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(Kalandbrüder, Fratres Calendarii.)
The name given to religious and charitable associations ofpriests andlaymen especially numerous in Northern and CentralGermany, which held regular meetings for religious edification and instruction, and also to encourageworks of charity andprayers for the dead. They were originally an extension of the meetings of theclergy of the separate deaneries usually held on the first day of each month (Kalendæ, hence their titleKaland). After the thirteenth century these meetings developed in many cases into special, organizedsocieties to which bothpriests and thelaity, men andwomen, belonged. Specialstatutes regulated the conduct of thesociety, its reunions, theduties of the directors in promoting thereligious life andChristian discipline, the services to be held, the administration of the general funds, and their application to charitable purposes. A dean was at the head of each association, and a treasurer administered the revenues. The associations were encouraged by thebishops, who assigned them particular churches or at least special altars for Divine Service. The offering ofprayers and theSacrifice of the Mass for deceased members was especially fostered. The oldest known Kaland confraternity is that of Ottberg near Höchster (Westphalia), of whose existence in 1226 we have documentary evidence. The "Calendarii" flourished especially in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but later decayed. A banquet was introduced at the meetings, which subsequently degenerated in many instances into a revel, leading in certain neighbourhoods to abuses. FromGermany the Kaland confraternities spread toDenmark,Norway,Hungary, andFrance. In the sixteenth century theReformation led to the dissolution of the majority; the rest gradually disappeared, only one being now known to exist, that of Münster inWestphalia.
SCHATZ,Der Kaland, ein Gedicht des 13. Jahrhunderts (Halberstadt Programme, 1850-1); FELLER,Dissertatio de fratribus Calendariis (Leipzig, 1691); BLUMBERG,Ueber die Kalandsbr der (Chemnitz, 1721); DITTMER,Das Heilig-Geist-Spital und die St. Clemens-Kaland zu Lübeck (Lübeck, 1838); BIERLING,Die Kalandsbrüderschaften, bes. in der Diözese Paderborn in Zeitschr. für vaterländ. Gesch. u. Altertumskunde, X, 3rd series (Münster, 1872), 175-237; BODEMANN,Die geistl. Brüderschaften, insbesondere die Kalands- und Kagelbrüder der Stadt Lüneburg im Mittelalter inZeitschr. des histor. Vereins für Niedersachsen (1882), 64-128;Die norddeutschen Kalandsgesellschaften u. der Kaland in Münster in Hist.-polit. Blätter, LXXXVII (1881), 669-80; MICHAEL,Gesch. des deutschen Volkes, II (Freiburg, 1889), 198; RAUTENSTRAUCH,Die Kalandbr derschaften, das kulturelle Vorbild der sächsischen Kantoreien (Dresden, 1903).
APA citation.Kirsch, J.P.(1910).Kalands Brethren. InThe Catholic Encyclopedia.New York: Robert Appleton Company.http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08593a.htm
MLA citation.Kirsch, Johann Peter."Kalands Brethren."The Catholic Encyclopedia.Vol. 8.New York: Robert Appleton Company,1910.<http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08593a.htm>.
Transcription.This article was transcribed for New Advent by Czeglédi Erzsébet.
Ecclesiastical approbation.Nihil Obstat. October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor.Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.
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