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Comparative Study
.2011 Feb;19(2):209-24.
doi: 10.1007/s10577-011-9188-5. Epub 2011 Feb 19.

Comparing chromosomal and mitochondrial phylogenies of the Indriidae (Primates, Lemuriformes)

Affiliations
Comparative Study

Comparing chromosomal and mitochondrial phylogenies of the Indriidae (Primates, Lemuriformes)

Yves Rumpler et al. Chromosome Res.2011 Feb.

Abstract

The Malagasy primate family Indriidae comprises three genera with up to 19 species. Cytogenetic and molecular phylogenies of the Indriidae have been performed with special attention to the genus Propithecus. Comparative R-banding and FISH with human paints were applied to karyotypes of representatives of all three genera and confirmed most of the earlier R-banding results. However, additional chromosomal rearrangements were detected. A reticulated and a cladistic phylogeny, the latter including hemiplasies, have been performed. Cladistic analysis of cytogenetic data resulted in a phylogenetic tree revealing (1) monophyly of the family Indriidae, (2) monophyly of the genus Avahi, (3) sister-group relationships between Propithecus diadema and Propithecus edwardsi, and (4) the grouping of the latter with Indri indri, Propithecus verreauxi, and Propithecus tattersalli, and thus suggesting paraphyly of the genus Propithecus. A molecular phylogeny based on complete mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of 16 species indicated some identical relationships, such as the monophyly of Avahi and the sister-group relationships of the eastern (P. diadema and P. edwardsi) to the western Propithecus species (P. verreauxi, Propithecus coquereli, and P. tattersalli). However, the main difference between the molecular and cytogenetic phylogenies consists in an early divergence of Indri in the molecular phylogeny while in the chromosomal phylogeny it is nested within Propithecus. The similarities and differences between molecular and cytogenetic phylogenies in relation to data on the species' geographic distributions and mating systems allow us to propose a scenario of the evolution of Indriidae. Chromosomal and molecular processes alone or in combination created a reproductive barrier that was then followed by further speciation processes.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Simplified distribution maps ofaAvahi/Indri andbPropithecus. Also indicated are sampling locations, as mentioned in Supplementary Table S1. Distribution maps modified from Lei et al. (2008) and Mittermeier et al. (2010)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Example of homologous regions of human chromosomes HSA1 and HSA6 established by FISH.Orange arrows indicate HSA6 paints of PVE 1p and 11p;white arrows indicate HSA1 paints of PVE 19, 5q, 7p prox, and 21.Scale bar represents 10 μm
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Parsimony reconstruction of chromosomal changes allowing for hemiplasies. Numbering of rearrangements as in Table 4. Hemiplasic rearrangements are indicated by “X”. “X” depicted in abroken square indicates an ancestral polymorphic stage of the respective rearrangement, whereas when depicted inclosed squares, these rearrangements have not been retained in the lineage.Numbers in gray circles represent bootstrap values
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Reticulate phylogeny based on chromosomal rearrangements. Karyotype abbreviations as in Table 2.Numbers refer to chromosomal rearrangements as listed in Table 4. Thegray oval depicts the reticulated phase, in which eight rearrangements are involved
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Phylogenetic relationships among Indriidae taxa based on complete cytb sequence data.Numbers on branches indicate support values as obtained from Bayesian and ML reconstructions, respectively
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