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The earliest Hawaiian word lists

Archibald Campbell's List
(1809)

When the Russian shipNeva (seeLisiansky's list), now under the command of Capt. Hagemeister, called at Hawaiʻi again in late January 1809, Archibald Campbell was an "inbound passenger." The ship left after three months, but Campbell remained for a total of thirteen, eventually learning some of the language himself. For this reason, his sample of the Hawaiian language is significantly different from those of his predecessors, since it was not elicited from a native speaker, but was formed from his own recollection of the language.

A Scot whose "rudiments" of formal education ceased at the age of ten, Campbell was apprenticed to a ship when he was thirteen and made three voyages to the West Indies. In Hawaiʻi a close association with Kamehameha and several prominent haole residents put him in the center of activities during his stay. He returned to Scotland in April 1812. James Smith, who eventually became his editor, found him playing violin for the passengers aboard a pleasure boat on the Clyde, an encounter that resulted in the publication of Campbell's remarkable story.

adapted from Albert J. Schütz, "Voices of Eden" pp. 38.

analyzed and annotated by Albert J. Schütz

click on column heading to sort

list wordmodern Hawaiianlist gloss
1.Aroonai lunaAbove
2.ToekoʻiAdze
3.MacaoomakaʻuAfraid
4.Mamooraaoo, peemaimamuliau (oʻu),piʻimaiAfter me, come
5.MamooremamuliAfterwards
6.Nawee-nawee[navenave Tahitian]nahenaheAgreeable
7.Tanata Merikanakanaka Melikana (now ʻAmelika')American, an
8.HoohoohuhūAngry
9.Ahooahehua ʻfruit'Apple
10.Pohevapoʻohiwi*Arm, the
*now defined as 'shoulder'
11.Eeoome___Arrow
12.Ayookai ukaAshore
13.Eiaeia ('here')At
14.Peeperepīpine* (ʻmiserly')Avaricious
*note the l (r) ~ n alternation
15.Titooa waheinekaikuahine (ʻsister')Aunt
16.Leepe-leepelipilipiAxe
17.TooatakuaBack, the
18.EoahaewahaBack, to carry on
19.Eeno, heva, nooe-nooe hevaʻino,hewa, ?nuinuihewaBad
20.Kanaka poopootakanakapupukaBad man
21.OopobootauapupukaBald
22.OheʻoheBamboo
23.Hohorehohole ('to strip')Bark
24.EmuttaemakeBattle
25.Oome-oomeʻumiʻumiBeard
26.Erokoorotu ('strike') (Tahitian);loku ('downpour')Beat a drum, to
27.MoenamoenaBed
28.NarronaloBee
29.Tootai narrokūkaenalo₂Bees-wax
30.Heire peiro oeehelepēlū ʻeBegone
31.Temoorekimuli (ke/ka 'the')Behind
32.Manaoo, opoomanaʻo,ʻōpūBelly
33.Erooeeheluaʻi ('vomit')Belch
34.DeerrolaloBelow
35.Feropooi lokoBetween
36.MannoomanuBird
37.BiketepikekeBiscuit
*this word was evidently replaced by pelena, from 'bread'
38.Ava-avaʻawaʻawaBitter
39.Ere-ereʻeleʻeleBlack
40.Toa meemekoʻana/koʻalamimiBladder
41.Muka pamakapōBlind
42.Pockakapokakaʻa,pōkaʻaBlock, pulley
43.TotokokoBlood
44.PapapapaBoard, or plank to swim on
45.Aroonai lunaBoard, on
46.Oohe?iwiBone
47.Pehe rera?pihileleBonetta, a fish so called
48.OkoreeʻōkoleBottom
49.Apoina? hepoina (cf.moena?)ʻapu/ipuinuBowl, wooden
50.Taate, keike tannee___,keiki kāneBoy
51.Heimanne? hey, manBoy, a familiar way of speaking
52.Teepokeapo(lima)Bracelet of shells
53.Ooroo, ooloo'uluBread-fruit
54.AnahanahāBreak, to
55.OomaumaumaBreast
56.Peemai?pi'imaiBring me
57.MotoomokuBroken
58.Keike taneekeiki kāneBrother
59.Aoora-aoora'ā'ula,hāʻulaʻula/heʻulaʻulaBrown
60.TabahookapahuBucket
61.Opeehee, booboo'opihi,pūpū,pihi ('button')Button
62.Poreemapūlima,apo limaButtons, string of
63.Tooaikū'aiBuy, to
64.TabetekāpikiCabbage
65.AreepoipuCalabash
66.Maneenomanino,malinoCalm
67.Poo nooeepūnuiCannon
68.Evahahewa'aCanoe, single
69.MakarooawaʻakauluaCanoe, double
70.Eree te motooaliʻi (o)kamokuCaptain of a ship
71.MalammamālamaCare, to take
72.FamoamoCarry, to
73.PopokeepōpokiCat
74.Warra-warra?ʻoluʻoluCheerful
75.PapareenapāpālinaCheeks
76.EreealiʻiChief
77.PahepahuChest
78.Moa tinamoa ___?Chicken
79.Keike, kumareekeiki,kamaliʻiChild
80.Hemo te keikehemo kekeikiChild-bearing
81.OoamauamaʻemaʻeClean
82.Teaboota, tapakīhei ___?,kapaCloak, or upper garment
83.TapakapaCloth, also clothes
84.EaooteehewaukeCloth-plant
85.PoohepuhiCircumcision
86.Moa tanneemoa kāneClock
87.Patte-patte?pakipaki 'buggy'?; popoti/poti (Tahitian)Cockroach
88.CaneeokaniuCocoa-nut
89.AnooanuCold
90.HereheleCome
91.Here maihele maiCome here
92.Peemai, taroopiʻimai ?, ___kāua ?Come with me
93.Poopoota, poopookapupukaContempt, a term of
94.Para paroowalawalaʻauConversation
95.OomoaroauamoʻaloaCooked, or baked
96.Nonoanonoa (Tahitian) 'mutual dislike'?Coyness in a woman
97.Ehapoohota (Tahitian) 'cough';pūhā 'hawk up phlegm'Cough, to
98.Ayoocai ukaCountry, the
99.CaheiteKahikiCountry, foreign, generally applied to Britain
100.Peepe-nooepipinuiCow
101.PappeepāpaʻiCrab
102.Epootoo, pehoo___Crab, particular kinds of
103.Pehe oorapihiʻula 'red fish',ula 'spiny lobster'Crayfish
104.Oora-ooraʻulaʻulaCrimson
105.Taeekauē 'cry';kaī 'interjection of displeasure, vexation'Cry, to, or weep
106.OraroaolaloaCured, it is
107.Hakee-hakeehakihakiCut, to
108.Ehoora-hooraehulahulaDance, to
109.Poa rerepōʻeleʻele,pōuliuliDark
110.Poapō 'night'; Pōā(1-6) egPōʻakahi 'Monday'Day
111.Aeea poaaiiapō 'that night'Day, to
112.Makeroamake loaDead
113.Honnoo, onnooʻonoDelicious
114.Etooa hevahetutua ___ ;hewa 'wicked',hiwa 'black'Demon, or devil
115.Maiaimahiʻai ('cultivate')Dig, to
116.Totai, erepokūkae, helepoDirt
117.Roa, maroaloa,maʻōloaDistant
118.Eehopoo-poohopu, faʻahopu (Tahitian);ʻopuDive, to
119.Edea caoʻīliokao ('goat')Dog
120.Oona?naiʻaDolphin
121.PoolapukaDoor
122.Pooroapau loaDone, or finished
123.AeenoeinuDrink, to
124.HonnooʻonaDrunk
125.PahoopahuDrum
126.Moramoʻora (Tahitian)Duck
127.Hoi-hoi te poahoʻihoʻi kapō 'night returns'Dusk, or twilight
128.EnohoenohoDwell, to
129.EhonooahehonuaEarth
130.Pepeaoo, tareeapepeiao, ___Ears
131.EeaieʻaiEat, to
132.PoohepuhiEels, or sea-snakes
133.Ehooeerohehūero (Tah.)Egg
134.Neeootainiukai ?Egg, sea
135.Pritane, KaheitePelekania,KahikiEngland
136.Kanaka Pritane, Kanaka KaheiteKanakaPelekana /KahikiEnglishman
137.Maoonamāʻona ('satiated')Enough
138.Marokonaima lokonei 'in here'Enter, to
139.Ahee-aheeahiahiEvening
140.EhooreihaoleEuropean
141.MakamakaEyes
142.Tooa makakuʻe makaEyebrow
143.TootaikūkaeExcrement
144.Waha he, hevawahaheʻe,hewaFalse
145.Taheina? kahina 'to blow in a straight line'Fan, a
146.TahareekāhilihiliFan, to
147.Makooa tannemakuakāneFather
148.AnanaananaFathom
149.Aroho-oealoha ʻoeFarewell
150.Peeapiaʻa (Tah.)Fat
151.MataomakaʻuFear
152.Hooroo, hooroo mannohulu,hulu manuFeathers
153.Araiahelei ʻāʻīFeather necklace
154.Faeera?māʻeʻele ('numb')Feeble
155.WawyewāwaeFeet
156.WaheinewahineFemale
157.Heire mai, peemaihelemai,piʻimaiFetch hither
158.Tirra pehekalāpihiFin of a fish
159.Eaheeaho ('better')Fine
160.Tereemalalima (manamana lima)Fingers
161.PehepihiFish
162.Avaawa ('milkfish'),ʻaʻawa ('wrasse')Fish, a particular kind of
163.Pehe orerapihileleFlying fish
164.Ehooteeehuki (hukilau?)Fish, to
165.Amotoomokomoko ('hand to hand fighting')Fist
166.PapapapaFlat
167.Ookoo rereʻukuleleFlea
168.Pooa monopua ___Flower, a
169.ArereeleleFly, to
170.EnarrahenaloFly, a
171.Ooarouahala 'past'Forgot
172.MoamoaFowl
173.OnooʻonoFresh
174.Heitanne, poonarooaaikāne,punaluaFriend
175.Hooerohūero (Tah.)Fruit
176.PaoopāʻūGarment worn by the women
177.Horoahōroʻa (Tah.)Generous
178.TatooakākuaGirdle
179.MaromaloGirdle worn by the men
180.Keike waheinakeikiwahine (kaikamahine)Girl
181.Mukunnamakana ('present')Give, to
182.HeireheleGo
183.Peepe Kaopipikao 'goat cow'Goat
184.EtooaAkuaGod
185.MeiteimaikaʻiGood
186.Toopoooa tannekupuna kāneGrandfather
187.Topooa Waheinekupuna wahineGrandmother
188.MoomauʻuGrass
189.Ooranaulana ('weave'),olonā ('native shrub for making cord)Grass, broad leaved, of which lines and nets are made
190.Pepe rerapepe (Tah.) 'butterfly; ʻuhini vivi (Tah.)Grasshopper
191.Nooe-nooenuinuiGreat
192.OmamaoʻōmaʻomaʻoGreen
193.PoopūGun
194.LavohoolauohoHair
195.Haneekahinakā,hainakāHandkerchief
196.ReemalimaHands
197.MeiteimaikaʻiHandsome
198.Aeeva, too-tooheawa,kukū (perhaps fromkū 'to dock')Harbour
199.Howhao ('iron', 'to come with force')Hard
200.Weete-weetewikiwikiHaste, make
201.RoaloaʻaHas, past time
202.PapareepāpaleHat
203.Haveehāʻawi ('give')Have
204.PopoʻoHead
205.Oeraʻo iaHe or she
206.Farofaʻaroʻo (Tah.);hoʻolonoHearing
207.Ehottoo, teatehe hutu (Tah.) 'heart of cabbage or lettuce'; keake 'liver'Heart
208.MahannamahanaHeat, or hot
209.Manna ke Laomana ? kalāHeat of the sun
210.MayoreemahioleHelmet
211.Moa waheinemoa wahineHen
212.NeheneheHerb, used by white people for tea
213.Maimai ('hither')Here
214.MahoomāhūHermaphrodite
215.EhoonaehūnāHide, to
216.RoeheelōʻihiHigh
217.PareipaliHill
218.Poa, boapuaʻaHog
219.Koore-koore oekulikuliʻoeHold your tongue
220.PookapukaHole
221.MattoomakauHook for fishing
222.Palavapalaoa ('whale tooth')Hook made of ivory, worn as an ornament
223.Edea nooeeʻīlionui (lio)Horse
224.harre, ehareehaleHouse
225.Harre, moehalemoeHouse (sleeping)
226.Harre eaihale eʻaiHouse (eating)
227.Arohooealoha ʻoeHow are you
228.PororepōloliHungry
229.TanneekāneHusband
230.Waoo, tawawau,kāua 'you and I'I, my, or me
231.TeaketelakekeJacket
232.Aroha eenooalohaʻinoInterjection of grief
233.Taa ha hakūhāhāInterjection of admiration
234.HowhaoIron
235.MotoomokuIsland
236.Mairomaero (Tah.);māiloItch, to
237.Vaiheewaiho ('leave')Keep
238.Popahee, matte-matte makeroapepehi,makemake,make loaKill
239.Eree nooeealiʻinuiKing
240.Okee-okee, kanee-kaneeʻokiʻoki,kanikaniKnife
241.Nono, eetenoʻonoʻo,ʻikeKnow
242.O-opaʻoʻopaLame
243.Ayookai ukaLand
244.AienaʻāinaLand cultivated
245.AttahaʻakaʻakaLaugh
246.AmapooʻamopuʻuLean, not fat
247.WawyewāwaeLegs
248.Meene-meene, nannamilimili,nānāLet me see
249.Poone-poonehoʻopunipuniLie, to tell a
250.EammamāmāLight, not heavy
251.OowairauilaLightening
252.TowrakaulaLines
253.Lehe-leheleheleheLips
254.Pekenepiki ('shrunken'),peke ('dwarf')Little
255.MoomoʻoLizard
256.Meere-meeremilimili; mirimiri (Tah. 'examine')Look
257.Anee-aneeanianiLooking-glass
258.MoomookamumukuLoss
259.OoreiroualiloLost
260.OokooʻukuLouse
261.TaneekāneMale
262.Tanata, taneekanaka,kāneMan
263.Tanata inoakanakaʻainoaMan that eats with woman
264.Maoonamāʻona ('full')Many
265.Noho te Waheinanoho kawahineMarried, to be
266.Etooa rere?akualele 'fireball'Marshmallow
267.Ahoo, moenaʻahu,moenaMat
268.IpoopeenaipupāʻinaMelon
269.Maooa, maomāua ('us, we'),naʻu ('mine')Mine, my own
270.MalamamalamaMonth
271.MaheinamahinaMoon
272.Maheina erimaimahinaʻelimai,ʻelimahiMoon, new
273.Maheina nooeemahinanuiMoon, full
274.ApopoʻapōpōMorrow, to
275.Aheea pakakahiaka; aahiata (Tah.)Morning
276.Makooa waheinemakuahineMother
277.Parei, parei nooeepali,palinuiMountain
278.WahawahaMonth [mouth]
279.Heeva?siva (Sam.), heiva (Tah.)Music
280.PoopūMusket
281.Totai Kumaree?kūkaekamaliʻi (kamalena 'yellow')Mustard
282.Howhao ('iron')Nail
283.Tatarra?tahaʻa (Tah.)Naked
284.EinoainoaName
285.Kanaka mowreekanaka maoliNative of the Islands
286.Ereporepo?lepolepo ('dirty')Nasty
287.PettopikoNavel
288.OopakaʻupenaNet
289.Aheeapo, arere? ikēiapō, ___Night, this
290.AooreeʻaʻoleNo, not
291.EehooihuNose
292.TootooeekukuiNut used to give light
293.HoehoeOar, or paddle
294.TaikaiOcean
295.Teka,ke 'the'Of
296.Emotoo, baheeoomatua (Tah.), ___ ?kahikoOld
297.Kanaka boolla-boollaKanakaPolapolaOtaheitan
298.EomooimuOven, or pit for cooking
299.Purra-purrapalapalaPainting, printing, drawing, or writing
300.Apooreemapoho limaPalm of the hand
301.MakooamakuaParent
302.MummeemomiPearl
303.Wai mummeewaimomiPearl-river
304.Kanaka, tanatakanakaPeople
305.Ai paʻaepahaPerhaps (affirmatively)
306.Ooree paʻaʻolepahaPerhaps (negatively)
307.PoapuaʻaPig
308.Eroopelupe (Sam., Ton.)Pigeon
309.Oomaʻuʻumi ('choke'),ʻumiʻi ('clamp')Pinch, to
310.Moraimarai (Mao.?)Place of worship
311.PapapapaPlank
312.MaiomaiʻaPlantain
313.AinaʻāinaPlantation
314.Ehanneehana ('to do')Play, to
315.Nawee-naweenavenave (Tah.)Pleasant
316.Aroo-aroo, Maoona?ʻālualua ('multiplication)',maʻona ('satiated'')Plenty
317.Hootee-hooteehukihukiPluck, to
318.OowarraʻualaPotatoes, sweet
319.Poore, ananapulePrayer
320.KahoonakahunaPriest
321.MakunnamakanaPresent, or gift
322.Areea, mamooreealia ('wait a minute'),ma muli ('after')Presently
323.RoromelomilomiPressing with the hand when tired
324.TabookapuProhibition
325.TattookākauPuncturation
326.Peea-peea?pilopiloPutrid
327.Weete-weetewikiwikiQuickly
328.EooaheuaRain
329.EoreeheʻioleRat
330.Oora-ooraʻulaʻulaRed
331.No-nonoʻonoʻoRemember, to
332.Enooaʻenuhe ('caterpillar')Ringworm, a disease
333.PurrapalaRipe
334.TaurakaulaRopes
335.Purra roapalaloaRotten
336.EhoeehoeRow, to
337.LummeelamaRum
338.Anonoho___Rushes
339.Tanata LookeeneKanakaLukiaRussian
340.Kanaka hanna-hanna te motookanakahanahana kamokuSailor
341.PakaipaʻakaiSalt
342.Hone-honehonihoniSalute, by joining noses
343.MaoonamāʻonaSatisfied
344.Pahe oroopahioloSaw, a
345.OopaʻūpāScissars [scissors]
346.Tai, wai taikai,wai kaiSea
347.PoohepuhiSea-snake
348.Neeootai?niukai ('sea coconut')Sea-egg
349.Meene-meenemilimili; mirimiri (Tah.)See, to
350.Mannomanō ('shark')Sharp [shark]
351.Peepepipi ('cow'),hipa ('sheep')Sheep
352.Meere-meeremilimili; mirimiri (Tah. 'examine')Shew me [show]
353.MotoomokuShip
354.Mackeroamake loaShoot, to
355.Ayookeei ukaShore
356.Mamooreema muli ('after')Shortly
357.Oopaʻūpā ('to slam, as a door')Shut
358.Mai, Pooninemaʻi,pōʻinoSickness, or sore
359.NohonohoSit, to, or squat
360.HeiraneihelaniSky
361.Moe-moemoemoeSleep
362.EteikiSmall
363.Kanaka etooakanakakoaSoldier
364.Heeva?siva (Sam.); heiva (Tah. ) 'festival dance'Song
365.Maiaimahiʻai ('cultivate')Spade, wooden
366.Nummee-nummeenamunamuSpeak, to
367.OraroʻōleloSpeech or harangue
368.Pahoo, pahepahu ('thrust, as a spear'),pahi ('knife')Spear
369.Too harrekuhaSpit, to
370.HohorahoholaSpread, to
371.EhetoohehōkūStar
372.AreeaaliaStay, wait a little
373.Ei hooeeeʻaihueSteal, to
374.Peero-peeropilopiloStink
375.TookeinekākiniStockings
376.Pohakoo keevapōhakuStone
377.Papa rooa?papaloa 'long board'Stool, to lay the head on when asleep
378.Teeoo teooʻinoʻinoStorm
379.Tanata howreekanakahaoleStranger
380.Murrea?mālie ('calm')Stop
381.To, kokōSugar-cane
382.LaoolāSun
383.Horoo taiholokaiSurf of the sea
384.Nai___Surgeon
385.Lea-lea, onnolihaliha ('rich, oily'),ʻonoSweet
386.EaooeʻauSwim
387.OilaʻailaTallow
388.Laiva, oolevalawe,ualaweTake, to
389.HemohemoTake off, to
390.MalammamālamaTake care
391.HoaloaTall
392.PoepoiTaro pudding
393.NeehoonihoTeeth
394.Eetee, nummee-nummeehōʻike,namunamuTell
395.Maoma ʻō 'there'That
396.Te, he, keka,he ('a'),keThe
397.Tanata ihooeekanakaʻaihueThief
398.No-nonoʻonoʻoThink, to
399.Aeia, Aheeaeia ('here'),kēia ('this')This
400.AlalooaleloTongue
401.Teetee___Twins
402.Amee-ameeʻamiʻami;kīkeʻekeʻe ('twisting, like a road')Twisting, in dancing
403.Nooee nooeenuinuiVery
404.Titoaa tannee?kaikuaʻana ('older sibling of same sex')Uncle
405.EeteeʻikeUnderstand
406.NononoʻonoʻoUnderstanding
407.Hemo tapahemokapaUndress, to
408.MahannamahanaWarm
409.WaiwaiWater
410.Wai onnoowaiʻonoWater (fresh)
411.Wai taiwai kaiWater (salt)
412.Meememimi ('urinate')Water, to make
413.Faeera?māʻeʻele ('numb')Weak
414.TaooakāuaWe
415.PurrapuluWet
416.Eharaheaha ('a what')What
417.Owhyt oe einoaʻowaikouinoaWhat is your name
418.AwayaʻauheaWhere
419.Keeo keeokeʻokeʻoWhite
420.Tanata howreekanakahaoleWhite people
421.Tehalanokeahalā (for the what + dubitative)Why
422.MataneemakaniWind
423.Mukee-mukeemakemakeWish
424.Marokooma lokoWithin
425.Ta wakāuaWith me
426.WaheinewahineWoman
427.Waheine mowwahinemauWoman (married)
428.Aooheeʻaʻohe (usu. 'none' but also used for 'won't')Won't, I
429.Tooheihe?kauhiwi ('mountains')Wood
430.Hanna-hannahanahanaWork, to
431.Tooitahekūikaihe 'struck by the spear'Wounded
432.Waha haiwahaheʻe ('lie')Wrong, you are
433.OoheeuhiYam
434.PoowhapūhāYawn
435.MakaheitemakahikiYear
436.OrenaʻolenaYellow
437.AiʻaeYes
438.OeʻoeYou
439.KowkouYour
440.Ataheeʻekahi /ʻakahiOne
441.Arokaʻelua /ʻaluaTwo
442.Ahorooʻekolu /ʻakoluThree
443.Ahaaʻehā /ʻahāFour
444.Areemaʻelima /ʻalimaFive
445.Ahonooʻeono /ʻaonoSix
446.Aheitooʻehiku /ʻahikuSeven
447.Awarrooʻewalu /ʻawaluEight
448.Iveeʻeiwa /ʻaiwaNine
449.OomeʻumiTen
450.Oome toome ataheeʻumikūmākahiEleven
451.Oome toome arokaʻumikūmāluaTwelve
452.Oome toome ahorooʻumikūmākoluThirteen
453.Oome toome ahaaʻumikūmāhāFourteen
454.Oome toome areemaʻumikūmālimaFifteen
455.Oome toome ahonooʻumikūmāonoSixteen
456.Oome toome aheitooʻumikūmāhikuSeventeen
457.Oome toome awarooʻumikūmāwaluEighteen
458.Oome toome iveeʻumikūmāiwaNineteen
459.Kanna roakanalua (iwakālua today)Twenty
460.Kanna korookanakoluThirty
461.Atahee kannahaʻekahikanahā ('one forty')Forty
462.Aroka kannahaʻeluakanahā ('two forties')Eighty
463.Ataha mannoʻekahimano1600 or 40 X 40
464.Aroka manno, &cʻeluamano3200

REFERENCES

Campbell, Archibald. 1816.A Voyage Round the World, from 1806 to 1812; in which Japan, Kamschatka, the Aleutian Islands, and the Sandwich Islands, were visited. Including a narrative of the author’s shipwreck on the island of Sannack, and his subsequent wreck in the ship’s long boat. With an account of the present state of the Sandwich Islands and a vocabulary of their language. Edinburgh: Constable; London: Longman; Glasgow: Smith. 2 ll, 288 pp. 1967 ed., Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press for Friends of the Library of Hawai‘i. 220 pp. 1969 ed.: Amsterdam: Da Capo. [Guide to pronunciation and HAW word list, pp. 227–55.]

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