The Kingdom of Bavaria

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Political constitution, area, population

The present Kingdom of Bavaria — named after the German tribe called Boiarii — has formed, since 1871, a constituent part of theGerman Empire. It is an independent State of the confederation with specialrights; its rulers belong to the Wittelsbach dynasty, the head of the Government in 1907 being Prince-Regent Luitpold. In time of peace the king or his representative is the head of the army; in time ofwar the emperor, as head of all the forces, has, by agreement, the control. As the second state (in size) of the empire Bavaria has six representatives in the Federal Council and forty-eight in the Imperial Parliament (Reichstag), the latter deputies being chosen by direct vote. In its present form Bavaria consists of two parts of unequal size, geographically some distance from each other, on either side of the Rhine. It has an area of 29,283 square miles, and a population (census of 1 December, 1905) of 6,254,372persons. According to individual declaration ofbelief 4,608,469persons, or 70 per cent of the population, belong to theCatholicChurch; 1,843,123persons, or 28.3 per cent of the population, are adherents of theLutheran andCalvinist confessions; while other religious bodies (Old-Catholics,Irvingites,Mennonites,Methodists, etc.) have but a small following. There are in Bavaria 56,000Jews, living chiefly atMunich,Nuremberg, and Fürth, who are engaged principally in commercial and industrial pursuits; they form a large proportion of the physicians, lawyers, and judges of the country. The German population of Bavaria is made up as follows: descendants of the Boiarii, living in Upper and Lower Bavaria and in the greater part of the Upper Palatinate; Franconians, a mixture of RhineFranks,Thuringians, andSlavs, found in the region of the Main and the Redwitz; Swabians, living in the province bearing their name; and the inhabitants of the Palatinate, a mixed race of Roman and German blood having their home on the left bank of the Rhine. The difference of stock is evidenced by the variety of dialects and provincial characteristics. Naturally these distinctions are not so marked in the cities.

Outside theRhenish Palatinate Bavaria is an elevated, hilly country. It is bounded on the south by the Alps, on the east by the mountains called theBohemian Forest (Böhmerwald), and on the north by the range called the Franconian Forest (Frankenwald), while the various ranges called Fichtelgebirge, Spessart, and Rhongebirge represent isolated districts of larger or smaller extent. The Rhine Palatinate is divided by spurs of the Vosges into an easterly and a westerly half, both parts having a fruitful soil. The chief rivers are the Danube and the Rhine. The former enters the country at Ulm and leaves it atPassau. Under ordinary conditions it is navigable for large craft belowRatisbon. Its tributaries in Bavaria from the south are the Iller, a stream rich in fish, the Lech, the Isar, and the Inn; from the north its tributaries are the Wörnitz, the Altmühl, the Regen, and the Vils. For a distance of about fifty-three miles the Rhine forms the boundary between theRhenish Palatinate and Baden. The three Franconian provinces lie in the valley of the Main, a stream bordered by vineyards and much used for commerce beyond Bamberg. Three flourishing Bavarian cities are situated on its banks: Schweinfurt,Würzburg, and Aschaffenburg. The southern tributaries of the Main, which leave Bavarian territory near Ostheim, are the Regnitz and the Tauber; the northern are the Rodach and the Saale. Only a small part of Lake Constance belongs to Bavaria, but there are numerous lakes in Swabia and a still larger number in Upper Bavaria. Many of these bodies of water are noted for their picturesque scenery, such as the Ammersee, Alpsee, Würmsee, Tegernsee, Königssee, and especially Chiemsee, known as the "Lake of Bavaria". It also contains much mineral wealth: iron, coal, granite, basalt, and salt, of which last there is a large yield of excellent quality. There are numbers of mineral springs, some of which are known throughout the world. Farming in lower Bavaria and cattle-breeding in Swabia, Upper Bavaria, and Middle Franconia are the chief occupations, while the wines of Franconia and the Palatinate and the fruit and vegetables ofBamberg have a high reputation. Industrial life centres inNuremberg, Fürth,Augsburg, and Ludwigshafen. As a centre of artMunich holds, without question, the highest rank inGermany. The railway lines have a length of about 3,700 miles, to which additions are constantly being made.

No expense is spared in advancingeducation. In 1903-04 the commonschools cost over $7,500,000. The Bavarian troops are equipped with the same arms as the other division of the Imperial German army but wear a different uniform. They are commanded by native generals and consist of three army corps which are divided as follows: 23 infantry regiments, 11 cavalry regiments, 14 artillery regiments, 2chasseur regiments, 3 battalions of pioneers, 3 transportation battalions, and 1 railway battalion. Including all the reserves the Bavarian army numbers over 200,000 men. The annual cost of the army is $20,000.000.

Early history

The early history of Bavaria varies according to the province in question; the races that now live peacefully together under the rule of the Wittelsbach dynasty were once constantly engaged in bloody feuds. A thousand years ago the Bavarian domain included what is now Upper and LowerAustria and the Alpine provinces of the Tyrol and Styria. (SeeAUSTRO-HUNGARIAN MONARCHY.) The Palatinate was united with Bavaria proper through its rulers; on the extinction (1778) of the younger (Bavarian) branch of the Wittelsbach line the elder (Palatinate) branch became the reigning house of electoral Bavaria. Before the changes caused by theFrench Revolution and the disappearance of the Holy Roman Empire (1803 and 1819) those parts of Franconia and Swabia which now belong to Bavaria enjoyed a more or less independent existence, such as Ansbach-Bayreuth, the Archbishoprics ofWürzburg,Bamberg,Eichstätt,Augsburg, etc., the free cities ofAugsburg,Nuremberg, Schweinfurt, Kempten, etc., the principalities of Castell and Oettingen, the possessions of the Counts of Orttenburg, Giech, etc. Only the most important periods in the history of the Duchy and, later, Electorate of Bavaria can be touched on in this article.

The Boiarii, apparently, were either related to the Marcomanni or else identical with that people who, after the Romans had been driven out of the region in the fifth century, began to spread from the right bank of the Danube and gradually extended their control as far as the River Lech and deep into the Alpine region. The chiefs of the Boiarii belonged to thefamily of the Agilolfings who choseRatisbon at an earlydate as their capital. Duke Garibald I, who lived in the middle of the sixth century, seems to have had the power of a sovereign. His daughter, Theodelinda, became Queen of the Langobardi. Her brother, Tassilo I, was, however,obliged to acknowledge the supremacy of theFranks which his son, Garibald II, was able to throw off for a time (about 630). But this independence was of short duration. TheFranks underCharles Martel again subdued his descendants. When Tassilo II, who had done much to further the spread ofChristianity and civilization in the direction of EasternEurope, sought to regain his lost independence he was deposed and sent to amonastery.

Bavaria now became aFrankish province ruled by representatives of theFrankish king (794). It came into greater prominence when Louis the German, who had received the eastern part of theFrankish kingdom by the Treaty of Verdun (843), made his residence in Bavaria. His grandson Arnulf, Duke of Carinthia, wascrowned emperor in 896. One of his relatives, Margrave Leopold, who fell in a battle (906) against the Magyars, is regarded as the first of the line of Seheyren-Wittelsbach. Upon the extinction of theCarlovingian dynasty Arnulf, son of Leopold, claimed the position of a sovereign prince. This involved him inwar with Henry I the Saxon, King ofGermany, whose partly successful attempt to conquer Arnulf was completed byOtto I. After the deposition of Eberhard I, the elder son of Duke Arnulf (939), Bavaria no longer had native-born rulers but Saxons, Franconians, and members of the Welffamily who ruled as vassals of the king with the title of duke. Not untilEmperor Frederick I, in 1180, rewarded Otto of Wittelsbach for hiscourage by granting him Bavaria did a genuine Bavarian ascend the throne of his fathers. Otto and his energetic successors laid the foundation of the future importance of Bavaria.

In 1214 the Rhine Palatinate was united to Bavaria. Louis II (1253-94) was succeeded by his son Louis III (known as Emperor Louis IV of the Holy Roman Empire) who, by an agreement in 1329 atPavia, took Bavaria proper, leaving to Rudolph, his brother, the Rhine Palatinate. The large possessions which Louis III secured for hisfamily (Holland,Brandenburg, the Tyrol, etc.) were lost to his successors by discord and successive partitions. Albert IV, however, reunited the country into one domain and secured it against further division by his law of 1506. His son William IV (1508-50) and his grandson Albert V (1550-79) preventedLutheran andAnabaptist doctrines from entering Bavarian territory. During the reign of William V (1579-98) and still more during the reign of Maximilian I (1598-1651), Bavaria stood at the head of the counter-Reformation and the Catholic League. To these two rulers it was due that the progress of theReformation was checked, and that some of the territory which had been affected by it was restored to theChurch. The Emperor Ferdinand II granted Duke Maximilian of Bavaria for his loyalty the electoral dignity (1623). Bavaria paid a bitter price for its new position in the devastations of theThirty Years' War. Ferdinand Maria (1651-79) sought to restore the prosperity of the country, but affairs were thrown into confusion during the reigns of his son, Maximilian Emanuel (1679-1726), conqueror of theTurks, and of his grandson Charles Albert (1726-45) by thewars of the Spanish and Austrian successions. It was not until the reign of the Elector Maximilian (Joseph) III (1745-77) that order was again restored. During this reign theJesuits were suppressed (1773).

Maximilian was the last of the younger branch of the Wittelsbach line. After his death the elder (Palatinate) branch of thefamily succeeded to the throne in theperson of the art-loving Charles Theodore (1778-99), under whom apapal nunciature was established atMunich (1785). The last years of Charles Theodore were embittered by many misfortunes. The young French Republic took from him the territory on the other side of the Rhine and he had to endure many humiliations from his subjects. Up to this time Bavaria had been entirely aCatholic country. New conditions arose when Maximilian IV (Joseph) ascended the throne (1799). This ruler was twice married toProtestants; non-Catholics were granted the same politicalrights asCatholics, andLutheran services allowed at the capital. The Government proceeded with severity against all forms ofCatholicreligious life. The number of churches which were dismantled or profaned at this time is hardly credible; treasures of art of earlier days were sold for a mere pittance or shamefully treated; whole wagonloads of books and documents were burned or thrown into the river; professorial positions filled by avowed opponents of allreligions; and an extravagant and frivolous luxury became the fashion at Court. In 1805 Bavaria entered into an alliance withNapoleon againstAustria andRussia. In return for this the victoriousCorsican made Bavaria a kingdom (1 January, 1806). As a member of the Rhenish Confederation Maximilian (Joseph) IV fought againstPrussia in 1806, againstAustria in 1809, and againstRussia in 1812. Thirty thousand Bavarian troops died inRussia, victims of the climate or of encounters with the Cossacks. After the battle of Leipzig Bavaria joined the Allies at the right moment, so that it was able to retain the greater part of its territory. After the chancellor, Count von Montgelas, had retired form office (2 February, 1817) efforts were made to restore former conditions and that same year a Concordat, which is still operative, was made with theRoman Curia; the next year the king granted a constitution which has produced good results in every respect.

During the reign of the King Louis I (1825-48) theChurch prospered greatly; oldcathedrals were restored; new churches andmonasteries founded; andpainters andsculptors came in large number toMunich where they found profitable employment. The colossal figure of Bavaria, the Hall of Fame, the Walhalla, the Hall of Freedom, and the basilica of St. Boniface keep alive the memory of Louis I, the greatest ruler in the history of Bavaria. The revolutionary movement of 1848 compelled Louis to abdicate. His son, Maximilian II (1848-64), a well-meaning but weak ruler, did much to further learning, especially in the domain of history; he was not fortunate, however, in the men he selected to fill professorships and on this account lost popularity with hisCatholic subjects. His successor, the visionary Louis II (1864-86), ascended the throne at the age of eighteen. The civilwar of 1866obliged Bavaria to make greatsacrifices. Four years later the Bavarian army took an honourable part in the Franco-Germanwar, and in 1871 Bavaria became a member of the newGerman Empire. During the reign of Louis II special encouragement was given to architecture and industrial art. The growing insanity of the king necessitated the appointment of Prince Leopold as "regent of the kingdom", and not long after Louis met his death, in a manner never clearly explained, in the Starnbergersee. As his brother Otto was mentally incapable of ruling, Leopold (b. 12 March, 1821) continued in his office of regent. Bavaria has prospered greatly under his wise rule; his grandson Leopold, assures the succession in his line.

Introduction of Christianity

TheChristian faith was probably first introduced into Bavaria, both on the Danube and on the Rhine, by Roman soldiers and merchants. [Cf. Huber, "Geschichte der Einführung und Verbreitung des Christenthums in Südosten Deutschlands" (Salzburg, 1874-75), 4 vols.; Hefele, "Geschichte der Einführung des Christenthums im sudwestlichen Deutschland" (Tübingen, 1837).] In the earliest ages of theChurch Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg) was famous on account of themartyrdom ofSt. Afra and her companions;Ratisbon had also its confessors and the same may be said ofSpeyer. But it was not until the end of the German migrations and the establishment of more orderly conditions in the Merovingian-Carlovingian Empire thatChristianity took firm root. As is well known, at firstIrish, and laterFrankish and Anglo-Saxon missionaries sowed the seed of the Gospel in the hearts of the rude warriors whose life until then had been given to fighting, hunting, gambling, and drinking. Among these missionaries were:St. Kilian and his pupils Colonat (Coloman) and Totnan atWürzburg; in the Alpgau regionSt. Magnus; atRatisbon and FreisingSt. Rupert,St. Emmeram, andSt. Corbinian. Stricter regulations were introduced by Winfrid (St. Boniface) who is intruth entitled to the name of the "Apostle of theGermans". The Dioceses of Freising,Ratisbon,Passau,Würzburg, andEichstätt were either established or reorganized, while the founding ofmonasteries made it possible to train thepriesthood properly and to raise the spiritual and moral level of thelaity. WhenBoniface was createdArchbishop ofMainz (747) Augsburg andConstance became his suffragans, having previously belonged, respectively, to Aquileia andBesançon. AfterCharlemagne had overthrown the native rulingfamily, the Agilolfings,Pope Leo III erected (798) the new province ofSalzburg to whichRatisbon, Freising,Passau, and Seben (Brixen) in what is not the Tyrol, were attached. But the first mentioneddioceses together with Neuburg, which in a short time disappeared, were left dependent onMainz. With some changes of names and boundaries these are still in existence. TheDiocese of Bamberg, later formed from the existing provinces, was not a suffragan ofMainz but was directly dependent on theApostolic See. The small Diocese of Chiemsee, founded in 1206, was always dependent on Salzburg; it was suppressed at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

Ecclesiastical divisions

The presentecclesiastical division of Bavaria rest upon theBull of Circumscription issued byPope Pius VII, 1 April, 1818, and made public, 23 September, 1821. According to this Bavaria is divided into the two church provinces ofMunich-Freising and Bamberg; the firstarchdiocese has for suffragans Augsburg,Passau, andRatisbon; the suffragans of the second areWürzburg,Speyer, andEichstätt. The Ministry of the Interior for Worship and Education has charge of the interests of the Crown and State in their relations to theCatholicChurch of the country; this ministry is the chief State guardian of the various religious and charitable endowments and is aided therein by thecivil authorities of the governmental districts. A court of administration has been in existence since 1878 which has control over various matters relating to religioussocieties (among others, the religious training of children). Cf. Silbernagl, "Verfassung und Verwaltung sämmtlicher Religionsgenossenschaften in Bayern" (4th ed.Ratisbon, 1900); Schecht, "Bayerns Kirchenprovinzen, ein Ueberblick uber Geschichte und gegenwartigen Bestand der katholischen Kirche im Königreich Bayern" (Munich, 1902).

The boundaries of thediocese do not agree with the boundaries of the political division except in the case ofWürzburg (Lower Franconia) and ofSpeyer (Rhine Palatinate). TheArchdiocese of Bamberg extends across Bavaria from Wurtemberg toBohemia and Saxony; the territory of the suffraganDiocese of Würzburg stretches beyond the boundaries of the country.Eichstätt includes parts of Middle Franconia, the Upper Palatinate, Upper Bavaria, and Swabia.Ratisbon is the largest diocese; it includes not only the greater part of the Upper Palatinate but also parts of Upper and Lower Bavaria, as well as Upper Franconia. The Archdiocese ofMunich-Freising embraces besides the greater part of Upper Bavaria a part of Lower Bavaria, chiefly included in the suffraganDiocese of Passau. TheDiocese of Augsburg includes the whole of Swabia and the western judicial districts of Upper Bavaria; in the north it extends well into Middle Franconia.

Church statistics

According to the "Zeitschrift des königlichen bayerischen statistischen Bureau" (1906, nos. 2 and 3) theCatholic population of the various districts was as follows: --

In the Rhine Palatinate, Upper Franconia, and especially in Middle Franconia the non-Catholic population is decidedly in the majority, namely: Rhine Palatinate, 479,694; Upper Franconia, 362,519; Middle Franconia, 623,546. In Upper Bavaria, Lower Franconia, and Swabia theProtestants number over 1000,000persons, while in the Upper Palatinate the figures are hardly half as large. In Lower Bavaria there are not over 10,000 non-Catholics. Rapid growth is reported in theCatholicparishes ofNuremberg (90,000), Augsburg (70,000), Erlangen, Schweinfurt, and Memmingen; theProtestantparishes have increased in population inMunich (80,000),Würzburg (15,000), Aschaffenburg, Ingolstadt, and Forchheim; while in theCatholic provincesProtestantchurches andchapels are rapidly springing up. The same can hardly be said ofCatholic churches in theProtestant districts, although more has been done in this direction lately than in former years and a fewparishes like Wunsiedel, Hof, and Weissenburg here and there possess creditable churches. The establishment of the Boniface Verein might haveproved very helpful in this respect for King Louis I (founder of the Ludwig-Mission Verein, which is exclusively Bavarian) has, in spite of all efforts, prevented its establishment in the kingdom.

Every diocese has acathedral chapter which, according to the Concordat, besides choir-service acts as a council for thebishop. These chapters include aprovost, dean, a number of canons, andcurates. InMunich, besides the chapter there is a collegiate foundation of court preachers (St. Cajetan) similarly organized. At the close of 1904 there were 3,022parishes serviced by 3,144parishpriests orcurates, and 2,578 vicars andchaplains; there were also 1,985regularclergy (Benedictines,Franciscans,Carmelites,Capuchins) living in 86monasteries and hospices. The order forwomen had at thatdate 12,586 members in 79 houses and 1,087 dependencies. With a few exceptions thefemale religious devote themselves to teaching and nursing. There are in Bavaria over 1,000Protestantparishes with 1,400pastors and assistant preachers. In 1903 theCatholicChurch funds, including real estate, amounted to about $42,500,000; the funds of theProtestantdenominations to $5,000,000. As the revenues from the church funds are often not sufficient to keep the church buildings, etc., in repair, a number of cities have decided to impose a church tax, which so far has been moderate. [Cf. Geiger, "Taschenkalender fur den katholischen Klerus" (Ratisbon, 1907), as to the salaries, pensions, and ranking of theclergy.]

Education and charitable institutions

Theschool system consists of publicschools, continuation and technicalschools, gymnasia with classical courses,Realgymnasia (no Greek),Realschulen (high-schools without Latin and Greek),Oberrealschulen (gymnasia with no Latin or Greek, which prepare for the technicalschools), commercialschools,seminaries for teachers, lyceums, 3universities, a technical high-school, etc. Except in rare cases the primaryschools are chiefly denominational. The middle and high-schools are used by alldenominations. Religious instruction is provided for theseschools as well as for the primary ones. Theuniversities atMunich andWürzburg haveCatholictheological faculties. There is atMunich aseminary for the training ofpriests called the Georgianum and the provinces have similar institutions, generally in connection with lyceums. Following the directions of theCouncil of Trent there are in all the dioceseseminaries for boys (petits séminaires) which are intended to prepare youths without means to study in the gymnasia. InMunich the total number ofuniversity instructors isú inWürzburg, 158; in Erlangen, 100; in the technical high-school, 100. In the other institutions the number of teachers is correspondingly smaller.

The attendance of students atMunich is between 5,000 and 6,000; atWürzburg, 1,400. The students at the technical high-school number about 3,000; the academy offine arts and the academy of music have each 300 students. In 1904 the lyceums had about 1,000 matriculated students. Some of the gymnasia, such as that of St. Stephen atAugsburg and those at Metten and Munnerstadt, are in charge of members of the regular orders (Benedictines and Augustinians). The majority of the professors are, however,laymen. In Bavaria for various reasons relatively moreProtestants thanCatholics study the higher branches, consequently the non-Catholic professors nearly everywhere equal in number those of theCatholicFaith. This condition of affairs has been somewhat changed by the labours of the Albertus-Magnus Verein as well as by the work of the associations and leagues ofCatholic students. Efforts have also been made to increase the number ofprogymnasia (without higher classes) in certainCatholic districts; theProtestant districts are better equipped with suchschools.

Bavaria is well supplied with institutions for the care of the sick, the crippled, children, and old people. Many of these foundations are largely endowed and date back to the earlier centuries. In theCatholic benevolent institutions members of thereligious orders of both sexes are active; theProtestant institutions are served bydeaconesses. There are also institutions in which both faiths are represented, as thehospital atAugsburg, where patients of bothdenominations are cared for byCatholic andProtestant sisters. AtMunich there are only sisters of theSociety of St. Vincent de Paul, and atNurembergdeaconesses, although in both places the percentage of patients of other faiths is large. Theclergy of the different faiths exercise their office undisturbed in thehospitals of both cities. Of the other humanitarian associations mention should be made of the Gesellenverein which gives travelling journeymen-mechanics an opportunity for furthereducation. In nearly all the larger towns it has lodging-houses and in a few places large, well-equipped homes. Workingmen's Unions endeavour to counteract the tendencies of the Social Democrats; citizens' and voters' associations strive to send to the Bavarian as well as to the Imperial Parliament representatives of pronouncedlyChristian principles.

Civil status of the Church

The relations ofChurch and State are settled in all important points by the Concordat and the Constitution [cf. Silbernagl, op. cit.; Idem. "Lehrburh des katholischen Kirchenrechts" (Ratisbon, 1903), 4 vols.; Girón y Arcas, "La situación jurídica de la Iglesia en los diversos estados de Europa y de América" (Madrid, 1905)]. Although the promises made theHoly See were not kept in all particulars, for instance in the early seventies of the nineteenth century, yet, taken altogether, conditions are satisfactory; this is owing largely to the strong religious feeling of the reigning dynasty, once more thoroughlyCatholic. TheCatholicChurch has, however, no special privileges. It is on the same footing as theLutheran, the Reformed, and theGreek schismatics.

Parishes under thejurisdiction ofmonasteries, as inAustria, are not known in Bavaria. Where members of thereligious orders assume pastoral functions, it is only by way of substitution; in these cases they receive the same governmental support as do thesecular clergy. The funds of theChurch are liable to taxation as other funds. No concession or mitigation is granted. Priests are notobliged to sit as lay assessors, nor to act as jurors, nor to be guardians of minors. Military service is notobligatory ontheological students, at least, if when the army is mobilized, they have beenordainedsubdeacons. In this case they are employed as nurses. The civil code has limitedecclesiastical jurisdiction in matters of marriage, butCatholics still respect the teaching of theChurch, especially that death alone can dissolve marriage. A serious question is the great increase ofmixed marriages, especially in the large cities, and the consequentProtestanteducation of children. Owing to various considerations, theevil has not been combated as vigorously as it should be. Prisons and reformatories are, as a rule, visited byclergymen of all faiths, but full provision is made for the pastoral supervision ofCatholicprisoners. Prisoners condemned todeath are accompanied bypriests to the scaffold. Gifts and testamentary bequests for religious and benevolent objects are frequent. They are made under the regulation of the civil code by which any association that has given proper notification to the authorities is regarded as aperson in the sense of thelaw. In the cities the cemeteries belong, as a rule, to the civil community, but nearly everywhere in the country they are part of theparish and are used in common by theChristian confessions.Cremation is not permitted in Bavaria although there is an agitation in its favour.

Those desiring more detailed information are referred to the following authorities: Hopf, "Bayerische Geschichte in Zeittafeln" (Nuremberg, 1865); Denk and Weiss, "Unser Bayerland" (Munich, 1906); Riezler, "Geschichte Bayerns" (Gotha, 1878, 1903), 6 vols.; Döberl, "Entwickelungsgeschichte Bayerns" (Munich, 1906), 1 vol., extending to 1648. A reliable authority on the Wittelsbach dynasty is: Hautle, "Genealogie des erlauchten Stammhauses Wittelsbach" (Munich, 1870). Among the authorities for the Rhine Palatinate are: Häusser, "Geschichte der rheinischen Pfalz" (Heidelberg, 1845), 2 vols.; Remling, "Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer" (Mainz, 1852), 4 vols.; Hilgard, "Urkendenbuch zur Geschichte der Stadt Speyer" (Strasburg, 1885); Molitor "Urkendebuch bezüglich zur Geschichte der Stadt Zweibrücken" (Zweibrucken, 1888). For the history of Franconia: Stein, "Geschichte Frankens" (Schweinfurt, 1883-86), 2 vols. For the history of Swabia: Braun, "Geschichte der Bischofe von Augsburg" (Augsburg, 1813), 4 vols.; Steichele, "Das Bisthum Augsburg, historisch und statistisch beschrieben" (Augsburg, 1864-94), 6 vols., continuation by Schröder; Baumann, "Geschichte des Algäu" (Kempten, 1880-94), 3 vols.

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