm used to provide magical protection -PMP *uduq₂

carving

carving, sculpture -PMP *ukir

carving, thing made by carving wood -PWMP *ukir-an

cascade

rushing of water; rapids, cascade -PPH *dalágan

waterfall, cascade -POC *sabu

case

betel case - *(loan)

betel nut case -PWMP *salapa

betel nut case -PWMP *calapaʔ

genitive case marker for common nouns (cf. *na, *ni) -PAN *nu₃

genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns; marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb -PAN *ni

locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du) -PAN *da

locative case marker (probably for singular personal names;cf. *da, *du) -PAN *di

locative case marker for common nouns (cf. *da, *di) -PWMP *du

locative case marker for plural personal names -PMP *daₐ

nominative case marker for common nouns -PAN *su

nominative case marker for plural personal names -PAN *sa₁

nominative case marker for singular common nouns -PAN *ya

nominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names -PAN *si₁

oblique case marker for personal nouns -PAN *ki₂

oblique case marker for plural personal names -PAN *ka₃

oblique case marker for singular personal nouns -PMP *ki₂ₐ

cashew

cashew - *(loan)

casket

casket, coffin - *(loan)

cassava

cassava manioc - *(loan)

Cassia

a plant:Cassia sp. -PWMP *asuntiŋ

a tree:Cassia alata -PWMP *galiŋgaŋ

cassowary

cassowary - *(loan)

cast

be cast adrift, cast ashore after going adrift -PPH *padpád

one who is banished or cast out -PWMP *buaŋ-an

throw, cast -PMP *lambeg

to illuminate, cast light on -PWMP *suluq-i

casting

casting net -PWMP *Rambat

casting net for fishing -PAN *tabukul

casting net; spread out, as a casting net -PWMP *Rambaŋ

castor

castor bean:Ricinus communis L. -PAN *katawa

the castor bean plant:Ricinus communis L. -PPH *katana

the castor oil plant:Ricinis communis -PWMP *taŋan-taŋan

castrate

testicles of animals; castrate animals -PMP *butuq

castrated

castrated - *(loan)

castrated₂

castrated₂ - *(loan)

Casuarina

a shore tree:Casuarina equisetifolia -PMP *qaRuhu

a shore tree:Casuarina equisetifolia -POC *aRu

a shore tree:Casuarina equisetifolia -PMP *aRuhu

tree sp.,Casuarina equisetifolia - *(loan)

cat

cat, Felis domesticus - *(loan)

cat, kitten -PWMP *kutiŋ

civet cat and similar small predatory mammals of the familyViverridae -PMP *musaŋ

kind of civet cat -PWMP *didis

meow of a cat -PWMP *ŋiaw

catappa

a shore tree with edible nuts:Terminalia catappa -POC *talise₁

a shore tree with edible nuts:Terminalia catappa -PMP *talisay

cataract

cataract of the eye -PWMP *biliR

cataract of the eye -PMP *bileR

cataract of the eye; hazy or blurred vision -PPh *bulág

cataract of the eye; hazy or blurred vision -PWMP *buleheR

cataract of the eye; hazy or blurred vision -POC *pulaR₂

cataract of the eye; hazy or blurred vision -PAN *bulaR₁

ocular cataract -PWMP *putik₁

catastrophe

misfortune, catastrophe -PWMP *geraq

catch

catch a ride, join a group, ride on something -PMP *sakay₁

catch fish by damming a stream -PPH *sáRep

catch fish or shrimp with the hands -PWMP *gamaʔ

catch fish with a dragnet -PWMP *ka-puket

catch one's breath -PWMP *ciŋap

catch or get caught in a trap; hit mark with spear, etc. -PMP *ena

catch with the hands -PMP *cikep

catch, as by covering -PMP *taŋkep

catch, seize -PWMP *tikep

catch, seize -PMP *sakep

catch, seize; embrace -PAN *dakep

deadfall trap to catch small mammals -PAN *qaCeb

grab with the hand, catch -PAN *sapet

hook on, catch with hook -PWMP *cibit

scoop up with a net; catch with snare -PPH *ma-ñiluʔ

seize, catch -PMP *ta(ŋ)kep₂

take passage, catch a ride in someone else’s boat -PWMP *tumpaŋ₂

to catch -PMP *sakup₁

to catch by the legs -PPH *ma-masiŋ

to catch by the legs -PPH *batiŋ

to catch with a net, scoop up -PPH *siluʔ-en

to catch, as a thing thrown -POC *sabot

to catch, as in a trap -POC *kabi

to catch, as with a hook -POC *kau₂

to catch, capture; embrace -PAN *d<um>akep

to catch, receive something thrown or sent one’s way -PWMP *sambut₂

to catch, snatch, as a ball in the air -POC *sikop

to feed, catch with bait -PWMP *maŋ-umpan

to hook, catch onto something -PWMP *s<um>abit

to hook, catch with a hook -PWMP *ma-ŋawit

to reach, catch up with -PPH *qábut-en

to reach, overtake, catch up with -PPH *qábut

to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab -PAN *dukduk₄

catching

means or instrument for catching -PWMP *paŋ-alap

to arrest the progress of something by stopping or catching it; to support, keep from falling -PWMP *saŋgaq

catchment

artificially enclosed catchment for water: well, ditch -PWMP *paRigi

catechu

betel nut: nut ofAreca catechu -PAN-F *Sawiki

category

(human) member of a category -POC *kai

(human) member of a category -POC *ka₅

caterpillar

caterpillar -POC *muno

hairy caterpillar -PMP *qulej bulu-an

large green hairless stinging caterpillar -PWMP *tatadu

large green hairless stinging caterpillar -PMP *katadu

large stinging green caterpillar -PWMP *qantatadu

large stinging green caterpillar -PWMP *hantatadu

maggot, caterpillar, larva of a metamorphosing insect -PMP *qulej

cateye

cateye shell -PMP *qaliliŋ

kind of shellfish; eye of cateye shell -PMP *bulan₁

catfish

catfish -POC *kaboRa

catfish -PMP *hitu

catfish -PMP *hituq

large catfish that lives in river estuaries: genusArius -PWMP *tambaŋuŋu

catty

catty (unit of weight for foodstuffs) - *(loan)

caught

be caught in a mosquito swarm, be overwhelmed by mosquitos -PPH *ñamuk-en

be caught, captured -PAN *dakep-en

be ensnared, caught in a trap; suffer, undergo, be struck by something; be entrapped or deceived; hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true -PAN *keNa

catch or get caught in a trap; hit mark with spear, etc. -PMP *ena

caught up in, carried along -PWMP *tuluy₃

entangled, caught up in, involved, embroiled -PWMP *saŋkut

food particles caught between the teeth -PMP *tiŋah

food particles caught between the teeth -PAN *CiŋaS

get caught in the rain -PWMP *ka-quzan-an

last compartment in a fishtrap, place where fish are caught -PWMP *bunuq-an₂

snag, be snagged, caught in something that prevents it from falling -PPH *saq(e)ŋit

to be caught with a dragnet -PWMP *puket-en

was caught with a dragnet -PWMP *p<in>uket

cauldron

cauldron; caldera, volcanic crater (?) -PWMP *kawaq

caulk

caulk, fill up a hole or crack with viscous material -PWMP *bulit-en

caulk, fill up a hole or crack with viscous material -POC *bulit₂

caulk, fill up a hole or crack with viscous material -PMP *bulit₁

caulk; adhesive material - *-lit₁(root)

glue, paste, plaster, caulk -PMP *dalit₁

to caulk, fill a hole -PWMP *pakal

caulking

mortar, caulking - *(loan)

causative

causative marker - *(noise)

causative of location -PAN-F *pi-

causative of motion -PAN-F *pu-

causative of stative verbs -PAN *pa-ka-

causative prefix -POC *paka-

causative prefix -PAN *pa-₂

causative-command

verb prefix: third-party causative-command -PPh *ipa-

cause

any plant with hairs that sting or cause itchiness -PWMP *amiaŋ

base of a tree; cause; source, origin; beginning; foot of a hill or mountain; first wife; model or example (to be copied); expression for the mother’s brother -PMP *puqun

cause the wind to blow -POC *paka-aŋin

cause to vomit -PAN *pa-utaq

disease that causes swelling of body parts -PWMP *baguq

kind of vine that causes swelling and itching -PPH *lipay

marry off, cause to get married -PMP *pa-qasawa

origin, cause, provided that - *(loan)

spirit that causes sickness -PPh *abat₂

to evaporate, cause to dry up -PPh *maR-hebás

to fill, cause to become full -POC *pa-ponuq

to fill, cause to become full -PMP *pa-penuq

to frighten, cause to fear -PMP *paka-takut

to fuss, complain; to rebel, cause a disturbance -PPH *idal

to hurt, cause pain or trouble -PWMP *sakit-an

to intentially drown, cause to drown -PWMP *lemes-en

caused

caused (something to happen) -PWMP *p<in>a-

ditch, rain channel caused by water dripping from a house roof -PWMP *paspas₃

hydropoesia, bodily swelling caused by water retention -POC *popol

hydropoesia, bodily swelling caused by water retention -PMP *belbel₂

caustic soda

lye, caustic soda - *(loan)

cauterize

to roast; singe, cauterize -PPH *pasúq-en

caution

to note, remember; care, attention, caution -PMP *iŋat

cautious

careful, cautious -PPH *áman

careful, cautious - *(loan)

cautious, suspicious -PWMP *elem₂

cave

cave -PPH *Rukib

cave, cavern -PMP *liaŋ

cave, cavern, possibly submarine -PWMP *lubuk₁

collapse, cave in -PWMP *baŋbaŋ₄

rock shelter, cave under a rock -PAN-F *Nihib

submarine cave (?) -PPH *rawaŋ

cave-in

crumbling, eroded; landslide, cave-in -PPH *tebág

cavern

cave, cavern -PMP *liaŋ

cave, cavern, possibly submarine -PWMP *lubuk₁

hole, cavern -POC *pwaŋa

hole, cavern -POC *babaŋ

cavity

cavity, pit, den; to excavate a pit -PMP *baŋbaŋ₃

pit, deep cavity in the ground -PMP *lumbuŋ₁

caw

bird sp.; to caw, crow -PAN *wakwak

caw, as a crow; raucous talking of people -PWMP *gakgak

caw, cackle -PAN *kakak

to crow, to caw -PMP *hekak

to crow, to caw -PAN *Sekak

cease

cease -PWMP *tiŋkas

stop, cease - *(noise)

stop, cease, of rain -PMP *hedaw

cedar

Philippine cedar tree:Cedrela sp. -PPH *kalantas

Cedrela

Philippine cedar tree:Cedrela sp. -PPH *kalantas

Ceiba

silk cotton tree:Ceiba pentandra Linn. -PPh *buybuy

the kapok tree:Ceiba pentandra -PMP *kabu-kabu

ceiling

ceiling of a house - *(loan)

celebica

the almasiga tree:Agathis celebica (Koord.) -PPH *gala

celebrate

exult, celebrate (as a victory) - *(loan)

center

center post, main housepost -PCEMP *hadiRi bubuŋ-an

eye, face, focal point, center or most prominent part; hole, aperture; doorway, window; budding part of plant; ‘eye’ of coconut; knot in wood; sun; core of a boil; blade of a knife; to awaken; operculum of a snail; mesh of a net; eye of a needle; noose of a trap; hearth; direction of the wind; head of a river; spring, source; lid, cover -PMP *mata

eye, focal point, center or most prominent part -PAN *maCa

middle, center -PWMP *taŋaq₄

middle, center; half -PMP *teŋaq

navel, umbilicus; mid-point or center of something -PMP *pusej

split down the center - *(noise)

centipede

centipede -PCEMP *qalipan

centipede -PMP *qalu-hipan

centipede -PAN *qalu-Sipan

phosphorescent centipede (?) -PWMP *andap

central

pithy; central -PPh *qunej-en

pithy; central -PPh *ma-qunej

cereal

a cereal grass with edible seeds that are also used as beads, Job’s tears:Coix lachryma-jobi L. -PMP *zelay

ceremonially

defiled, ritually polluted, ceremonially unclean - *(loan)

ceremony

ceremony - *(noise)

ceremony at planting to insure the well-being of the crops -PWMP *buhat₁

shaman (probably a transvestite or hermaphrodite), shamaness; shamanistic ceremony -PWMP *balian

Ceriops

kind of mangrove,Ceriops spp., with bark used for dyeing -PMP *teŋeR

certain

certain - *(loan)

hairy filaments of certain plants, husk -POC *bulut₂

hairy filaments of certain plants, husk -PMP *bulut₁

leaf; head hair; classifier used in counting certain types of objects -PEMP *raun

leaf; head hair; classifier used in counting certain types of objects -PCEMP *daun

tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits -PWMP *sapelet

tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits -PWMP *sapeled

ten, in counting certain objects - *(noise)

to walk a certain distance (?) -PPH *lakaj-en

cerumen

cerumen, earwax -POC *tule

ear wax, cerumen -PWMP *taqi nu Caliŋa

Cervus

deer of the genusCervus, either the sika deer or sambar deer -PAN-F *benan

Chaetodon

butterfly fish,Chaetodon spp. -POC *tipi-tipi

butterfly; butterfly fish:Chaetodon spp. -POC *bebe

chaff

chaff -PCMP *uta

rice husk, chaff -PWMP *qepah

separate the chaff from the grain -PMP *siji

to separate grain from chaff -PPH *tiktik₄

chain

link in a chain; joined together, as links in a chain, people in sexual intercourse or marriage; hands joined in crossing pattern in circle dance -PWMP *kawiŋ

chair

chair - *(loan)

sedan chair - *(loan)

chalk

chalk - *(loan)

challenge

to challenge, confront -PWMP *aŋat

Chamaecyparis

the Japanese cypress:Chamaecyparis obtusa -PAN-F *baŋun₁

chance

meet, come across by chance - *(noise)

change

change - *(loan)

change, exchange; repeat, return; again -PPh *baliw-an

change, exchange; repeat, return; again -PMP *baliw₂

do, bring about, change something -PWMP *ka-buhat

move, change place -PMP *aliq

other, to change - *(noise)

to change appearance -PMP *lian

to change place or activity -PPH *qalis-an

to change place or activity -PPH *qalís

to move, change location -PWMP *pindaq

turn around, change direction -POC *li-liu

whim, caprice, sudden change of mood; moodiness -PPH *sumpuŋ

change (small money)

change (small money) - *(loan)

channel

channel -PMP *sawaq

channel between islands or islets -POC *mata ni cawa

channel between two islands -POC *sawaŋ₂

current, deep channel in the middle of a river -PMP *qaluR₂

current, deep channel in the middle of a river -PAN *qaluR₁

ditch, rain channel caused by water dripping from a house roof -PWMP *paspas₃

make a gutter, ditch, or channel -PWMP *ŋ-abaŋ

river channel -PAN *iluR₂

Chanos

fish sp.: the milkfish,Chanos chanos -PMP *qawa₁

chanos

Chanos

fish sp.: the milkfish,Chanos chanos -PMP *qawan

chanos

Chanos

milkfish:Chanos chanos -PPH *baŋús

chanos

chant

chant or sung narrative -PWMP *kiduŋ

to call, summon; chant to call the spirits -PWMP *tawaR₂

chaptalii

fish sp.: mullet sp.,Neomyxus chaptalii -PMP *qawas

character

character, conduct - *(loan)

nature, character -PMP *k<in>a-tau-an

nature, character -PAN *k<in>a-Cau-an

rotten meat; addled eggs; bad character -PAN *buRuk

rotten, as meat; addled, as eggs; bad, of character -PMP *ma-buRuk

characteristic

inherited characteristic; bloodline -PPH *pulí

charantia

bitter melon:Momordica charantia L. -PWMP *paria

the bitter melon:Momordica charantia -PWMP *pariaq

charcoal

anything used to make charcoal -PPh *qujiŋ-en

charcoal -PPH *usiŋ

charcoal -PAN *qujiŋ

charcoal -PMP *qajeŋ

charcoal, carbon, soot -PWMP *budiŋ

charge

rush forward, charge -PPH *sugud

charity

works of piety, charity - *(loan)

charm

a charm used to control someone magically -PPH *Ramut₂

carved wooden figure, charm used to provide magical protection -PMP *uduq₂

charm for invulnerability - *(loan)

love charm, aphrodisiac -PPH *lumay

talisman, protective charm - *(loan)

charred

burning brand; charred or smoldering wood -PMP *aluten

firebrand; unconsumed wood in a fire; charred wood -PWMP *aliten

chase

chase, drive away -PPh *ábuR

chase, pursue -PPH *hápaR

drive away, chase off -PWMP *ka-buRaw

drive off, chase away, expel -PPh *maR-buRaw

drive off, chase away, expel -PWMP *maŋ-buRaw

drive off, chase away, expel -PPh *buRaw-en

drive off, chase away, expel -PAN *buRaw

interjection used to chase off animal -PMP *isu₂

pursue, chase -PWMP *um-usiR

pursue, chase -PWMP *maŋ-usiR

pursue, chase - *(noise)

to chase away or shoo off small animals -PMP *sika

chased

be chased, pursued -PPH *hapáR-en

driven away, chased off -PAN *ma-buRaw

chasm

chasm, precipice -PPh *beŋ(e)qáw

chatter

chatter of birds -PWMP *seksek₂

chattering

chattering, crying of monkeys -PAN *keriq

sound of a monkey chattering - *(near)

sound of chattering or loud talk -PWMP *kicaq

chayote

chayote,Sechium edule - *(loan)

cheap

cheap, easy - *(loan)

cotton cloth of cheap quality - *(loan)

cheat

cheat, deceive -PWMP *buyuk

to cheat, deceive -PPH *kalít

to cheat, lead astray, get someone into trouble -PPH *taliŋu

checkered

cloth with checkered pattern - *(loan)

checkers

checkers - *(loan)

cheek

cheek -PPH *apiŋ

cheek -PAN *piŋi

cheek -PCEMP *papaR

cheek -PWMP *anapiŋ

cheek bone -PMP *pasuŋ

cheek bone -PAN *pasu₁

cheeks -PPH *pis(e)ŋí

cheeks, temples -PMP *pihpih

cheeks, temples -PAN *piSpiS

side of the face, cheek; side planks of a canoe -POC *babaR

cheep

peep, cheep -POC *piok

peep, cheep -PMP *piek

peep, cheep -PMP *kiuk

to cheep; baby chick -PAN *siwsiw

cheeping

sound of frightened cheeping -PWMP *kicak

Cheilinus

wrasse,Cheilinus spp. -POC *taŋapa

Chelonia

hawksbill turtle:Chelonia imbricata -PCEMP *keRan₂

hawksbill turtle:Chelonia imbricata -PCEMP *keRa

the green turtle,Chelonia mydas -POC *poñu

the green turtle,Chelonia mydas -PMP *peñu

chest

box chest - *(loan)

chest -PAN *debdeb

chest (anat.) -PWMP *dahdah

chest (anat.) -PAN *daSdaS

fold the arms over the chest; fold the wings, of a bird -PWMP *kumkum

for the chest to tighten in excitement or fear; for the heart to pound -PPH *kebá

medicine chest - *(loan)

storage chest -PWMP *kaban₂

chestnut

a tree:Inocarpus spp., possibly the Tahitian chestnut:Inocarpus edulis -PMP *gayam

the ‘Tahitian chestnut’:Inocarpus fagiferus orI. edulis -POC *ipi₂

chew

betel chew -PAN *apuR

chew -POC *ñamu

chew -PAN *paqpaq₁

chew - *-paq(root)

chew on, gnaw on -PPh *haŋút

chew something tough, as sugarcane -PCEMP *ŋaŋas

chew the juice from something -PWMP *ma-ñepaq

chew without intending to swallow, as betel nut; premasticate food to give to an infant; premasticated food -PMP *mamaq

chew, gnaw on -PAN-F *qelqel

chew, move to and fro in the mouth -POC *kamu₃

prepare betel chew with lime -PPh *maR-qapuR

to bite something off, to chew something up; to mince -PMP *gatgat

to chew -POC *ŋau-ŋau

to chew (of animals?) -PPH *sepal

to chew a betel quid -PWMP *mamaq-en

to chew betel -PPH *ŋaqŋaq₂

to chew off -PWMP *ŋatŋat

to chew on sugarcane -PWMP *maŋ-ququs

to chew or bite off -POC *kakat-i

to chew or gnaw on something -PPh *ŋutŋut-en

to chew, chew off -POC *ŋau₁

to chew, masticate -PWMP *ŋuyaq

to chew, masticate -PAN *ŋalŋal

to chew, taste -POC *mamin₂

to gnaw, chew at -POC *ŋuŋut₂

to gnaw, chew on -PPH *haŋet

to nibble, chew at -PWMP *gitgit

chewed

be chewed on, of sugarcane -PWMP *ququs-en

chewed betel quid -PWMP *sapaq₃

chewed mass of food or betel nut in the mouth -PWMP *sepaq

chewed material - *(near)

leaf of a vine chewed with betel nut, betel pepper:Piper betle -PWMP *buyuq

plant chewed with betel that invigorates - *(loan)

to spit out chewed betel quid -PPH *sapaq-en

chewing

chewing on sugarcane -PMP *ququs

to move the lips or tongue in chewing or lapping up -PPH *taptap

chick

baby chick; peeping of chick -PAN *piak

baby chick; to peep, of chicks -PMP *piqek

chick -PAN *siap

chick, baby chicken -PMP *anak i manuk

peeping of chick -PWMP *piuk-piuk

peeping of chicks -PWMP *piqek-piqek

to cheep; baby chick -PAN *siwsiw

chicken

chick, baby chicken -PMP *anak i manuk

chicken -PMP *manuk

chicken -PAN *manuk

chicken -PAN-F *tuRukuk

chicken egg -PMP *qiteluR ni manuk

chicken feathers -PMP *bulu ni manuk

chicken flea, itch mite -PWMP *kaRaw₂

chicken louse - *(near)

coop, as for chickens; pen, as for pigs -PPH *taŋkal

domestic chicken used as a decoy to attract a wild fowl into a trap -PPH *pa-ŋátiq

hen, egg-laying chicken -PMP *qupa

perch, roosting place for chickens -PPH *hapun-an

place where chickens are kept -PWMP *manuk-an

raise chickens -PWMP *maR-manuk

rear end of a chicken -PMP *buntut₁

scratch the ground, as a chicken does -PWMP *kahir

scratch the ground, as a chicken does -PWMP *kahiR

scratch up the ground, as chickens -PWMP *kaqis

scratch up the soil, as a chicken looking for food -PAN *kaSkaS

tiny parasite on the body, itch mite, chicken louse -PMP *kuman

to call chickens, cry for calling chickens -PWMP *kuruk

to cluck, of chickens -PWMP *kukkuk

to make holes in sacks of rice, etc., as chickens or rats do -PPH *butbut₃

to roost, of chickens; time of roosting -PPh *hápun

to scratch up the ground, as chickens -PWMP *kais-an

to squawk, as a frightened chicken -PMP *kiak

wild chicken; rooster -PPH *labúyuq

word used to call chickens, etc. -PMP *kur

word used to call chickens, etc. -PMP *kuru₁

chief

formal gathering, as of chiefs -PMP *pened₂

formal gathering, as of chiefs, with possible connections to announcing temporary taboos -POC *ponor

head; top part; leader, chief; headwaters; handle of a bladed implement; prow of a boat; first, first-born -PMP *qulu

head; top part; leader, chief; headwaters; handle of a bladed implement; prow of a boat; first, first-born; hair of the head -PCEMP *qulu

head; top part; leader, chief; headwaters; prow of a boat; first, first-born; hair of the head -POC *qulu

leader, chief -PWMP *paŋ-qulu

chiefly

nobility, member of the chiefly class -PMP *aren

chigger

chigger or similar insect -PPH *kuykúy₁

child

breastfeed, give the breast to a young child -PPH *mapa-susu

brother's child (man speaking), sister's child (woman speaking) -PWMP *anak-en

carry a child with a carrying cloth -PMP *heban

carry a child with a carrying cloth -PAN *SebaN

child -PWMP *uŋaq

child -PMP *an-anak

child -PAN *aN-aNak

child, offspring -PEMP *natu

child, offspring; son, daughter; brother's child (man speaking), sister's child (woman speaking); young animal or plant; young; small (for its kind); dependent or component part of something larger; native, resident, inhabitant; interest on a loan -PMP *anak

child, offspring; son, daughter; interest on a loan -PAN *aNak

cloth used to carry a child on the back -PMP *haban

cloth used to carry a child on the back -PAN *SabaN

consider as one's child -PWMP *maka-anak

first-born child, eldest child -PPH *paŋánay

first-born, eldest child (lit. 'head child') -PMP *anak a qulu

flower, blossom; to flower, bear flowers; yield a benefit (as interest on a loan); first-born child; cotton; vulva (refined or evasive), skin rash, prickly heat; speckled (of fish); kidneys -PMP *buŋa

genitals of a young child -PWMP *pipit₂

give birth to, have a child -POC *pasu₃

give birth, bear a child -PWMP *um-anak

give birth; have a child -PMP *maR-anak

give the breast to, nurse a child -PAN *pa-susu

have a child -PMP *ka-anak

hold in the lap, as a small child -PPH *sapúpu

last, come after or behind; late, later; future; stern of a boat; youngest child; west; young; outside -PCEMP *m-udi

last; come after or behind; late, later; future; stern of a boat; youngest child -PMP *udehi

nickname for youngest child -PWMP *si huaji

offspring child - *(noise)

only child; alone, by onself; go it alone -PPH *buR(e)túŋ

parent and child -PAN *maRe-anak

parent’s younger sibling, junior uncle; a young child’s term of address for his father, vocative of*ama -PMP *mama

relationship of father and child -PWMP *paR-ama-en

small child -PWMP *anak anak

someone else's child -PMP *anak i tau

to be father and child -PAN *maR-amax

to be mother and child -PAN *maR-ina

to nurse, give a child the breast (to be sucked) -PAN *pa-susu-en

whine, whimper, as a child -PPH *ŋuyŋuy

young child’s term for father -POC *mama

youngest child -PWMP *buŋsu

youngest child - *(loan)

childbirth

bear down, press out, as in defecation or childbirth -PMP *maŋ-qezen

bearing down, pressing out, as in defecation or childbirth -PMP *qezen

month of expected childbirth (?) -PPh *ka-bulan-an

strain while defecating or in childbirth -PWMP *teRan

child-in-law

child-in-law - *(loan)

childless

sterile, barren, childless -PWMP *tamanaŋ

children

bear children, give birth -PMP *ma-anak

brood, flock, lots of children -PPh *hin-anak-an

have children, increase -PWMP *maŋ-anak-i

kind of children’s game -PPH *pikuq₂

relationship of father and children -POC *paRi-tama

relationship of father and children -PWMP *paRi-amax

spirit dangerous to children -PWMP *m-atay anak

to care for children -PPH *taR-anak

chili pepper

chili pepper - *(loan)

chills

chills, as of malaria -PAN *ma-dajem

chills, as of malaria -PAN *dajem

to tremble, as with chills -PPH *pegpeg₂

chiming

sound of tinkling or chiming - *(near)

chin

chin, jaw -PMP *timid

chin, jaw -PAN *timij

chin, jaw -POC *qase

chin, jaw -PMP *qazay

feathers under chin of rooster, chin whiskers -PWMP *bauk

chinaware

porcelain, chinaware - *(loan)

Chinese

a tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany:Shorea albus Foxw. -PMP *bulah

a tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany:Shorea albus Foxw. -PAN *buleS

a vine with red flower clusters, the Chinese honeysuckle,Quisqualis indica -PPH *taluluŋ

Chinese - *(loan)

Chinese boat - *(loan)

Chinese born in Indonesia - *(loan)

cloth acquired in trade from Chinese (?) - *(loan)

chip

break off, chip off - *(noise)

chip off, cut off bit by bit -PWMP *sapsap

cut chips or bits from something, scrape off -PPH *dapdáp

strike, chip stone -PEMP *babak₁

strike, chip stone -POC *babak₃

to break, chip off -POC *babak

to break, chip off -PMP *papak

to cut off small pieces; to chip off bit by bit -PWMP *ma-ñapsap

wood chips -PWMP *tatal

chirp

chirp -PPh *witwít₁

chirp, peep -PWMP *ciap

chirp, squeak -PMP *pikik

chirp, tweet, crow, produce sound (of birds) -PMP *huni

chirp, whistle -PWMP *wikwik

high-pitched sound; chirp of a gecko -PAN *tekiq

to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds) -PMP *h<um>uni

to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds) -PAN *S<um>uni

chirping

chirping of birds; noise, sound -PAN *Suni

chirrup

shrill whistle or chirrup -PPh *wiwí

shrill whistle or chirrup - *(noise)

chisel

chisel - *(loan)

tool like chisel or trowel -PPH *saluksuk₁

wood-working tool: chisel -POC *paqot

wood-working tool: chisel -PMP *paqet

choice

be chosen, selected; what is chosen, choice -PWMP *piliq-en

let someone choose, let someone make a choice -PWMP *pa-piliq

choke

choke, gag -PWMP *cekuk

choke, gasp, struggle for breath -PMP *qekak

choke, gasp, struggle for breath -PWMP *eŋkak-eŋkak

choke, gasp, struggle for breath -PMP *e(ŋ)kak

choke, have something stuck in the throat -PWMP *bekeR₁

choke, sob -PPH *sigúk

choke, sob -PWMP *sigek

choke, strangle -POC *sokol

choke, strangle -PMP *cekel

to choke on something swallowed, as a fishbone -PPH *bekeR-an

to sob, choke, have broken respiration -PMP *sekuk

choleric

colic, choleric diarrhoea -PWMP *kadaqdaq

colic, choleric diarrhoea -PWMP *kadadak

choose

choose it! -PAN *piliq-i

let someone choose, let someone make a choice -PWMP *pa-piliq

to choose, select, pick out -PAN *p<um>iliq

to choose, select, pick out -PWMP *maR-piliq

to choose, select, pick out -PWMP *ma-miliq

to choose, to select; to pick out -PAN *piliq

choosy

choosy, fussy, fastidious -PMP *ma-piliq

chop

chop down -PMP *beta₂

chop or hack into pieces -PWMP *ma-nektek

chop up, as firewood -PAN-F *k<um>etun

chop up, mince -PWMP *tadtad

chop, hack off -PWMP *pated

chop, hack, cut off -PMP *qetes

chop, hack, cut off -PMP *etes₁

chop, hack, mince, cut up -POC *totok

chop, split, adze something - *(noise)

cut, chop -PWMP *tiRtiR₁

cut, chop -PPH *tag(e)pás

cut, sever, chop -PMP *hetek

cut, sever, chop -PAN *Setek

glancing blow; chop -PWMP *tigtig

hack, chop into pieces -PAN *saksak₁

hit, pound, chop -PMP *retuk

machete, bolo; chop with a machete -PWMP *tabas

slash, chop away -PWMP *etas

to chop, hack, cut off -PAN *t<um>əktək

to chop, to mince, as meat, fish or vegetables preparatory to cooking -PWMP *sagsag₂

to hack, chop off, trim with a bolo; pound,beat, knock on -PWMP *tabtab₁

to hoe, chop up soil -PWMP *bacuk

chopped

be chopped into pieces, be minced, as meat or vegetables; what is chopped up or minced -PAN *tektek-en

be chopped up or minced -PPH *tadtad-én

dish made of chopped meat or vegetables -PPH *t<in>adtád

was chopped up -PAN *t<in>ektek

chopping

chopping block used to prepare food -PWMP *saŋkalan

chopping block, cutting board -PPH *tadtad-án

chopping to pieces, cutting up, as meat or vegetables -PAN *tektek₁

choral

choral singing; to blend voices in song -POC *jaRu

chosen

be chosen, selected; what is chosen, choice -PWMP *piliq-en

was chosen; what was chosen -PWMP *p<in>iliq

was chosen; what was chosen, one’s preference -PWMP *na-piliq

chuckle

shriek, creak, cluck, chuckle - *-kek(root)

chunk

large piece or chunk of meat, etc. -PWMP *la(m)paŋ

lump or chunk of material -PMP *biŋkal

cicada

cicada -PPH *dulí-dulí

cicada -PAN *lalay

cicada -PAN *Nali

cicada - *(loan)

orthopterus insect: cicada or grasshopper -POC *sisi(rR)

shrill sound of an insect, probably cricket or cicada -PWMP *pispis₂

cinder

ash, cinder, powder -PAN *qabu

ash, hearth, cinder, powder, dust; gray -PMP *qabu

cinerascens

a sea fish, the rudderfish:Kyphosus cinerascens -PPH *hilek

Cinnamomum

a tree: the camphor laurel:Cinnamomum spp. -PAN-F *dakeS

cinnamon

cinnamon -POC *masou

circinatum

a climbing fern:Lygodium circinatum -PWMP *ituq₁

circle

circle round, circumvent -PMP *liu₂

go in a circle -PMP *liliŋ₂

labial circle -PMP *suŋut₂

labial circle -PWMP *simuj

labial circle -PWMP *buŋut

link in a chain; joined together, as links in a chain, people in sexual intercourse or marriage; hands joined in crossing pattern in circle dance -PWMP *kawiŋ

spiral or circle round -PWMP *baliŋ baliŋ

circling

move around in a circling fashion -PWMP *liliŋ-liliŋ

circular

circular opening -PWMP *lauR

to scrape; scraper or grater made from circular bivalve shell:Asaphis spp. -POC *kasi

circumambulate

circumambulate, circumvent -PAN *liuS

circumambulate, go around the edge - *(loan)

circumcision

circumcision -PPH *turiq

circumfix

derivational circumfix, probably used to form deverbal nouns of location -PWMP *paR- ... -an

circumvent

circle round, circumvent -PMP *liu₂

circumambulate, circumvent -PAN *liuS

cistern

well, cistern; spring -PMP *bubuŋ₂

well, cistern; spring -PMP *bubun₁

citrifolia

a tree with roots that furnish a red dye:Morinda citrifolia -POC *gurat

a tree:Morinda citrifolia -PWMP *biŋkudu

small tree, probablyMorinda citrifolia Linn. -PPH *apatut

the dye produced from theMorinda citrifolia -POC *kurat

tree with inedible white fruit and root that yields a useful dye:Morinda citrifolia L. -POC *ñoñu

tree with white fruit and roots that yield a useful dye:Morinda citrifolia -PCEMP *ñəñu

tree with white fruit and roots that yield a useful dye:Morinda citrifolia -PWMP *baŋkudu

citrus

a citrus fruit, the pomelo -PPH *luk(e)bán

Citrus

a fruit tree, the pomelo:Citrus decumana -PPH *suháq

a small tree with leaves used as medicine:Citrus aurantifolia -PPH *dayap

citrus

citrus fruit -PMP *untay₂

citrus fruit - *(near)

citrus fruit (both orange and pomelo?) -PAN-F *iuk

citrus tree with fruit like a lemon -PPH *kalamansíq

kind of citrus fruit, Philippine orange -PPH *kutay

kind of citrus tree and fruit -PAN *dalayap

kind of citrus tree and its fruit -PMP *muntay

Citrus

kind of wild lemon tree, possiblyCitrus hystrix -PPH *kabuRaw

citrus

lime, citrus fruit -PWMP *limaw

citrus fruit

citrus fruit - *(loan)

citrus fruit, pomelo - *(near)

civet

civet cat and similar small predatory mammals of the familyViverridae -PMP *musaŋ

kind of civet cat -PWMP *didis

clack

clack the tongue -PMP *le(n)tak

clap, clack -PWMP *ti(m)puk

clatter, clack -PAN *taktak₂

clam

bivalve mollusk sp., lucine clam -POC *bibi₂

bivalve mollusk sp., lucine clam -PMP *bibi₁

feel with the feet, as in finding clams under the sand -PPH *sedsed₃

giant clam,Tridacna gigas -PMP *kima

kind of edible clam -POC *tue

kind of edible marine clam -PMP *tuay

clamor

cry out, clamor -PWMP *Riaw

noise, clamor -PMP *kuruq

noise, clamor -PAN *quriaw

clamp

clamp, pinch together -PWMP *sapit

clang

clanging sound; to clang, as in beating metals -PPH *taŋtáŋ₁

sound of a clang or bang -PMP *taŋ

clanging

clanging sound - *-Raŋ(root)

clanging sound - *-taŋ (or *-taqaŋ?)(root)

clanging sound; to clang, as in beating metals -PPH *taŋtáŋ₁

clap

clap -PPH *p<al>akpak

clap hands -POC *pwajaR

clap! smack! -PMP *bak₁

clap, beat, hack -PAN *CabCab

clap, clack -PWMP *ti(m)puk

clap, flap, slap -PWMP *epap

clap, make a clapping sound -PWMP *ti(m)bak

clap, slap, pound -PWMP *upuk

clap, thud -PMP *tampuk₁

pat, clap -PWMP *ampik

slap, clap - *-pak₁ (or *-paqak?)(root)

slap, clap - *(noise)

slap, clap on the ear -PWMP *tampar₂

sound of a clap or smack -PMP *pak

throb, thud, clap, break - *-puk₁(root)

to clap, flap the wings; sound of clapping or flapping -PAN *pakpak₁

clapper

bird clapper (to frighten them from fields) - *(loan)

clapping

clap, make a clapping sound -PWMP *ti(m)bak

hit, sound of hitting, clapping, thumping -PAN *tepuk

slap, sound of slapping or clapping -PWMP *tipak

sound of heavy clapping or pounding, smacking sound -PAN *bakbak₂

to clap, flap the wings; sound of clapping or flapping -PAN *pakpak₁

clarify

clarify, shed light on - *(loan)

clash

clash together -PMP *tu(m)bak

to flap, clash together -PWMP *kibak

clasp

a clasp or button, fastening or closing device -PWMP *kaput-an

clasp in the arms - *(noise)

hook, clasp; grasp with fingers - *-bit₁(root)

take in the hand, clasp, grasp -PMP *kemel

take in the hand, clasp, grasp -PAN *gemel

tie or clasp together; to button -PMP *kaput₁

to clasp firmly -POC *kokom-i

to clasp, tie together -PWMP *ma-ŋaput

class

mother animal; leader; large one of a class -PWMP *indu-q

mother animal; leader; large one of a class -PWMP *indu-ŋ

mother animal; leader; large one of a class -PWMP *indu

nobility, member of the chiefly class -PMP *aren

classifier

classifier for edible possession -POC *kana-

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing -PMP *buaq

fruit; seed; blossom; egg; nut; testicle; numeral classifier for roundish objects; to fruit, bear fruit; show first signs of pregnancy; to swell, of the sea -POC *puaq

leaf; head hair; classifier used in counting certain types of objects -PEMP *raun

leaf; head hair; classifier used in counting certain types of objects -PCEMP *daun

stone; testicle; kind of banana; numeral classifier for teeth (?) -PMP *batu

clatter

clatter of a stick poking around in something -PWMP *degaq

clatter, clack -PAN *taktak₂

clattering

clattering sound -PWMP *letek

clause-final

clause-final particle - *(noise)

clavicle

collarbone, clavicle -PAN *-wadaŋ

claw

claw, talon, fingernail -PMP *k<an>uhkuh

claw, talon, fingernail -PAN *k<aN>uSkuS

claw, talon, fingernail -PMP *kukuh

claw, talon, fingernail -PAN *kuSkuS₁

crab claw, lance - *(noise)

fingernail, toenail, claw -PPH *sulu₂

fingernail, toenail; claw -PWMP *silu₂

tongs, pincers, claw of a crab or lobster; to pinch or squeeze -PAN *sipit

clay

clay -PPH *píla

clay cooking pot -PAN *kudeŋ

clay cooking pot -PMP *kudin

clay cooking pot -PAN *kuden

clay cooking pot -PWMP *kurin

clay, sticky earth -POC *tanoq pulut

clay, sticky earth -PMP *taneq pulut

soil, probably clay -PAN-F *daRiq

soil, probably clay -PAN *daReq

type of soil, clay -PAN *Nitaq

clean

clean -PPH *línis

clean oneself by scrubbing -PEMP *isug

clean oneself by scrubbing -PMP *hisuq

clean the teeth -PWMP *sugi

pick or clean the teeth -PWMP *sisig

to clean -PPH *linis-en

to clean up a swidden after burning -PPH *duluk

to sweep aside, clean by throwing aside -PPH *lunlún-en

to sweep aside, clean by throwing aside -PPH *lunlún

to wipe clean -PWMP *sutsut₂

cleanse

wash, cleanse -PPh *maR-huRas

wash, cleanse -PWMP *maŋ-huRas

clear

bright, clear - *(loan)

clear a swidden -PWMP *maŋ-quma

clear forest for planting - *(noise)

clear land for cultivation -PPh *talun-an

clear ringing sound - *-kiŋ(root)

clear ringing sound - *-liŋ₁(root)

clear ringing sound - *-tiŋ(root)

clear the ground for a garden site -POC *poki

clear, bright -PWMP *teraŋ

clear, limpid - *-niŋ(root)

clear, of liquid free of impurities -PPH *tenaw

clear, of water -PCEMP *niniŋ

clear, of water -PMP *niŋniŋ

clear, pure, of water -PPH *tin(e)qaw

clear, straightforward -PMP *tegas

cut down small plants to clear a way -PWMP *takebas

cut down, clear away scrub -PWMP *tebas₂

loosen, untie, unwrap; unravel; to clear forest (fig.?) -PWMP *bajbaj

shake something, rinse clothes by shaking in clear water -PPh *waswás₁

to cut, clear vegetation -PMP *tebah

to cut, clear vegetation -PAN *tebaS

trim, prune, clear a path -PWMP *basbas₃

cleared

cleared area around house, cleared ground in village -PMP *natad

clearing

clearing in forest -PPH *dalús

clearing of a garden for planting (?) -POC *sani

cutting or clearing of undergrowth -PWMP *lidik

cutting, slashing, as in clearing land -PWMP *patpat

to cut, slash, as in clearing land -PPH *patpát-en

clearly

in the line of sight, clearly visible -PPH *aŋ(ə)tad

to speak clearly and deliberately -PMP *tutur₁

cleave

cleave, split -PWMP *getak

cleave, split -PWMP *gatak

split, cleave -PWMP *pisik₁

split, cleave -PWMP *lu(ŋ)ka

split, cleave -PMP *betak

split, cleave, divide -POC *potak

to split, cleave in two -PWMP *maŋ-belaq

cleaved

split or cleaved -PWMP *siqelak

cleaver

cleaver, sword -PMP *ladiŋ

cleft

a cleft, space between two rocks -PEMP *mawa

crack, cleft -PPH *Retaq

clenched

clenched in the fist -PWMP *Ragem

clever

clever, intelligent - *(loan)

click

click -PWMP *pik

click or clink together, as stones in making fire -PPH *santik

click with the tongue -PPH *tak(e)laq

tick, click -PWMP *simetik

clicking

clicking or light knocking sound - *-tek₁(root)

clicking sound -PWMP *sale(n)tek

clicking sound -PWMP *patek

knock two things together with a clicking sound -PPH *sintík

snap off, snapping or clicking sound -PMP *li(n)tik

cliff

embankment, cliff -PWMP *paŋpaŋ-an

climb

climb -PWMP *taked₂

climb -POC *panek

climb -PMP *panahik

climb -PWMP *abit₁

climb up, as a vine -PPH *kalatkat

climb, ascend -PAN *d<um>akiS

climb, ascend -PAN *dakiS

rise, climb up -PAN *sakat

sloping upward; to climb a mountain -PAN *tukad₂

to climb down, dismount; unload -PPH *haq(e)was

to climb vertically (as ladder, tree) -PPH *k<om>ayat

to climb vertically (as ladder, tree) -PPH *i-kayat

to climb vertically (as ladder, tree) -PPH *kayat

to climb, as a mountain or steps -PAN *t<um>ukad

to climb, ascend, rise up -PMP *sakay₄

to climb, go up -PPH *saka

climber

species of climber used for decorative purposes -POC *bua bua

climbing

a climbing fern:Lygodium circinatum -PWMP *ituq₁

a climbing plant:Wedelia biflora -PMP *qatay qatay₁

a fish, the climbing perch:Anabas testudineus -PWMP *puyu-puyu

a fish, the climbing perch:Anabas testudineus -PWMP *puyu₁

to put something in a high place or reach a high place by climbing -PPH *saŋ(e)qát

cling

cling to -PPH *kapét-en

hold onto, cling to -PPH *kapét

stick, cling to -PWMP *puket₂

clink

click or clink together, as stones in making fire -PPH *santik

clip

clip on -PPH *sig(e)pít

clip used to fasten things together -PPH *siR(e)pít

fasten, as with a clip -PPH *lig(e)pít

to pinch between two surfaces, clip -PPH *qiR(e)pit

clitoris

clitoris -PPH *tuŋgíl

clitoris -PWMP *itil

clod

lump, clod -PWMP *gempal

lump, clod, as of earth -POC *ke(m)pal

clogged

stuffed, crowded; blocked, clogged -PWMP *petpet₂

close

blink, wink, close the eye briefly -PPH *kimit

close a door -PMP *qaneb

close a door -PAN *qaNeb

close by folding - *-kum(root)

close the eyes -PWMP *pidem

close the eyes -PWMP *pezem

close the eyes -PMP *pezeŋ

close the eyes -PWMP *kizem

close the eyes -PWMP *kidem

close the eyes -PAN *kezem

close the eyes - *(noise)

close the eyes; go out, of a light -PWMP *qezep

close the harvest -PWMP *tebas₁

close the mouth -PWMP *buŋkem

close together -PAN *pijpij

close together - *(noise)

close together, compact -PPH *sunsun

close up -PWMP *ti(ŋ)keb

close, cover -PWMP *cu(ŋ)kup

close, shut -PWMP *cakep

close, shut -PWMP *sa(ŋ)kep

close, shut -PMP *qentep

close, shut off -PMP *si(m)pet

close, shut; enclose -PWMP *tikup

closely spaced, set close together -PAN *ma-pizpiz

companion, close relative, other one -PWMP *ka-ibah-an

companion, close relative, other one -PMP *ibah-an

companion, close relative, other one -PMP *ibah

companion, close relative, other one -PAN *ibaS

dense, close together - *(noise)

grip, compress, close in on -POC *komos

near, close by -PWMP *hampir

next to, in close proximity -PPH *sípiŋ

press together, close tightly -PAN *kupit

put close together -PWMP *lapit

set close together, dense, luxuriant -PMP *lebet

sniff at close quarters, of animals -PPH *suŋsuŋ₃

to blink, wink, momentarily close the eye -PWMP *kezep

to close or cover up -PMP *ta(ŋ)kub

to close up, shut, as a door -PPH *liŋkep

to close, as a door; cover -PWMP *ma-naŋeb

to close, shut -PWMP *maŋ-iŋkem

to close, shut -PWMP *iŋkem

to close, shut; door -PMP *qeneb₁

to close, to shut -POC *qonop

to close, to shut; door -PAN *qeNeb₁

to hold close -POC *kop-i

to shut, close -PPH *liqekep

to shut, close -PPH *keleb

close by

close by, next to - *(loan)

close-cropped

close-cropped, of hair; bald -PPH *kupkup₄

closed

closed bamboo internode used as a container for salt, valuables, etc. -PWMP *tubuŋ

closed, dammed up -POC *bonot

hold in the closed mouth -PAN *qemqem

plugged, stopped, closed off - *-pet(root)

closely

closely spaced, set close together -PAN *ma-pizpiz

look at closely, stare intently -PWMP *sineŋ

observe closely or critically -PPH *mata-en

see, examine, look at closely -PWMP *iliŋ₂

see, examine, look at closely -PWMP *hiliŋ

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely -PPH *dápat₁

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely -PMP *dapet

close the eyes

close the eyes - *(near)

close together

close together - *(near)

closing

a clasp or button, fastening or closing device -PWMP *kaput-an

cloth

bark cloth -PWMP *zaluaŋ

bark cloth? -PWMP *buyaŋ

bind, bundle, wrap in cloth; death shroud; cloth(ing) -PMP *balun₅

bind, bundle; wrap in cloth; death shroud; cloth(ing) -PCEMP *balun₃

bundle of cloth or clothes -PWMP *bantal

carry a child with a carrying cloth -PMP *heban

carry a child with a carrying cloth -PAN *SebaN

carry in a shoulder cloth -PWMP *qawis

cloth acquired in trade from Chinese (?) - *(loan)

cloth cover -PWMP *awi

cloth used for shawl - *(loan)

cloth used to carry a child on the back -PMP *haban

cloth used to carry a child on the back -PAN *SabaN

cloth with checkered pattern - *(loan)

cloth, clothing -PPH *damít

cotton cloth - *(loan)

cotton cloth of cheap quality - *(loan)

drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth -PAN *sapay

drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth -PMP *sampay₁

fringe of a cloth -PWMP *rambu

improvised purse or bag, folded cloth used to carry things -PWMP *puyuŋ

kind of cloth -PPH *piki

layer of cloth or clothing -PWMP *lampin

long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying -PMP *habit

long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying -PAN *Sabit

loom for weaving cloth -PPh *habel-án

mallet for beating bark into bark cloth -POC *ike

mallet for beating bark into bark cloth -PMP *ikay

paper mulberry tree:Brousonnetia papyrifera, used to make bark cloth; men’s loincloth made from this material -PCEMP *malaw

piece (of cloth...) - *(loan)

roll of leaves or cloth -PWMP *ampin

tear a leaf or cloth into strips -PPH *kisay

to cover, as with a cloth or mat -POC *taRu

to start the weaving of cloth -PPH *pugiq

to weave cloth -PAN *tinun

trade cloth (bright red) - *(loan)

unit of measure for cloth, sails, etc. -PWMP *bidaŋ

weave cloth -PWMP *maŋ-habel

weave cloth -PPH *habél

woman’s skirt; cloth used for clothing -PWMP *kain

woven cloth -PAN *t<in>enun-an

cloth covering

cloth covering - *(loan)

clothes

bundle of cloth or clothes -PWMP *bantal

clothes louse; body louse -PCEMP *tuma

clothes louse; body louse -PMP *tumah

clothes louse; body louse -PAN *CumeS

fit tightly, of clothes -PWMP *silet

lift up the clothes, roll up the pant legs (as when crossing shallow water) -PPH *lesles₁

remove the clothes, undress -PPH *luas₂

shake something, rinse clothes by shaking in clear water -PPh *waswás₁

spread out, as a net or clothes on the ground to dry -PPH *ladlád

to wash, as clothes -PPh *maR-baseq

to wear, as clothes; to get dressed, slip into -PPH *suq(e)lút

to wear, put on clothes, etc. -PAN *Si-₃

to wring out, as water from wet clothes -PAN-F *pedel

untie (a knot), undress, remove clothes -PAN *lapus

wash clothes -POC *pasoq

wash clothes -PAN *baseq

wash clothes by pounding on river rocks -PPH *piqpiq

wet; wash clothes -PMP *baseq

clothesline

clothesline, place to hang washed clothing -PMP *sampay-an

clothing

a patch, as on clothing -PWMP *tapal

a patch, as on clothing -PMP *tapel

a patch, as on clothing -PMP *tapaŋ₁

a patch, as on clothing -PAN *Capaŋ

carry in the folds of the clothing -PWMP *hambin

cloth, clothing -PPH *damít

clothesline, place to hang washed clothing -PMP *sampay-an

clothing -PAN-F *kabaR

clothing -PAN *kabal₁

clothing -PAN *qules₁

clothing - *(loan)

clothing; wrapping -PMP *qules₂

dress up, be decked out in one’s finest clothing -PWMP *kena

encircling article of clothing or adornment -PWMP *giret

layer of cloth or clothing -PWMP *lampin

lining, insulation, padding; underlayer, as of clothing -PPH *sapín

put on clothing, wrap around body -PMP *suluŋ₂

step into clothing, put on a sarong -PMP *saRuk

tight-fitting, of clothing -PWMP *sikep₂

woman’s skirt; cloth used for clothing -PWMP *kain

clotted

clotted, coagulated - *(loan)

cloud

cloud -PAN *luNuŋ

cloud -PWMP *kunem

cloud - *(near)

darkened by clouds, overcast -PAN *kudem

low cloud, mist, fog -POC *kopu

rain cloud -POC *kadapuR

wind-driven fragments of cloud, light scudding clouds -PMP *taqi nu haŋin

clouded

Formosan clouded leopard -PAN-F *lukeNaw

murky, clouded, turbid -PMP *libuR

cloudy

cloudy, misty, hazy -PMP *ma-Rabun

dark, cloudy -PAN *ma-qudem

dark, cloudy -POC *rodrom₁

dark, obscure, cloudy -PPH *ma-diklém

dark, obscure, cloudy -PPH *dik(e)lém

dark, overcast, cloudy -PWMP *gelem

clove

clove, mace - *(loan)

cloven

to have been split, cloven in two -PAN *b<in>elaq

clover-like

small sour plant with clover-like leaves -PWMP *qalesem qalesem

cloy

to cloy, satiate, do something to excess and so lose interest -PPh *s<um>aweqaq

cloyed

to eat too much, be cloyed, overfull, tired of something through excess; bored -PWMP *saweqaq

club

hit, beat with hand or club in order to kill -PPH *palpál₁

knob on the head of a club -POC *waka

cluck

cluck, squawk -PMP *qiuk

shriek, creak, cluck, chuckle - *-kek(root)

to cluck -PMP *ke(k)kek

to cluck, of chickens -PWMP *kukkuk

to cluck, or cackle; make a clucking or cackling sound -PWMP *ketak

clucking

sound of dull clucking -PWMP *ketek

to cluck, or cackle; make a clucking or cackling sound -PWMP *ketak

clump

cluster, clump -PWMP *rumpun

clumsy

overgrown, clumsy, sluggish -PMP *bagal

cluster

a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica -POC *rarap

a tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica -PMP *dapdap₁

a vine with red flower clusters, the Chinese honeysuckle,Quisqualis indica -PPH *taluluŋ

bunch or cluster of things; to gather -PWMP *kumpul

bunch, cluster -POC *puŋu

bunch, cluster -PMP *puŋun

bunch, cluster -PAN *qupuŋ

bunch, cluster - *-puŋ₁(root)

bunch, cluster (as of fruit) -POC *pui₁

bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.) -PMP *puŋu

bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.) -PAN *puŋuN

bunch, cluster of fruit -POC *puliR

bunch, cluster, as of fruit -PWMP *puŋpuŋ₂

bunch, cluster, as of fruit -PWMP *kaliŋ

cluster (b) == repay, return in kind; retaliate, take revenge (hence: to equalize a loss or debt) -PMP *baliw₄

cluster (c) == don mourning apparel; mourn for a deceased spouse -PMP *baliw₃

cluster, clump -PWMP *rumpun

cluster, group -PWMP *lumpuŋ

cluster, group -PMP *lumpuk

dual division, moiety == cluster (a) answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy -PMP *baliw₁

group, crowd, flock, school, bunch, cluster -POC *putu, butu

group, crowd, flock, school, bunch, cluster -PCEMP *butu₂

stalk or cluster of fruit -POC *kada

tree with dense clusters of red flowers, the Indian coral tree,Erythrina indica -PMP *depdep

clutch

hold tightly, clutch to oneself -PPH *sak(e)lut-en

hold tightly, clutch to oneself -PPH *sak(e)lút

squeeze, hold tight, clutch -POC *gomol

to clutch, hold tightly -POC *kukup

to clutch, hold tightly -PMP *kupkup₃

coagulated

clotted, coagulated - *(loan)

coal

coal, anthracite -PMP *qajeŋ i batu

ember, glowing coal -POC *koran

ember, glowing coal -PMP *baRah hapuy

ember, glowing coal -PAN *baRah

fish wrapped in banana leaf and cooked over hot coals -PWMP *p<in>aqis

coarse

big, gross, coarse -PPH *ma-selaR

big, gross, coarse -PPH *selaR

coarse sand, gravel -PPH *pantaR

grit, coarse sand, gravel -PMP *badas

husk, coarse hair or fiber - *-but₂(root)

kind of coarse grass -PPH *taŋ(e)buq₁

tasting 'woody' or coarse; astringent taste, as of unripe bananas -PWMP *sapela

coast

sail along the coast (?) -PWMP *susuR

sail along the coast, follow the coast in voyaging -PMP *siDsiD

sea coast (?) -POC *raRat

coastal

coastal plain, promontory (?) -PCMP *tetun

coastal tree, perhapsPongamia pinnata -POC *pesi

coating

cover, coating -PMP *kubkub₂

cobra

kind of snake, possibly cobra -PWMP *teduŋ₂

cobwebs

spiderweb; cobwebs -PPH *sapút

cock

cock, rooster -PMP *laluŋ

cock, rooster; male bird or chicken - *(loan)

cock's comb - *(noise)

cockscomb; cut off a cock’s comb -PPH *páluŋ

fighting cock (?) -PWMP *paŋ-bulaŋ

fighting cock with greenish feathers on light background -PWMP *hizaw

fowl, cock -POC *toqa

rooster, cock -PPH *kawitan

tie an artificial spur to the leg of a fighting cock -PWMP *maŋ-bulaŋ

cockatoo

kind of cockatoo with red neck feathers -POC *supiri

kind of cockatoo with red neck feathers -POC *sipiri

cockfight

pit two opponents against each other; cockfight -PWMP *sabuŋ₁

cockroach

cockroach -POC *ipos

cockroach -PMP *ipes

cockroach -PAN *Sipes

cockroach - *(loan)

cockscomb

cockscomb; cut off a cock’s comb -PPH *páluŋ

cockspur

artificial cockspur - *(loan)

artificial cockspur; bind on an artificial cockspur -PWMP *bulaŋ

cockspur -PMP *tara

natural cockspur (cf *tazi, artificial cockspur) -PMP *tada

coconut

blossom of the areca or coconut palm -PWMP *mayaŋ

coconut -PMP *niuR

coconut - *(noise)

coconut beetle, coconut blight - *(loan)

coconut crab -PMP *kasusu

coconut crab:Birgus latro -PPH *tatus

coconut crab:Birgus latro -PMP *qayuyu

coconut cream - *(loan)

coconut embryo -PMP *para

coconut grater -PPH *yadyad-án

coconut growth stage 12: sprouted -POC *tabwa

coconut growth stage 6: green drinking coconut -POC *karut₂

coconut growth stage 9: ripe, flesh hardened -POC *kulu₂

coconut husk -POC *benu

coconut husk -POC *put₂

coconut husk -PMP *buʔut

coconut husk, coir -POC *bunut₁

coconut husk, coir -PMP *bunut₁

coconut leaf basket -POC *kaso₂

coconut milk -PMP *Rataq

coconut residue - *(loan)

coconut shell -POC *koi

coconut shell bowl or water scoop -PPH *húŋut

coconut shell drinking cup -POC *lasa₂

coconut shell drinking cup or dipper -PPH *úŋut

coconut shell receptacle for food or water -PPH *duyuR

dry coconut -PCEMP *matu

eye, face, focal point, center or most prominent part; hole, aperture; doorway, window; budding part of plant; ‘eye’ of coconut; knot in wood; sun; core of a boil; blade of a knife; to awaken; operculum of a snail; mesh of a net; eye of a needle; noose of a trap; hearth; direction of the wind; head of a river; spring, source; lid, cover -PMP *mata

fermented drink made from coconut juice, palm juice, etc. -PPH *lambanug

fibrous husk of coconut -PMP *benut₁

fibrous integument at the base of coconut fronds -POC *kaka₃

fibrous material at base of coconut frond -PPH *epis

flesh, meat, coconut flesh -POC *kanoŋ

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing -PMP *buaq

germinating coconut (?) -PEMP *upu

grater, rasp, as for coconuts -PWMP *kuDkuD-an

husk a coconut with the teeth -POC *saRi

immature stage of coconut or areca nut (?) -POC *piras

kind of brush made from coconut husk, used to scrub or polish a surface or to treat threads before weaving -PWMP *sikat

midrib of a coconut frond -POC *sasaRi

midrib of coconut frond -PMP *paqpaq₂

midrib of coconut leaf -PMP *palaqpaq

mid-rib of coconut leaf -POC *balapaq

pithy ball inside sprouted coconut, coconut endosperm -POC *piri

plant fiber; coconut husk, fibers of areca nuts, fibers covering mango seeds, etc. -PWMP *sabut

pounded taro with coconut cream -POC *moñak₁

remove coconut husk; scrub with coconut husk -PPh *maŋ-bunut

remove coconut husk; scrub with coconut husk -PPh *bunut-an

ripe coconut -PWMP *buntan

round object; young coconut -POC *poku

scrape out, as meat from a coconut -PWMP *suqsuq

scrape, grate, as coconut preparatory to cooking -POC *korit

seed bud in a coconut -PWMP *tumbuŋ₂

sharp pointed stick used in planting crops and in husking coconuts; digging stick, coconut husking stick -POC *kojom

sheath of a coconut? -POC *kamu₁

solid residue left after squeezing to remove coconut oil, etc. -PPH *lunek₂

spoiled coconut -PPh *bulalákaw₁

sticky confection made of rice and coconut -PWMP *kalamay

to dig with a digging stick, to husk coconuts with a husking stick -POC *kojom-i

to husk a coconut with the teeth -POC *ŋiŋit-i

to scrape, as coconut meat from a shell; to grate, as coconut meat -POC *isi₄

to scrape, rasp, grate, as in grating coconuts -PMP *kuDkuD

to shake something, as an egg or coconut -PPH *kalug

type of coconut -POC *lama₃

young coconut -POC *ubu

cod

a fish, the sea perch, giant rock cod -PWMP *kurapu

a fish, the sea perch, giant rock cod, giant grouper:Epinephelus spp. -PWMP *kuRapuq

a fish, the sea perch, giant rock cod, giant grouper:Epinephelus spp. -PMP *kuRapu

rock cod, grouper -POC *kalika

rock cod, grouper sp. -POC *kawa-kawa

cofassus

a woody plant or tree:Vitex cofassus -POC *pasa(rR)

coffin

casket, coffin - *(loan)

coffin -PWMP *luŋun

coffin - *(loan)

cogon

new shoots of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) -PMP *mimis₁

cohort

mate, partner, cohort -PPH *ka-₄

coil

coil -PMP *leken

coil around, wrap with rope -PWMP *libej

coil, curl, undulation -PWMP *keluŋ₁

coil, curve, bend, fold; to coil, to curve, to bend, to fold -PMP *biŋku

to bend, coil or wind up -POC *tali₂

to coil -PPH *likáw-en

to coil up -PPH *lakun

to coil, bend -POC *keke₂

coiled

coiled base on which cooking pots are set or on which loads are placed for carrying on the head -PWMP *riken

coiled base on which cooking pots are set, or on which loads are placed for carrying on the head -PWMP *Riken

coiled base on which hot cooking pots are set -PAN *reken

coiled base on which hot cooking pots are set -PAN *Reken

coir

coconut husk, coir -POC *bunut₁

coconut husk, coir -PMP *bunut₁

coitus

movement in coitus -POC *kiur

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse -PPH *iut₂

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse -POC *kiuq

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse -PMP *kiuq

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse -PWMP *kiut

movement in coitus; sexual intercourse -PMP *kiud

Coix

a cereal grass with edible seeds that are also used as beads, Job’s tears:Coix lachryma-jobi L. -PMP *zelay

cold

a cold; nasal mucus, runny nose -PPH *sip(e)qun

be or feel cold -POC *pout

cold -PCEMP *ma-dindiŋ

cold -POC *maridriŋ

cold -PMP *diŋdiŋ₂

cold -PPH *lamíg

cold -PMP *ma-diŋin

cold -PMP *diŋin

cold - *(noise)

cold (of weather) -PAN *ramig

cold, cool - *(noise)

cold, of leftover food; leftovers from a meal -PMP *bahaw

cold, of leftover food; leftovers from a meal -PAN *baSaw

cold, shivering -PAN *giŋgiŋ

have a painful feeling in the teeth, as when eating something very sour or cold, or hearing a screeching or scratching sound -PWMP *ŋilu-an

ripe, ripen, of fruit; reach a ‘ripe’ stage, of a head cold, a boil, etc. -PPH *hinuR

colic

colic, choleric diarrhoea -PWMP *kadaqdaq

colic, choleric diarrhoea -PWMP *kadadak

collapse

collapse, cave in -PWMP *baŋbaŋ₄

collapse, fall down, as a house -PWMP *rebaq

collapse, fall into ruin -PWMP *rebas

collar

collar bone (?) - *(near)

moon, month; menstruation; shell disk collar piece -PMP *bulan₃

collarbone

collarbone, clavicle -PAN *-wadaŋ

collateral

collateral consanguine of the first ascending generation -PAN *tata₁

formative for collateral kin -PWMP *kam- -an

collect

assemble, collect, gather - *-pun(root)

collect stones(?), use stones for a purpose -PWMP *ma-matu

collect, gather -PWMP *abun

collect, gather -PWMP *tampuŋ

collect, heap up -PMP *impu₁

cut or collect palm leaves for roofing -PMP *sasah

dunning to collect a debt - *(loan)

gather, collect together -PWMP *emuŋ

gather, collect; swarm around -PMP *quruŋ

heap, pile, cover with earth; collect, assemble - *-bun (or *-bequn?)(root)

prefixed to a noun means ‘to get, obtain, collect, gather’ (noun) -PAN *ki-

to collect a debt -PPH *sukut

to collect a debt -PWMP *siŋir

to gather, collect together -PWMP *maŋ-emuŋ

collection

collection, gathering, assembly -PAN *puluŋ

group, company, collection, swarm -PMP *baban

heap, collection; to gather, heap up -PMP *qi(m)pun

heap, pile, collection -PWMP *umpuk-an

heap, pile, collection -PWMP *umpuk

heap, pile, collection -PMP *hubun₂

collective

collective particle -PMP *paRa₂

prefix of reciprocal or collective action -PEMP *paRi-

collide

bump or bang into, collide unceremoniously -PWMP *sempuk

collide, bump into -PWMP *sa(m)puk

collide, hit, strike - *(loan)

collide, hit, strike - *(noise)

knock against, collide with, beat up -PWMP *bugbug

colliding

to hit, strike, or hard objects colliding -PPh *beRták

collision

slap, sound of collision -PWMP *ragepak

slap, sound of collision -PWMP *lagepak

turn aside, swerve to avoid a collision -PWMP *tipas

Colocasia

cultivated taro:Colocasia esculenta -PAN-F *Cali

taro sp., probablyColocasia antiquorum -PWMP *kaladi

taro:Colocasia esculenta -PPH *gabi

taro:Colocasia esculenta -POC *talos

taro:Colocasia esculenta -PMP *tales

color

body hair; fur; feather; down; antenna of insect or crustacean; spikes of sea urchin; floss on plant skins, color; type, kind -PCEMP *bulu₁

body hair; fur; feather; down; floss on plant stems; color; type, kind -PMP *bulu₁

dark color -POC *quciŋ

dark color - *-tem(root)

dark color: black -PWMP *beleŋ

dark in color or from the absence of light -PWMP *lidem

red, reddish color of flames -PMP *siRa₂

reddish, color of flames -PMP *siRaq

striped, having stripes or streaks of different color -PWMP *garit

striped, in bands of different color -PWMP *patelaŋ

variegated in color; spotted or speckled -PWMP *belaŋ belaŋ

whiteness, white color -PWMP *ka-putiq

colored

golden colored -PAN *bulaw

material that has been colored yellow with turmeric -PWMP *k<in>uñij-an

comb

cock's comb - *(noise)

cockscomb; cut off a cock’s comb -PPH *páluŋ

comb -PWMP *sunday

comb -PAN *garuC

comb -PWMP *sulud₁

comb -PEMP *sura

comb -PMP *saut

comb -PMP *saRu₁

comb - *(near)

comb, comb-like structure; rake, harrow -PMP *sisir

fine-toothed lice comb -PWMP *sujud

kind of comb -PMP *suat₁

to comb -PAN *g<um>aruC

combat

a form of martial art or mock combat -PWMP *silat

hand-to-hand combat -PPH *ramas

combine

to unite, combine in one -PAN *paR-isa-an

comb-like

comb, comb-like structure; rake, harrow -PMP *sisir

come

appear, come into view -POC *potu₁

appear, come into view -PMP *betu

come -PAN *ai₃

come into view -POC *pwaka

come on! let's go! -PWMP *ita₂

come on! let's go! -PWMP *itaq

come out, take out -PCMP *lesu₂

come to an end -PWMP *pedped₂

come to an end -PMP *ke(m)pus

come to an end, be destroyed -PMP *qa(m)pus

come to rest in a definite place, settle down, as birds on a tree -PMP *tekas

come to shore, settle down in a place; sit, squat -POC *toka₂

come to the surface -PPH *kápaw

come to the surface, appear from below -PWMP *timbul

come undone, of stitches -PAN *katkat₂

come, toward the speaker -PWMP *ari

come; toward the speaker -POC *mai

come; toward the speaker; let’s go! -PAN *aRi

follow, come after -POC *uri

follow, come after -PCEMP *udi

follow, come after (in sequence) -PWMP *ku(n)tit

last, come after or behind; late, later; future; stern of a boat; youngest child; west; young; outside -PCEMP *m-udi

last; come after or behind; late, later; future; stern of a boat; youngest child -PMP *udehi

meet, come across by chance - *(noise)

near, come near; edge, border -PAN *ipit

originate from, come from -PMP *hi-

originate from, come from -PAN *Si-₂

return, come back -PAN *wili

run out, come to an end, of supplies; be poor -PMP *kabus₁

sit, squat; come to rest; stay in a place; settle down, as birds on a tree -POC *toka₃

stop, come to a stop -PWMP *endaŋ

suddenly appear, come into view suddenly or partially -PPH *tuq(e)maw

to arrive, appear, come into view -POC *pura

to assemble, come together (of people); bring together (of things) -PPH *típun

to block passage, oppose movement; come to a temporary stop -PPH *saR(e)ked

to come -PWMP *um-ari

to come -PAN *um-ai

to come -PAN *um-aRi

to come apart, as the fibers of a rope -PPH *basbas₅

to come loose, as a belt -PPH *hulhul₂

to come together, assemble -PPH *ruru₃

to come, arrive; reach as far as; reach a destination; to complete -PMP *teka₁

to come; hither -POC *maRi

to descend, come or go down -PWMP *t<um>uRun

to go; to come -POC *oRo

to meet, come together -PAN-F *Cebuŋ

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely -PPH *dápat₁

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely -PMP *dapet

to set free, let loose, liberated; passed by, come to an end -PWMP *lepas

to touch, come in contact with -PPH *denet

touch, come into contact -PWMP *sintuk

wobble, come loose, of something attached -PWMP *uteŋaq

come on!

come on!, lets go! - *(loan)

comfort

breath; life force, breath soul; to breathe; breathe easily, feel comfort, be at ease, have ‘breathing room’; to rest, take a break -PMP *nihawa

coming

it is getting dark, night is coming on -POC *e boŋi

to pass one another in coming from opposite directions -PWMP *sulaŋ

command

order, request, command; message; something left for another -PWMP *bilin

send on a mission, command someone to do something -PWMP *utus₂

commence

take a trip; commence a voyage -PPH *luás

commercial

money, payment, medium of commercial exchange -PCEMP *matay₂

commit

commit suicide by hanging -POC *liko₁

kill; commit suicide -POC *paka-mate

kill; commit suicide (?) -PMP *pa(ka)-m-atay

make a mistake, commit an error, be wrong about something -PWMP *maR-salaq

commitment

obligation, duty, commitment - *(loan)

common

common noun article -PMP *na₁

genitive case marker for common nouns (cf. *na, *ni) -PAN *nu₃

locative case marker for common nouns (cf. *da, *di) -PWMP *du

nominative case marker for common nouns -PAN *su

nominative case marker for singular common nouns -PAN *ya

oblique of common nouns (cf. *ki, *ka) -PAN *ku

originate; related by common origin; be born -POC *pusa₁

commotion

noise, commotion -POC *uni

communal

communal boat -PPh *baraŋgay

communal help -PWMP *deRep

commune

tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond:Canarium commune -POC *kaŋaRi

tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond:Canarium commune -PMP *kanari

communicate

communicate with spirits (?) -PWMP *maR-qanitu

communication

communication, conversation - *(loan)

communis

castor bean:Ricinus communis L. -PAN *katawa

the castor bean plant:Ricinus communis L. -PPH *katana

the castor oil plant:Ricinis communis -PWMP *taŋan-taŋan

community

inhabited land, territory supporting the life of a community -PMP *banua

public building, community house, guest house -PMP *balay

community-member

fellow villager, fellow community-member -PMP *anak i banua

compact

close together, compact -PPH *sunsun

compact, compressed, packed in tightly -PWMP *pa(n)det

crowded, compact -PPH *sedsed₂

press together, make compact, as the threads or leaves in weaving -PPH *sensén

short in height, squat and compact in build, of a person -PMP *pandak

to tamp down, compact something -PAN *dekdek₂

companion

canine companion -PPh *ka-asu

companion -PMP *bulun

companion -PAN *buluN

companion - *(noise)

companion in some activity -PPh *ka-sabáy

companion, close relative, other one -PWMP *ka-ibah-an

companion, close relative, other one -PMP *ibah-an

companion, close relative, other one -PMP *ibah

companion, close relative, other one -PAN *ibaS

companion, member of a group (of animals or people); friend -PWMP *kaban₁

friend, companion -PPH *bilaq₂

friend, companion -PWMP *diŋan

mate, companion, fellow; together with; alike, the same as; aligned or in good order -PWMP *sama

mate, companion; like, similar to -POC *jama

to be friends with, to be a companion of -PMP *maR-kaban

with, in conjunction with; companion -PWMP *deŋen

with, in conjunction with; companion -POC *droŋan

with, in conjunction with; companion -PMP *deŋan

company

group, company - *-ban(root)

group, company, collection, swarm -PMP *baban

to quarrel, part company -PPH *suay

compare

compare two things -PWMP *tandiŋ

to compare -PPH *i-pada

weigh, balance, compare -PMP *imbaŋ

compartment

last compartment in a fishtrap, place where fish are caught -PWMP *bunuq-an₂

storage compartment -PWMP *pitak₂

compass

point of the compass, direction -POC *mata ni aŋin

point of the compass, direction of the wind -PMP *mata nu haŋin

compassion

feel affection or compassion for -PWMP *maR-qasiq

pity, compassion - *(noise)

pity, compassion, affection, love, sympathy, forgiveness -PMP *qasiq

to pity, have mercy on, feel compassion for -PMP *ma-qasiq

compel

impose one’s will, force or compel someone to do something -PWMP *teRel

to insist; to force, compel someone to do something -PPH *pílit

compensation

compensation, reward -PMP *upaq

compete

compete, confront in a contest -PWMP *maŋ-adu

compete, confront in a contest -PWMP *adu

contend with others, compete for something -PPH *sikil

competition

a race, running competition -PWMP *lumbeq

complain

complain loudly -POC *ŋara

complain loudly -PMP *eŋut

to complain, argue back -PPh *áŋal

to fuss, complain; to rebel, cause a disturbance -PPH *idal

complaint

high-pitched sound of complaint -PWMP *eŋik

sob, mumbled complaint -PWMP *he(m)bek

complete

become complete -PWMP *g<um>enep

complete - *(near)

complete an activity, see through to completion -PPH *perper₁

complete, replete -PWMP *lekep₂

complete; even (of numbers) -PWMP *genep

end, complete, finish -PAN *tapus

stop, end, finish, complete; finished, used up -PMP *qeti₃

stump, stub; finish, complete -PMP *epus

to come, arrive; reach as far as; reach a destination; to complete -PMP *teka₁

to complete something -PWMP *genep-i

to complete, finish -PMP *tu(m)pus

to complete, make full, round out -PWMP *pa-genep

to complete, perfect something -PMP *bales₂

to end, finish, complete something -PWMP *putput₃

to fill, make complete -PWMP *p<um>enuq

to perfect, complete something -POC *palos

completed

finished, completed; all gone -PWMP *puspus₁

completely

brood, sit on eggs; cover completely -PMP *ukup

completely, to the end -PPH *lubús

to bail out completely -PWMP *limas-an

completion

complete an activity, see through to completion -PPH *perper₁

complexion

complexion - *(loan)

complicated

difficult, complicated -PWMP *sulit₁

tangled, confused, complicated -PWMP *gusut

comply

fulfill a promise, comply with a wish -PPH *tupád

component

break off a component piece of something, as twigs or branches from a tree, a banana from a bunch, a section from a fruit, etc. -PPH *sipíq

child, offspring; son, daughter; brother's child (man speaking), sister's child (woman speaking); young animal or plant; young; small (for its kind); dependent or component part of something larger; native, resident, inhabitant; interest on a loan -PMP *anak

compose

compose - *(loan)

compress

grip, compress, close in on -POC *komos

grip, compress, squeeze -PMP *kemes

compressa

cooking banana:Musa sapientum Linn. var compressa. Blanco -PWMP *sabeqa

compressed

compact, compressed, packed in tightly -PWMP *pa(n)det

compressed in the fist; what is compressed in the fist, as a ball of rice -PWMP *kepel

cram, crowd, be compressed or congested -PWMP *isek

packed in, compressed - *-det(root)

compulsive

to move or touch in an agitated or compulsive fashion -PPH *garaw-en

concave

concave, curved inward -PMP *leŋkuŋ

concave, curving inward -PWMP *likuŋ

space within a concave object - *(noise)

conceal

concealment; to conceal -PPH *salimbeŋ

cover, conceal -PWMP *lipud

hide, conceal -PWMP *liŋed

hide, conceal -POC *puni₂

hide, conceal -PMP *buni₁

hide, conceal, do in secret -PWMP *lihim

hide, conceal, do in secret -PWMP *lihem

shelter, conceal - *(noise)

suffer in silence, conceal an illness -PWMP *pelaqam

to conceal; be concealed -PMP *limun

to hide, conceal -PWMP *maŋ-buni

to hide, conceal -PAN *buNi

to hide, conceal something -PPH *lipéd

to screen, conceal, cover -PWMP *tabeŋ

concealed

concealed, secret; to deny, hide something -PPH *liméd

to conceal; be concealed -PMP *limun

concealment

ambush, attack from concealment -PMP *Rahuŋ

ambush, attack from concealment -PAN *RaSuŋ

attack from concealment, criticize from a distance -PPH *libák

concealment; to conceal -PPH *salimbeŋ

conceive

conceive - *(noise)

concentrate

hold firmly, concentrate -PWMP *pegeŋ

unable to concentrate -PWMP *liŋas

concerning

about, concerning -PPH *tuŋkúl

concession

particle expressing solidarity, concession, qualification, or emphasis -PPH *man

conch

conch shell trumpet -POC *tapuRi

conch shell trumpet -PMP *tabuRi

conch shell trumpet -POC *tapuRiq

conch shell trumpet -PMP *tabuRiq

conch shell trumpet -POC *buu₅

conch shell trumpet -PCEMP *buu₂

the spider conch:Lambis lambis -PMP *RaŋaR

the spider conch:Lambis lambis -PMP *Raŋak

the spider conch:Lambis lambis -PMP *Raŋa

conclude

decide, conclude -PWMP *putus

end, conclude, finish -PMP *te(m)pus

concord

agree with, be in concord with -PPH *áyun

condiment

spices, condiments -PWMP *palapaq

spicy condiment side dish with rice - *(loan)

condition

return to its previous condition -PWMP *puliq

to worsen, deteriorate, as a condition -PPH *ludlud₂

conditional

conditional, if -PAN *ka₂

conduct

accompany, escort, conduct, convey; send; return; escort the bride to her husband; gift of food at a wedding; send bridewealth payments -PEMP *ated

accompany, escort, conduct, convey; send; return; escort the bride to her husband; gift of food at a wedding; send bridewealth payments -PMP *hateD

character, conduct - *(loan)

do, make, create, perform; to work; to wager: deed; thing; creation; behavior, conduct, performance; work; a bet; because, on account of, through the action of; need, use for something; necessary; for (benefactive) -PMP *buhat₂

to lead, conduct, escort -PPH *tundaq

conducted

curing ritual conducted by a medium in trance -PWMP *dawak

one who is led, one who is conducted -PWMP *in-aRak

conduit

ditch, conduit -PWMP *qiliR-an

water conduit -PWMP *saluD

condylar

condylar bone, bone of fauna exclusive of fish -PWMP *tuqelaŋ

condylar bone; bone of fauna exclusive of fish -PMP *tuqelan

condylar bone; bone of fauna exclusive of fish -PAN *CuqelaN

confection

sticky confection made of rice and coconut -PWMP *kalamay

confess

admit fault, confess - *(loan)

admit, confess -PWMP *maŋ-aku

confidence (in lending money)

trust, confidence (in lending money) - *(loan)

confine

surrround in order to confine or protect -PWMP *kuŋkuŋ₄

confined

narrow, tight, confined -PMP *gipit

confirmation

particle expressing confirmation: indeed -PPH *qa

confiscate

confiscate - *(loan)

confront

compete, confront in a contest -PWMP *maŋ-adu

compete, confront in a contest -PWMP *adu

threaten, confront violently -PWMP *ayat

to challenge, confront -PWMP *aŋat

to confront one another, as in a dispute -PPH *saŋsáŋ

to face, confront -PPh *atúbaŋ

confusa

an evergreen tree, probablyAcacia confusa -PAN-F *tuquN

confuse

bewilder, confuse - *(loan)

disconcert, confuse -PMP *beŋaŋ₁

confused

become distracted or confused, as by noise -PWMP *liŋáw

confused - *(loan)

confused - *(noise)

confused - *(noise)

confused, disoriented by loud noise -PWMP *begaw

dazed, confused -PAN *ma-ulaw

tangled, confused, complicated -PWMP *gusut

confusion

confusion -PWMP *re(m)but

confusion - *(noise)

confusion, perplexity -PAN *ulaw

disturbance, confusion -PWMP *sigaw

noise, tumult, turmoil, confusion -PPH *ribuk

congested

cram, crowd, be compressed or congested -PWMP *isek

congestion

tightness, congestion -PWMP *sendet

conical

conical bamboo basket trap for fish -PWMP *buʔu

conical bamboo basket trap for fish -POC *pupu₂

conical bamboo basket trap for fish -PAN *bubu₂

conjoined

conjoined fruits; Siamese twins -PPH *síŋin

conjunction

conjunction: and -POC *mana

conjunction: and -PMP *na₅

conjunction: and -PAN *Na₁

conjunction: and -PMP *a₂

conjunction: despite, nonetheless -PMP *baka₁

conjunction: or, if; perhaps; because -PMP *ba₁

with, in conjunction with; companion -PWMP *deŋen

with, in conjunction with; companion -POC *droŋan

with, in conjunction with; companion -PMP *deŋan

conjunctive

conjunctive particle, and -PAN *ka₁

connect

attach, connect, join -PWMP *tampir

attach, connect, join -PWMP *tampil

sticks that connect the float to the booms of an outrigger canoe -PEMP *patoto

connecting

connecting piece - *(noise)

connecting piece - *(noise)

pair of boats joined by a connecting platform -PWMP *banduŋ

connections

formal gathering, as of chiefs, with possible connections to announcing temporary taboos -POC *ponor

conoideus

pandanus sp., probablyPandanus conoideus -POC *mwaña

conquered

conquered, subdued; lower, inferior -PWMP *saur₂

consanguine

collateral consanguine of the first ascending generation -PAN *tata₁

conscience

conscience, mind, insight - *(loan)

consciousness

die; dead; sick; tired (of); faint, lose consciousness; eclipse; new moon; extinguished; blocked (path); paralyzed; numb, asleep (limbs); die down (wind); waterless (springs, rivers); dry up (plants); beaten (in a game); fixed (price); terminate a matter, reach an agreement; disaster; intensive, superlative; desire intensely, be deeply in love -PMP *m-atay

lose consciousness - *(noise)

to feel light-headed; to faint, lose consciousness momentarily -PPH *lipeŋ

consensus

agreement, consensus; harmony (especially in material exchanges) -PWMP *payu

consider

consider as one's child -PWMP *maka-anak

consider, regard - *(loan)

consider, think -PWMP *agam

supposing that; as if; to consider, treat as -PPH *bilaŋ₂

think about, consider -PWMP *qituŋ

think carefully about, consider -PWMP *a(ŋ)gap

think, consider; thought, idea -PPh *henaq

consider closely

scrutinize consider closely - *(loan)

constant

constant longing -PWMP *ka-ibeR ibeR

constant, steady - *(noise)

fixed, constant, steady; forever -PPH *unuŋ

constellation

a constellation: the Pleiades -POC *punuq₂

a constellation: the Pleiades -PCEMP *bunuq₁

a constellation: the Pleiades -PAN *buNuq₁

a constellation: the Pleiades -POC *puluq₂

a constellation: the Pleiades -PMP *buluq₁

a constellation: the Seven Sisters, Pleiades -PWMP *pariama

a constellation: The Southern Cross -POC *bubu₁

skate, stingray (generic); a constellation -PMP *paRih

spring back suddenly; spring-set spear trap; the constellation Orion -PWMP *bala(n)tik

constipated

constipated -PPH *tebel₁

constipation

constipation; packed hard and firm -PMP *etel

constricted

tight, constricted -PMP *qetqet

tight, constricted -PAN *qeCqeC

constriction

constriction around neck -PWMP *cekig

tighten; constriction -PPh *hiRét

construct

erect, construct -PWMP *maŋ-baŋun

construction

board, lumber, beam in house construction -PPH *tapiq₁

construction, erection of something -PWMP *paŋ-baŋun-an

crossbeam in house construction -PPH *barakílan

join together; beams used in house construction -PWMP *lipit

stative marker in irrealis constructions, counterpart to*ma- in realis constructions -PAN *ka-₂

wattle, bamboo plaitwork construction for walls -PWMP *sasag

consume

to consume totally, use up -PPH *sipet

to eat, consume -PSHWNG *kanon₁

to finish, consume, use up -PPH *ubus

consumed

consumed; paid up -PPH *impas

contact

contagious, spreading by contact -PWMP *za(ŋ)kit

to bypass, miss contact with another person -PPH *sub(e)laR

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely -PPH *dápat₁

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely -PMP *dapet

to touch, come in contact with -PPH *denet

touch, come into contact -PWMP *sintuk

contagious

contagious, spreading by contact -PWMP *za(ŋ)kit

contain

to contain -PWMP *maR-isi

container

bamboo tube used as a storage container -PWMP *buŋbuŋ₁

bamboo used as a storage container -PMP *putuŋ₁

basketlike container used to steam rice -PWMP *kuskus-an₂

closed bamboo internode used as a container for salt, valuables, etc. -PWMP *tubuŋ

container for liquids -POC *ibu

container for solid objects; package -POC *busa₃

container in which rice is stored -PAN *beRas-an

cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave -PWMP *suŋkub

cover with a hollow container; shelter over a grave -PWMP *cuŋkub

edge, rim, flat container - *(noise)

full, of a container -POC *ponuq

full, of a container -PAN *peNuq

leak, spill through, stream out from a hole in a container -PMP *busbus

lime container -PWMP *qapuR-an

lime container -PWMP *paR-qapuR-an

lime container -PWMP *paŋ-qapuR-an

pour, pour out, as water or grain from a container -PMP *buqbuq

put something into a container -PWMP *dalem-en

sheath, sheath-like container; to sheathe a weapon -PWMP *saruŋ

submerge a container to fill it -POC *qutup

submerge a container to fill it -PEMP *qutub

to fall, of many things at once; to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something -PAN *taktak₁

water container -PEMP *waip

what is filled; container -PWMP *isi-an

woven container - *(noise)

contend

contend with others, compete for something -PPH *sikil

content

content, satisfied - *(loan)

contents -PMP *pa-isi

flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers); contents; blade of a knife; inhabitants, residents -PAN *isi₅

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing -PMP *buaq

punctured, perforated so that the contents spill out -PWMP *busbus-en

shake something to determine its unseen contents -PWMP *kutug

to fall, of many things at once; to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something -PAN *taktak₁

to pour out contents (of solids?) -PPH *i-bukbuk

contest

calf-kicking contest -PWMP *binti₂

calf-kicking contest -PMP *bintiq

compete, confront in a contest -PWMP *maŋ-adu

compete, confront in a contest -PWMP *adu

continually

cry continually, weep a lot -POC *taŋi-taŋis

continue

continue -PMP *tuluy₁

continue - *(loan)

continue doing something, proceed without stopping -PWMP *tarus

continue on with doing something, do immediately, without hesitation -PPH *dágus₁

fall and continue rolling downhill -PPH *pulij

straightaway, immediately; get done at once; continue on, lasting -PMP *tulus

to continue, persist in something -PPH *layun

to keep on doing something, continue in one’s ways -PPH *útas

to stay up all night, continue until daybreak -PPH *damaR₂

continuous

continuous, unceasing -PWMP *amat

continuously

give off smoke continuously, pour out smoke -PMP *qasu qasu

to weep continuously or incessantly -PMP *taŋis-taŋis

contract

shrink, contract -POC *Rokoŋ

shrink, contract -PMP *Re(ŋ)keŋ

contradict

contradict someone - *(noise)

oppose, contradict - *(near)

contrary

against, contrary to custom -PPH *labag

control

a charm used to control someone magically -PPH *Ramut₂

conventional

conventional story, traditional narrative -PWMP *sudsud₁

conversation

communication, conversation - *(loan)

word; talk; conversation; language -PMP *sau₄

converse

speak, converse - *(loan)

convey

accompany, escort, conduct, convey; send; return; escort the bride to her husband; gift of food at a wedding; send bridewealth payments -PEMP *ated

accompany, escort, conduct, convey; send; return; escort the bride to her husband; gift of food at a wedding; send bridewealth payments -PMP *hateD

convolvulus

a strand creeper, convolvulus -POC *pula₂

convolvulus - *(loan)

convulsion

convulsion; to have convulsions -PWMP *sawan

to have fits, convulsions -PWMP *sawan-en

coo

coo; turtledove -PWMP *bekur

coo; turtledove - *-kur(root)

cooing

cooing of a dove -PAN *tutur₂

sound of cooing or barking -PMP *kuŋ

cook

cook -PWMP *lutuq

cook by boiling -PMP *nasu

cook by boiling -PAN *Nasu

cook by boiling -PAN *nasuk

cook fish or meat wrapped in banana leaves -PWMP *paqis

cook in a tube of green bamboo -PWMP *lemeŋ₂

cook in an earth oven -POC *qumun-i

cook in an earth oven -POC *papi

cook in earth oven -POC *taqo

cook over a fire -PMP *baŋi₂

cook, boil - *(noise)

giving off smoke or steam; to steam cook rice -PWMP *kukus

to boil, to cook -PWMP *maR-tanek

to boil, to cook -PWMP *ma-nanek

to cook -PMP *tanek

to cook anything but rice -PMP *t<um>anek

to cook anything but rice -PAN *t<um>aNek

to cook anything but rice -PAN *taNek

to cook fish in a rich, spicy sauce -PWMP *paŋat

to cook in water, cook rice -PMP *zakan

to cook vegetables -PPH *gulay-en

to cook vegetables -PPH *deŋdeŋ₁

to slow cook in a tightly covered vessel -PWMP *kulub₂

to stir-fry, cook in a frying pan without oil -PMP *saŋelaR

cooked

be eaten by someone; cooked rice -PAN *kaen-en

cooked rice -PMP *hemay

cooked rice -PAN *Semay

cooked rice? -PWMP *in-asi

cooked, ripe -PWMP *ma-lutuq

cooked, ripe -POC *maosak

cooked, ripe -PMP *ma-esak

cooked, ripe -PMP *esak

cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long -PAN *ma-baSaw

fish wrapped in banana leaf and cooked over hot coals -PWMP *p<in>aqis

packet of cooked rice - *(loan)

ripe, cooked -PEMP *masak

ripe, cooked -PMP *ma-hasak

ripe, cooked -PMP *ma-tasak

ripe; cooked -PAN *ma-Sasak

ripe; cooked -PMP *hasak

ripe; cooked -PAN *Sasak

ripe; cooked; ready to eat -PEMP *ma-qosak

ripe; cooked; ready to eat -PMP *ma-qesak

ripe; cooked; ready to eat -PAN *qesak

to be cooked -PMP *tanek-en

to be cooked -PAN *taNek-en

wrapped packet of cooked rice -PWMP *lepet₃

cooking

clay cooking pot -PAN *kudeŋ

clay cooking pot -PMP *kudin

clay cooking pot -PAN *kuden

clay cooking pot -PWMP *kurin

coiled base on which cooking pots are set or on which loads are placed for carrying on the head -PWMP *riken

coiled base on which cooking pots are set, or on which loads are placed for carrying on the head -PWMP *Riken

coiled base on which hot cooking pots are set -PAN *reken

coiled base on which hot cooking pots are set -PAN *Reken

cooking banana:Musa sapientum Linn. var compressa. Blanco -PWMP *sabeqa

cooking shed -PWMP *baŋsal

earthenware cooking pot -PAN *pariuk

ebb tide; coral reefs and sandbanks exposed at low tide; evaporate, dry up, of water in cooking, in a river, etc. -PMP *qeti₁

hard crust of rice that adheres to the bottom of the cooking pot -PPh *itíp

hearth, cooking place -PWMP *dapuR-an

large cooking banana or plantain variety -PPH *tinduk

pad placed under cooking pots, loads to carry on the head, etc. -PPH *dikén

rice between harvesting and cooking; husked rice -PMP *beRas

rice between harvesting and cooking; husked rice -PAN *beRas

scrape, grate, as coconut preparatory to cooking -POC *korit

shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan -PAN *balaŋa

to chop, to mince, as meat, fish or vegetables preparatory to cooking -PWMP *sagsag₂

to mix together, as ingredients in cooking -PWMP *ŋa-lamuj

to wash rice or plants preparatory to cooking -PPH *unab

trivet, arrangement of three stones on which the cooking pot is placed -PMP *dalikan

wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes) -PEMP *uRas

wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes) -PMP *huRas

wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes) -PAN *SuRas

cool

cold, cool - *(noise)

to let food or hot water cool off -PPH *pa-bahaw-en

cooled

cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long -PAN *ma-baSaw