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.2016 Oct;45(6):725-41.
doi: 10.1007/s13280-016-0784-7. Epub 2016 May 12.

Climate change impact assessments on the water resources of India under extensive human interventions

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Climate change impact assessments on the water resources of India under extensive human interventions

C G Madhusoodhanan et al. Ambio.2016 Oct.

Abstract

Climate change is a major concern in the twenty-first century and its assessments are associated with multiple uncertainties, exacerbated and confounded in the regions where human interventions are prevalent. The present study explores the challenges for climate change impact assessment on the water resources of India, one of the world's largest human-modified systems. The extensive human interventions in the Energy-Land-Water-Climate (ELWC) nexus significantly impact the water resources of the country. The direct human interventions in the landscape may surpass/amplify/mask the impacts of climate change and in the process also affect climate change itself. Uncertainties in climate and resource assessments add to the challenge. Formulating coherent resource and climate change policies in India would therefore require an integrated approach that would assess the multiple interlinkages in the ELWC nexus and distinguish the impacts of global climate change from that of regional human interventions. Concerted research efforts are also needed to incorporate the prominent linkages in the ELWC nexus in climate/earth system modelling.

Keywords: Climate change; ELWC nexus; Human interventions; Impact assessment; Uncertainties; Water resources.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Physical map of India with major mountains, plateaus and coastal plains (Data Source SRTM DEM 1 km resolution, Jarvis et al. (2008), Map projection: WGS 84 UTM Zone 43N)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
a Cultivated area (as a percentage) at 1 km resolution as per Global Consensus Landcover map.b Surface water bodies and major tanks in India (Data SourceaTuanmu and Jetz (2014),b SWBD (2005), Map projection: WGS 84 UTM Zone 43N)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
a The area equipped for irrigation as a percentage of each of the 5 arc-minute resolution grid cells,b the actual area irrigated as a percentage of area equipped for irrigation,c percentage of area equipped for irrigation by surface water andd percentage of area equipped for irrigation by groundwater as of 2005 (Data source Siebert et al. (2013), Map projection: WGS 84 UTM Zone 43N)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Energy–Land–Water–Climate nexus in India. The prominent interlinkages involving water in the nexus are also provided ascoloured arrows andtext. The resource availability and consumption estimates shown in the figure are indicative only because of multiple uncertainties in their assessments (see Supplementary material and Fig.S6 for more details)
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