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Updates: 

Update 13 to Geopolitical Entities and Codes (formerly FIPS 10-4) is dated 2013-09-30. For Turkey, the only change isto undot the lowercase "i" in Iğdır. (I had been showing the same misspelling.)

ISO 3166-2 Newsletter II-3 is dated 2011-12-15. For Turkey, the names of two provinces are changed: Afyon becomesAfyonkarahisar, and İçel becomes Mersin.

Mario Pezza sent a spreadsheet which he derived from source [3]. It has population data from the 1997, 2000, and 2007censuses. The 1997 census was a housing census, not population. The 2007 census was derived from Turkey's Address-BasedBirth Recording System (ADNKS). It is considered more accurate than the 2000 census, which may have been inflated bysome localities wanting to get a larger share of the national budget. (Sources: [4], [5].) The 2000 populations in thespreadsheet agree with the ones I had listed before, except for Adana, which is 4,792 greater than the former figure(with a corresponding rise in the total population of Turkey). The province areas given in the spreadsheet are atvariance with the areas shown on this page, sometimes less and sometimes more, usually only by a few percent.

FIPS Publication Change Notice No. 10, affecting FIPS PUB 10-4, was issued on 2006-03-23. It changes the name of Afyonprovince to Afyonkarahisar.

An informant writes that there are proposals to create new provinces of Alanya, Elbistan, Fethiye, Siverek, and others.

ISO 3166-2 Newsletter Number I-2 was published on 2002-05-21. It added Düzce and its code to the list of provinces.

FIPS Publication Change Notice No. 9, affecting FIPS PUB 10-4, was issued on 2004-10-01. It assigns a new FIPS code tothe new province of Düzce, already acknowledged by ISO. It leaves the FIPS code for Bolu province unchanged,although Düzce was split from Bolu, and usually when a province loses territory its FIPS code will change.

Change Notice 8 to FIPS PUB 10-4 is dated 2002-06-28. I'm not sure what the point of it is. It says to add a provinceof Bartın İli, with the codeTU87. What makes it odd is that Bartın already appears in theFIPS list, with that same code. (İli is apparently a form of the Turkish word for province.)

Change notice 5 to FIPS PUB 10-4 was issued on 2000-08-10. It showed seven new provinces in Turkey, plus two spellingchanges. The code for Çankırı province was also changed fromTU18 toTU82.As a rule, FIPS codes only change when there is a territorial change to the province. I'm unable to find any suchchange affecting Çankırı.

Update I-1 to ISO 3166-2 was published on 2000-06-21. It added Osmaniye to the list of provinces.

Country overview: 

In 1900, the Ottoman Empire (often informally called Turkey) was in decline. It controlled extensive territory, buthad been losing ground at an accelerating pace. It had control in some degree over Albania, northern Greece, parts ofBulgaria and what later became Yugoslavia, Crete, Cyprus, the Archipelago (the eastern Aegean islands), Tripoli(Libya), Egypt, most of modern Turkey, the Fertile Crescent, and the east and west coasts of the Arabian peninsula.(Egypt and Cyprus were under British hegemony in actuality.) It lost Libya in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911-1912,followed by most of its European lands in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913. It was defeated in World War I, and the empirewas broken up into pieces. Turkey became its successor state.

Other names of country: 

1. Danish: Tyrkiet
2. Dutch: Turkije, Republiek Turkije (formal)
3. English: Republic of Turkey (formal)
4. Finnish: Turkki
5. French: Turquief
6. German: Türkeif
7. Icelandic: Tyrkland
8. Italian: Turchiaf
9. Norwegian: Tyrkia, Republikken Tyrkia (formal)
10. Portuguese: Turquia, Repúblicaf da Turquiaf (formal)
11. Russian: Турецкая Республика (formal), Турция
12. Spanish: Turquía, Repúblicaf de Turquíaf (formal)
13. Swedish: Turkiet
14. Turkish: Türkiye Çumhuriyeti (formal)

Origin of name: 

land of the Turks

Primary subdivisions: 

Turkey is divided into 81 iller (sing. il: provinces).

Postal codes: 

Turkey uses five-digit postal codes.

Further subdivisions:

See theDistricts of Turkey page.

The provinces are divided into ilçe (districts) with limited function. The districts are subdivided intocommunes, or municipalities, and villages. There are widely recognized regions in Turkey (Thrace, or Turkey in Europe;Black Sea Coast; Central Anatolia, etc.), but their standing is unofficial.

As in all countries with NUTS codes, higher-level region codes can be obtained by truncating a subdivision's NUTScode. Turkey's provinces have NUTS-3 codes, consisting of "TR" followed by three characters (with a few exceptionswhere a NUTS-3 region is coextensive with a NUTS-2 or NUTS-1 region). If they are truncated to the first fourcharacters, the result is the NUTS code for the NUTS-2 region containing the same province. All NUTS-2 regions havethe same name as one of the provinces in the region, marked above with an asterisk (*). The NUTS-1 regions of Turkeyare:TR1 = İstanbul;TR2 = Batı Marmara;TR3 = Ege;TR4= Doğu Marmara;TR5 = Batı Anadolu;TR6 = Akdeniz;TR7 = OrtaAnadolu;TR8 = Batı Karadeniz;TR9 = Doğu Karadeniz;TRA =Kuzeydoğu Anadolu;TRB = Ortadoğu Anadolu;TRC = Güneydoğu Anadolu. Englishequivalents include Anatolia for Anadolu, Central for Orta, East for Doğu, North for Kuzey, South for Güney, andWest for Batı.

Territorial extent: 

1. Antalya includes some tiny Mediterranean islands such as Kekova.
2. Balıkesir includes the islands of Marmara, Paşalimanı, Türkeli, and smaller islands in the Seaof Marmara; and Alibey and other small islands in the Aegean Sea.
3. Bursa includes İmrali island in the Sea of Marmara.
4. Çanakkale is partly in Asia and partly in Europe, straddling the Dardanelles. It includes the Aegean islandsof Gökçeada (İmroz) and Bozcaada.
5. Erzincan and Elazığ are adjacent, but their boundary is entirely in water (Keban reservoir).
6. İstanbul is partly in Asia and partly in Europe, lying across the Bosporus.
7. İzmir includes Uzun and Kara islands in the Aegean Sea.
8. Muğla includes some tiny islands such as Salih, Kara, and Tersane.
9. Van includes the small islands of Adır and Carbanab in Lake Van.

TheUN LOCODE page  for Turkey lists locations in the country, some of them with their latitudes and longitudes, some with their ISO 3166-2 codes for their subdivisions. This information can be put together to approximate the territorial extent of subdivisions.

Origins of names: 

1. Antalya: from Attalus II, king of Pergamon, founder of city
2. Bursa: from founder Prusias I, king of Bithynia
3. Çanakkale: Turkishçanak: pottery,kale: fort
4. Edirne: Ancient Greek Hadrianopolis, after Roman emperor Hadrian.
5. Erzurum: Arabicard ar-rum: the land of Rome (referring to Christian population)
6. Eskişehir: Turkisheski: ancient,sehir: city
7. İzmir: Turkish corruption ofeis Smyrne: to Smyrna
8. İstanbul: Turkish corruption of Byzantine Greekeis ten polin: to the city; or, more likely, ofConstantinople

Change history: 

In 1900, the Ottoman Empire was divided into vilayets (governorates), which were subdivided into sanjaks(provinces). The sanjaks were similar in size to the modern provinces, though different in detail. The vilayets whichfell mainly within the area of modern Turkey were:

1. 1918-03: By the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Russia ceded the Armenian districts of Ardahan, Batum, and Kars to Turkey.
2. 1920-08-10: Treaty of Sèvres created an independent Armenia, boundaries not fixed. The proposed territorywould have included most of Bitlis, Erzerum, Trebizond, and Van vilayets.
3. 1920-12-02: Treaty of Alexandropol restored Turkish Armenia, including Ardahan and Kars, to Turkey.
4. 1923: Northern strip of Syria restored to Turkey by the Treaty of Lausanne.
5. 1923-10-13: Capital of Turkey moved from Constantinople to Ankara.
6. 1923-10-29: Ottoman Empire became the Republic of Turkey.
7. ~1926: Turkey reorganized from 20 vilayets into 63 iller (also called vilayets at first).
8. 1926: Name of capital of country officially changed from Constantinople to İstanbul (which had already beenin widespread use for many years).
9. 1939-06-23: The Republic of Hatay, previously part of Syria as the Sanjuk of Alexandretta, merged with Turkey asHatay province.
10. ~1946: Çoruh province split into Artvin and Rize; Bitlis province formed from parts of Muş and Siirt;Çapakçur and Tunceli provinces formed from parts of Elazığ and Erzincan; Hakkâri province splitfrom Van; capital of Ağri province moved from Bayazit to Karaköse.
11. ~1950: Capital of Tunceli moved from Hozat to Kalan; name of Çapakçur province and its capital changed to Bingöl.
12. 1953-07-11: Uşak province split from Kütahya.
13. 1954: Adıyaman province split from Malatya; Sakarya province split from Kocaeli.
14. 1957: Nevşehir province formed from parts of Kirşehir and Niğde. At this time, Turkey consisted ofthese 67 provinces (FIPS codes were assigned in 1970):

1. ~1963: Name of Seyhan province changed to Adana.
2. 1989: Aksaray province split from Niğde; Bayburt split from Gümüşhane; Karaman split fromKonya; Kırıkkale split from Ankara.
3. 1990: Batman and Şırnak provinces formed from parts of Hakkari, Mardin, and Siirt.
4. 1991: Bartın split from Zonguldak.
5. 1994: Ardahan and Iğdır provinces split from Kars.
6. 1995-06-06: Karabük province formed by taking Eskipazar and Ovacık districts from Çankırı provinceand Eflani, Karabuk, Safranbolu, and Yenice districts from Zonguldak province; Kilis province split from Gaziantep;Yalova province formed by taking Armutlu district from Bursa province, Çiftlikköy, Çınarcık, Termal, andYalova districts from İstanbul province, and Altınova district from Kocaeli province.
7. 1997: Osmaniye province split from Adana, with the addition of a small part of Gaziantep.
8. 1999-12-09: Düzce province split from Bolu (former HASC codeTU.BO).
9. 2002-06-20: Name of İçel province changed to Mersin.
10. 2004: Name of Afyon province changed to Afyonkarahisar.

Other names of subdivisions: 

Note: the Turkish alphabet includes two forms of the letter I: İ (lower-case is i) and I (lower-case isı). Some sources may transcribe Turkish letters phonetically, using ch for ç, j for ğ, or sh for ş.

1. Adana: Seyhan (obsolete)
2. Afyonkarahisar: Afyon (obsolete)
3. Ağri: Karaköse (obsolete)
4. Ankara: Ancara (Portuguese); Angora (obsolete); Анкара (Russian)
5. Antalya: Adalia (obsolete); Anatolia (variant)
6. Artvin: Çoruh (obsolete)
7. Balıkesir: Balikisri (obsolete)
8. Bingöl: Çapakçur (obsolete)
9. Bursa: Burssa, Brusa, Brussa (obsolete); Brousse (French)
10. Çankırı: Changra (obsolete)
11. Edirne: Adrianople (obsolete); Adrianopel (German-obsolete)
12. Giresun: Kerasund (obsolete)
13. İstanbul: Constantinople (obsolete); Estambul (Spanish); Istambul (Portuguese); Istanboel (Dutch);Konstantinopel (German-obsolete); Stamboul (French-obsolete)
14. İzmir: Esmirna (Portuguese, Spanish); Smirne (Italian); Smyrna (obsolete)
15. Kocaeli: İzmit (obsolete)
16. Konya: Konieh (obsolete); Kunja (German-obsolete)
17. Kütahya: Kütanya (variant)
18. Mersin: İçel (obsolete)
19. Şanlıurfa: Urfa (obsolete)
20. Trabzon: Trapezunt (German-obsolete); Trebizond (obsolete); Trebizonda (Portuguese); Trébizonde (French)

Population history:

Sources: 

1. [1] Chisholm, George G., ed., Longman's Gazetteer of the World. Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1920 (apparentlynot revised since the 1895 first edition).
2. [2] 1997 General Population Register Results, http://www.die.gov.tr/ENGLISH/SONIST/NUFUS/nufus97.htm (dead link,retrieved 2003-11-21).
3. [3] http://www.tuik.gov.tr/jsp/duyuru/upload/adnks_Harita_TR/HaritaTR.html Türkiye İstatistik population datafrom the 1997, 2000, and 2007 censuses. (dead link, retrieved 2008-02-23).
4. [4] http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=132200 Today's Zaman (dead link, retrieved2008-02-23).
5. [5] "Newregistration system shows Turkey's population smaller than thought ." Turkey FinancialNews (retrieved 2008-02-23).
6. [6] http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=cec Eurostat (dead link, retrieved 2007-10-14).
7. [7] http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2002/06/02x06x21.HTM#%209 ICEL PROVINCE RE-NAMED MERSIN TurkishPress Review, (dead link, dated 21.06.2002, retrieved 2005-04-06).
8. [8] http://www.die.gov.tr/ENGLISH/SONIST/GSYIH/160503t6.gif Gross Domestic Product by Provinces (dead link,retrieved 2003-11-21).
9. [9] http://www.die.gov.tr/ENGLISH/SONIST/GSYIH/160503t8.gif Per Capita Gross Domestic Product by Provinces (deadlink, retrieved 2003-11-21).
10. [10] https://web.archive.org/web/20071224141234/http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=cechad new NUTS codes for Turkey (dead link, retrieved 2007-10-14).