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Updates: 

"Geopolitical Entities, Names, and Codes, Edition 2" (GENC), a U.S. standard that's supposed to correspond to ISO 3166-2, wasissued on 2014-03-31. It gives codes for the two subdivisions that don't have ISO codes:TJ-DU for Dushanbe andTJ-NO for Regions of Republican Subordination. On 2014-11-03, ISO issued an update that assigns the same code toDushanbe. R.R.S. still doesn't have an ISO code.

Tajikistan took a census in 2010, but I have not been able to find its results. Instead, I've provided population estimates fromthe 2012 Statistical Yearbook (source [1]).

Update 8 to Geopolitical Entities and Codes, the successor to FIPS standard 10-4, is dated 2012-05-01. It assigns codes to thetwo subdivisions that were missing them.

FIPS Publication Change Notice No. 9, affecting FIPS PUB 10-4, was issued on 2004-10-01. It shows the change of the name ofLeninobod oblast to Sogd.

Dushanbe is administratively separate from the Regions of Republican Subordination, but geographically surrounded by it. ISOprobably intends it to be treated as part of R.R.S. When R.R.S. included Dushanbe, its HASC code wasTJ.KR.

ISO/DIS 3166-2 (draft international standard) was published in late 1996, and didn't list any subdivisions of Tajikistan. Aftercomments, the actual standard ISO 3166-2 was published (1998-12-15). It now showed three regions (Karategin, Khatlon, andLeninabad) and one autonomous region (Gorno-Badakhshan). Its fourth update, ISO 3166-2 Newsletter number I-4 (2002-12-10),changed the name of Leninabad region to Sughd. It also deleted Karategin region (TJ-KR), without providing areplacement. It confessed that the "Regions of Republican Subordination" and Dushanbe are now both bereft of a code. The Tajikauthorities have been contacted for better information.

Country overview: 

In 1900, the territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was partly in the Khanate of Bukhara, and partly in the Ferghana,Pamir, and Zarafshan regions of the Turkestan general government of the Russian Empire. During the Russian Revolution, thestatus of the Central Asian lands was unresolved for a time. The Turkestan A.S.S.R. was formed in 1921. In 1924, the CentralAsian part of the Soviet Union was reorganized to correspond to the distribution of nationalities. The Tadzhikskaya AssociatedSoviet Socialist Republic was created then. It became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1929. As the Soviet Unionbroke up, it became Tajikistan, an independent country, on 1991-09-09.

Other names of country: 

1. Danish: Tadsjikistan
2. Dutch: Tadzjikistan, Republiek Tadzjikistan (formal)
3. English: Republic of Tajikistan (formal)
4. Finnish: Tadžikistan
5. French: Tadjikistanm
6. German: Tadschikistann
7. Icelandic: Tadsjikistan
8. Italian: Tagikistanm
9. Norwegian: Tadsjikistan, Republikken Tadsjikistan (formal)
10. Portuguese: Tajiquistão, Tadjiquistão, Repúblicaf do Tajiquistãom (formal)
11. Russian: РеспубликаТаджикистан (formal)
12. Spanish: Tayikistánm
13. Swedish: Tadzjikistan
14. Tajik: Jumhurii Tojikiston (formal), Respublika i Tojikiston (formal)
15. Turkish: Tacikistan, Tacikistan Cumhuriyeti (formal)

Origin of name: 

Land of the Tajiks

Primary subdivisions: 

Tajikistan is divided into three viloyatho (sing. viloyat: regions), one viloiati mukhtori (or viloyati avtonomii: autonomousregion), and one independent city.

Postal codes: 

Tajikistan uses six-digit postal codes. The first two digits indicate the region, and the middle two indicate the raion.These codes are left over from the Soviet regime, and all begin with '7'.

Further subdivisions:

See theDistricts of Tajikistan page.

Tajikistan is subdivided into 58 districts and 17 cities. The Russian word for "district" was "raion."

Territorial extent: 

Sogd includes an exclave around the town of Vorukh, surrounded by Kyrgyzstan; and another exclave northwest of Kokand,in Uzbekistan. There is also a very small portion of Tajikistan enclaved within Kyrgyzstan north of Isfana.

TheUN LOCODE page  for Tajikistan lists locations in the country, some of them with their latitudes and longitudes, some with their ISO 3166-2 codes for their subdivisions. This information can be put together to approximate the territorial extent of subdivisions.

Origins of names: 

1. Dushanbe: = Monday (from market day)

Change history: 

1. 1920-10-05: Khanate of Bukhara became a Soviet Republic.
2. 1921-04-11: Turkestan A.S.S.R. formed from Amu-Darya, Ferghana, Pamir, Samarkand, Semirechensk, and Syr Darya regions, andthe southern part of Transcaspian.
3. 1924-10: Turkestan A.S.S.R. and Bukhara reorganized into several units, one of which was the Uzbekskaya S.S.R. TheTadzhikskaya A.S.S.R., in turn, was part of the Uzbekskaya S.S.R.
4. 1927: Gorno-Badakhshanskaya A.Obl. formed.
5. 1929-10-15: Tadzhikskaya A.S.S.R. split from Uzbekskaya S.S.R., and its status changed to S.S.R. Name of country's capitalchanged from Dyushambe to Stalinabad.
6. 1936: Name of Khodjent and its capital changed to Leninabad.
7. 1950: Divisions were Gorno-Badakhshan A.Obl., Gharm Oblast, Kulyab Oblast, Leninabad Oblast, and the rest of TadzhikskayaS.S.R. around Dushanbe. Gharm is now eastern Regions of Republican Subordination.
8. 1961: Name of capital changed back to Dushanbe.
9. 1991-02: Name of capital of Leninobod changed from Leninabad to Khujand.
10. 1993: Kulob and Qurghonteppa regions merged to form Khatlon. Before the change, the capitals had the same names as theregions. The old Russian names were Kulyab and Kurgan-Tyube.
11. 2000-08: Leninobod oblast renamed Sogd. Before this change, its ISO code wasTJ-LN. The name Sogd evidentlycomes from that of an ancient region of central Asia, called Sogdiana by English-speaking scholars. Its capital in the MiddleAges was Samarkand, which is now in Uzbekistan.

Other names of subdivisions: 

1. Badakhshoni Kuni: Autonomes Gebiet der Berg-Badachschanen (German, obsolete); Haut-Badakhchan (French); Viloyati MukhtoriKuhistoni Badakhshon (Tajik); Горно-Бадахшан,Горно-Бадахшанскаяавтономная область (Russian)
2. Dushanbe: Douchanbé (French); Dusambé (Spanish); Duşanbe (Turkish); Душанбе (Russian)
3. Khatlon: Hationskaya oblast', Hatlonskaja oblast' (variant); Хатлон (Russian)
4. Kulob: Koulab (French); Kulab (variant); Куляб (Russian)
5. Qurghonteppa: Kourgan-Tioubé (French); Qurghan Teppa (variant); Курган-Тюбе(Russian)
6. Regions of Republican Subordination: Districts of the republican subordination, Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhurí, Rayons and townsof republic subordination (variant); Karategin (obsolete); Karateguin (French, obsolete); Karotegin, Markazi (variant, obsolete);Районы и городареспубликанскогоподчинения (Russian)
7. Sogd: Hodžent, Khodzhent, Khujand (variant, obsolete); Leninobod (obsolete); Sogdiyskaya oblast', Sogdskaja oblast' (Russian);Sughd (variant); Ленинабад (Russian-obsolete);Согдийская область (Russian)

Sources: 

1. [1]DemographicYearbook . Statistical Agency to the President, 2012. Table, p. 20 (retrieved 2014-02-27).
2. [2]Population of the Republic ofTajikistan on January 1, 2014 . Statistical Agency to the President, 2014 (retrieved2014-11-04).
3. [3] Website ofTajik Embassy  to Russia (retrieved2003-12-24).