Risk Attitude Measures

Risk attitude is formally modeled as the shape of a decision maker’s utility profile (see Weber, Blais, & Betz (2002) for an overview of different risk frameworks). Measures of risk attitude assess decision makers’ perceptions of risk and/or their preferred levels of risk. We distinguish between three separate approaches to measurement of risk attitude:

Behavioral measures of risk determine individuals' risk preferences from actual choices made in games or scenarios, both real and hypothetical
Measures of risk attitude use self-report questionnaires that directly query individuals about risky situations
Measures of personality traits related to risk assess risk attitude through individuals’ self-reports of personality traits related to risk-taking and aversion.

Closely related to risk attitude isambiguity attitude. Ambiguity is defined as "uncertainty about uncertainty" (see Lauriola, Levin, and Hart, 2007). An alternate and broader definition of ambiguity is insufficient information. Measures of ambiguity (in)tolerance are closely related toepistemic motivation measures, such asNeed for (Cognitive) Closure.

Behavioral Measures of Risk

Angling Risk Task (ART)	Pleskac (2008)
Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART)	Lejuez et al. (2002)
Bomb Risk Elicitation Task (BRET)	Crosetto & Filippin (2012)
Cat & Mouse Risk Task	Figner & Schaub (2009)
Columbia Card Task (CCT)	Figner et al. (2009)
Cups Task	Levin & Hart (2003)
Devil's Task	Slovic (1966)
Distribution Builder	Goldstein et al. (2008)
Dynamic Experiments for Estimating Preferences: Risk (DEEP Risk)	Toubia et al. (2012)
Iowa Gambling Task	Bechara et al. (1994)
Multi-Outcome Risky Decision Task	Lopes & Oden (1999)
Reyna & Ellis Risk Task	Reyna & Ellis (1994)
Risk-taking Propensity Measures	MacCrimmon & Wehrung (1985)
Sequential Investment Task (SIT)	Frey, Rieskamp, & Hertwig (2015)
Two-Outcome Risky Decision Task	Lauriola et al. (2007)
Miscellaneous tasks (e.g., gambles, lotteries, or vignettes)	Dahlbäck (1990) Holt & Laury (2002) McDougal (1995) Seta et al. (2001) Tanaka et al. (2006)

Measures of Risk Attitude

Attitudes to Risk Taking	Grol et al. (1990)
Business Risk Propensity Scale (BRPS)	Sitkin & Weingart (1995)
Choice Dilemmas Questionnaire (CDQ)	Kogan & Wallach (1964)
Cognitive Appraisal of Risky Events (CARE and CARE-Revised)	Fromme et al. (1997)
Domain Specific Risk Attitude (DoSpeRT)	Weber et al. (2002)
Evaluation of Risk Scale (EVAR)	Sicard et al. (1999)
General_Risk_Propensity_Scale (GRiPS)	Zhang, Highhouse, & Nye (2018)
Passive Risk Taking Scale (PRT)	Keinan & Bereby-Meyer (2012)
Risk Avoidance Scale (RAS), one sub-scale of the Personality/Attitude Schedule	Shure & Meeker (1967)
Risk Propensity Scale	Nicholson et al. (2004)
Risk-taking Propensity	Jackson et al. (1971, 1972)
Risk-taking Propensity Measures	MacCrimmon & Wehrung (1985)
Safe Asset vs. Risky Task (SAVR)	Kramer & Weber (2012)
Stimulating-Instrumental Risk Inventory	Zaleskiewicz (2001)

Measures of Personality Traits Related to Risk

Some of these measures are also listed under Inventories: Other,Constructs: Impulsiveness,Constructs: Cultural, orMotivation: Fears & Needs.
Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking (AISS)	Arnett (1994)
Cultural Cognition Worldview Scales (CCWS)	Kahan (2012)
Eysenck's Impulsivity Inventory	Eysenck & Eysenck (1978)
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ)	Eysenck & Eysenck (1975)
Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI)	Jackson (1976)
Need for Arousal	Figner et al. (2009)
Risk-taking Propensity Measures	MacCrimmon & Wehrung (1985)
Resistance to Change (RTC)	Oreg (2003)
Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS)	Zuckerman et al. (1978)
Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ)	Zuckerman & Kuhlman (1993)

Measures of Ambiguity Attitude

Ambiguity-Probability Tradeoff Task	Lauriola & Levin (2001)
Ambiguity Tolerance
Ambiguity Tolerance Scale	MacDonald (1970)
Intolerance of Ambiguity	Budner (1962)
Multidimensional Attitude towards Ambiguity Scale (MAAS)	Foscha et al. (in press)
Multiple Stimulus Types Ambiguity Tolerance	McLain (1993)
For related measures, see alsoEpistemic Motivationand especiallyNeed for (Cognitive) Closure.

References

Lauriola, M., Levin, I. P., & Hart, S. S. (2007). Common and distinct factors in decision making under ambiguity and risk: A psychometric study of individual differences. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 104(2), 130-149.