However, the results following end-to-end anastomosis are not satisfactory mainly due to poor axonal regeneration andsynkinesis [1, 7].

In some cases, people with Bell's palsy can improve within a matter of months, but Mr Horton suffered complications, includingsynkinesis, which is the result of the miswiring of nerves, crocodile tears (watering eyes), and contracture, which is the permanent shortening of a muscle or joint.

There are other central changes that cause muscle fatigue such as changes in proprioception, tremor and synchronization, andsynkinesis and muscle rotation.[9] The ingestion of energy drinks before, during, or following exercise can affect the performance or training adaptation.

In other words, chronic vascular compression produced antidromic impulse to stimulate the motor nucleus and opened dormant synapses controlling different parts of facial nerve, resulting in Abnormal Muscle Response (AMR) andsynkinesis. Consequently, the excitability of the facial motor nucleus was enhanced, and facial muscles unspontaneously twitched.

Then, he was requested to perform the movements slowly and gradually to control abnormal movements, in other words,synkinesis. This approach led to an improvement in the isolated muscle movement and coordination.

This article describes the clinical uses of botulinum toxin to manage spasmodic dysphonia, singer's dystonia, essential vocal tremor, unilateral and bilateral laryngealsynkinesis, paradoxical vocal fold motion, and occupational oromandibular dystonia.

One potential drawback to coaptation of the masseteric nerve to the main trunk of the facial nerve is increased risk ofsynkinesis. Selective reinnervation of the nearest branches of the facial nerve (zygomatic or buccal) improves specificity by directing neural input to the midfacial musculature alone.

Table 1: (Reference (8)) Abnormalities associated with Klippel-Feil Syndrome Common abnormalities % Scoliosis 60 Renal abnormalities 35 Sprengel deformity 30 Deafness 30Synkinesis 20 Congenital heart disease 14

In cases of neurotmesis, the endoneural tubes are disrupted which can result in misdirected axonal regrowth (ie,synkinesis), which could potentially impact subsequent treatment where needle position is based on bony anatomic landmarks.

Matthew Kircher of Loyola University Medical Center is giving patients Botox injections to treat facial nerve disorders that sometimes occur after Bell's palsy, including unwanted facial movements known assynkinesis.

Objective computerized versus subjective analysis of facialsynkinesis. Laryngoscope.

of California San Francisco) present a reference outlining specific techniques for performing injections of botulinum toxins in the head and neck for dystonias like blepharospasm; functional disorders like headaches, salivary gland disorders, and Frey's syndrome; and cosmetic applications like forehead and brow repositioning, periorbital rejuvenation, and treatment of facial paralysis andsynkinesis. Illustrations and anatomic considerations are provided.