Theodoric the Great

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King of theOstrogoths, born A.D. 454 (?); died 26 August, 526. He was anillegitimate son of Theodomir, of the royalOstrogothicfamily of Amali. When eight years old Theodoric was brought as a hostage to the Court of Constantinople. Here he learned to comprehend theeducation given by ancient civilization. At eighteen he was allowed to return home and became the leader of a great horde of his countrymen, whose increasing numbers drove them to seek new lands. As King of theOstrogoths he was sometimes an ally, sometimes an enemy, of the emperors. The inconsistencies of his policy may probably be explained by his having as rival another Theodoric, called Strabo (squint-eyed), who was able to influence the Court of Constantinople against him. When Strabo died in 481, Theodoric the Great received from the Emperor Zeno the titles ofpatricius andmagister militum and in 484 was appointed consul.

Theodoric was now compelled to set out with his own people to conquer new territory. The course to be pursued was suggested by the Emperor Zeno. TheOstrogoths were to expel the usurper Odoacer, and thus the emperor thought to be rid of dangerous neighbours. In 488 Theodoric started on the march with his own people and a large number of Rugians. In 489 he defeated Odoacer on the Nonsa, later atVerona, and in 490 on the Adige. He then besieged him inRavenna and forced him to surrender in 493. Theodoric promised Odoacer both life and freedom, butmurdered him at a banquet fearing perhaps that he might revolt again.

Theodoric's mastery ofItaly being thus established, he at once showed his appreciation of the ancient culture and political organization of the Empire, claiming to be its vicegerent and restorer in WesternEurope. His efforts in this capacity were faithfully seconded by his ministerCassiodorus. Proud of his Gothic nationality, Theodoric, unlike the earlier barbarian emperors, believed it possible to reconcile Roman and Germanic interests. His people seemed to him equal to the Romans in antiquity of descent and military renown, and he realized that his power rested solely on Gothic prowess. Apparently his kingdom was a continuation of the Roman Empire; in reality his policy was in direct and fundamental contradiction to the Roman conception, by which all national individuality was to be lost in the State as a whole. This theory of government which sought to suppress nationalities was opposed by Theodoric: he had a profound respect for national independence, and had repeatedly taken up arms to maintain it.

Among his many schemes was a great project to combine in one harmonious system, around the shores of the Mediterranean, all the conflicting barbarian nations, and for this reason he repeatedly aided theFrankish kingClovis against the Alamanni andVisigoths. He based his authority to carry out this wide policy not on his office as vicegerent of the Eastern Emperor, but, as he said, on theleges gentium. The precise degree of his dependence on theByzantine Empire is not known: he certainly recognized its suzerainty and desired to maintain friendly relations with Constantinople. Still, the "Variæ" ofCassiodorus, a collection of documents of the reign of Theodoric, shows that he firmly believed the Western Empire to be continued in hisperson. The many intermarriages between hisfamily and the royalfamilies of other Germanic kingdoms were undoubtedly intended to prepare the way for the predominance of his dynasty in the West. Yet his supremacy was a divided one: to theGoths he was the king; to the Romans the patrician. Both nations were ruled by their ownlaws. TheEdictum Theodorici of 512 was intended to introduce some degree of uniformity into the criminal law. All Theodoric's decrees, including this code, were in their language very conciliatory towards the Romans: the Roman population was to consider Gothic supremacy the guarantee of its security and prosperity.

In reality Theodoric's reign appeared to bring once more a Golden Age to the sorely-tried peninsula. Experts in well-boring were brought fromAfrica to help restore the cultivation of the waterless country where the woods had been cut down; and swamps were drained. Books of magic and theatres were forbidden, edicts were issued for the protection of ancient monuments. Roman literature once more flourished inItaly: its most brilliant representative wasBoethius, who was able to combine the lofty ideals ofChristianity with the dignity of the ancient philosophy. While tolerating theCatholicChurch, Theodoric considered himself the protector ofArianism; accordingly he sought to intervene diplomatically in favour of theArians who were beingpersecuted byJustinian I. Nevertheless he allowed complete freedom to theCatholicChurch, at least so far asdogma was concerned, though he considered himself entitled to appoint apope, or to act as arbitrator in theschism between Symmachus and Laurentius, and in general to bring any ecclesiastic to judgment. This same king who had come toItaly as the emperor's representative should not, at the end of his reign, have used such barbarous cruelty in suppressing that Roman national revolt against Gothic rule in which the opposition of theRoman Church toArianism led thepope, Constantinople, and theeducatedlaity to unite. The Senate in its judicial capacity was ordered to try those implicated in this conspiracy, andBoethius and his aged father-in-law, the Senator Symmachus, were condemned todeath. Theodoric succumbed to the effects of the bitter conviction that his conciliatory policy had failed, and from that time his health declined. He wasburied in the truly regaltomb atRavenna. At a later date excessivezeal prompted the disinterment of theArian king, but he continues to live in a wonderful legend, which assumes many forms, as the warrior king of the heroic age of the German people. On stormy nights the peasants still whisper of Dietrich ofBerne, as they call Theodoric, riding through the air with his wild followers.

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