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It is difficult to realize that in the modern Antakieh (28,000 inhab.), we have the once famous "Queen of the East", which, with its population of more than half a million, its beautiful site, its trade and culture, and its important military position, was a not unworthy rival of Alexandria, the second city of the Roman empire (cf.Josephus, Bel. Jud., III, 2, 4). Founded in 300 by Seleucus I (Nicator), King ofSyria, Antioch stood on the Orontes (Nahr el Asi), at the point or junction of the Lebanon and of the Taurus ranges. Its harbour, fifteen miles distant, was Seleucia (cf.Acts 13:4). The name by which it was distinguished [’Antiochía ‘e pròs (or’epi)dáphne, now,Bet el ma, five miles west from Antioch] came from the ill-famed sacred grove, which, endowed with the right of asylum, and so once, by "a rare chance", the refuge of innocence (cf.2 Maccabees 4:33 sq.), had become the haunt of every foulness, whence the expressionDaphnici mores. However, the vivid description of Antioch's immorality, largely the result of the greater mingling of races and civilizations, may be exaggerated; as said in another connexion [cf. Lepin, Jesus Messie, etc. (2d ed., Paris, 1905), 54, note],les braves gens n'ont pas d'histoire, and of that class there must have been a goodly number (Josephus, Bel. Jud., VII, 33;Acts 11:21). TheJews had been among the original settlers, and, as such, had been granted by the founder here, as in other cities built by him, equalrights, with the Macedonians and the Greeks (Jos. Ant., XII, iii, 1; Contra Ap., II, iv). The influence of the AntiocheneJews, living, as in Alexandria, under a governor of their own, and forming a large percentage of the population, was very great (Josephus, Ant. Rom., XII, iii, 1; Bel. Jud., VII, iii, 3, VII, v, 2; Harnack, Mission u. Ausbreitung d. Christenthums, p. 5, note 2). Unknown disciples, dispersed by thepersecution in which Stephen wasput to death, broughtChristianity to Antioch (Acts 11:19). Cf.Acts 6:5, where the author characteristically mentions the place of origin of Nicholas, one of the sevendeacons. In Antioch the new Faith was preached to, and accepted by the Greeks with such success thatChristianity received here its name, perhaps originally intended as a nickname by the witty Antiochenes (Acts 11:26). The new community, once acknowledged by the mother-church ofJerusalem (Acts 11:22 sq.), soon manifested its vitality and its intelligence of thefaith by its spontaneous act of generosity toward the brethren ofJerusalem (Acts 11:27-30). The place of apprenticeship of theApostle of the Gentiles (Acts 11:26), Antioch, became the headquarters of the great missionaries Paul and Barnabas, first together, later Paul alone. Starting thence on their Apostolic journeys they brought back thither the report of their work (Acts 13:2 sq.;14:25-27;15:35 sq.;18:22-23).Acts 15 (cf.Galatians 2:1-10) clearly evidences the importance of the Antiochene Church. There arose the great dispute concerning thecircumcision, and her resolute action occasioned the recognition of the "catholicity" ofChristianity.
Like its Syrian namesake, it was founded by Seleucus Nicator situated on the Sebaste road. This road left the high-road from Ephesus to the East atApamea, went to Iconium and then southeast through the Cilician Gates toSyria (cf.Acts 18:23). The city lay south of the Sultan Dagh, on the confines ofPisidia, whence its name of "Antioch-towards-Pisidia" (Strabo, XII, 8). Definitively a Roman possession since Amytas's death (25 ),Augustus had made it (6 ) a colony, with a view to checking the brigands of the Taurus mountains (2 Corinthians 11:26). Beside its Roman inhabitants and older Greek and Phrygian population, Antioch had a prosperous Jewish colony whose origin probably went back to Antiochus the Great (223-178 ) (cf.Josephus, Ant., XII, iii, 3 sq.), and whose influence seems to have been considerable (cf.Acts 13:45, 50;14:20 sq.; Harnack, "Die Mission", etc., p. 2, note 2 and ref.).Acts 13:14-52 describes at length the sojourn ofSt. Paul at Antioch. The episode, clearly important to the writer, has been justly compared toLuke 4:16-30; it is a kind of programme-scene where Paul's Gospel is outlined. A longer stay of the missionaries is implied inActs 13:49. On his return fromDerbe,St. Paul revisited Antioch (Acts 14:20). Two other visits seem implied inActs 16:4-6 and18:23.
BLASS, H. WENDT, HORTZMANN, KNOWLING, KNABENBAUER, RACKHAM, KNOPF,Com. on Acts; STRABO (Paris, 1880), 477-487-494, 638-639. The lives of St. Paul or works on the Apostles by CONYBEARE and HOWSON, FARRAR; RAMSAY,St. Paul the Traveller (New York, 1903), 40-69; FOUARD, LE CAMUS, CLEMEN (Giessen, 1904), II, 126; SEMERIA,Venticinque anni di storia del cristianismo nascente (Rome, 1905), 292 sqq.; BÄDEKER-BENZINGER,Palästina u Syrien (6th ed., Leipzig, 1904), 340-346; SMITH,Hist. Geog. of the Holy Land (New York, 1906), 37, 46, 647; DUCHESNE,Histoire ancienne de l'église; SCHÜRER,The Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ; HARNACK,Die Mission u Ausbreitung der Christenthums in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten (Leipzig, 1902).
APA citation.Arbez, E.(1907).Antioch. InThe Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01570a.htm
MLA citation.Arbez, Edward."Antioch."The Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 1.New York: Robert Appleton Company,1907.<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01570a.htm>.
Transcription.This article was transcribed for New Advent by WGKofron.With thanks to Fr. John Hilkert, Akron, Ohio.
Ecclesiastical approbation.Nihil Obstat. March 1, 1907. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor.Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
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