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Diocese inSwitzerland,immediately subject to theHoly See.
According to the most recent investigations, particularly those of Marius Besson, the origin of theSee of Lausanne can be traced to the ancient See of Windisch (Vindonissa). Bubulcus, the firstBishop of Windisch, appeared at the imperial Synod of Epao inBurgundy, in 517 (Maassen, "Concilia ævi merov." in "Mon. Germ. Hist.: Leg.", III, I,Hanover, 1893, 15-30). The second and last knownBishop of Windisch was Gramatius (Grammatius), who signed the decrees of the Synod ofClermont in 535 (Maassen, 1. c., pp. 65-71) ofOrléans, 541 (Maassen, 1. c., 86-99), and that ofOrléans, 549 (Maassen 1. c., 99-112). Hitherto it has generally been believed that shortly after this thesee was transferred from Windisch toConstance. Besson has made it probable that, between 549 and 585, thesee was divided and the real seat of thebishops of Windisch transferred to Avenches (Aventicum), while the eastern part of thediocese was united withConstance. According to the Synod ofMâcon, 585 (Maassen, 1. c., 163-73), St. Marius seems to have been the first residentBishop of Avenches. TheChartularium ofLausanne (ed. G. Waitz in "Mon. Germ.: Scriptores", XXIV,Hanover, 1879, 794; also in "Mémoires et documents pull, par la Société de la Suisse Romande", VI,Lausanne, 1851, 29) affirms that St. Marius was born in theDiocese of Autun about 530, wasconsecratedBishop of Avenches in May, 574, and died 31 December, 594. (For his epitaph in verse, formerly in thechurch of St. Thyrsius at Lausanne, see "Mon. Germ.: Script.", XXIV, 795.) To him we are indebted for a valuable addition (455-581) to the Chronicle ofSt. Prosper of Aquitaine (P.L. LXXII, 793-802; also in "Mon. Germ.: Auctores Antiquissimi", XI,Berlin, 1894,232-39). The See of Avenches may have been transferred to Lausanne by Marius, or possibly not before 610.
Lausanne was originally a suffragan ofLyons (certainly about the seventh century), later ofBesançon, from which it was detached by theFrench Concordat of 1801. Inmedieval times the diocese extended from the Aar, near Soleure, to the northern end of the Valley of St. Imier, thence along the Doubs and the ridge of the Jura to where the Aubonne flows into the Lake ofGeneva, and thence along the north of the lake to Villeneuve whence the boundary-line followed the watershed between Rhône and Aar to the Grimsel, and down the Aar to Attiswil. Thus the diocese included the town of Soleure and part of its territory that part of the Canton ofBerne which lay on the left bank of the River Aar, also Biel, the Valley of St. Imier, Jougne, and Les Longevilles in the Franche-Comté, the counties of Neuchâtel and Valangin, the greater part of the Canton de Vaud, the Canton of Fribourg, the county of Gruyère, and most of the Bernese Oberland. The present Diocese of Lausanne includes the Cantons of Fribourg, Vaud, and Neuchâtel.
Of thebishops who in the seventh century succeeded St. Marius almost nothing is known. Between 594 and 800 only threebishops are known: Arricus, present at the Council of Chalon-sur-Saône (Maassen, 1. c., 208-14), Protasius, elected about 651, and Chilmegisilus, about 670. From the time ofCharlemagne until the end of the ninth century the followingbishops ofLausanne are mentioned: Udalricus (Ulrich), a contemporary ofCharlemagne; Fredarius (about 814); David (827-50), slain in combat with one of the lords of Degerfelden; Hartmann (851-78); Hieronymus (879-92). The most distinguished among the subsequentbishops are: Heinrich von Lenzburg (d. 1019), who rebuilt thecathedral in 1000; Hugo (1019-37), a son of Rudolf III ofBurgundy, in 1037 proclaimed the"Peace of God"; Burkart von Oltingen (1057-89), one of the most devoted adherents ofHenry IV, with whom he was banished, and made thepilgrimage to Canossa; Guido von Merlen (1130-44), a correspondent ofSt. Bernard; St. Amadeus of Hauterive, aCistercian (1144-59), who wrotehomilies inhonour of theBlessed Virgin (P.L., CLXXXVIII, 1277-1348); Boniface, muchvenerated (1231-39), formerly a master in theUniversity of Paris and head of thecathedralschool atCologne, resigned because of physical ill-treatment, afterwardsauxiliary bishop in Brabant (seeRatzinger in "Stimmen aus Maria-Laach", L, 1896, 10-23, 139-57); theBenedictine Louis de la Palud (1432-40), who took part in the Councils ofConstance (1414), Pavia-Siena (1423), Basle (1431--) and at the last-named was chosen, in January, 1432,Bishop ofLausanne, against Jean de Prangins, the chapter's choice; Palud was later vice-chamberlain of theconclave whence Amadeus VIII ofSavoy emerged as theantipope,Felix V, by whom he was made acardinal; George ofSaluzzo, who published synodical constitutions for the reform of theclergy; Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere (1472-76), who in 1503 ascended thepapal throne asJulius II.
Meanwhile thebishops ofLausanne, who had been Counts of Vaud since the time of Rudolf III ofBurgundy (1011), and until 1218 subject only to imperial authority, were in 1270 made princes of the Holy Roman Empire, but their temporal power only extended over a small part of thediocese, namely over the city and district ofLausanne, as well as a few towns and villages in the Cantons of Vaud and Fribourg; on the other hand, thebishops possessed many feoffees among the most distinguished of the patricianfamilies of WesternSwitzerland. The guardians of theecclesiastical property (advocati, avoués) of thesee were originally the counts of Genevois, then the lords of Gerenstein, the dukes of Zähringin, the of Kyburg, lastly, the counts (later dukes) ofSavoy. These guardians, whose onlyduty originally was the protection of thediocese, enlarged theirjurisdiction at the expense of thediocesanrights and even filled theepiscopal see with members of theirfamilies. Wearisome quarrels resulted, during which the city ofLausanne, with the aid ofBerne and Fribourg, acquired newrights, and gradually freed itself from episcopal suzerainty. When Bishop Sebastian de Montfaucon (1517-60) took sides with the Duke ofSavoy in a battle against Berne, the Bernese used this as a pretext to seize the city ofLausanne. On 31 March, 1536, Hans Franz Nägeli entered Lausanne as conqueror, abolishedCatholicism, and began a religious revolution. Thebishop wasobliged to fly, theecclesiastical treasure was taken toBerne, thecathedral chapter was dissolved (and never re-established), while thecathedral was given over toProtestantism. Bishop Sebastian died an exile in 1560, and his three successors were likewise exiles. It was only in 1610, under Bishop Johann VII of Watteville, that thesee was provisionally re-established atFribourg, where it has since remained. The Cantons of Vaud, Neuchâtel, and Berne, were entirely lost to theSee of Lausanne by theReformation. By the French Constitution Civile du Clergé (1790) the Parishes of the French Jura fell to theDiocese of Belley, and this was confirmed by theConcordat of 1801. In 1814 theparishes of Soleure, in 1828 those of the Bernese Jura, and in 1864 also that district ofBerne on the left bank of the Aar were attached to the See of Basle. In compensation,Pius VII assigned, in apapal brief of 20 September, 1819, the city ofGeneva and twentyparishes belonging to the old Diocese of Geneva (which in 1815 had becomeSwiss) to theSee of Lausanne. Thebishop (in 1815 Petrus Tohias Yenni) retained his residence atFribourg, and since 1821 has borne the title and arms of the Bishops of Lausanne and Geneva. Hisvicar general resides at Geneva, and is alwaysparishpriest of that city.
Geneva (Genava ofGeneva, also Janua and Genua), capital of theSwiss canton of the same name situated where the Rhône issues from the Lake ofGeneva (Lacus Lemanus), first appears in history as a border town, fortified against the Helvetians, which the Romans took in 120 B.C. In A.D. 443 it was taken byBurgundy, and with the latter fell to theFranks in 534. In 888 the town was part of the new Kingdom ofBurgundy, and with it was taken over in 1033 by the German Emperor. According to legendary accounts found in the works of Gregorio Leti ("Historia Genevrena", Amsterdam, 1686) and Besson ("Mémoires pour l'histoire ecclésiastique des diocèses de Genève, Tantaise, Aoste et Maurienne",Nancy, 1739; new ed. Moutiers, 1871), Geneva was Christianised by Dionysius Areopagita and Paracodus, two of the seventy-two disciples, in the time ofDomitian; Dionysius went thence toParis, and Paracodus became the firstBishop ofGeneva. The legend, however, is fictitious, as is that which makes St. Lazarus the firstBishop ofGeneva, anerror arising out of the similarity between the Latin namesGenara (Geneva) andGenua (Genoa, inItaly). The so-called "Catalogue de St. Pierre", which gives St. Diogenus (Diogenes) as the firstBishop ofGeneva, is untrustworthy. A letter ofSt. Eucherius to Salvius makes it almost certain that St. Isaac (c. 400) was the firstbishop. In 440 St. Salonius appears asBishop ofGeneva; he was a son ofSt. Eucherius, to whom the latter dedicated his Instructiones'; he took part. in the Councils of Orange (441), Vaison (442), and Arles (about 455), and is supposed to be the author of two small commentaries, "In parabolas Salomonis", and on Ecclesisastis (published in P.L., LII, 967 sqq., 993 sqq. as works of an otherwise unknownbishop, Salonius of Vienne). Little isknown about the following Bishops Theoplastus (about 475), to whom St. Sidonius Apollinaris addressed a letter; Dormitianus (before 500), under whom theBurgundian Princess Sedeleuba, a sister of Queen Clotilda, had the remains of themartyr and St. Victor of Soleure transferred to Geneva, where she built abasilica in hishonour; St.. Maximus (about 512-41), a friend of Avitus,Archbishop of Vienne andCyprian of Toulon, with whom he was in correspondence (Wawra in "Tubinger Theolog. Quartalschrift", LXXXV, 1905, 576-594). Bishop Pappulus sent thepriest Thoribiusas his substitute to the Synod ofOrléans (541). Bishop Salonius II is only known from the signatures of the Synods ofLyons (570) andParis (573), and Bishop Cariatto, installed by King Guntram in 584, was present at the two Synods ofValence and Mâcon in 585.
From the beginning theSee of Geneva was a suffragan of Vienne. Thebishops ofGeneva had been princes of the Holy Roman Empire since 1154, but, had to maintain a long struggle for their independence against the guardians (advocari) of thesee, the counts ofGeneva and, later, the counts ofSavoy. In 1290 the latter obtained the right of installing thevice-dominus of thediocese — the official who exercised minorjurisdiction in the town in thebishop's name. In 1387 Bishop Adhémar Fabry granted the town its great charter, the basis of its communal self-government, which everybishop on his accession was expected to confirm. When the line of the count ofGeneva became extinct, in 1394, and the House ofSavoy came into possession of their territory, assuming, after 1416, the title of Duke, the new dynasty sought by every means to bring the city ofGeneva under their power, particularly by elevating members of their ownfamily to theepiscopal see. The city protected itself by union with theSwiss Federation (Eidgenossenschaft), uniting itself, in 1526, with Berne and Fribourg. TheReformation plunged Geneva into new entanglements: while Berne favoured the introduction of the new teaching, and demanded liberty of preaching for theReformers Farel and Froment,Catholic Fibourg, in 1511, renounced its allegiance with Geneva.Calvin went to Geneva in 1536 and began systematically to preach hisdoctrine there. By his theocratic "Reign of Terror" he succeeded in forcing himself upon Geneva as absolute ruler, and converted the city into aProtestant.Rome, as early as 1532 thebishop had beenobliged to leave his residence, never to return; in 1536 he fixed hissee at Gex, in 1535 atAnnecy. The Apostoliczeal and devotion ofSt. Francis de Sales, who wasBishop ofGeneva from 1602 to 1621, restored toCatholicism a large part of thediocese.
Formerly the Diocese of Geneva extended well intoSavoy, as far as Mont Cenis and the Great St. Bernard. Nyon, also, oftenerroneously considered a separate diocese, belonged to Geneva. "UnderCharlemagne Taraittaise was detached from Geneva and became a separate diocese. Before theReformation theSee of Geneva ruled over 8 chapters, 423parishes, 9abbeys, and 68priories. In 1802 thediocese was united with that ofChambéry. At the Congress ofVienna the territory ofGeneva was extended to cover 15Savoyard and 6Frenchparishes, with more than 16,000Catholics; at the same time it was admitted to theSwiss Federation. The Congress expressly provided — and the same proviso was included in the Treaty ofTurin (16 March, 1816) — that in these territories transferred to Geneva theCatholic religion was to be protected, and that no changes were to be made in existing conditions without agreement with theHoly See.Pius VII next (1819) united the city ofGeneva and 20parishes with the Diocese of Lausanne, while the rest of the ancient Diocese of Geneva (outside ofSwitzerland) was reconstituted, in 1822, as theDiocese of Annecy. The Great Council ofGeneva (cantonal council) afterwards ignored the responsibilities thus undertaken; in imitation ofNapoleon's"Organic Articles", it insisted upon the "Placet", or previous approval of publication, for allpapal documents.Catholic indignation ran high at the civil measures taken against Marilley, theparishpriest ofGeneva, and laterbishop of thesee. Still greater indignation was aroused among theCatholics by theinjustice created by theKulturkanmpf, whichobliged them to contribute to the budget of theProtestant Church and to that of theOld Catholic Church, while for their own religious needs they did not receive the smallest pecuniary aid from the public treasury. On 30 June, 1907, most of theCatholics ofGeneva voted for the separation ofChurch and State. By this act of separation they were assured at least a negative equality with theProtestants andOld Catholics. Since then the Canton ofGeneva has given aid to no creed out of either the state or the municipal revenues. TheProtestants, however, have been favoured, for to them a lump compensation of 800,000 francs (about $160,000) was paid at the outset, whereas theCatholics, in spite of the international agreements assuring financial support to their religion — either from the public funds or from other sources — received nothing.
Bishop Yenni's (d. 8 December, 1845) successor was Etienne Marilley. Deposed, in 1848, by the Cantons ofBerne,Geneva, Vaud, and Neuchâtel, owing to serious differences with the Radical regime atFribourg, he was kept aprisoner for fifty days in the castle of Chillom, on the Lake ofGeneva, and then spent. eight years in exile at Divonne (France); he was allowed to return to hisdiocese 19 December, 1856. In 1864Pius IX appointed thevicar-general ofGeneva, Gaspard Mermillod,auxiliary bishop, and in 1873 Vicar Apostolic, ofGeneva, thus detaching the Genevese territory from the diocese and making it a vicariate. This new Apostolic vicariate was, however, not recognized by either the State Council ofGeneva or theSwiss Federal Council, and Mermillod was banished fromSwitzerland by adecree of 17 February, 1873. When theHoly See condemned this measure, the Government answered on 12 December, 1873, by expelling thepapal nuncio. After Bishop Marilley had resigned hisdiocese (1879) Monsignor Cossandey,provost of thetheologicalseminary atFribourg, was electedBishop of Lausanne and Geneva, and after his death, Mermillod. Thus the Apostolic Vicariate ofGeneva was given up, the conflict with the Government ended, and thedecree of expulsion against Mermillod was revoked. When, in 1890,Leo XIII made Mermillod acardinal, he removed toRome. TheHoly See then appointed the presentbishop, Monsignor Joseph Deruaz, and he wasconsecrated atRome, 19 March, 1890, by his predecessor. Mgr. Deruaz was born 13 May, 1826, at Choulex in the Canton ofGeneva, studiedtheology atFribourg and he was vicar at Grand Sacconex nearGeneva, and then curé at Rolle, in the Canton of Vaud, and at Lausanne. Hew was present at theVatican Council with Bishop Marilley. Asbishop he worked in the spirit of conciliation, and was successful in remedying the ills of theKulturkamf in the Canton ofGeneva.
The present Diocese of Lausanne-Geneva comprises the Cantons of Fribourg,Geneva, Vaul, and Neuchâtel, with the exception of certainparishes of the right bank of the Rhône belonging to the Dioecse of Sion (Sitten). According to Büchi (see bibliography) and the "Dictionnaire géographique de la Suisse" (Neuchâtel, 1905), III, 49 sqq., the diocese numbers approximately 434,049Protestants and 232,056Catholics; consequently, the latter form somewhat more than one-third of the whole population of thebishopric. TheCatholics inhabit principally the Canton of Fribourg (excepting the Lake District) and the countryparishes transferred to Geneva in 1515, four communes in the Canton of Neuchâtel, and ten in the Canton of Vaud. TheCatholic population in the Cantons of Fribourg and Geneva consists principally of farmers, in both of the other cantons it is also recruited from the labouring classes. TheCatholics are distributed among 193parishes, of which 162 are allotted to Lausanne, 31 to Geneva. The number ofsecular priests is 390, those belonging to orders 70. Thereligious orders and congregations are almost entirely in the Canton of Fribourg. TheCapuchins havemonasteries atFribourg and Bulle, and hospices at Romont and Landeron; since 1861, theCarthusians have been in possession of their old convent of Val-Sainte, suppressed in the 2eighteenth century. TheFranciscans conduct the German classes in the Fribourg Gymnasium. TheMarists and the Congregation of the Divine Saviour (Societas Divini Salvatoris) have establishments atFribourg. Thefemale congregations represented in thediocese are:Cistercians at Maigrauge, nearFribourg, and Fille-Dieu near Romont;Dominicans at Estavayer; Sisters of Charity (Hospital Sisters) atFribourg, Estavayer, and Neuchâtel, (Theodosia's of the Holy Cross) atFribourg, Ueberstorf,St. Wolfgang and Neuchâtel, (ofSt. Vincent de Paul) atFribourg, Chatel-St-Denis, Billens, and Tafers; Capucines at Montorge, near Fribourg. The Visitandines and theUrsulines conduct each a girls'school atFribourg; the TeachingSisters of the Holy Cross, of Menzingen and Ingenbohl, conduct severalschools for girls (among them the Academy of the Holy Cross atFribourg attached to theuniversity); they are also employed as teachers in many of the villageschools. The Filles de L'Ouvre de St. Paul (not properly religious) have, among other works, aCatholic bookstore atFribourg, and a well-arranged printing house. Among the more important.educational establishments of diocese, besides those already mentioned, are: theUniversity of Fribourg [see Fribourg (Switzerland). University of]; thetheologicalseminary of St. Charles atFribourg, with sevenecclesiastical professors; the cantonalschool of St. Michel, also atFribourg, which comprises a German and French gymnasium, aRealschule (corresponding somewhat to the English first-gradeschools) and commercialschool, as well as a lyceum, therector of which is aclergyman. Thisschool has at present (1910) about 800 pupils, with 40ecclesiastical and as many lay professors. Three other cantonaluniversities exist in the diocese: Geneva (founded byCalvin in 1559, and in 1873 raised to the rank of auniversity with five faculties); Neuchâtel (1866, academy; 1909,university); Lausanne (1537, academy;university since 1890, with five faculties). Geneva and Lausanne both have cantonalProtestanttheological faculties, Neuchâtel a "Faculté de théologie de l'église indépendante de l'état". For the government of thediocese there are, besides thebishop, two vicars-general, one of whom lives at Geneva, the other atFribourg. There are, moreover, aprovicarius generalis, who is also chancellor of thediocese, and a secretary. Thecathedral chapter ofLausanne (with 32 canons was suppressed at the time of the reformation, and has never been re-established, in consequence of which the choice of abishop rests with theHoly See. In 1512Julius II established a collegiate chapter in thechurch of St. Nicholas atFribourg, which isimmediately subject to theHoly See, with aprovost appointed by the Great Council, also a dean, a cantor, and tenprebends. This collegiate church takes the place of thediocesancathedral, still lacking, since thecathedral of St. Pierre at Geneva and that of Notre-Dame at Lausanne were given over toProtestantism at the time of theReformation.
Besides works cited under Calvinism and Fribourg, see:--
On Lausanne, Schmitt, Mémoires historiques sur le diocèse de Lausanne, ed. Gremaud in Mémorial de Fribourg, V, VI (Fribourg, 1858-59): Genoud, Les Saints de la Suisse française (Bar-le-Duc, 1882); Dellion, Dictionnaire hist. et statist. des paroisses cath. du canton de Fribourg (13 vols., 1884-1903); Secrétan, Hist. De la cathédrale de Lausanne (Lausanne, 1889); Dupraz, La Cathédrale de Lausanne (Lausanne, 1906); Stammler, Der Domschatz von Lausanne (Bern, 1894), French tr. by Galley (Lausanne, 1902); Büchi, Die kath. Kirche in der Schweiz (Munich, 1902), 56-57; Doumergue, Lausanne au temps de la Réformation (Lausanne 1903); Holder, Les visites pastorales dans le diocèse de Lausanne depuis la fin du 16e siècle jusqu'à vers le milieu du 19e siècle (Fribourg, 1903); Besson, Recherches sur les origines des évêchés de Genève, Lausanne, Sion et leurs premiers titulaires jusqu'au déclins de 6e siècle (Fribourg and Paris, 1906) (contains a copious bibliography, pp 230-44); Idem, Contribution à l'histoire du diocèses de Lausanne sous la domination franque, 534-888 (Fribourg, 1908); Direcorium Divocesis Lausannensis et Genevensis in annum 1910 (Fribourg, 1910).
On Geneva, cf. the older literature in Chevalier, Topo-Bibl., 1284 sqq. Also, Fleury, Histoire de l'église de Genève (3 vols., Geneva, 1880-81); Lafrasse, étude sur la liturgie dans l'ancien diocèse de Genève (Geneva and Parish, 1904); Duchesne, Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule, I (2nd ed., Paris, 1907), 255 sqq.; De Girard, Le Droit des catholiques romains de Genève au budget des cultes (Geneva, 1907); De La Rive, La Séparation de l'église et de l'état à Genève (Paris, 1909); Martin, La Situation du catholicisme à Genève 1815-1907 (Lausanne, 1909); S[peiser], Genf und die katholische Kirche im 19. Jahrhundert republished from the Neuen Zurcher Nachrichten (1909), nos. 344, 345.
APA citation.Reinhold, G.(1910).Lausanne and Geneva. InThe Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09040a.htm
MLA citation.Reinhold, Gregor."Lausanne and Geneva."The Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 9.New York: Robert Appleton Company,1910.<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09040a.htm>.
Transcription.This article was transcribed for New Advent by Donald David DeCuypère.
Ecclesiastical approbation.Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor.Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York.
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