.2018 Jun 8;18(6):1876.

doi: 10.3390/s18061876.

Monitoring Highway Stability in Permafrost Regions with X-band Temporary Scatterers Stacking InSAR

Keren Dai^{1 2}, Guoxiang Liu³, Zhenhong Li⁴, Deying Ma^{5 6}, Xiaowen Wang⁷, Bo Zhang⁸, Jia Tang⁹, Guangyu Li³

Affiliations

¹ College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China. daikeren17@cdut.edu.cn.
² State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenviroment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China. daikeren17@cdut.edu.cn.
³ Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China. RSLGY@my.swjtu.edu.cn.
⁴ COMET, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK. zhenhong.li@newcastle.ac.uk.
⁵ Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China. 200331010056@swpu.edu.cn.
⁶ School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China. 200331010056@swpu.edu.cn.
⁷ Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China. insarwxw@gmail.com.
⁸ Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China. caijialun@my.swjtu.edu.cn.
⁹ Sichuan No. 1 Surveying and Mapping Engineering Institute, Chengdu 610100, China. yc@my.swjtu.edu.cn.

PMID:29890632
PMCID: PMC6022068
DOI: 10.3390/s18061876

Monitoring Highway Stability in Permafrost Regions with X-band Temporary Scatterers Stacking InSAR

Keren Dai et al. Sensors (Basel).2018.

.2018 Jun 8;18(6):1876.

doi: 10.3390/s18061876.

Authors

Keren Dai^{1 2}, Guoxiang Liu³, Zhenhong Li⁴, Deying Ma^{5 6}, Xiaowen Wang⁷, Bo Zhang⁸, Jia Tang⁹, Guangyu Li³

Affiliations

¹ College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China. daikeren17@cdut.edu.cn.
² State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenviroment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China. daikeren17@cdut.edu.cn.
³ Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China. RSLGY@my.swjtu.edu.cn.
⁴ COMET, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK. zhenhong.li@newcastle.ac.uk.
⁵ Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China. 200331010056@swpu.edu.cn.
⁶ School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China. 200331010056@swpu.edu.cn.
⁷ Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China. insarwxw@gmail.com.
⁸ Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China. caijialun@my.swjtu.edu.cn.
⁹ Sichuan No. 1 Surveying and Mapping Engineering Institute, Chengdu 610100, China. yc@my.swjtu.edu.cn.

PMID:29890632
PMCID: PMC6022068
DOI: 10.3390/s18061876

Abstract

Interferograms with short wavelength (e.g., X-band) are usually prone to temporal decorrelation in permafrost regions, leading to the unavailability of sufficient high-coherence interferograms for performing conventional time series InSAR analysis. This paper proposes the utilization of temporary scatterers for the stacking InSAR method, thus enabling extraction of subsidence in a permafrost region with limited SAR images and limited high-coherence interferograms. Such method is termed as the temporary scatterers stacking InSAR (TSS-InSAR). Taking the Gonghe-Yushu highway (about 30 km), part of G214 National Highway in Qinghai province (in a permafrost region), as a case study, this TSS-InSAR approach was demonstrated in detail and implemented. With 10 TerraSAR-X images acquired during the period from May 2015 to August 2015, the subsidence along this highway was extracted. In this case the lack of a consistent number of SAR acquisitions limits the possibility to perform other conventional time series InSAR analysis. The results show that the middle part of this highway is in the thermokarst and seasonal frozen soil area, and its accumulated subsidence reach up to 10 cm in 110 days. The thawing phenomena is still the main reason for the instability of highway. The results demonstrate that the TSS-InSAR method can effectively extract the subsidence information in a challenging scenario with limited X-band SAR images and limited high-coherence interferograms, where other time series InSAR-based techniques cannot be applied in a simple way.

Keywords: InSAR; highway subsidence; permafrost region; season frozen soil; temporary scatterers; thermokarst.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
(a) The location of study area in China, the highway and the coverage of SAR image; (b,c) photos on site.

**Figure 2**
The flowchart of temporary scatterers stacking InSAR method.

**Figure 3**
The comparison of interferograms after removing the topographic effect with (a) SRTM DEM; (b) Reference 3D DEM. The red line denotes the highway (based on SAR pixel coordinates).

**Figure 4**
The daily average ground temperature in 2015 at the Qinghai weather station.

**Figure 5**
Accumulated subsidence map from stacking InSAR and the location of the highway, PP’, P1–P7.

**Figure 6**
(a) The detailed subsidence distribution on region A; (b) High resolution optical satellite image from Google Earth; (c) Photos on-site from Google Earth.

**Figure 7**
(a) The detailed subsidence distribution on region B; (b) High resolution optical satellite image from Google Earth; (c) Photos on-site from Google Earth.

**Figure 8**
Subsidence profile along the highway, from point P to point P’ in Figure 5.

**Figure 9**
The time-series accumulated subsidence at point P1 to P7 with ground temperature data.

**Figure 10**
The temporal and perpendicular baselines of all the TSX interferometric pairs and their coherence (horizontal axis: the date of acquisition, vertical axis: the perpendicular baseline).

**Figure 11**
Coherence map of some interferometric pairs, imaginary line denote the G214 highway, (based on SAR pixel coordinate).

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Monitoring Highway Stability in Permafrost Regions with X-band Temporary Scatterers Stacking InSAR

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Monitoring Highway Stability in Permafrost Regions with X-band Temporary Scatterers Stacking InSAR

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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