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Review
.2024 May 15;24(10):3152.
doi: 10.3390/s24103152.

Ammonia Detection by Electronic Noses for a Safer Work Environment

Affiliations
Review

Ammonia Detection by Electronic Noses for a Safer Work Environment

Tiago Reis et al. Sensors (Basel)..

Abstract

Providing employees with proper work conditions should be one of the main concerns of any employer. Even so, in many cases, work shifts chronically expose the workers to a wide range of potentially harmful compounds, such as ammonia. Ammonia has been present in the composition of products commonly used in a wide range of industries, namely production in lines, and also laboratories, schools, hospitals, and others. Chronic exposure to ammonia can yield several diseases, such as irritation and pruritus, as well as inflammation of ocular, cutaneous, and respiratory tissues. In more extreme cases, exposure to ammonia is also related to dyspnea, progressive cyanosis, and pulmonary edema. As such, the use of ammonia needs to be properly regulated and monitored to ensure safer work environments. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work have already commissioned regulations on the acceptable limits of exposure to ammonia. Nevertheless, the monitoring of ammonia gas is still not normalized because appropriate sensors can be difficult to find as commercially available products. To help promote promising methods of developing ammonia sensors, this work will compile and compare the results published so far.

Keywords: ammonia; e-nose; environment; health at work; review.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Literature research on “ammonia AND e-nose AND environment” relative to “ammonia AND e-nose” (blue). Absolute literature research on “ammonia AND e-nose AND environment” (orange). The blue and orange dotted lines are the linear fit of the relative research and the published research on those topics, respectively.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Types of ammonia sensors based on [25].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Layouts of different sensors used for ammonia gas detection: (a) Metal oxide reprinted from Ref. [39]; (b) conducting polymers reprinted from Ref. [29]; (c) SAW reprinted from Ref. [40]; (d) FET reprinted from Ref. [25]; (e) electrochemical; and (f) TDLAS reprinted from Ref. [25].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schematic representation of an e-nose system, which consists of an array of sensors and one or more measuring system(s) with an analog-to-digital converter connected to a computer or a cellular phone for data treatment and data comparison.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Materials used in the different types of ammonia sensors.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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