Historically, saxitoxin (STX) and its analogs, like neosaxitoxin (NeoSTX), have been restricted to scientific research due to their potent toxicity, despite their potential as therapeutic agents. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacological versatility of STX and NeoSTX through molecular docking. Using the SwissTargetPrediction server, 18 potential human therapeutic targets were identified, with the 5-HT6 receptor being the primary target. Molecular docking assays were performed with AutoDock Vina version 1.1.2, and the lowest-energy pose for NeoSTX (−5.7 kcal/mol) suggested a stronger binding affinity compared to STX (−5.5 kcal/mol). The analysis of the binding mode revealed key interactions, including hydrogen bonds with Thr199 and hydrophobic contacts with Phe285. These findings provide robust hypotheses regarding the therapeutic potential of NeoSTX as a 5-HT6 receptor antagonist, supporting the development of novel bioactive agents derived from these marine toxins.

Andean maize (Zea mays), originating from its wild ancestor, teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) in Mexico, has been crucial to the development of diverse civilizations. There are no records of wild maize in northwestern Argentina; the earliest are microfossils found in grinding tools, dating between 3000 and 2600 BC. Jujuy has the greatest number of Andean maize varieties due to its favorable agro-ecological conditions. However, maize is primarily marketed as grain, which limits its use. Revaluing ancestral technologies such as roasting, nixtamalization, and fermentation, alongside modern methods like extrusion, is crucial for enhancing the techno-functional properties of these native grains and preventing biodiversity loss. This study aims to enhance regional maize production, adding value by applying scientific knowledge that supports the development of healthy foods, preserving their original quality, and contributing to the conservation of biodiversity. This initiative seeks to improve the quality of life of the regional population and reinforce its cultural identity.

Efficient nitrogen management is crucial for maize productivity in semi-arid regions. A field experiment was conducted in Autumn 2023 at Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, using RCBD with three replications to assess nitrogen rates (0, 80, 160, 240, 320 kg ha⁻¹) and application methods (two vs. three splits). Growth and yield traits were recorded. The results showed significant effects of nitrogen, with the highest grain yield (7.35 t ha⁻¹) at 240 kg ha⁻¹ in three splits, enhancing nutrient use efficiency. Higher nitrogen content (320 kg ha⁻¹) reduced yield, indicating diminishing returns. The optimized nitrogen rate and timing improved maize productivity in water-limited environments.