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.2012 Aug;28(8):842-52.
doi: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.04.027. Epub 2012 May 14.

Effect of quaternary ammonium and silver nanoparticle-containing adhesives on dentin bond strength and dental plaque microcosm biofilms

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Effect of quaternary ammonium and silver nanoparticle-containing adhesives on dentin bond strength and dental plaque microcosm biofilms

Ke Zhang et al. Dent Mater.2012 Aug.

Abstract

Objective: Antibacterial bonding agents are promising to hinder the residual and invading bacteria at the tooth-restoration interfaces. The objectives of this study were to develop an antibacterial bonding agent by incorporation of quaternary ammonium dimethacrylate (QADM) and nanoparticles of silver (NAg), and to investigate the effect of QADM-NAg adhesive and primer on dentin bond strength and plaque microcosm biofilm response for the first time.

Methods: Scotchbond Multi-Purpose adhesive and primer were used as control. Experimental adhesive and primer were made by adding QADM and NAg into control adhesive and primer. Human dentin shear bond strengths were measured (n = 10). A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model with human saliva as inoculum was used to investigate biofilm metabolic activity, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, lactic acid production, and live/dead staining assay (n = 6).

Results: Adding QADM and NAg into adhesive and primer did not compromise the dentin shear bond strength which ranged from 30 to 35MPa (p>0.1). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations revealed numerous resin tags, which were similar for the control and the QADM and NAg groups. Adding QADM or NAg markedly reduced the biofilm viability, compared to adhesive control. QADM and NAg together in the adhesive had a much stronger antibacterial effect than using each agent alone (p<0.05). Adding QADM and NAg in both adhesive and primer had the strongest antibacterial activity, reducing metabolic activity, CFU, and lactic acid by an order of magnitude, compared to control.

Significance: Without compromising dentin bond strength and resin tag formation, the QADM and NAg containing adhesive and primer achieved strong antibacterial effects against microcosm biofilms for the first time. QADM-NAg adhesive and primer are promising to combat residual bacteria in tooth cavity and invading bacteria at the margins, thereby to inhibit secondary caries. QADM and NAg incorporation may have a wide applicability to other dental bonding systems.

Copyright © 2012 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Human dentin shear bond testing: (A) Schematic of specimen preparation, (B) schematic of shear bond strength testing, (C) shear bond strength data. Ten teeth were used for each group, requiring a total of sixty third-molars. Each value is mean ± sd (n = 10). Horizontal line indicates that all six groups had similar shear bond strengths (p > 0.1).
Figure 2
Figure 2
SEM micrographs of dentin-adhesive interfaces: (A) SBMP control, and (B) A&P+10QADM+0.05NAg. Other groups had similar features and are not included here. “HL” refers to the hybrid layer between the adhesive and the underlying mineralized dentin. The adhesive resin was well-infiltrated into dentinal tubules to form resin tags “T”. In (A), the long arrow indicates a long resin tag. The short arrow points to a short tag, which was shortened due to the sectioning surface not being parallel to the tubules. Numerous resin tags were observed in all samples, without noticeable difference between the six groups, indicating that adding QADM and NAg did not affect dentin bonding.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic of biofilm experiments and MTT metabolic activity: (A) Schematic of biofilm on the adhesive surface covering the composite, (B) biofilm on the primer covering the adhesive and composite, and (C) MTT metabolic activity. Biofilms were grown for 2 d using a microcosm model. Five adhesive groups were tested following schematic A: Control, A+10QADM, A+0.05NAg, A+0.1NAg, A+10QADM+0.05NAg. One group was tested following schematic B with a primer layer: A&P+10QADM+0.05NAg. Each values is mean ± sd (n = 6). Values with dissimilar letters are different (p< 0.05).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Live/dead staining of biofilms on the specimens. Live bacteria were stained green, and dead bacteria were stained red. Live and dead bacteria in proximity to each other yielded yellow/orange staining. Incorporation of QADM and NAg into the adhesive provided a significant antibacterial effect. Adding QADM and NAg into both adhesive and primer had a potent antibacterial effect, resulting in mostly dead bacteria on the specimen.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Microcosm biofilm CFU counts: (A) Total microorganisms, (B) total streptococci, and (C) mutans streptococci. Each values is mean ± sd (n = 6). Values indicated by dissimilar letters are significantly different (p< 0.05). The results showed that: (1) QADM or NAg each decreased the CFU compared to commercial adhesive control; (2) higher NAg mass fraction further decreased the CFU; (3) QADM and NAg together yielded a greater reduction in CFU than each alone; (4) QADM and NAg in both primer and adhesive had the strongest antibacterial effect.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Lactic acid production by biofilms adherent on the six different types of disks. Each values is mean ± sd (n = 6). Values with dissimilar letters are different (p< 0.05).
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