Salzburg

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(SALISBURGENSIS)

The Archdiocese of Salzburg is conterminous with the Austrian crown-land of the same name. The Romans appeared in the lands south of the Danube underEmperor Augustus, laid out roads, founded towns, and turned the territory into a province. Salzburg belonged to Noricum.Christianity was introduced by individual colonists, artisans, and soldiers; St. Maximilian,Bishop of Laureacum (Lorch), is mentioned as the firstmartyr of Noricum during the era of the persecutions. Although Constantine brought peace to theChurch, the Romanized territory was subsequently exposed on all sides to the attacks of barbarian peoples, and the last representative of Roman civilization in Noricum was St. Severus (d. 482). He visited Cucullae (Kuchel near Hallein) and Juvavum (Salzburg), where he found a church already established and witnessed themartyrdom of the priest-abbot Maximus. His apostolate was "the last ray before utter darkness"; the whole territory was soon devastated by barbarian tribes, and it was only about 700 thatChristian civilization again made its appearance.St. Rupert,Bishop of Worms,baptized Duke Theodo ofBavaria, erected at Waldersee a church inhonour of St. Peter, and made Juvavum, where he found the Roman buildings over-grown with brambles, his episcopal seat. Thecathedralmonastery was also named after St. Peter, and Rupert's niece, Avendrid, founded theconvent of Nonnberg.St. Boniface completed the work ofSt. Rupert, placed the Diocese of Salzburg under thePrimatial See of Mainz, and substituted theBenedictines for theIrishmonks inSt. Peter's. He had a dispute with their abbot-bishop Virgil concerning the existence of theantipodes. Virgil dispatched the regionarybishop Modestus to Carinthia, of which the latter became the apostle. Under Virgil the valuable "Liber confraternitatum", or confraternity book of St. Peter's, was begun.

Arno, the successor of Virgil, enjoyed the respect ofCharlemagne, who, after overthrowing the Avars, assigned to him as his missionary territory all the land between the Danube, the Raab, and the Drave. While Arno was atRome attending to some business forCharlemagne,Leo III appointed himarchbishop over thebishops ofBavaria. When the dispute concerning the delimitation of their ecclesiastical provinces broke out between Aquileia and Salzburg,Charlemagne declared the Drave the boundary. The dignity of thearchbishops as territorial sovereigns must be also traced toCharlemagne. Arno took advantage of theintellectual life at the court of the great emperor to havemanuscripts copied in 150 volumes, thus forming the oldestlibrary inAustria. The efforts of Duke Wratislaus of Moravia to withdraw his territory from theecclesiastical influence of theGermans prepared great trouble for Archbishop Adalwin.Adrian II appointed MethodiusArchbishop of Pannonia and Moravia; it was only when Wratislaus had fallen into the hands of Louis the German that Adalwin could protest effectually against the invasion of hisrights. Methodius appeared at the Synod of Salzburg, was struck in the face, and was kept in close confinement for two and a half years. To the endeavour of thearchbishop to demonstrate to thepope thejustice of his claims we are indebted for the important work, "De conversione Bulgarorum et Carantanorum libellus". However, Adalwin was compelled to release Archbishop Methodius at the command of thepope. Darkness once more settled on the land, when the Magyars ravaged the greatMoravian empire; not a church remained standing in Pannonia, as thebishops informed thepope, and Archbishop Thiadmar fell in battle. Michaelbeuern was set aflame. With the crushing defeat of the Magyars at Lechfeld (955) begins a henceforth unarrestedChristian civilization in Salzburg. When, shortly after this, Liudolf of Swabia and Conrad of Lothringen rose against Otto the Great and induced Archbishop Herold to become their associate, the latter was seized, blinded, deposed, and finally banished.

The tenth century is forItaly thesaeculum obscurum, the era of feuds of the opposing factions of the nobility. InGermany, on the contrary, the episcopate flourished, and in this prosperity Salzburg also participated. The emperor's brother, Bishop Bruno of Cologne, the "bishop-maker",consecrated Friedrich for Salzburg, who in turnconsecratedSt. WolfgangBishop ofRatisbon. Friedrich declared themonastery of St. Peter independent. In 996 Archbishop Hartwik received theright to coin money; in the presence ofSaint Henry II and his spouse Kunigunde, thearchbishopconsecrated the church on the Nonnberg. When St. Hemma, Countess of Friesach, founded theconvent ofGurk in 1042, the firstabbess, Ita, was chosen from Nonnberg. In Salzburg the noble tendencies and great principles of the age ofGregory VII and his immediate successors, aiming at the sanctification of theChurch, the success of theCrusades, the fostering ofreligious life among the people, and the development of monastic life, were always encouraged. The firstarchbishop of this period was Gebhard. Three students had set out forParis to studyphilosophy andtheology; during a night spent in a forest-glade near a spring, they confided to one another their ideals for the future — each wished to become abishop, and each vowed in this contingency the foundation of amonastery. Their hopes were gratified: Adalbert becameBishop of Wurzburg and founded Lambach in UpperAustria; St. Altmann ofPassau founded Göttweig for twelve canons, who were replaced twelve years later byBenedictines from St. Blasien in the Black forest; Gebhard founded Admont (1074) and theDiocese of Gurk (1072). Thesebishops were the mainstays of the "cause of St. Peter" inGermany. They held aloof from the Synod of Worms to whichHenry IV summoned thebishops andabbots to declare their opposition to thepope. Henry therefore named an anti-bishop for Salzburg, Bertold of Moosburg, and Gebhard had to endure an exile of nine years; shortly before his death he was able to return, and was buried atAdmont (1088). His successor Theimoconsecrated the church andmonastery of St. Paul in Carinthia. Defeated by the royalbishop, Bertold, he was kept in strict confinement for five years at Freisach; scarcely had he recovered his liberty when he joined in thecrusade ofGuelph ofBavaria, was again thrown intoprison, and suffered a horriblemartyrdom (1102). On the abdication ofHenry IV, Count Conrad I of Abensberg was electedarchbishop; Conrad accompanied Henry V toRome, when he went thither to receive imperialcoronation. Paschal II and Henry came to an agreement according to which theChurch should renounce all claim to imperial fiefs and the emperor all claim to investiture. When this condition, on which thecoronation was to take place 12 February, 1111, became known, the Germanbishops and even the secular nobility protested against it, fearing lest by an onslaught on all the imperial fiefs the king should make his power absolute. Thepope was held in confinement, thepriests robbed of their rich vestments, the church plate, and even the buckles of their shoes. When thearchbishop complained of this treatment, a Germanknight threatened to cleave his head in twain. His dignified bearing rendering it impossible to maintain his position in Salzburg, he lived an exile until the investiture strife was definitely settled by the Calistine Concordat of 1122. Conrad henceforth devoted all his energy to hisdiocese; he replaced thesecular clergy at thecathedral byAugustinian Canons, whose rule he himself adopted in 1122, and established aconvent of canonesses. At Seckau also he established the canons, and appointed the celebratedGerhohprovost of Reichersberg. He meanwhile granted establishments to theBenedictines (Georgenberg, Fiecht),Cistercians (Victring in Carinthia), Praemonstratensians (Wilten near Innsbruck). The Church of St. Peter was also rebuilt in Romanesque style; while previously themonks of St. Peter's had elected thearchbishop, they abdicated this right in favour of the canons by the agreement of 1139 between theabbot and thearchbishop.

In the first contest between thepapacy and empire during the Hohenstaufen period, thearchbishops of Salzburg had taken the side of theGuelphs. When, in 1159,Frederick I declared in favour ofVictor IV, the creature of twoGhibellinecardinals, againstAlexander III, Archbishop Eberhard I, Count of Hippoldstein, steadily supported Alexander.Barbarossa left him in peaceful possession of hissee until his death. However, his successor, Conrad II, son of Leopold III the Pious, aroused Frederick'sanger, and died a fugitive atAdmont in 1168.Barbarossa now stood at the acme of his fortune. He opposed to Archbishop Adalbert, son of King Wladislaus II ofBohemia, as anti-bishop Provost Henry of Berchtesgaden; however, at the Diet ofVenice (1177) — "the last great diet of the Middle Ages",pope and emperor exchanged embraces — it was agreed that bothbishops should abdicate, and that Conrad III of Wittelsbach should receive thearchiepiscopal see, and appoint the imperialarchbishop to theSee of Mainz. Through Conrad thearchbishops of Salzburg received the rank oflegate Apostolic throughout the wholeecclesiastical province of Noricum, and therewith the dignity ofcardinal. On Conrad's death Adalbert again succeeded to the archdiocese. On account of his excessive strictness he was confined in the castle of Werfen for fourteen days by his own officials. WhenFrederick II adopted the policy of hisfather in a still more exaggerated form, and was consequentlyexcommunicated byGregory IX, Archbishop Eberhard II of Regensberg (Switzerland) and his friend Duke Leopold VI brought about the Peace of San Germano (1230). TheChristian leaders met atAnagni, whither thearchbishop also came, but the duke died on the way to the meeting. Thearchbishopconsecrated themonastery ofLilienfeld, founded by the duke, andinterred him there. Meanwhile thezealousarchbishop had created within his territory three newdioceses to give increased efficiency to the care ofsouls: Chiemsee (1216), Seckau (1218), St. Andrew's in the Lavantal (1225). For thesedioceses also thearchbishop was not only to nominate, but also to confirm andconsecrate. On account of his friendly relations with the emperor it is evident that he exercised the prerogatives of sovereignty, and is to behonoured as "the founder of the land of Salzburg". For refusing to publish theDecree of the First General Council of Lyons, whichexcommunicated Frederick and relieved him of his empire, Eberhard also incurredexcommunication. When he died suddenly the following year, still under the ban, his body was buried in the annex of theparish-church of Radstadt, but forty years later it was transferred toconsecrated ground in Salzburgcathedral.

During the Austrian, and the almost simultaneous German, interregna Salzburg shared in the general confusion, and had its anti-bishop. Archbishop Philip, Count of Ortenburg, was more warrior than cleric and steadfastly refused to acceptpriestlyordination. In foreign politics he favoured William ofHolland, the candidate for the throne set up by thepapal party; inAustria he espoused the cause of Premysl Ottaar favored by thepope. Thedecree ofAlexander IV that each bishop-elect must beconsecrated within half a year affected Philip immediately; as he paid no attention, Bishop Ulrich ofSeckau was appointed in his place, and finally he himself wasexcommunicated and Salzburg placed under aninterdict. The people thereupon drove Philip out and invited Ulrich to enter into possession; as, however, the latter was unable to repay the money which he had been compelled to borrow inRome, he also was expelled. He was finally able to return to Salzburg, but merely celebrated the feast ofCorpus Christi in 1265 (whichUrban IV had extended to the whole Church the year before) and then resigned. Rudolph of Habsburg brought to a close the interregnum. Throughout the whole series of years and on all important occasions including the investiture of his sons, Albert and Rudolph, withAustria,Styria,Krain, and the Wendish March (27 December, 1280), ArchbishopFrederick II of Walchen (Pinzgau) was a faithful supporter of Rudolph, and must thus be numbered among the founders of Habsburg rule inAustria. Human inclinations and alliances are subject to rapid change. Rudolph's son, Duke Albert I ofAustria, engaged in an almost uninterrupted feud for ten years withArchbishops Rudolph of Hoheneck and Conrad IV of Praitenfrut. Repeatedly the armies stood so close to each other that "each could see the white in his opponents' eyes"; several towns were demolished (Friesach). The mischief-maker was Abbot Henry of Admont, who enjoyed Albert's confidence; no sooner had this warlike cleric met death from an arrow-would received in the chase, than duke andarchbishop found themselves on terms of peace and friendship (1297). During the succeeding period German history is dominated by the conflicts of the houses of Wittelsbach and Habsburg. The people of Salzburg remained true to the Habsburgs. During the struggle for the throne between Louis theBavarian and Frederick III, Archbishop Frederick III of Leibnitz was declared an outlaw. During the seventy years' residence of thepopes inAvignon subsequent to 1309, thearchbishops had to proceed thither to receive thepallium. When, in 1347, the frightful plague known as the Black Death swept through Salzburg, theJews were accused of poisoning the wells and subjected to cruelpersecution.

In imitation of the confederated towns inGermany, five towns in the territory of Salzburg formed theIgelbund (1403). They presented to the newarchbishop, Eberhard III of Neuhaus, an election capitulation demanding, in an instrument which was surrounded with their seals as a boar (Igel) with bristles, the redress of their grievances (taxes). Already theJews had been widely accused of stabbingconsecrated Hosts, which, it was said, were subsequently discovered emitting blood (LowerAustria and Carinthia). As similardesecrations were declared to have taken place in Salzburg, theJews were banished in 1404 and a synodal ordinance declared a little later that they should be distinguishable by a pointed hat. During theWestern Schism the attitude of thearchbishops toward thepopes varied. Archbishop Pilgrim II of Puchheim at first supported the Romanpope,Urban VI, but subsequently espoused the cause of theAvignon pontiff,Clement VII. His successor, Gregory of Osterwitz, also obtained thepallium fromBoniface IX atRome. WhenGregory XII waspope atRome andBenedict XIII atAvignon, thecardinals of both parties, wishing to end the Schism, summoned theCouncil of Pisa (1409). This assembly deposed bothpopes and electedAlexander Vsupreme pontiff, but, as the earlierpopes refused to abdicate, there were now threepopes. Archbishop Eberhard III supported the Pisanpope,John XXIII. In his affectionate care for theChurch, King Sigismund associated himself withJohn in convening theGeneral Council of Constance.Hus was already condemned when Eberhard arrived with a large retinue; however, thearchbishop participated in the condemnation of Jerome of Prague. In 1428 Eberhard convened a great provincial synod of hisbishops, the superiors ofreligious orders, and deputies of theUniversity of Vienna; at this assembly earlierecclesiastical regulations were renewed, and new measures adopted for the revival ofecclesiastical life. In the next year a provincial synod was again held. As theheresy ofWyclif andHus threatened to infect the province, it was decreed that no one should permit aheretic to preach or harbour him; on the contrary, he should be denounced to the people. Dukes, counts etc. were to imprison allpersons suspected ofheresy;Jews should wear a cornered hat and their wives should carry attached to their clothing a small bell.

TheRenaissance epoch was for Salzburg an era of cultural decay, caused by the incompetence of the territorial princes and the bad conditions ofAustria under Emperor Frederick IV. The firstRenaissancepope,Nicholas V, sent outlegates to announce the jubileeindulgence, to promote acrusade against theTurks, and to inaugurate the reform of theclergy.Nicholas of Cusa on the Mosel (Cusanus), appointedlegate forGermany, held a provincial synod at Salzburg (1451) in whichmonasteries were directed to return to the observance of the rule within the interval of a year. Three visitors (Abbot Martin von den Schotten, Abbot Laurence of Mariazell, and Prior Stephen of Melk) visited theBenedictinemonasteries ofAustria andBavaria, and in about fifty established uniform obedience to the rule. Under Archbishop Bernhard the political andeconomic depression of the archdiocese was the deepest. Seeing theTurks ravaging thearchiepiscopal lands in Carinthia, and the estates of his territory making ever increasing demands and imposing taxes of various kinds, Bernhard summoned a diet in 1473 — the first held in the littlearchiepiscopal state. He resigned his office but recalled his resignation repeatedly, until finally, five years before his death, he really abdicated. At the close of this period Leonhard of Keutschach (d. 1519) revivedreligious life: with astounding energy he had the burgomasters and town councillors, who were imposingunjust burdens, arrested simultaneously and confined in the castle; allJews were banished from the land. His closing years were embittered by his suffragan Matthaeus Lang, who, although not apriest, wasBishop ofGurk andcardinal, and aimed at thearchiepiscopal see. Lang promised thecathedral chapter (monks) to effect its transformation into a chapter ofsecular priests, if the canons would recognize him as coadjutor with right of succession. TheBulls ofLeo X, decreeing these changes, soon arrived. In ecclesiastical art, late Gothic ruled at Salzburg, as is gloriously demonstrated in the church on the Nonnberg and itscrypts, the Margarethenkapelle in the cemetery of St. Peter, and theFranciscan church with its magnificent vault of netted work

Theprimatial see, for which Matthaeus Lang had so passionately striven, was for him amartyr's chair. Not yet apriest, the new ruler entered his episcopal city. Although unnoticed in official circles, the innovations emanating fromWittenberg were insinuating themselves into the archdiocese. Mining was rapidly developed, and miners arrived fromSaxony bringing with them the new doctrines and sectarian books. Lang strove to retain his subjects in the Faith:Luther proclaimed him a "monster", the people of Salzburg besieged him in his fortress Hohen-Salzburg (the Latin War), and two successive risings of the peasants were the occasion of manifold horrors and of unspeakable suffering for the ruler and his land. Lang was present at the Second Diet ofSpeyer (1529); and in the following year held lengthy negotiations withMelanchthon atAugsburg. The fact that Lang invitedlay persons to the provincial synod of 1537, at which it was resolved to send delegates to ageneral council, created an unpleasant commotion inRome, since it was feared that this step presaged the formation of a national Church. In accordance with Ferdinand's demand for the use of thechalice by thelaity in 1564,Pius IV granted this privilege forGermany and theArchdioceses ofGran and Prague; however, as the emperor's hopes were soon to be unfounded, the giving of Communion under both species ceased at Salzburg in 1571. The beneficent effects of theCouncil of Trent extended also to Salzburg, where, for the execution of its decrees, Archbishop Jacob of Kuen-Belasy summoned in 1569 a provincial council, according to Hauthaler the most important of all thesynods of Salzburg, since through it "was secured for ever a solid foundation for church reform in this province in accordance with the spirit of the decrees ofTrent". Four years later he again convened a provincial council, especially notable as almost three centuries were to elapse before another provincial council was held inGermany.

The succeedingarchbishops by wise moderation preserved their territory from the sufferings of thewars of religion, conducted elsewhere with bloodshed and cruelty. Lang's successor, Archbishop Ernst, administered the archdiocese for fourteen years as "elected bishop", although thepope had confirmed his election only on the condition that he should receive episcopalconsecration within ten years, and although his brother, Duke William ofBavaria, was a strictCatholic. During this period flourished Theophrastus Paracelsus (Philip of Hohenheim), the celebrated physician andalchemist, also Berthold,Bishop of Chiemsee, a strict censor of his age (seeBERTHOLD OF CHIEMSEE).

After the religious Peace of Augsburg Archbishop Wolf Dietrich (Wolfgang Theodorich) of Raitenau and his successors acted on the policy adopted there (cujus regio, ejus religio) and followed the precedent set byProtestant princes, when they gave their subjects the option of professing the religion of their fathers or emigrating. The task of influencing the people by sermon and exhortation was confided mainly to theFranciscans andCapuchins. The former were given theconvent in St. Peter's, where previously the daughters of the nobility and the townsfolk had beeneducated. Archbishop Wolf Dietrich also encountered opposition at Salzburg when he began to tear down the ancient Romanesquecathedral; years were consumed in the destruction of the venerable stone edifice. He commissioned Vincenzo Scamozzi to draw up the plan of a newcathedral, which was to surpass in magnificence everything inGermany. Thecathedral was cross-shaped, had threenaves, a centralcupola, cross-arms ending in a semicircle, and two huge towers on thefaçade. However, when the plan was completed and building was to be begun, the indefatigablearchbishop found himself badly involved. The closing five years of his life were sad. To protect the salt-makers of Salzburg from theunjust customs regulations of Duke Maximilian ofBavaria, he resorted to military demonstrations, which constituted a breach of national peace. The soldiers of the duke took himprisoner, and brought him to the castle of Hohen-Salzburg. Here he was subjected to unworthy treatment, and, although a promise to abdicate if liberated was extorted from him, he was retained aprisoner until his death five years later (1612). His successor, Marcus Sitticus of Hohenems, who had so ill-used him, was a relative; it may be that Sitticus feared that the great recklessness of Wolf Dietrich would imperil the peace of the archdiocese. In 1614 Sitticus began the rebuilding of thecathedral, in which the architect, Santino Solair, "has bequeathed one of the most magnificent creations of thebarocco style of architecture outsideItaly" (Ilg). It was also thisarchbishop who finished the residence and castle of Mirabell, and restored Hellbrunn with its fountains. WhileAustria andGermany were ravaged in theThirty Years' War and civilization declined, ArchbishopParis, Count of Lodron, accomplished such fruitful works of peace that he is remembered as "the father of his country". TheAlma Benedictina (1623), for almost two hundred years thepride andjoy of Salzburg, was his work; Ferdinand II granted it the power of conferring academic degrees in all four faculties. In 1628 Archbishop Lodronconsecrated thecathedral. Archbishop Max Gandolf, Count of Kuenberg, built in 1674 the celebratedpilgrimage church of Maria Plain; his successor, John Ernest, Count of Thun, built the college church, Fischer of Erlach being the architect. The wonderful chimes also date from this period.

Under Leopold Anton, Freiherr von Firmian,Protestant tendencies revealed themselves more vigorously than before, supported and promoted by theProtestant members of the imperial estates. In imitation of theCorpus evangelicorum, theLutherans of the Salzburg territory formed a league, binding themselves byoath and an outward rite of mutual sprinkling of salt. The infection grew dangerous. Thearchbishop did all he could; he invited theJesuits as missionaries, and engaged the help of the emperor. Later he enforced theDecree of the religious Peace of Augsburg: recantation or emigration. In ten years about 30,000persons left the territory and settled in East Prussia, or in Wurtemberg orHanoverian territory; a fewemigrated to Georgia in North America. A child of the era of "Enlightenment", Archbishop Jerome Count Colloredo laboured in its spirit and with the same persistent rashness asJoseph II. However, his precipitate innovations in both theschool system andecclesiastical matters alienated from him the minds of the people, as had happened in the case of his imperial prototype. The fact that the fourecclesiastics of the highest rank inGermany declared as the first point in the Punctuation of Ems that therights of thepope should be reduced to those which he enjoyed during the first three centuries, betrays a rare historical sense, since the sawed off the branch on which they sat. While Jerome in this case followed too blindly the lead ofJoseph II, he displayed hiscourage when the emperor wished to erect new ecclesiastical provinces inVienna and Graz. The Graz province was to be governed by anarchbishop, Gorz was to be a simple diocese, and all thedioceses of InnerAustria — including the projected Diocese of Leoben — were to be placed under Graz. Colloredo refused his consent, whereupon the emperor retaliated by seizing theecclesiastical possessions of Salzburg in InnerAustria, without, however, changing thearchbishop's attitude. Finally, after two years' negotiations, a settlement was arrived at on 19 April, 1786; Salzburg abdicated its episcopalrights in Styrea and Carinthia in favour of the Bishops of Sekkau, Leoben,Gurk, and Lavant, but retained itsmetropolitanrights over them, enjoyed the right ofnomination for Sekkau and Lavant at every vacancy, and for Gurk at every third vacancy. For Leoben — of which, however, Engel was the first and lastbishop — the founder was to have the right ofnomination, and themetropolitan the right of confirmation.

The classical writers ofchurch music throw a radiance about Salzburg at this period. The house in whichWolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born (1756) now contains theMozart museum, with compositions of the master, and his skull (a legacy ofHyrtl).Mozart died in 1791 atVienna, whither he had come at the age of twenty years.Michael Haydn occupied throughout his life the position of orchestral conductor of theArchbishop of Salzburg (d. 1806) Archbishop Jerome was a special patron ofHaydn, and was delighted by the master's new composition for almost everyecclesiastical function. AmongHaydn's works are thirty masses, over one hundred graduals, and the glorious "Hier liegt vor deiner Majestat" (Here lies before Thy Majesty). These and the incomparably beautiful responsories ofHoly Week express a deep religious sentiment. Salzburg suffered much through theFrenchwars, which led to the destruction of theecclesiastical principality. The signers of the Peace ofWestphalia agreed on one point, thatecclesiastical territory should furnish the means of mutual compensation, the so-called "secularization". Similarly the men of theFrench Revolution soon confiscated allchurch property, and theGermans, their apt pupils, completed the secularization inGermany by thedecree of the Imperial Delegate atRatisbon. TheCatholicChurch lost three and a half million adherents and a yearly income of twenty million gulden (about $8,000,000). Thearchbishops of Salzburg were deprived in the same year of their temporal sovereignty; Jerome, the lastecclesiastical sovereign of Salzburg, died atVienna.

During the first two decades of the nineteenth century, Salzburg had a chequered fate: from 1803 to 1805 it was an electorate under Grand-Duke Ferdinand ofTuscany; from 1805 to 1809 it passed into the possession ofAustria, from 1809 to the Peace ofVienna it wasBavarian. Short as was theBavarian dominion, Montegelas found time to overturn all the old institutions. In 1810 theuniversity was dissolved, although thetheological faculty remained; themonasteries were forbidden to receivenovices, and they owed their continued existence to Crown-Prince Ludwig. The Peace ofVienna restored this beautiful land to the mild rule of the Habsburgs. Francis I gave it an eminentarchbishop in Augustin Gruber. Gruber was born atVienna and developed, as catechist at St. Anna's and as teacher of catechetics for the alumni, into the classical writer oncatechetical instruction. His "Theorie der Katechetik" and "Praktisches Handbuch der Katechetik fur Katholiken" (2 vols.) have appeared in numerous editions. As aulic councillor forecclesiastical affairs, Gruber drafted the statute of organization for the Archdiocese of Salzburg, on his succession to which he laboured in thetrue spirit ofSt. Augustine. Always mild and affectionate, he won back even the obstinateManharter Sect to theChurch; he lectured personally to theecclesiastical students, especially onSt. Augustine and the "Regula pastoralis" ofGregory the Great. On his tours of visitation, he would question theparish-priest concerning the theme suitable to the local conditions, and would immediately preach thereon. One cannot read without emotion his correspondence and hear of his personal relations with Prince Friedrich Schwarzenberg, who became in more than one respect his successor. John Cardinal Katschthaler is the eighty-thirdbishop, and the seventy-fourthArchbishop of Salzburg. The archdiocese contains 270,000Catholics 483secular priests, 216 male religious in 11convents, and 998nuns in 102convents.

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