ac    ad    ae    af    ag    ah    ai    al    am    an    ap    aq    ar    as    at    au    av    aw    ax    az    

abaca

abaca fiber; fiber-yielding plant; kind of tree with bark that yields a vine-like fiber -PPH *lánut

outer layer of abaca plant -PPH *lupis₂

abandon

to leave things or people alone; to abandon -PPH *bayáq

abate

to abate, of strong feelings -PMP *puqas

abbreviate

to shorten, cut short or abbreviate -PWMP *putuŋ₂

abdomen

abdomen, belly -PCEMP *kampuŋ

abdomen, belly -PMP *tian

abdomen, belly -PAN *tiaN

be afflicted with a swollen abdomen as a result of violating customary law. -PWMP *busuŋ

belly, abdomen -PWMP *beteŋ₂

distended abdomen -PWMP *buntit

have an inflated abdomen -PPh *butítiq

hypogastrium, abdomen below the navel -PPH *pus(e)qun

hypogastrium, abdomen below the navel -PPH *pus(e)quŋ

suffer from an inflated abdomen as punishment for wrongdoing -PWMP *busuŋ-en

swollen, of the abdomen as a result of the violation of customary law -PWMP *ma-busuŋ

to bend backward, protruding the abdomen -PWMP *liad

abdominal

abdominal pain -PPH *hilab

abducted

be kidnapped or abducted -PWMP *taban-en

ability

ability, skill, knowledge how to do something -PWMP *ka-taqu₁

verbal prefix marking potential action or ability to do something -PWMP *maka-

ablaze

kindle, light a fire, set ablaze -POC *bula₁

able

able to arrive -PWMP *maka-dateŋ

able to be seen, visible -PWMP *ma-kita

able to cope, able to handle things -PPH *sapal

able to fetch, get, take, reach -PPh *maka-alap

able to obtain -PWMP *maka-uliq₁

able to pass through -PWMP *taR-selat

able to plant or bury -PWMP *ma-tanem

able to resist or persist, as rice grains that are difficult to husk -PWMP *betaq₁

able to return -PPh *maka-uliq₂

able to satiate, able to satisfy one's appetite -PWMP *maka-besuR

able to see -PWMP *maka-kita

able to sleep -PPH *maka-tuduR

able, capable, strong, wealthy -PWMP *kaya

bearable, able to be carried -PWMP *ka-taŋguŋ

edible, able to be eaten; able to eat -PPh *maka-kaen

hesitate, not able to act -PPH *taka

to be able to hear -PPH *maka-deŋeR

to be capable, able, knowledgeable -PMP *ma-taqu₁

to be capable, able, knowledgeable -PAN *ma-Caqu

to know how, be able to, be skilled at -PMP *taqu₂

to know how, be able to, be skilled at -PAN *Caqu

abode

abode, place of residence -PMP *tahan

abort

abort, discard -PWMP *maŋ-buqaŋ

abortion

abortion -POC *sape₂

about

about, concerning -PPH *tuŋkúl

ask, inquire about -PWMP *maR-kutaña

ask, inquire about -PMP *kutaña

cry about something -PPH *luheq-an

do, bring about, change something -PWMP *ka-buhat

feel sad about, deplore -PWMP *iruq

inquire about, mention someone -PPH *umat

make a mistake, commit an error, be wrong about something -PWMP *maR-salaq

move about in restless anger -POC *ŋali-ŋali

moving about rapidly or restlessly -PPH *kidas

remember, think about -PWMP *maŋ-iŋat

roam about -PWMP *ansaw

round about, around, in one’s surroundings; go around -PMP *kuliliŋ

scatter, strew about -PPh *wákat

scatter, strew about -PWMP *buras

scattered about -PPH *watak-watak

scattered, strewn about -PWMP *sirak₂

talk, talk about, discuss -PAN-F *kawaS₂

think about, consider -PWMP *qituŋ

think about, think over -PWMP *iŋat-iŋat

think carefully about, consider -PWMP *a(ŋ)gap

to fall silent; keep quiet about something; keep a secret -PPH *hipes

to grope, fumble about -PPH *kapaq-kapaq

to hear, listen; obey; hear about; news; fame, famous; to feel, perceive through any sense other than sight -PMP *deŋeR

to paddle repeatedly, paddle about -POC *pose pose

to scatter things about -PPH *waság

to sow, scatter; scattered about; splash water on something -PMP *sabuR

toss about -PWMP *lindag

walk about, take a walk -POC *pajale

wander about -PMP *lakaw lakaw

above

above -PCMP *letay₁

above, in the interior -PWMP *di-daya

above, on the top -POC *i papo

above, on top -PPH *ŋatu

above, on top -PMP *i-atas

above, on top -PAN *i aCas

above, on top of -PAN *i babaw

above; outside -POC *papo₁

lie above - *(noise)

project above, stick up -PPH *labaw₂

storage shelf above the hearth -POC *paRa, baRa

strike from above, pound -POC *qatu

to put above -PPH *sapat

up, above -POC *laŋi₂

up, above -POC *laka₁

upper surface, top, above -PCEMP *bobo₂

upper surface, top, above -PMP *bawbaw

upper surface, top; highlands; on, upon, over, above -PAN *babaw₃

visible tree roots above the ground -PWMP *paŋkal

abrade

rub, abrade -PMP *gasgas

to scrape, abrade -POC *kakas-i

abrasion

abrasion of the skin -PWMP *laslas

be sandpapered, smoothed by abrasion -PWMP *qa(m)pelas-en

to sandpaper, smooth by abrasion -PWMP *maŋ-qa(m)pelas

Abroma

shrub or small tree:Abroma augusta L. -PWMP *anabu

abrupt

sudden, abrupt, unexpected -PPH *kelaqat

Abrus

a vine and the seeds of its fruit:Abrus precatorius -PWMP *saga

abscess

abscess, boil, swelling on the body -PAN *baReq

boil, abscess -PPH *peRsa

boil, abscess -POC *loto₂

boil, abscess -PWMP *bitul

boil, abscess -PMP *bisul

abscesses

a plant with flowers the shape of a dog's tail, used to treat abscesses -PMP *ikuR ikuR ni asu

absence

absence, omission -PPH *laŋan

dark in color or from the absence of light -PWMP *lidem

absolute

1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.) -PMP *aten

1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.) -PAN *iten

absorbing

sucking, soaking up, absorbing -PMP *qisep

abstract

formative for abstract nouns (often deverbal) -PAN *ka- -an₃

formative for abstract nouns of quality -PAN *ka-₅

abundance

abundance of rain -PWMP *ka-quzan

abundance, surplus -PWMP *labeŋ

satiatiated, full (of the stomach after eating); fertile, bring forth plentifully, abundance of food -POC *masuR

abundant

abundant - *(noise)

abundant, growing profusely -PPH *labuŋ

abuse

abuse - *(loan)

Acacia

an evergreen tree, probablyAcacia confusa -PAN-F *tuquN

Acalypha

a plant:Acalypha spp. -PPH *abilus

a shrub:Acalypha sp. -POC *kalaqabusi

a tree:Acalypha amentacea Roxb. -PPH *beRus

Acanthurus

surgeonfish:Acanthurus spp. -PMP *qapaliR

unicorn fish:Acanthurus unicornis -PMP *taRaq₂

accept

accept, receive - *(loan)

acknowledge; receive, accept -PWMP *aku-en

allow, agree, accept, permit -POC *taRamwi

receive, accept -PWMP *taŋgap

to receive, accept -PPH *dawat-en

accompaniment

fish; accompaniment to rice -PPH *sedaq

accompany

accompany, escort -PMP *h<um>ateD

accompany, escort -PAN *S<um>ateD

accompany, escort - *(noise)

accompany, escort, conduct, convey; send; return; escort the bride to her husband; gift of food at a wedding; send bridewealth payments -PEMP *ated

accompany, escort, conduct, convey; send; return; escort the bride to her husband; gift of food at a wedding; send bridewealth payments -PMP *hateD

accompany, escort; send, return -PAN *SateD

accompany, go together with -PWMP *duluR

escort, accompany -PAN *ma-SateD

escort, accompany (imperative) -PMP *hateD-an

escort, accompany (imperative) -PAN *SateD-an

follow; accompany -PMP *iriŋ₁

go with, accompany someone -PWMP *man-deŋan

join, participate in; accompany -PPh *báli

push something to start it moving; accompany someone to help them start a journey -PPH *tulúd

send, accompany -PWMP *maŋ-hateD

stay with, accompany -PPh *antábay

to lead in walking; to accompany -PPH *kúyug

account

do, make, create, perform; to work; to wager: deed; thing; creation; behavior, conduct, performance; work; a bet; because, on account of, through the action of; need, use for something; necessary; for (benefactive) -PMP *buhat₂

accusation

accusation, blame - *(loan)

to parry, turn an attack or accusation aside -PWMP *taŋkis

accuse

accuse someone, find fault with someone (?) -PWMP *ma-ñalaq

to accuse, to inform on someone -PPH *sumbuŋ

to blame, accuse -PPH *luya₃

to blame, accuse of error or fault; to punish -PMP *pa(ka)-salaq

accustomed

accustomed - *(loan)

accustomed to - *(noise)

accustomed to, familiar with; tame -PAN *ma-najam

accustomed to, familiar with; tame -PAN *najam

accustomed to, skilled at, used to -PPH *anad

accustomed to, tame -PAN *ma-dajam

accustomed to, tame -PAN *dajam

familiar with, accustomed to -PAN *lajam

tame, accustomed, used to -POC *lasa₁

ace

ace - *(loan)

achieve

to force, achieve by force -PPH *duldúl₁

achieved

past participle/achieved state -PMP *ka-₇

acid

acid - *(loan)

sour, acid -PWMP *ma-qaRsem

tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits -PWMP *sapelet

tart, acid, as the taste of certain unripe fruits -PWMP *sapeled

acidity

sourness, acidity -PAN *qaRsem

sourness, acidity -PWMP *qalesem

acknowledge

acknowledge; receive, accept -PWMP *aku-en

deny, refuse to acknowledge -PWMP *uŋkir

acknowledgement

exclamation of acknowledgement, surprise, etc. -PMP *qu₁

acquaintance

acquaintance -PWMP *basa

acquainted

to know (a person), recognize, be acquainted with; to feel, perceive -PAN *kilala

acquired

cloth acquired in trade from Chinese (?) - *(loan)

acrid

acrid or bitter taste -PWMP *pelet

acrid, pungent, of odor -PMP *seŋ(e)hit

acrid, pungent, of odor -PMP *seŋ(e)hij

acrid, pungent, of odor -PMP *seŋet₁

across

cut across -POC *polos₁

jump over or across -PPH *lik(e)taw

jump over or across -PPH *lak(e)táw

meet, come across by chance - *(noise)

obstruct, lie across or athwart -PWMP *qalaŋ

obstruct, stretch across - *(noise)

reach across - *(noise)

thwart, crosspiece, as one used to restrain person; lie athwart or across -PWMP *balagbag

to bridge or span, build a bridge across something -PPH *tulay-an

to cut across, cut off -PWMP *pi(n)tas

to jump, leap across -PPH *luk(e)súh

to wade, wade across -POC *tuRu₁

transport someone across a river (?) -PWMP *dapit

wear across the shoulder -PWMP *sandaŋ

width, extent across -PMP *beraŋ

Acrostichum

kind of fern:Acrostichum aureum -PWMP *piay

action

action, manner - *(noise)

be startled or frightened, as by violent action -PPH *qaliaw

deed, action, performance -PWMP *paR-buhat-an

do something with someone else, perform an action together -PAN *mi-da-duSa

do, make, create, perform; to work; to wager: deed; thing; creation; behavior, conduct, performance; work; a bet; because, on account of, through the action of; need, use for something; necessary; for (benefactive) -PMP *buhat₂

incite, spur to action -PMP *asuŋ

manner in which an action is carried out -PWMP *ka-₆

nominal prefix marking instruments, or products of an action -PWMP *paŋ-

prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action -PAN *taR-

prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action -PMP *ta-₂

prefix of reciprocal or collective action -PEMP *paRi-

prefix of repeated action -PWMP *para-

quick, fast, of speech or actions; often, frequently -PPH *darás

social prefix, indicating action together with another -PPH *maki-

to assume, act on a supposition, be the reason for an action, escuse for something -PWMP *dalih

to pass, cross over to the other side; to be past, of time for an action -PWMP *lapas

verbal prefix marking potential action or ability to do something -PWMP *maka-

verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice; nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action -PAN *-en

active

energetic, active -PWMP *sikaD

activity

companion in some activity -PPh *ka-sabáy

complete an activity, see through to completion -PPH *perper₁

soothing sound of humming activity, twittering, etc. -PWMP *kicaw

stop an activity, take a break, rest -PAN-F *Seked

summon others to join an activity -PWMP *azak

to change place or activity -PPH *qalis-an

to change place or activity -PPH *qalís

to rest, take a break from work or other activity -PAN-F *Ceked

actor

verbal infix marking actor voice -PAN *<um>

verbal infix marking actor voice for intransitive verbs, and of inchoatives -PMP *<um>

Adam's

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing -PMP *buaq

add

add a piece -PWMP *timbaw₁

add to, increase -PWMP *unzan

add to, increase; addition, supplement -PWMP *tambaq

added

join two things to give added length (rope, bamboo, etc.) -PAN-F *Nutud

place where something grows or is added -PWMP *tubuq-an

addicted

addicted to -PWMP *gian

addition

add to, increase; addition, supplement -PWMP *tambaq

addition, annex to a building -PWMP *taŋkir

extra, surplus, in addition to -PWMP *kapin

increase, addition -PWMP *imbuq

addled

rotten meat; addled eggs; bad character -PAN *buRuk

rotten, as meat; addled, as eggs; bad, of character -PMP *ma-buRuk

address

father's sister, possibly address term -PMP *ema-q

father's sister, possibly address term -PMP *ema₁

parent’s younger sibling, junior uncle; a young child’s term of address for his father, vocative of*ama -PMP *mama

polite term of address to an older woman (?) -PPH *úyaŋ

term of address for females - *(noise)

term of address for girls - *(loan)

term of address for girls - *(noise)

term of address for older female relative -PPH *nana₂

term of address to girls -PWMP *enzi-q

term of address to girls -PWMP *enzi

term of address to males -PWMP *azuq

to address a younger woman politely -PPH *uyáŋ-en

adept

skilled, adept - *(loan)

adhere

adhere, stick to -PWMP *ta(ŋ)ket

burnt food which adheres to the pot -PMP *epit₁

burnt food which adheres to the pot -PMP *epiq

burnt rice which adheres to the pot -PWMP *etip

hard crust of rice that adheres to the bottom of the cooking pot -PPh *itíp

stick to, adhere firmly -PMP *kukuq

stick, adhere -PWMP *eket

stick, adhere -PWMP *dulit₁

stick, adhere to -PMP *si(ŋ)ket

stick, adhere to -PMP *da(ŋ)ket

stick, adhere to; sticky, viscous -PMP *la(ŋ)ket

stick, adhere; join together -PWMP *liŋkit

to adhere, stick to -POC *kabit₂

to adhere, stick to -PMP *kampit

to stick to something, adhere -PWMP *d<um>eket

to stick, adhere -POC *rago

to stick, adhere -PPH *i-deket

to stick, adhere firmly -POC *rokot

to stick, adhere to; sticky, adhesive -PWMP *reket

to stick, adhere to; sticky, adhesive -PMP *maket

to stick, adhere; glue -PWMP *seket₂

adhesive

adhesive, sticky - *-keC(root)

caulk; adhesive material - *-lit₁(root)

paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice) -PMP *deket₁

paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice) -PAN *dekeC

sticky, adhesive -PMP *diket

sticky, adhesive -PMP *peket

sticky, adhesive -PWMP *piket₂

sticky, adhesive -PMP *ña(ŋ)ket

sticky, adhesive -PMP *raket

sticky, adhesive -PWMP *piReket

sticky, adhesive -PMP *niket

sticky, adhesive -PMP *liket

sticky, adhesive -PAN *dikeC

sticky, adhesive; stuck in one’s memory -PWMP *leket

sticky, glutinous, adhesive -PPH *dayket

to stick, adhere to; sticky, adhesive -PWMP *reket

to stick, adhere to; sticky, adhesive -PMP *maket

adjacent

boundary between adjacent rice fields -PAN-F *Naqeji

in layers, adjacent to one another -PMP *taq(e)pil

touching, adjacent, as fighters presenting a united front -PWMP *sundul

adjectival

adjectival prefix -POC *a-

adjectival prefix for adjectives of measure -PMP *ha-₁

adjective

adjectival prefix for adjectives of measure -PMP *ha-₁

interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?; adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few -PAN *pijax

no, not; negator of verbs and adjectives (cf *buken, *dian, *wada) -PAN *qazi

administrative unit

district, administrative unit - *(loan)

admit

admit, confess -PWMP *maŋ-aku

admit fault

admit fault, confess - *(loan)

admonish

to warn, admonish -PWMP *pa-iŋat

adornment

encircling article of clothing or adornment -PWMP *giret

long feathers used for personal adornment -PAN-F *RiNaS

adrift

adrift -PPh *qañud-en

adrift -PMP *ma-qañud

adrift -PPh *i-qañud

be cast adrift, cast ashore after going adrift -PPH *padpád

float, be adrift -POC *mañur mañur

floating, adrift -POC *maqañur

set adrift -PAN *pa-añud

adulthood

adulthood, maturity; old age -PWMP *ka-tuqah-an

advance

earlier, in advance -PAN *zulu

to pay for in advance -PPH *taŋ(e)paq

advantage

take advantage of a situation or opportunity, exploit an advantage -PPH *sambut₁

adverb

demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here; that, there -PAN *si ia₂

demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here; that, there -PMP *ia₂

adversative

marker of the adversative passive -PAN *ka- -an₁

advice

to point at, point out, lecture or instruct, give advice -PAN *t<um>uzuq

advise

to advise, help someone with a problem -PPH *tambaR

adze

adze -PWMP *palu₂

Adze

Adze it!, Hew it! -PAN *taRaq-i

adze

adze or similar tool -PWMP *sa(ŋ)kal

adze, axe -PWMP *baliuŋ

axe or adze -PMP *kiRam

chop, split, adze something - *(noise)

handle of an axe or adze -POC *paRara

handle of an axe or adze -PMP *paRada

hewing with an adze -PAN *taRaq₁

implement with curved blade: adze; hammerhead shark -PMP *biŋkuŋ

kind of axe or adze -PWMP *liŋ(e)bas

to adze wood, hew wood with an adze -PAN *t<um>aRaq

to adze, shape wood with an adze -PWMP *bala₁

to hew with an adze -PWMP *ma-naRaq

aerial

aerial root - *(loan)

potato yam, aerial yam:Dioscorea bulbifera -POC *pwatika

affected

affected by heat (?) -PPH *ka-pasuq-an

affected by sores, wounded -PWMP *nuka-en

affected by the moon, mentally or emotionally unstable -PWMP *bulan bulan-en

affected by the moon, mentally or emotionally unstable -PWMP *bulan-en

be affected by a death -PWMP *ka-m-atay-an

be affected by itching, be infected with scabies or other itchy skin disorders -PWMP *gatel-en

be affected by tinea -PWMP *panaw-en

verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice; nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action -PAN *-en

affection

belly; mind; seat of affections -POC *topwa

expression of pity or affection -PMP *ka-qasiq-an

feel affection or compassion for -PWMP *maR-qasiq

mercy, pity, affection -PMP *ka-qasiq

pity, compassion, affection, love, sympathy, forgiveness -PMP *qasiq

affinal

affinal relative - *(noise)

affinal relative, probably son-in-law and daughter-in-law -PPH *ma-nuRaŋ

affine

affine of Ego's generation -PAN *idas₁

affines of the first ascending or zero generation -POC *puŋao

affirmation

yes; expression of affirmation -PMP *qio

affirmative

affirmative particle - *(noise)

affix

passive affix - *(noise)

afflicted

a state of pain or difficulty; be afflicted by illness -PWMP *ka-sakit-an

be afflicted with a swollen abdomen as a result of violating customary law. -PWMP *busuŋ

be afflicted with intestinal worms -PWMP *bituk-en

to husk rice; be afflicted with pimples on the skin resembling rice grains -PWMP *beRas-en

affliction

affliction of the eyes -POC *buta₃

aflame

ignite, set aflame -PWMP *deket₂

afraid

(lit. 'small liver') afraid -PMP *X₅ + qatay

be afraid of something -POC *rere₁

become afraid -PMP *t<um>akut

fear; fearful, afraid -POC *matakut

fearful, afraid -PAN *ma-takut

to frighten, make afraid -PMP *pa-takut

after

after, behind; the outside of an object; stern of a canoe -POC *muri

allotment of meat after butchering an animal -PPH *sapuq

be cast adrift, cast ashore after going adrift -PPH *padpád

behind, after -PWMP *pa-udehi

bruised or cramping, of feet after too much walking -PPH *tíkal

follow, come after -POC *uri

follow, come after -PCEMP *udi

follow, come after (in sequence) -PWMP *ku(n)tit

follow, go after - *(noise)

follow, walk after -PWMP *ayak₁

in succession, one after the other -PWMP *suqud suqud

last, come after or behind; late, later; future; stern of a boat; youngest child; west; young; outside -PCEMP *m-udi

last; come after or behind; late, later; future; stern of a boat; youngest child -PMP *udehi

one after the other, successive -PPH *sunúd-sunúd

satiated, full after eating -PPh *biaR₂

solid residue left after squeezing to remove coconut oil, etc. -PPH *lunek₂

to be laid out after death, prepared for interment -PPH *burul

to clean up a swidden after burning -PPH *duluk

to entertain guests, look after visitors -PPH *amuma

to evaporate, as vapor rising from the ground after rain -PPH *suŋáw

to follow after someone, walk behind -PAN-F *biliN

to lead the way; to follow after -POC *suRi₂

to pass through or by something, esp. after stopping -PPH *lahús

wet; wash the anus after defecating -PMP *biseq

wipe after defecating -PAN *qiluS

afterbirth

placenta, afterbirth -POC *tapuni

placenta, afterbirth -PMP *tabuni₁

afternoon

afternoon prayer - *(loan)

afternoon, evening -POC *paka-Rapiqi

afternoon, evening; yesterday -POC *Rapi

late afternoon, evening; evening meal -PAN *Rabiqi

late afternoon, evening; evening meal; yesterday -PMP *Rabiqi

time of lengthening shadows; afternoon -PWMP *liŋay₁

Afzelia

a hardwood tree:Intsia bijuga,Afzelia bijuga -PMP *qipil

again

again -PMP *uman

again -PAN *umaN

again - *(noise)

change, exchange; repeat, return; again -PPh *baliw-an

change, exchange; repeat, return; again -PMP *baliw₂

do again, repeat -PWMP *q<um>uman

repeat, do again -PAN *ulaŋ

against

against, contrary to custom -PPH *labag

backrest, place to lean back against -PWMP *sandaR-an

fling down, dash against -PMP *bantiŋ

go against the current, oppose, go in the opposite direction -PPH *sudsud₃

go against wind or current -PWMP *suŋsuŋ₁

graze, strike lightly against -PMP *tiŋkuq

high-pitched sound of striking against something hard but not resonant -PMP *katik

hit something against something else -PAN *CugCug₁

knock against, collide with, beat up -PWMP *bugbug

knock against, of body parts -PMP *ga(n)tuk

lean against, lean or incline on -PMP *sandiR

lean against, lean or incline on -PMP *sandeR

lean on or against -PWMP *sandaR

nudge, bump against another person -PWMP *da(m)pil

oppose, go against someone -PMP *laban-an

oppose, go against someone -PMP *laban₂

pit two opponents against each other; cockfight -PWMP *sabuŋ₁

press feet against -PPH *sikád-an

push with the feet; press feet against, set feet firmly to prevent being moved -PPH *síkad

rub against, scrape, scratch -PMP *garut

rub, scrape against -PAN *gisgis₁

scrape, rub against -PWMP *saRud

smack against -PMP *debek

smack against -PAN *Cebak

sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) against something -PAN *tik₁

stamp or smack against -PMP *ambak

strike against -PWMP *paŋkaq

strike against -PWMP *bida

strike against -POC *bak

struggle against, resist -PWMP *sukul₁

tasteless, insipid; powerless; antidote, as against snakebite -PWMP *tabaR

thud, strike against -PMP *rumpak

to brush past, rub or scrape against; draw a line -PMP *garis

to fall, of many things at once; to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something -PAN *taktak₁

to graze, brush against, strike at an angle -PPH *dap(e)lis

to knock, strike against -PAN *pa(n)tuk₂

to lean on or against -PWMP *sindiR

to lean on or against -PMP *sendiR

to lean on or against -PWMP *sendeR

to lean on or against -PWMP *s<um>andiR

to oppose, go against -PPH *sudsud-en

to press against, crowd in on -PWMP *sulsul₂

to rest the head against something; pillow -PPH *puŋan

to rub against, scrape, scratch -PMP *g<um>arut

touch or brush against -PPH *saq(e)gid

agar-agar

gelatin, agar-agar -PPH *guláman

Agathis

the almasiga tree:Agathis celebica (Koord.) -PPH *gala

age

adulthood, maturity; old age -PWMP *ka-tuqah-an

age - *(loan)

bowed, hunched, as from age -PWMP *ru(ŋ)kuq

maiden, virgin, girl of marriageable age -PWMP *anak daRa

surpassing in age (?) -PWMP *ka-tuqah

wrinkled, of the skin, as from age -PPH *kubet-kubet

agency

genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns; marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb -PAN *ni

agent

1sg. agent -PMP *ni aku

2sg possessor and non-subject agent -PAN *-nu₂

2sg. agent/possessor -PAN *Suʔu

2sg. possessor and agent of passive verb -PMP *-mu

3sg. agent/possessor -PAN *ni-a

aggressiveness

aggressiveness, anger -PMP *qitaq

agile

agile, quick, swift, energetic -PMP *ta(ŋ)kas

dextrous, agile, skillful -PWMP *sikap₂

nimble, agile, quick -POC *sokas

swift, agile, strong, energetic - *-kas₃(root)

agitated

agitated, of water -POC *kopuR

agitated, of water -PMP *kebuR

to be agitated, of water, as when fish swarm -PPH *kabuR

to move or touch in an agitated or compulsive fashion -PPH *garaw-en

ago

a moment ago, in a moment - *(noise)

agree

agree - *(loan)

agree with, be in concord with -PPH *áyun

allow, agree, accept, permit -POC *taRamwi

follow, obey, agree with -PPH *súrut

to agree -PPH *uyun₂

yes; agree, give assent -POC *qo

agreeable

pleasant, agreeable - *(loan)

pleasant, agreeable; tasty, delicious -PWMP *sedep₂

agreement

agreement - *(loan)

agreement, consensus; harmony (especially in material exchanges) -PWMP *payu

agreement, harmony -PWMP *sapiq

die; dead; sick; tired (of); faint, lose consciousness; eclipse; new moon; extinguished; blocked (path); paralyzed; numb, asleep (limbs); die down (wind); waterless (springs, rivers); dry up (plants); beaten (in a game); fixed (price); terminate a matter, reach an agreement; disaster; intensive, superlative; desire intensely, be deeply in love -PMP *m-atay

to nod the head, as in agreement -PPH *taŋuq

yes; expression of agreement -PMP *heqe

agricultural

bolo used in agricultural work -PPH *baduŋ

aground

to run aground, be beached -PPH *s<um>aŋ(e)lád

to run aground, be beached, of a boat -PPH *saŋ(e)lád

ah

exclamation: ah!, oh!, alas! -PWMP *abá

ahead

spy, scout, one who looks for possible danger ahead -PMP *mata-mata

aid

sticks or other markers used as aids in calculation -PWMP *bilaŋ-bilaŋ

temporary aid - *(noise)

to aid, assist, help -PWMP *t<um>uluŋ

ailing

spray water from the mouth; spray a mixture of saliva and masticated medicinal herbs on an ailing body part in curing -POC *puRa

spray water from the mouth; spray a mixture of saliva and masticated medicinal herbs on an ailing body part in curing -PMP *buRah

ailment

eye ailment - *(loan)

aim

point at, aim for; intend to do something; do something intentionally -PPH *tuyuq

to aim a weapon at -PPH *tútuk

visual assessment of something, as in taking aim, making a straight line, or forming an opinion -PWMP *sipat

air

dust in the air, stir up dust -PPH *tapuk₂

exude or escape, of air, gases or similar substances (?) -PMP *heŋaw

filled with air, bloated -PWMP *haŋin-an

gasp for air -PMP *ekap

gasping for air - *(noise)

go out for some fresh air -PMP *pa(ka)-haŋin-haŋin

gust, draft, current of air -POC *aŋin-aŋin

gust, draft, current of air; rumor -PMP *haŋin-haŋin

leak out, of air -PWMP *hius

puff, blow, expel air rapidly, as in using a blowgun -PMP *putput₂

refresh oneself, go out for some fresh air -POC *paka-aŋin-aŋin

snort, sniff; blow air through the nostrils -PWMP *eŋkus

sound of escaping air - *-pus₂(root)

sound of escaping air, etc. -PMP *pes

sound of rushing water or air -PPh *híŋak

to catch, snatch, as a ball in the air -POC *sikop

to fly, soar through the air -PWMP *layaŋ₁

toss up, throw into the air -PWMP *talaŋ₂

vapor, leaking air, fumes -PPH *siŋaw

airborne

fine dust, airborne dust -PMP *sapuk

alas

exclamation: ah!, oh!, alas! -PWMP *abá

alata

a tree:Cassia alata -PWMP *galiŋgaŋ

yam:Dioscorea alata Linn. -PMP *qubi

albacares

yellowfin tuna:Thunnus albacares -POC *takua

albino

albino, unnaturally white -PPH *uRis

pale, albino -POC *balaR₂

unnaturally white, albino -POC *pulaR₁

unnaturally white, albino -PMP *bulaR₂

unnaturally white, albino -POC *pulan₂

unnaturally white, albino -PMP *bulan₂

unnaturally white; albino -POC *puraq₁

unnaturally white; albino -PMP *budaq₃

Albizia

a tree from which a sort of shampoo is derived:Albizia spp. -PWMP *laŋiR

albus

a tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany:Shorea albus Foxw. -PMP *bulah

a tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany:Shorea albus Foxw. -PAN *buleS

Alcippe

omen bird:Alcippe spp. -PAN-F *SiSiN

alcohol

alcohol, distilled liquor - *(loan)

alert

be awake, watchful, alert -POC *mamata

quick, ready, alert - *(loan)

Aleurites

the candlenut tree:Aleurites moluccana -PEMP *tuRi₂

the candlenut tree:Aleurites moluccana -PMP *kamiri

algae

moss, algae -PMP *limut

moss, algae, seaweed -PMP *lumut

alibi

excuse, alibi -PPH *dawa

alien

outsiders, alien people -PMP *qulun₁

outsiders, alien people -PMP *qaRta

alight

set alight, apply fire to -PWMP *culcul

aligned

aligned, lined up -PPH *batuR₂

mate, companion, fellow; together with; alike, the same as; aligned or in good order -PWMP *sama

alignment

crooked, out of alignment -PWMP *biqaŋ₂

alike

mate, companion, fellow; together with; alike, the same as; aligned or in good order -PWMP *sama

alive

captive, one taken alive in war; to spare, allow to live -PWMP *bihaR

life, alive -PAN *qudip₁

live, be alive; be captive -PPh *ma-bihaR

living, alive -PPh *quyag

living, alive; grow, flourish; fresh; heal, cure, revive, recover; vital principle, soul, spirit; flame -PMP *ma-qudip

make alive, give life to -PPh *maŋ-bihaR

all

2pl. nominate and genitive; you all, your -PCEMP *kamiu

2pl. nominative and genitive; you all, your -PMP *kamu-yu

2pl. nominative, you all -PAN *kamu-yu

2pl. nominative, you all -PMP *kamu₂

2pl. nominative, you all -PAN *k-amu

2pl. personal pronoun, you all -PPH *ka-yú

all -PPH *tanan

all -PAN *qemin

all around, surrounding -PMP *temu₁

all kinds of medicinal herbs -PWMP *buluŋ buluŋ

all three, three together, three in total -PMP *ka-telu

all; finished -PAN *amin

finished, completed; all gone -PWMP *puspus₁

finished, used up; all, every one -PWMP *qabis

finished, used up; all, every one -PWMP *qabiq

look quickly here and there, look hastily in all directions -PPH *liŋát

spatter, fly out in all directions -PMP *becik

spread all over -PMP *qeneb₂

spread all over -PAN *qeNeb₂

stay awake all night, as in a vigil for the dead -PPH *pulaw

take all that remains -PPH *simut

to gulp, swallow all at once -PMP *teguk

to stay up all night, continue until daybreak -PPH *damaR₂

allative

allative marker: to, toward -POC *ki₁

all at once

sudden(ly), all at once - *(loan)

allot

share, portion, inheritance; to allot, divide property -PMP *baqagi

allotment

allotment of meat after butchering an animal -PPH *sapuq

allow

allow, agree, accept, permit -POC *taRamwi

captive, one taken alive in war; to spare, allow to live -PWMP *bihaR

send for, allow to go -PPH *tubuy

to allow, permit -PWMP *tuRut-i

to follow instructions, follow an example; carry along, give in, allow something to happen -PWMP *tuRut

allowed

allowed to live, given life; made captive -PPh *bihaR-en

alloy

copper-gold alloy - *(loan)

almasiga

the almasiga tree:Agathis celebica (Koord.) -PPH *gala

almond

tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond:Canarium commune -POC *kaŋaRi

tree with edible nut, the Canarium almond:Canarium commune -PMP *kanari

almost

soon, presently; almost -PAN *daNi

alms

alms - *(loan)

Alocasia

wild taro, elephant-ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp. -POC *piRaq₂

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp. -PWMP *biRaʔ

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp. -PAN *biRaq₁

wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro,Alocasia spp.; sexual itch -PMP *biRaq₁

aloft

hold up, keep aloft -PWMP *aŋkat aŋkat

alone

alone, in isolation, independent -PWMP *taniq

alone, lonely -PWMP *buleŋ

alone, single -PPh *bug(e)túŋ

keep to oneself; be different; alone -PCEMP *kese

only child; alone, by onself; go it alone -PPH *buR(e)túŋ

only, alone -PMP *ma-isa

to leave things or people alone; to abandon -PPH *bayáq

along

be pulled or dragged along -PPH *gúyud-en

branches carried along and deposited by water -PPH *Rapuq₂

bring, take along -PAN-F *adaS

bring, take along -PWMP *embaq

caught up in, carried along -PWMP *tuluy₃

join along the length - *-kit₂(root)

join along the length, raft -POC *rakit

join along the length; raft -PMP *dakit

joined along the length -PPh *biŋkit

move along -PMP *qunus qunus

move along -PMP *qunus

pull or drag a heavy object along, as on a sled -PWMP *guyud₃

sail along the coast (?) -PWMP *susuR

sail along the coast, follow the coast in voyaging -PMP *siDsiD

slip or slide down or along -PWMP *hurus

to bring, to carry along -PAN *k<um>aCu

to follow instructions, follow an example; carry along, give in, allow something to happen -PWMP *tuRut

touching or joined along the length -PWMP *ziŋkit

touching or joined along the length -PWMP *ri(ŋ)kit

touching or joined along the length -PWMP *diŋkit

touching or joined along the length -PMP *de(ŋ)kit

Alpinia

a plant:Alpinia galanga -PWMP *laŋkuas

already

already -PMP *na₄

already -PAN *Na₂

alright

alright, go ahead! - *(loan)

also

a cereal grass with edible seeds that are also used as beads, Job’s tears:Coix lachryma-jobi L. -PMP *zelay

also, including -PPH *patí

and, also -PMP *agu

and; also -PPH *saká

Alstonia

a tree:Alstonia scholaris -POC *sabakap

a tree:Alstonia scholaris -PMP *ditaq

alternate

alternate, interspersed -PPH *salét-salét

shift, alternate -PWMP *seli₁

although

although, even if - *(loan)

altissima

mango tree and its fruit, probablyMangifera altissima -PMP *pahuq₁

alum

alum - *(loan)

ama

parent’s younger sibling, junior uncle; a young child’s term of address for his father, vocative of*ama -PMP *mama

amara

a plant:Lunasia amara -PPh *paqit-an

Amaranth

native spinach,Amaranth -PPH *kulitis

Amaranthus

an edible plant:Amaranthus spinosus -PWMP *bayaŋ

amaze

amaze, astonish -PWMP *kelaw

amazed

amazed; gaping - *-ŋaŋ(root)

be amazed -POC *poŋaŋ

be amazed -POC *poŋap

gape, open the mouth wide; be dazzled, amazed -PMP *beŋaŋ₂

surprised, amazed -PMP *beŋap

ambergris

ambergris - *(loan)

ambush

ambush, attack from concealment -PMP *Rahuŋ

ambush, attack from concealment -PAN *RaSuŋ

ambush, block the way; obstacle, hindrance -PMP *qambat

ambush, block the way; obstacle, hindrance -PMP *abaŋ₁

ambush, surprise attack -PPH *tambáŋ

lie in wait for, ambush -PMP *hipaʔ

lie in wait, set an ambush in hunting game -PPH *apat

to block the way, ambush someone -PWMP *maŋ-abaŋ

to block, obstruct a path; ambush -PWMP *qadaŋ

amends

make amends - *(noise)

amentacea

a tree:Acalypha amentacea Roxb. -PPH *beRus

among

unhusked rice grain left among the husked grains -PWMP *ataq

Amorphophallus

a plant:Amorphophallus sp. -PWMP *bagaŋ

amount

little, few, small in amount -PAN *dikit

little, few; small amount -PWMP *etik

little, small in size or amount -POC *liki

pilfering, filching, stealing small amounts -PPH *kúpit

small in amount -PWMP *kitiŋ

small in amount -PMP *ituk

small in quantity, few; trifling amount -PMP *emit

small in size or amount -PAN *kedi

small in size or amount -PWMP *kedit

small in size or amount -PWMP *kedik

to measure quantities, as amounts of grain -PAN *tepeŋ₃

total amount (?) -PWMP *ka-bilaŋ-an

amputated

maimed, amputated, of a limb -POC *kubut₁

maimed, amputated, of a limb -PMP *kumput

maimed, amputated, of a limb -POC *kubuŋ₁

maimed, amputated, of a limb -PMP *kumpuŋ

amuck

attack, run amuck -PMP *hamuk

run amuck -POC *lilim

amulet

amulet, talisman - *(loan)

Anabas

a fish, the climbing perch:Anabas testudineus -PWMP *puyu-puyu

a fish, the climbing perch:Anabas testudineus -PWMP *puyu₁

anaphoric

anaphoric or relative particle: there, previously mentioned place -POC *ai₁

Anas

duck,Anas spp. -PWMP *itik₂

ancestor

ancestor, deity, divinity -PWMP *qiaŋ

ancestor, grandparent -POC *tibu₂

ancestors -PPh *maŋa-apu

ancestors -PMP *anduŋ

forefathers, ancestors -PPh *apu apu

grandfather, ancestor -PAN-F *aki

grandfather, grandmother, ancestor (vocative) -PMP *empu-q

grandfather, grandmother; ancestor (vocative) -PWMP *empú-ŋ

grandparent, ancestor, lord, master, owner (voc.) -PPh *apu-q

grandparent/grandchild (recipr.); ancestor -PMP *umpu

grandparent/grandchild (recipr.); ancestor; lord, master, owner -PMP *empu

grandparent/grandchild; ancestor -POC *tubu₂

ancestral

ghost, ancestral spirit; nature spirit; corpse; owl; various plants -PMP *qanitu

anchor

anchor -PMP *sauq₂

to fall; drop anchor’ -PWMP *labuq₁

anchovy

anchovy:Stolephorus spp. -PPh *bulínaw

kind of small fish, probably sardine or anchovy -PMP *paya

long-jawed anchovy -PPH *dilis

sardine, anchovy -POC *tañipa

small marine fish: sardine or anchovy -PWMP *bilis

ancient

old (of things), ancient times -POC *tuaRi

old, ancient -PAN *daqaN

old, ancient; formerly -PMP *daqan₂

old, of things; ancient times -PMP *dadan

old, of things; ancient times -PAN *dadaN

and

and -PMP *mai

and -PAN *maS

and, also -PMP *agu

conjunction: and -PMP *na₅

conjunction: and -PAN *Na₁

conjunction: and -PMP *a₂

conjunctive particle, and -PAN *ka₁

anew

begin anew - *(noise)

anger

aggressiveness, anger -PMP *qitaq

anger -PWMP *uŋet

anger -PMP *qaŋet

anger -POC *aŋit

anger -PMP *haŋit

anger - *(noise)

anger, angry -POC *basu

anger, angry -PAN *quSeŋeC

anger, angry -PAN *biraŋ

anger, cruelty -PWMP *ka-beŋis-an

anger, irritation - *-ŋaC(root)

anger, irritation - *-ŋiC(root)

anger, resentment -PWMP *i(ŋ)git

anger, resentment - *-git(root)

anger; angry -PWMP *saŋit

anger; angry, irritated, annoyed -PWMP *buŋet

anger; make a face - *-ŋuC(root)

gnash the teeth in anger or impatience -PWMP *li(ŋ)get

jealousy; anger; a quarrel -PWMP *dalu₂

move about in restless anger -POC *ŋali-ŋali

shout in anger -PMP *palak

speak sharply or in anger -POC *boŋa

angle

angle, corner -PWMP *seruk

angle, corner -PWMP *suy(e)quk

approach or strike from the side or at an oblique angle -PPH *sarijsij

curved area, angle -PWMP *seluk

curved area; corner, angle -PWMP *celuk

steep angle -PWMP *tazek

to graze, brush against, strike at an angle -PPH *dap(e)lis

angrily

mumble angrily, grumble -PWMP *uŋut

angry

(lit. 'burning liver') angry, furious -PMP *X₂ + qatay

anger, angry -POC *basu

anger, angry -PAN *quSeŋeC

anger, angry -PAN *biraŋ

anger; angry -PWMP *saŋit

anger; angry, irritated, annoyed -PWMP *buŋet

angry -PMP *reŋet

angry - *-get(root)

angry, annoyed -PMP *Reŋet

angry, annoyed -PAN *ReŋeC

angry, annoyed -PAN *reŋeC

angry, irritated -PWMP *gemes₁

angry, quarrelsome -PMP *beŋis₁

angry, upset -PMP *qiŋet

angry; gnash the teeth - *-ŋeC (or *-ŋeqeC?)(root)

be angry, growl at -PPh *íŋel₂

have an angry facial expression - *(noise)

irritated, angry -PPH *suŋet

Anhinga

kind of water bird, the Oriental darter:Anhinga melanogaster -PPH *kasíli

animal

allotment of meat after butchering an animal -PPH *sapuq

animal -PPH *háyup

animal -PPh *hayep

animal - *(loan)

animal cry -PAN *qiaw

animal haunt, place frequented by animals -PMP *qenuR-an₂

animal haunt, place frequented by animals -PAN *qenuR-an₁

animal path, trail -PMP *qenuR

animal sacrifice -PPh *palis₃

animal skin, hide, leather -PMP *qanit

animal skin, hide, leather -PAN *qaNiC

animal sound -POC *kokok

animal sound -PWMP *qiem₁

animal sound -PMP *kaŋ

animal sound -PMP *gekgek

animal trail -PAN *qeNuR

animal trap - *(noise)

bait; fodder; to feed animals -PCEMP *paniŋ

belly of an animal -PWMP *babat

bend, fold, folding part of the body; curl up on the ground, of an animal -PMP *leku

cage, as for an animal; to enclose in a cage or pen -PWMP *kuruŋ

child, offspring; son, daughter; brother's child (man speaking), sister's child (woman speaking); young animal or plant; young; small (for its kind); dependent or component part of something larger; native, resident, inhabitant; interest on a loan -PMP *anak

domesticated animal -PWMP *qayam₂

drive animals away -PMP *busay

eat voraciously, eat like an animal -PPH *lamun-en

edible sea animal or plant -PWMP *gamet

enclosure, pen for animals -PWMP *kandaŋ

exhortation to call a person or animal -PAN *kati₁

female, of animals -PMP *tina

female, of animals -PAN *taina

female, woman, wife; female of animals -PMP *bahi

fence; animal pen; fortification -POC *bara₄

fence; animal pen; fortification -POC *baRa

fence; animal pen; fortification -POC *bala₄

follow; drive animals before one -PWMP *maŋ-iriŋ

forelegs of an animal -POC *luma

frighten off birds or animals from the fields; place used to frighten off birds or animals from the fields -PWMP *buRaw-an

heart of a person or animal; purple heart-shaped inflorescence of banana plant -PMP *pusuq₁

horn of an animal -PAN *uReŋ

horn of an animal -PAN-F *sequŋ

horn of an animal; to butt or gore -PPH *súŋay

interjection used to chase off animal -PMP *isu₂

lair, den of an animal -PAN-F *Nibu

mother animal; leader; large one of a class -PWMP *indu-q

mother animal; leader; large one of a class -PWMP *indu-ŋ

mother animal; leader; large one of a class -PWMP *indu

mother, mother's sister; female animal -PMP *ina

mother, mother's sister; female animal; largest member of a set -PCEMP *ina

neck shackle to prevent an animal from passing through fences -PMP *pagal

old woman; female, of animals -PPH *bakes₂

ovary of an an oviparous animal -PMP *natuq

path, made by a human as opposed to an animal; way or means to do something -PAN *zalan

path, made by a human as opposed to an animal; way or means to do something; wake of a boat; the Milky Way -PMP *zalan

pen, enclosure for domesticated animals -PMP *bara₁

pen, enclosure for domesticated animals -PMP *baRa₂

pen, enclosure for domesticated animals -PMP *bala₂

pet animal, animal that is tamed by humans feeding it -POC *paŋan-i

puppy; young animal in general? -PAN *titu

raw energy, animal appetite -PMP *ganas

rear end of an animal -POC *buntut₂

restraining device on animals -PAN *sakal

roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered -PMP *lambeR

roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered -PAN *labeR₂

slit an animal's throat -PAN *gereC

sniff at close quarters, of animals -PPH *suŋsuŋ₃

sound produced by an animal; unintelligible muttering of a person -PAN *ŋawŋaw

sound used to shoo away domestic animals -PWMP *cik

spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal -PAN *paCak

spur or spine on an animal -PMP *betek₁

stench, musky odor of an animal -PAN *qaŋeSit

stomach of an animal -POC *kabuŋ

stomach of an animal - *(loan)

striped, of animals -PWMP *buriŋ

stud animal; to mate, of animals -PPH *takál₂

tail-bone of animals -PWMP *imput

testicles of animals; castrate animals -PMP *butuq

the bite of an animal -PAN *k<in>aRaC-an

thin, of people and animals -PMP *ma-niwaŋ

thin, of persons and animals -PAN *ma-Niwaŋ

thinness, of people and animals -PMP *niwaŋ

to attack, as an animal attacking its prey -PPH *tekeb₂

to bind, tie the hands or feet, as a person in detention, or an animal to be slaughtered; restraining rope -PMP *Rapus

to chase away or shoo off small animals -PMP *sika

to cut up, butcher, slaughter an animal -PAN *lapaq

to scent, as an animal following prey -PPH *sáŋu

to scream, of an animal -PWMP *ŋiqik

to shy away, of animals -PWMP *dura

to skin an animal -PWMP *qanit-an

to skin an animal -PMP *q<um>anit

to skin an animal -PAN *q<um>aNiC

tumor in the mouth of an animal -PPh *hábas

uncastrated male animal, stud, male breeding animal -PPH *bulug

venomous animal - *(noise)

young of animals -PMP *nati

anise

anise, aniseed, fennel:Foeniculum vulgare -PWMP *hadas

aniseed

anise, aniseed, fennel:Foeniculum vulgare -PWMP *hadas

ankle

ankle -PWMP *piŋil

ankle -PWMP *paŋil

ankle -PMP *buku lali

ankle bone -POC *buku ni waqay

ankle bone -PCEMP *buku ni qaqay

ankle bone (?) -PMP *laliŋ

ankle bone (?) -PMP *lali

part of the lower leg, possibly the ankle -PWMP *beŋil

sprained, twisted, as the ankle -PWMP *ta-piluk

anklet

anklet, ribbon worn around leg -PPh *bagiat

annex

addition, annex to a building -PWMP *taŋkir

draw toward oneself; annex, make subject -PWMP *kabiR

announcing

formal gathering, as of chiefs, with possible connections to announcing temporary taboos -POC *ponor

annoy

disturb, annoy -PMP *usik

tease, vex, annoy -PWMP *uŋit

to bother, disturb, annoy or inconvenience someone -PPH *abála

to provoke, annoy or irritate -PPH *sugsúg

annoyance

annoyance, irritation -PMP *ŋitŋit₂

exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc. -PAN *aya₁

show annoyance or irritation -PAN *ŋiCŋiC

annoyed

anger; angry, irritated, annoyed -PWMP *buŋet

angry, annoyed -PMP *Reŋet

angry, annoyed -PAN *ReŋeC

angry, annoyed -PAN *reŋeC

irritated, annoyed -PWMP *suŋut₁

irritated, annoyed -PWMP *seŋit

restless, impatient, annoyed -PWMP *deŋut

Anodontostoma

kind of marine fish, probably gizzard shad:Anodontostoma spp. -PWMP *kabasi

Anona

sugar apple:Anona squamosa - *(loan)

another

another, other; different, distinct -PPH *iba

balanced, as a person in walking, or two weights opposite one another -PWMP *timbaŋ

block, obstruct; something which separates one area from another -PWMP *ataŋ₁

different; another -PWMP *laqin

except, other than; another, different -PPH *sabáliq

in layers, adjacent to one another -PMP *taq(e)pil

move something to another place -PPH *hubuq-en

move something to another place -PPH *hubuq

nudge, bump against another person -PWMP *da(m)pil

one who lies next to another -PWMP *ka-hulij

order, request, command; message; something left for another -PWMP *bilin

overlapping, one on top of another -PPH *sak(e)níb

person who leads or escorts another; means of leading or escorting -PWMP *paŋ-hateD

pour from one vessel into another; translate, interpret -PWMP *salin

raise the eyebrows as a signal to another person; to furrow the brows (?) -PWMP *kindat

social prefix, indicating action together with another -PPH *maki-

something given to another for safekeeping (?) -PMP *pa-taRuq

strike one another (as fighting cocks) -PWMP *bazaw

sucking noise made as a signal to another person -PMP *misik

to bind, tie tightly, probably of tying one thing which is moveable to another which is fixed -PPH *kedked

to bypass, miss contact with another person -PPH *sub(e)laR

to confront one another, as in a dispute -PPH *saŋsáŋ

to have one thing on top of another -PWMP *tumpaŋ₁

to lay something on top of another -PAN *takep

to pass one another in coming from opposite directions -PWMP *sulaŋ

to pass one another while going in different directions -PPH *sub(e)líq

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely -PPH *dápat₁

to place in contact with one another, come in contact, space closely -PMP *dapet

to seize, take by force, snatch from another’s hands; pillage -PPH *samsám

to share food with another -PPH *subu₂

answer

answer - *(loan)

answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy -POC *bali₇

answer, reply -PMP *saRut

dual division, moiety == cluster (a) answer, oppose, opposite side or part; partner, friend, enemy -PMP *baliw₁

interjection or exclamation to call attention or answer a call -POC *oe

to answer -PPH *tubaR

to answer -PPH *tebáR

to answer (a call, a question); to assume responsibility for, be answerable for -PPH *sagút

to answer, as in answering a question -PPH *ma-nebaR

to answer, retaliate; reciprocate good or evil -PAN *bales₁

answerable

to answer (a call, a question); to assume responsibility for, be answerable for -PPH *sagút

answering

to answer, as in answering a question -PPH *ma-nebaR

ant

a flying white ant or termite -PMP *dalu₁

ant - *(near)

ant - *(noise)

ant sp. -PWMP *sanam

ant sp. -PAN-F *alujah

ant sp. -PWMP *sijem

ant sp. with venomous bite -PMP *me(n)tik

be attracted to, swarm around, as ants do on finding food -PPH *dapu

black ant, probably sugar ant -PWMP *sejem

insect of the orderIsoptera: termite, white ant -POC *ane

insect of the orderIsoptera: termite, white ant -PAN *aNay

kind of ant -PWMP *lalatu₁

kind of large red tree ant with bad bite -PWMP *alagaq

large black ant with painful sting, probably bulldog ant -POC *kadik

large red tree ant -POC *loRo

anteater

pangolin, scaly anteater -PAN *qaRem

antenna

antenna (?) -PWMP *suŋut₃

body hair; fur; feather; down; antenna of insect or crustacean; spikes of sea urchin; floss on plant skins, color; type, kind -PCEMP *bulu₁

antennae

antennae of shrimp (?) -PWMP *suŋu₁

anterior

first, before, anterior in time -PAN *(q)uNah

first, before, anterior in time -PMP *huna

anthill

anthill, termite mound (lit, ‘growing earth’) -POC *tanoq tubuq

anthill, termite mound (lit, ‘growing earth’) -PMP *taneq tumbuq

anthracite

coal, anthracite -PMP *qajeŋ i batu

Antiaris

a tree:Antiaris toxicaria; poison for blowpipe darts made from the sap of this tree -PWMP *qipuq

Antidesma

a tree with edible fruit:Antidesma bunius -PWMP *buRnay

antidote

antidote (as for snakebite) -PMP *tambar

tasteless, insipid; powerless; antidote, as against snakebite -PWMP *tabaR

tasteless; neutralize something efficacious, as an antidote for poison -PWMP *tawaR₁

antiquorum

taro sp., probablyColocasia antiquorum -PWMP *kaladi

anus

anus -PWMP *tumbuŋ₁

anus (?) -PPh *qiluh-án

rectum, anus, buttocks -PMP *buliq₂

wet; wash the anus after defecating -PMP *biseq

anvil

anvil -PWMP *landasan

anxious

anxious, nervous -PPH *kabá

anxious, nervous, restless - *(near)

any

any natural mark on human skin: birthmark, freckle, mole -PMP *qila

any plant with hairs that sting or cause itchiness -PWMP *amiaŋ

bird; any flying creature -POC *manuk

fork of a branch; any forked structure; bifurcation -PAN *paŋa₁

marker of indefiniteness: if, perhaps, hopefully; or; any -POC *baraŋ₂

marker of indefiniteness: if, perhaps, hopefully; or; any -PMP *baraŋ₁

spread wide apart, as the legs or any two things joined at a point -PMP *pikaŋ

to hear, listen; obey; hear about; news; fame, famous; to feel, perceive through any sense other than sight -PMP *deŋeR

to hear; what is heard, news; to perceive by any sense other than sight -POC *roŋoR

anything

anything used for salting, salting instrument -PWMP *paŋ-qasin

anything used to make charcoal -PPh *qujiŋ-en

anything which has been salted -PAN *qasiRa-en

belt, anything that encircles tightly -PMP *bakes₁

first of anything; first fruits; prime, new, untainted, virgin -PMP *buŋas

first of anything; first fruits; prime, new, untainted, virgin -PWMP *buŋaR

first of anything; new, untainted, virgin -PWMP *buŋaR-an

fuel for fire, anything used to start a fire -PPH *hátuŋ

knock anything hollow so as to extract what is inside -PWMP *tuŋtuŋ₁

mountain peak, cape of land; tip of anything -PMP *quzuŋ

something; anything; everything -PMP *apa apa

to cook anything but rice -PMP *t<um>anek

to cook anything but rice -PAN *t<um>aNek

to cook anything but rice -PAN *taNek

tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching -PMP *qapit

tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching -PAN *qapiC

apart

apart, separated -PWMP *kawaŋ

be spread apart, as the legs -PWMP *tikaŋ

crack apart at the joints -PWMP *sipak

crossbar, strut, something to hold things apart -PMP *sekaŋ

destroyed, broken apart -PPH *bagbag-en

far apart, rare -PWMP *ma-laka

far apart; rare -PWMP *la(ŋ)ka

open forcibly, force apart (as the eyelids with the fingers) -PMP *bikaq₁

split apart; piece split off -PWMP *buŋkaq

split, spread apart -PWMP *lasaŋ₂

spread apart, as the legs -PWMP *bi(ŋ)kaŋ

spread apart, as the legs - *-kaŋ₁(root)

spread apart, as the legs or an unbent fishhook -PWMP *bukaŋkaŋ

spread apart, as the legs or an unbent fishhook -POC *pokaŋ

spread apart, as the legs, or an unbent fishhook -PWMP *bikaŋkaŋ

spread apart, as the legs, or an unbent fishhook -PMP *be(ŋ)kaŋ

spread apart, split -PMP *bakaq

spread the legs apart -PMP *waŋkaŋ

spread wide apart, as the legs or any two things joined at a point -PMP *pikaŋ

stand apart - *(noise)

stretch open or apart -PMP *pekaŋ

take apart, dismantle; break open -PMP *buŋkaR

tear apart something that one has made; undo -PPh *waswás₂

to come apart, as the fibers of a rope -PPH *basbas₅

to force apart, at with a wedge; force something into someone’s mouth -PPH *tiŋal

to split apart (of wood) -PPh *bus(e)qák

walk or stand with legs wide apart -PPH *sakáqaŋ

walk with legs wide apart -PWMP *iŋkaŋ

wide apart (as the legs) -PWMP *rekaŋ

wide apart, as the legs -PWMP *zaŋkaŋ

wide apart, of the legs -PWMP *sikaŋ

aperture

eye, face, focal point, center or most prominent part; hole, aperture; doorway, window; budding part of plant; ‘eye’ of coconut; knot in wood; sun; core of a boil; blade of a knife; to awaken; operculum of a snail; mesh of a net; eye of a needle; noose of a trap; hearth; direction of the wind; head of a river; spring, source; lid, cover -PMP *mata

apex

apex, peak -PWMP *pa(n)tuk₁

top, tip, apex -PWMP *puntuk

aphrodisiac

love charm, aphrodisiac -PPH *lumay

Apis

a small bee:Apis indica -PMP *qari-ñuan

a small bee:Apis indica -PMP *qani-Ruan

Aplonis

starling:Aplonis spp. -POC *pusiRa

Aporosa

a tree:Aporosa spp. -PWMP *agas

apparatus

pinching apparatus -PWMP *hapit hapit

pinching apparatus -PWMP *hapit-an

apparel

cluster (c) == don mourning apparel; mourn for a deceased spouse -PMP *baliw₃

appear

appear, come into view -POC *potu₁

appear, come into view -PMP *betu

come to the surface, appear from below -PWMP *timbul

lift, carry, bring; emerge, appear, begin; take a spouse -POC *puat₂

suddenly appear, come into view suddenly or partially -PPH *tuq(e)maw

to appear -POC *pwosa

to arrive, appear, come into view -POC *pura

appearance

face, looks, appearance -PWMP *paras₂

face, looks, appearance - *(loan)

to change appearance -PMP *lian

appendage

sword or sword-like appendage -PPH *tabák

appetite

able to satiate, able to satisfy one's appetite -PWMP *maka-besuR

fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper -PAN *garaŋ₁

gluttony, uncontrolled appetite -PPH *sibáq

raw energy, animal appetite -PMP *ganas

to relent or subside of appetite, passions, storms, etc. -PWMP *puas

apple

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing -PMP *buaq

mountain apple:Eugenia spp. -PPH *makúpa

small species of Malay apple -POC *sakau

sugar apple:Anona squamosa - *(loan)

the Malay apple:Syzygium malaccense -POC *kapiku

the Malay apple:Syzygium malaccense -POC *kapika

applicative

preposition, on, upon; applicative marker -PWMP *aken₂

apply

apply fire to -PWMP *maŋ-hapuy-i

apply oil or paint to the body -POC *pani₂

set alight, apply fire to -PWMP *culcul

apprehensive

apprehensive, fearful -PWMP *gigir

approach

approach or strike from the side or at an oblique angle -PPH *sarijsij

appropriate

appropriate, suitable, right; fit together; hit the mark -PAN *tama₁

appropriate, suitable; fit together; hit the mark -PMP *tamaq₁

becoming, fitting, appropriate - *(loan)

proper, fitting, appropriate - *(loan)

to appropriate for oneself -PPH *águm

to appropriate to oneself illegally -PPH *kamkam-en

approximate

guess, approximate - *(loan)

approximately

approximately - *(loan)

Aprion

green jobfish:Aprion virescens -PMP *qutun

apron

apron, skirt -PWMP *tapiq₂

aptera

a plant:Begonia aptera (Hay) -PAN-F *qanus₁

aquatica

an edible plant, swamp cabbage:Ipomoea aquatica -PPH *taŋkuŋ

Aralia

a plant:Aralia decaisneana (Hance) -PAN-F *tanaq

arbor

arbor - *(loan)

arborescens

a tree with edible fruit, and medicinal uses, probablyBuchanania arborescens -PMP *balunuR

arch

bent, curve, arch -PMP *beŋkuŋ

ardor

zeal, ardor; industrious, keen -PWMP *giqed

area

area of forested mountains -PPh *ka-bukij-an

area that is planted(?) -PAN *tanem-an

area that is planted(?) -PAN *ka-tanem-an

back area, place at the back? -PAN *likud-an

block, obstruct; something which separates one area from another -PWMP *ataŋ₁

cleared area around house, cleared ground in village -PMP *natad

curved area, angle -PWMP *seluk

curved area; corner, angle -PWMP *celuk

forest, wooded area -POC *kayu-kayu

forested area, wilderness -PWMP *halas-an

inside area, estuary -PPH *luqúb

insides, area within, inner part of something; between; below, under; deep; mind, feelings -POC *ralom

insides, area within, inner part of something; between; below, under; deep; mind, feelings, liver (fig.) -PMP *dalem

look over a wide area, search for something with the eyes while standing in place -PPH *nanaw

mountain; forested inland mountain areas -PAN *bukij

mountainous area -PPh *ka-bulud-an

mountainous area -PPh *bulud-an

nasal area; snout -PAN *ŋusuq

notch, as in a tree trunk; notch-shaped area under theglans penis -PWMP *etak

outside; outside area; spacious, roomy -PMP *luas₁

puffy area around the throat of some birds -PWMP *tambuluk

spacious room or area -PWMP *Ruqaŋ-an

to lie flat; flat area -PPH *dapat₃

village area -PMP *lebuq

wooded area, forest -PWMP *kahiw-an

areca

areca nut and palm; heart -POC *buaq

areca nut cutter - *(loan)

Areca

betel nut: nut ofAreca catechu -PAN-F *Sawiki

areca

blossom of the areca or coconut palm -PWMP *mayaŋ

flower spathe of areca palm -PMP *hupiq

fruit; areca palm and nut; grain; berry; seed; nut; endosperm of a sprouting coconut; kidney; heart; finger; calf of the leg; testicle; various insects; scar tissue; roe; bud; flower; blossom; bear fruit; words, speech, or songs; meaning, contents of discussion; numeral classifier for roundish objects; buttock; Adam's apple; nipple of the breast; button; marble; tattooing -PMP *buaq

immature stage of coconut or areca nut (?) -POC *piras

plant fiber; coconut husk, fibers of areca nuts, fibers covering mango seeds, etc. -PWMP *sabut

wild palm tree with fruit similar to areca nut:Heterospathe elata -PPH *sagisí

Arenga

sugar palm:Arenga spp. -PMP *qanahaw

the sugar palmArenga saccharifera,Arenga pinnata -PWMP *izuk

argenteus

a plant:Pipturus argenteus -PMP *adamay

argue

argue with, oppose someone -PWMP *bantaq

argue, blame - *(loan)

argue, quarrel, dissention - *(noise)

to complain, argue back -PPh *áŋal

to quarrel, argue, fight -PPH *áway

to shout, to argue with -POC *ŋeŋe

Argus

Argus pheasant - *(loan)

arise

arise from sleep -PPh *b<um>aŋun

to lift, stand up, arise, emerge, begin, depart, carry; cargo; take something; take a wife -PMP *buhat₃

Arius

large catfish that lives in river estuaries: genusArius -PWMP *tambaŋuŋu

arm

(of a person) to hang by the arms, dangle -POC *tuku₃

arm - *(noise)

be carried under the arm -PWMP *kilik-en

bent, of the arm -PMP *siŋkul

bent, of the arm -PMP *sikut₁

carried under the arm or on the hip -PWMP *kilik₂

clasp in the arms - *(noise)

extend both arms sideways -PPH *maR-depa

extend the arms sideways -PPH *i-depa

fold the arms over the chest; fold the wings, of a bird -PWMP *kumkum

forearm, lower arm -PMP *leŋen

hand arm - *(noise)

hand, arm -PMP *baRa₁

have a stiff or bent arm -PMP *si(ŋ)kuk₁

hold or carry under the arm -PWMP *meŋ-qabin

hold or carry under the arm -PMP *qabin

maimed, lacking a hand, arm or leg -PPH *pukul₂

move arms in a flailing motion, as in freestyle swimming -PPH *bara-bara

press together; pressed together; carry under the arm, press between the legs -PMP *kepit

swing the arms -PWMP *kayaŋ

to bend, as an arm or leg -POC *lukun

to carry at the side or on the hip, pressed under the arm -PPH *kilít

to span with outstretched arms, measure in fathoms -PWMP *d<um>epa

to wrap, encircle, as with the arms or wings -PPH *kupkup₂

upper arm -PWMP *beteken

wave the hand or arms; call by waving -PMP *kaway₁

armpit

armpit -PPH *yekyek₁

armpit -PWMP *ilek

armpit -PPH *kili-kíli

armpit - *(noise)

armpit, crotch -PWMP *apaqpaq

stench of sweaty armpits -PWMP *aŋ(e)ceŋ

stench of sweaty armpits -PWMP *aŋ(e)cej

sweaty armpits, stench of sweaty armpits -PWMP *qaŋ(e)sej

aromatic

aromatic odor -PWMP *aŋi₁

kind of aromatic herb:Pogostemon cablin -PPH *kab(e)liŋ

around

all around, surrounding -PMP *temu₁

anklet, ribbon worn around leg -PPh *bagiat

be attracted to, swarm around, as ants do on finding food -PPH *dapu

be or become wound around something -PAN *ma-litlit

belt; tie around the waist -PAN *bakes₁

bind the waist; band around the waist -PWMP *embej

bind, tie together by winding around -PWMP *maŋ-bejbej

circumambulate, go around the edge - *(loan)

clatter of a stick poking around in something -PWMP *degaq

cleared area around house, cleared ground in village -PMP *natad

coil around, wrap with rope -PWMP *libej

constriction around neck -PWMP *cekig

curve, bend around -PWMP *biŋkeluŋ

disseminate, strew around - *(noise)

encircle tigthly; band or ring around something -PWMP *selut

encircle, wrap around -PPh *balíkes

encircle, wrap firmly around - *-kes(root)

enclosure; palisade around a village; fence around a planted tree or cultivated field -PMP *pager

entangle, snarl, tie up, wind around, wrap -POC *pisi₁

fire saw; tie a tool around the hand or some other fixture -PPH *kulili

gather, collect; swarm around -PMP *quruŋ

go around the edge, take a detour -PPH *liklík

go around, encircle -PWMP *liut₁

go around, envelop, surround -PWMP *l<um>iput

long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying -PMP *habit

long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying -PAN *Sabit

move around in a circling fashion -PWMP *liliŋ-liliŋ

plait a cord, twist, wrap around -PMP *pirit

puffy area around the throat of some birds -PWMP *tambuluk

pulpy, fleshy, as a fruit; soft flesh around the seeds of a fruit -PWMP *lunek₁

put on clothing, wrap around body -PMP *suluŋ₂

reverse, turn around -PMP *bali₅

reverse, turn around -PMP *balik₂

reverse, turn around -PPh *baliketád

reverse, turn over or around -PPh *balikid

round about, around, in one’s surroundings; go around -PMP *kuliliŋ

seize, grasp, wrap around -PWMP *Rakep

spin around - *-siŋ(root)

strap; something wrapped around -PWMP *ambet

swarm around -PWMP *gurumut

thing around which binding is wound -PWMP *bejbej-an

tie around; belt -PPh *balíkis

tie by binding around -PMP *kebet₁

tie up, tie by wrapping around -PWMP *kabej

tie, bind, wrap around - *-kis₂(root)

to be jolted or knocked around on a rough ride -PPH *tagtag

to cross over, wind around, embrace -PPH *lambid

to dissolve something in water; swish around in water -PPH *nawnáw

to make something wind around something else -PAN *pa-litlit

to pass around or near someone or something -PWMP *liwet

to reverse, turn around -PAN *suli₂

to reverse, turn around -PMP *suliq

to rotate, turn around (of an object) -PPH *baliweswes

to turn around, as a boat -PPH *kabíg-en

to turn around, as a boat -PPH *kábig

to whirl, spin around -PPH *weswés

to wind, tie by winding around -PPh *bejbej-en

to wrap around; embrace, hug -PAN *takes₁

turn around, change direction -POC *li-liu

turn around, turn back -POC *ta-bulos

turn around, turn back -POC *bulos

turn around, turn over -POC *liliu

turn, go around -PAN *taliuk

turn, revolve, turn around - *-liŋ₃(root)

turned around, inverted - *(loan)

twine around -PMP *pulit

twist around -POC *polit

twist around -PMP *belit₂

twist around - *-lut(root)

walking around -POC *lako lako

was tied by winding around -PWMP *b<in>ejbej

what is ground up, what is produced by twisting around or grinding -PPH *g<in>iliŋ

wind around -PWMP *Ra(m)bej

wind around -PWMP *qa(m)bej

wind around -PMP *bejbej₂

wind around - *(noise)

wind around repeatedly - *-bej(root)

wind around, bind by winding around -PAN *litlit

wind around, encircle -PWMP *ti(ŋ)kes

wind around, roll up -PWMP *letlet

wind around; bundle - *-kus(root)

wrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping; bundle of wrapped material -PAN *bejbej₁

wrap around tightly -PPH *tag(e)kés

wrap around, encircle -PAN *ta(R)kes

wrap around; band around something -PWMP *hambej

wrap around; hug -PPH *hag(e)kes

wrap firmly around, encircle tightly -POC *likos

wrap firmly around, encircle tightly -PMP *likes

wrap or wind around something -PPH *la(m)béj

wrap tightly around -PWMP *keskes₂

arousal

sexual arousal, sexual excitement -PAN *qeCuR

arrange

arrange, put in order - *(loan)

pave with stones; pile or stack up, arrange, order, put in sequence -PMP *qatuR₁

pave with stones; pile up, arrange, put in an orderly fashion -PWMP *qatuR-an

pile up, arrange, put in an orderly fashion -PWMP *maŋ-qatuR

stack up; in a row, lined up; to order, arrange -PCEMP *qatuR₂

to arrange, make something neat or proper -PPH *áyus

arrangement

trivet, arrangement of three stones on which the cooking pot is placed -PMP *dalikan

arrest

to arrest the progress of something by stopping or catching it; to support, keep from falling -PWMP *saŋgaq

arrive

able to arrive -PWMP *maka-dateŋ

to arrive -PWMP *sabay₂

to arrive -PWMP *d<um>ateŋ

to arrive, appear, come into view -POC *pura

to arrive, reach a place -PMP *dateŋ

to come, arrive; reach as far as; reach a destination; to complete -PMP *teka₁

arriving

to meet or greet someone who is arriving, or who one encounters by surprise -PPH *sabat-en

to meet or greet someone, welcome someone who is arriving -PWMP *sabat

arrogant

(lit. 'big liver') brave, courageous; proud, arrogant -PMP *X₁ + qatay

arrogant - *(loan)

proud, arrogant - *(loan)

arrow

arrow -PMP *anak i panaq

arrow - *(loan)

feather vane on an arrow -PPH *pulád

fit snugly, as bowstring in arrow notch -PMP *siŋ(e)qit

point of an arrow -POC *mata ni panaq

point of an arrow -PMP *mata nu panaq

shoot an arrow -PWMP *ma-manaq

snake venom; plant poison used on tips of arrows -PPH *dítaq

throw something at a target; shoot with bow and arrow -PAN *panaq

arrowroot

a vine, possibly arrowroot; famine food -PPH *baháy

arsenic

rat-weed, arsenic -PWMP *baraŋen₂

rat-weed, arsenic -PWMP *baraŋan₃

art

a form of martial art or mock combat -PWMP *silat

artery

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon -PAN *huRaC

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; nerve; sinew; tendon; fiber; vein of a leaf; grain of wood; strand (of thread, rope); fishing line; root -PMP *uRat

artery, blood vessel, blood vein; muscle; sinew; tendon; ligament; fiber; tough, sinewy -POC *uRat

artery, major blood vessel -PWMP *uRat i daRaq

arthritic

arthritic or rheumatic pain -POC *ŋuŋul

arthritic or rheumatic pain -PMP *ŋulŋul₁

arthropod

poisonous arthropod -PPh *átaŋ átaŋ

article

article -PMP *a₁

common noun article -PMP *na₁

definite article - *(noise)

encircling article of clothing or adornment -PWMP *giret

personal article -PAN *i₃

artificial

artificial cockspur - *(loan)

artificial cockspur; bind on an artificial cockspur -PWMP *bulaŋ

for water to run downhill, as in artificial irrigation on terraced hillsides -PPH *bawaŋ₂

tie an artificial spur to the leg of a fighting cock -PWMP *maŋ-bulaŋ

artificially

artificially enclosed catchment for water: well, ditch -PWMP *paRigi

Artocarpus

a tree and its fruit:Artocarpus odoratissimus -PWMP *madaŋ

a tree:Artocarpus sp. -PMP *kulu₁

breadfruit: Artocarpus spp. -PPH *qatipulu

jackfruit Artocarpus spp. - *(loan)

the seeded breadfruit tree:Artocarpus camansi -PPH *kamansi

the seeded breadfruit tree:Artocarpus camansi -PPH *kamansiq

Asaphis

to scrape; scraper or grater made from circular bivalve shell:Asaphis spp. -POC *kasi

ascaris

roundworm, ascaris, intestinal worm; also earthworm? -PMP *bulati

ascend

climb, ascend -PAN *d<um>akiS

climb, ascend -PAN *dakiS

tiny sea fish that ascends rivers in huge numbers to spawn -PEMP *ipun₁

tiny sea fish that ascends rivers in huge numbers to spawn -PMP *hipun₁

to ascend, rise up -POC *sake

to climb, ascend, rise up -PMP *sakay₄

to go upstream, ascend a river -PPH *súbaq

ascending

affines of the first ascending or zero generation -POC *puŋao

collateral consanguine of the first ascending generation -PAN *tata₁

relative of the third ascending or descending generation -PCMP *usi

relative of the third or fourth ascending or descending generation -PMP *piut

ascetic

ascetic - *(loan)

ash

ash -PMP *abus

ash, cinder, powder -PAN *qabu

ash, hearth, cinder, powder, dust; gray -PMP *qabu

volcanic ash (?) -PWMP *lahar

ashamed

ashamed; shy -PAN-F *Sikad

ashamed; shy; modest -PAN-F *ma-Sikad

shy, ashamed -PWMP *ilah-an

shy, embarrassed, ashamed -PCEMP *ma-mayaq

shy, embarrassed; ashamed -PMP *ma-heyaq

shy, embarrassed; ashamed -PAN *ma-Seyaq

ashen

ashen, grayish -PMP *labu₂

covered with ashes; ashen, gray -PWMP *ma-qabu

ashes

ashes, dust -POC *qapu

cover with ashes, put ashes on -PWMP *maŋ-qabu

covered with ashes; ashen, gray -PWMP *ma-qabu

place of ashes -PWMP *paR-qabu-an

place of ashes; hearth -PAN *qabu-an

roast in hot ashes -PWMP *benem₁

sparks, burning ashes in the wind -PWMP *lalatu₂

was covered with ashes -PWMP *q<in>abu

ashore

be cast adrift, cast ashore after going adrift -PPH *padpád

to wash ashore, as driftwood -PPH *dág(e)saq

asiatica

a creeping plant:Hydrocotyle asiatica -PWMP *paŋgaga

asiaticum

a lily-like plant:Crinum asiaticum L. -PAN *bakuŋ₁

aside

budge, shift, move aside -PMP *isu₁

budge, shift, move aside -PMP *isuR

budge, shift, move aside -PMP *iseR

budge, shift, move aside -PMP *ised

budge, shift, move aside -PMP *icud

push aside - *(noise)

push aside, move aside, step aside -PWMP *siaq

seed set aside for the next planting -PAN *bineSiq

seed set aside for the next planting (esp. rice) -PMP *binehiq

to move aside; make room for, as by moving a little -PPH *denden

to parry, turn an attack or accusation aside -PWMP *taŋkis

to push aside -PPH *lenlen

to sweep aside, clean by throwing aside -PPH *lunlún-en

to sweep aside, clean by throwing aside -PPH *lunlún

turn aside, swerve to avoid a collision -PWMP *tipas

turn the head aside -PWMP *liŋus

turn the head aside -PWMP *liŋeR

ask

a question; to ask a question -PPH *tepet₂

ask permission - *(noise)

ask, inquire -PMP *utaña

ask, inquire about -PWMP *maR-kutaña

ask, inquire about -PMP *kutaña

beg, ask for -POC *ŋoni

beg, ask for -PMP *ŋeni

know, understand; ask, inquire -PAN *bajaq₁

tell, inform; ask, inquire -PMP *bajaq₂

to receive; to ask for -PPH *dáwat

askance

look askance -PMP *sileŋ

askew

askew, in a slanting direction -PMP *liliŋ₁

aslant

aslant, steep, precipitous - *(noise)

asleep

die; dead; sick; tired (of); faint, lose consciousness; eclipse; new moon; extinguished; blocked (path); paralyzed; numb, asleep (limbs); die down (wind); waterless (springs, rivers); dry up (plants); beaten (in a game); fixed (price); terminate a matter, reach an agreement; disaster; intensive, superlative; desire intensely, be deeply in love -PMP *m-atay

drop off to sleep, fall asleep when one should stay awake -PWMP *ka-tuduR-en

numb; 'fall asleep', of a limb -PPh *ban(e)héd

aspire

wish, aspire - *(loan)

assay

test, assay, examine -PWMP *uzi

assemble

assemble, collect, gather - *-pun(root)

assemble, gather -PWMP *punpun

gather, assemble -PAN *tapun

heap, pile, cover with earth; collect, assemble - *-bun (or *-bequn?)(root)

heap, pile, swarm, flock; to swarm, assemble, gather -PMP *ebun

to assemble, come together (of people); bring together (of things) -PPH *típun

to come together, assemble -PPH *ruru₃

assembly

collection, gathering, assembly -PAN *puluŋ

meeting, assembly, gathering - *(loan)

assent

yes; agree, give assent -POC *qo

assessment

visual assessment of something, as in taking aim, making a straight line, or forming an opinion -PWMP *sipat

assign

to blame, assign fault to (?) -PWMP *salaq-an

assist

help, assist -PMP *tabaŋ

help, assistance; to help, assist -PWMP *uRup

to aid, assist, help -PWMP *t<um>uluŋ

to help, assist -PMP *tuluŋ

to help, assist with work -PWMP *saqup

assistance

assistance given to someone in need -PPH *abúluy

help, assistance -PWMP *awat₁

help, assistance; to help, assist -PWMP *uRup

associate

to associate with someone -PPH *agúm

assume

to answer (a call, a question); to assume responsibility for, be answerable for -PPH *sagút

to assume, act on a supposition, be the reason for an action, escuse for something -PWMP *dalih

astonish

amaze, astonish -PWMP *kelaw

astonishment

astonishment - *(loan)

exclamation of astonishment, fright, etc. -PMP *qina

astray

to cheat, lead astray, get someone into trouble -PPH *taliŋu

astringent

astringent -PAN *qasepa

astringent taste, as of unripe bananas -PWMP *peled

taste of unripe banana; slightly bitter or astringent taste -PMP *apeled

tasting 'woody' or coarse; astringent taste, as of unripe bananas -PWMP *sapela

Astronia

a plant:Astronia spp., Melastomataceae -PPH *tuŋaw₂

at

at, on, in, to -POC *pa₂

preposition: at, on, in, to -PMP *ba₃

athwart

crosswise, athwart -PPh *bala(R)báR

obstruct, lie across or athwart -PWMP *qalaŋ

piece of wood used for a purpose; lie athwart, as a beam -PWMP *bali(n)taŋ

thwart, crosspiece, as one used to restrain person; lie athwart or across -PWMP *balagbag

Athyrium

bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum -PAN *paheku

atmosphere

atmosphere, space between earth and sky -PWMP *hawan hawan

atmosphere, space between earth and sky -PWMP *hawan

atmosphere, space between earth and sky -PMP *awaŋ

atrogularis

a bird and its call, probably the tailor bird:Orthotomus atrogularis -PPH *tiwtiw

attach

attach, connect, join -PWMP *tampir

attach, connect, join -PWMP *tampil

attach, fasten -PWMP *ta(m)bid

attach, join - *-pil(root)

join together, attach tightly -PMP *rapet

tie, bind, attach to by tying -PMP *hiket

tie, bind, attach to by tying -PAN *Siket

attached

attached to -POC *bikit

penetrate, get attached to -PWMP *sebet

place where ridgepole covering has been attached -PWMP *b<in>ubuŋ-an

sheaf to which rice grains are attached -PPh *quhut

sticking to, attached to, joined -PMP *pikit

to remove something from an attached position -PPH *úkit

wobble, come loose, of something attached -PWMP *uteŋaq

attack

ambush, attack from concealment -PMP *Rahuŋ

ambush, attack from concealment -PAN *RaSuŋ

ambush, surprise attack -PPH *tambáŋ

attack from concealment, criticize from a distance -PPH *libák

attack suddenly, fall upon - *(loan)

attack, run amuck -PMP *hamuk

oppose, attack -PWMP *suleŋ

sea worm that attacks wood -PWMP *tambiluk

teredo, sea worm that attacks wood -PWMP *tamiluk

to attack -PMP *rapat

to attack, as an animal attacking its prey -PPH *tekeb₂

to attack, go to war -PPH *gubát

to parry, turn an attack or accusation aside -PWMP *taŋkis

attacked

attacked by wood worms -PMP *bukbuk-an

attacking

surround, encircle, as in attacking someone -PMP *liput₁

to attack, as an animal attacking its prey -PPH *tekeb₂

attain

to reach, attain -PPH *q<um>-ábut

attention

exclamation to express surprise, call attention, etc. -PMP *uy

interjection or exclamation to call attention or answer a call -POC *oe

to attract someone’s attention by hissing -POC *sisit

to attract someone’s attention by hissing -PWMP *citcit

to divert the attention of someone -PPH *bakaŋ₂

to hiss to get attention -PPH *sutsut₃

to hiss, as to call attention to -POC *sisit

to note, remember; care, attention, caution -PMP *iŋat

touch or tap so as to draw someone's attention -PMP *kebit

touch someone lightly, as to get attention -PPH *kab(e)lít

attentive

be attentive, stand guard - *(loan)

mindful, careful, attentive -PWMP *ma-iŋat

attenuating

tapering, attenuating to a point -PWMP *tirus

attic

loft, attic -PWMP *pagu

storage shelf; attic, loft -PMP *paRa paRa

storage shelf; attic, loft -PAN *paRa₁

attire

shaman in ritual transvestite attire -PWMP *asug

attract

domestic chicken used as a decoy to attract a wild fowl into a trap -PPH *pa-ŋátiq

to attract someone’s attention by hissing -POC *sisit

to attract someone’s attention by hissing -PWMP *citcit

attracted

be attracted to, swarm around, as ants do on finding food -PPH *dapu

attribution

linker marking emphatic attribution -PAN *na₂

attributive

attributive suffix -POC *-ana

audible

audible -PWMP *ma-deŋeR

augusta

shrub or small tree:Abroma augusta L. -PWMP *anabu

aunt

aunt -PWMP *paR-ina-an

aunt -PWMP *ina-en

aunt - *(loan)

aunt, older woman - *(noise)

aurantifolia

a small tree with leaves used as medicine:Citrus aurantifolia -PPH *dayap

aureum

kind of fern:Acrostichum aureum -PWMP *piay

auricle

the auricle or shell of the ear -POC *raun ni taliŋa

the auricle or shell of the ear -PMP *dahun nu taliŋa

average

medium, average, intermediate - *(loan)

middle, middling, average -PPH *taliwájaq

Averrhoa

a tree and its edible fruit, the starfruit:Averrhoa bilimbi,Averrhoa carambola -PWMP *baliŋbiŋ

averse

averse, unwilling; reluctant -PWMP *butul

avoid

avoid someone out of fear -PWMP *ketiR

avoid, evade (as people one does not wish to be with) -PPh *iwas

dodge, evade, avoid -PWMP *qilag

to pick up with something to avoid getting dirty or burned -PAN *saput₂

turn aside, swerve to avoid a collision -PWMP *tipas

avoided

person whose name is avoided or cannot be remembered: So-and-so -PMP *sanu

person whose name is avoided or cannot be remembered: So-and-so -PWMP *i-anu, si-anu

person whose name is unknown, avoided or cannot be remembered: who? -PPh *si-nu

thing whose name is unknown, avoided, or cannot be remembered: what? -PMP *a-nu

awake

be awake -PWMP *paR-mata

be awake, watchful, alert -POC *mamata

drop off to sleep, fall asleep when one should stay awake -PWMP *ka-tuduR-en

stay awake all night, as in a vigil for the dead -PPH *pulaw

to keep someone awake, not let them sleep -PPH *puyat-en

awaken

eye, face, focal point, center or most prominent part; hole, aperture; doorway, window; budding part of plant; ‘eye’ of coconut; knot in wood; sun; core of a boil; blade of a knife; to awaken; operculum of a snail; mesh of a net; eye of a needle; noose of a trap; hearth; direction of the wind; head of a river; spring, source; lid, cover -PMP *mata

to awaken, wake someone up -POC *paŋun-ia

to awaken, wake someone up -PWMP *pa-baŋun

awakened

be awakened, be revived -PWMP *baŋun-en

was awakened by someone -PWMP *b<in>aŋun

awareness

understanding, awareness - *(loan)

away

away from speaker -PMP *atu

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer -PMP *wa-tu

away, outward, forward, onward; towards the hearer -PMP *a-tu

be carried away by someone or something -PPH *taŋay₂

be carried away by water -POC *tape-a

be snatched away, taken away by force -PPh *qaRaw-en

be thrown away or discarded -PWMP *b<in>uaŋ

blown away by the wind -PWMP *palis₁

blown away by the wind -PWMP *palij

carry, carry away -POC *kawe

chase, drive away -PPh *ábuR

cry to drive away fowls: shoo! -PWMP *siuq

cut down, clear away scrub -PWMP *tebas₂

discard, throw away; banish -PMP *buqaŋ

drift on a current, carried away by flowing water -PAN *qañud

drive animals away -PMP *busay

drive away (as animals) -PWMP *halaw

drive away, chase off -PWMP *ka-buRaw

drive off, chase away, expel -PPh *maR-buRaw

drive off, chase away, expel -PWMP *maŋ-buRaw

drive off, chase away, expel -PPh *buRaw-en

drive off, chase away, expel -PAN *buRaw

driven away, chased off -PAN *ma-buRaw

fall away, crumble (as a wall) -PWMP *empas

far, far away, far off, distant -PPH *ma-adayuq

go away from -POC *tani₁

go, walk away, depart -PMP *panaw₂

go, walk away, depart -PAN *paNaw

push away -PWMP *tupelak

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled in shallow water -PWMP *maR-tulak

push something away, shove, repel; push off, as a boat leaving shore or being poled through shallow water -PMP *tulak

run away, flee; flight, escape; fugitive -PMP *pa-laRiw

run, run away, flee -PAN *ma-laRiw

run, run away, flee, escape -PAN *laRiw

running, running away, flight -PWMP *pa-laRiw-an

slash, chop away -PWMP *etas

slip off, slip away -PWMP *burus₁

slip out or away -PWMP *pulesit

snatch with the mouth, as a dog seizing something in its mouth and running away with it -PPH *sak(e)mál

snatch, take away by force -PWMP *maŋ-qaRaw

snatch, take away by force, rob -PAN *qaRaw

sound used to shoo away domestic animals -PWMP *cik

sweep away - *(noise)

swept away -PWMP *s<in>apu

take away from, dispossess -PWMP *pucut₂

throw away, toss away -PWMP *ka-buaŋ

to brush away dust or dirt -PWMP *paspas₂

to carry away -PPH *taŋay-en

to chase away or shoo off small animals -PMP *sika

to drive away, shoo off -PPH *tabuR₂

to fly away -PWMP *tilib

to lay down, put down, put away -PWMP *maR-taRuq

to scrape, with motion away from body -POC *ori

to see or look at something far away -PPH *tanɁaw-én

to see or look at something far away -PPH *taq(e)náw

to send away -PAN-F *pa-uSa

to shy away, of animals -PWMP *dura

to slip through or out, get away -PPH *pus(e)lít

to store, put away for safekeeping, hide valuables; to place a bet in gambling; lay an egg -PMP *taRuq

to waste away from illness -PPH *sárut

to wipe away, wipe off -PPH *nisnis-an

awning

leaf awning -PWMP *samir

palm leaf awning, usually on boats -PMP *kazaŋ₂

awry

slanting, awry -PMP *hiwid

slanting, awry -PAN *Siwid

axe

adze, axe -PWMP *baliuŋ

axe -PWMP *wasay

axe - *(loan)

axe - *(noise)

axe (?) -POC *matau

axe or adze -PMP *kiRam

handle of an axe or adze -POC *paRara

handle of an axe or adze -PMP *paRada

kind of axe or adze -PWMP *liŋ(e)bas

azedarach

a tree:Melia azedarach -PAN-F *baŋaS