Extreme events driven by long-term variations in precipitation, temperature and vapour pressure deficit often result in greater losses in ecosystem productivity than short-term extremes, according to an analysis of global eddy covariance flux data from 1995 to 2020.

Extreme daily precipitation events over land could increase by about 41% by 2100 under a high-emissions scenario with an increase in mesoscale moisture convergence, according to an ensemble of climate simulations with a resolution of 10–25 km.

Submesoscale ocean features deliver heat beneath Thwaites Ice Shelf and contribute to submarine melting, according to numerical modelling combined with available observations.

The 2025M_w 7.7 Mandalay earthquake in Myanmar breached and propagated beyond a long-quiescent segment owing to a mechanically weak barrier at the segment boundary and distant nucleation, according to seismic, geodetic and numerical analyses.

Methane emissions from mangrove tree stems offset about 17% of the carbon buried in sediments in global mangroves, highlighting the need to incorporate tree-mediated methane fluxes into blue carbon budgets, according to a global quantification of methane emissions from mangrove tree stems.

Despite being consumers, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria contribute to the accumulation of nitrite in marine oxygen minimum zones through interactions with other microbes, in particular denitrifiers, according to ecosystem and regional ocean modelling.

The eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia in November 1985 killed an estimated 25,000 people in the town of Armero. Forty years on, Colombia has transformed its geological risk management in the wake of this disaster, recognizing the importance of institutions, knowledge sharing and engagement with local communities.

The aftermath of volcanic eruptions often reveals critical gaps in hazard and risk management. Effective global implementation of the lessons learned from disasters triggered by natural hazards is long overdue.

Volcanic disaster risk reduction has greater impact when rooted in community experience. We must recognize the importance of Indigenous knowledge to shape more culturally situated, equitable, respectful, and effective mitigation strategies.

Since the 1985 Nevado del Ruiz eruption that killed over 23,000 people in Armero, Colombia, risk communication has become central to volcanic crisis management. Despite the development of effective tools and programmes for volcanic risk communication, considerable challenges remain.

Nature Geoscience spoke with Daniel Andrade (Instituto Geofísico, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Ecuador), Lucia Capra (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico), Kyoko Kataoka (Niigata University, Japan), and Anke Zernack (Massey University, New Zealand) about lahars — volcanic mud and debris flows — and the hazards they pose.