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Various Issues About Hadiths
by Sh. G. F. Haddad

In response to the following message by MHE:

Compilation of Quran and Hadith

When the Prophet ﷺ died, only the Quran was compiled at AbuBakr's time,then unified and canonized in Othman's time. The sayings of Mohammedwere not written down.

This is not true. Several hadiths in the Sahihs and Sunanshow that the Prophet ﷺ ordered certainsCompanions to write down something or everything he said.

The Prophet ﷺ first forbade the writing of hadith so that people not confuse it withthe Qur'an. He then allowed or ordered some Companions towrite hadith when there was no risk of confusion.

These hadiths take precedence over the reports thatmention an accross-the-board prohibition of writing forseveral reasons: the "write" reports are of a higherorder of authenticity; the "do not write" reports areabrogated; the "write" reports are confirmed by theabundance of written reports from the Companion-generationmanuscripted by their first-century students.

See below, the documentation on several first-centurycollections.

Invented sayings?

A hundred years later, it was noticed by piousMuslims that certain sayings attributed to the prophet are beinginvented and used for personal agendas.

The writer is confusing isnad-criticism with the writingof hadith. Isnad-criticism began in the time of Muhammadibn Sirin (d. 110) and is unrelated to the writing ofhadith, which began much earlier.

Early Hadith collections

So the first book of Hadith collections was written down, I believe by Abu Dawood. Later Bukhari, a Persian scholar in the second century wrote down another collection,followed by his student "Muslim" [a guy's name] who also wrote a book.

First, both the dates and the chronology are wrong.Second, the writer is confusing the writing of hadith withits first comprehensive or fiqh-oriented collections.

Abu Dawud died in 275, al-Bukhari in 256 and Muslim in 261.For one, Malik and Ahmad's collections preceded all ofthem but the writing of hadith began long before all five.

Among the manuscripted hadith collections of the firstHijri century are:

1. ʿAbd Allah ibn ʿAmr ibn al-ʿAs (d. 63), al-Sahifa al-Sadiqa, originally containing about 1,000 hadiths of which 500 reached us, copied down by ʿAbd Allah directlyfrom the Prophet - upon him blessings and peace - andtransmitted to us by his great-grandson ʿAmr ibn Shuʿayb(d. 118);

2. Hammam ibn Munabbih's (d. 101 or 131) al-Sahifa al-Sahiha which has reached us complete in two manuscriptscontaining 138 hadiths narrated by Hammam from Abu Hurayra(d. 60), from the Prophet - upon him blessings and peace;

3. The lost folios of Aban ibn ʿUthman (d. 105) the son of ʿUthman ibn ʿAffan (d. 35), from whom Muhammad ibn Ishaq (80-150/152) narrated;

4. The accomplished works of ʿUrwa (d. ~92-95) - the sonof al-Zubayr ibn al-ʿAwwam and grandson of Asma' and ʿA'ishathe learned daughters of Abu Bakr the Truthful. ʿUrwaordered them burnt, after a lifetime of teaching from them,during the sack of Madina by the armies of Syro-Palestineunder Yazid ibn Muʿawiya in 63;

5. Muhammad ibn Shihab al-Zuhri's (d. 120) Sira, from whichIbn Ishaq also borrowed much;

6. ʿAsim ibn ʿUmar ibn Qatada ibn al-Nuʿman al-Ansari's(d. 120 or 129) Maghazi and Manaqib al-Sahaba, anotherprincipal thiqa source for Ibn Ishaq and others;

7. ʿAbd Allah ibn Abi Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn ʿAmr ibn Hazmal-Ansari's (d. 135) tome, another main source for Ibn IshaqIbn Saʿd, and others;

8. The most reliable Sira of the Madinan Musa ibn ʿUqbaal-Asadi (d. 141), praised by Imam Malik and used by Ibn Saʿd and others.

Main Hadith collections

Hadith collections were written down until the third or fourth century of Hijra [Islamic calendar]. There are six major Hadith collections: "Sahih Bukhari", "Sahih Muslim", "Ibn Malek", "ElTermezi", "Masnad Ahmed" (Ibn Hanbal) and "Sunnan Abu Dawood" in order of degrees of authenticity.

The above order and the "Ibn Malik" collection are unheard of.

It is similar to the following blunder on soc.religion.islama couple of months ago: "Ibn Saeed Al-Khudry reported that themessenger of God had said..." People who probe issues of hadithreliability in those anti-hadith posts are themselves incapable,in a mere speech of forty lines, not to make mistake aftermistake that expose thorough ignorance of the issues they raise.

The "six major hadith collections" are, in order of strength:

- Al-Bukhari's Sahih
- Muslim's Sahih
- al-Nasa'i's Sunan
- Abu Dawud's Sunan
- Al-Tirmidhi's Sunan
- Ibn Majah's Sunan

Notes:

1. Malik's Muwatta' comes right after the two Sahihs instrength but is not generally included among the Six Books.

2. Ahmad's Musnad is a comprehensive collection that isnot included among the Six Books although it is reliable.

3. Al-Darimi's Sunan are deemed more reliable than Ibn Majahaccording to a number of Scholars.

Bukhari's meticulousness

Now the first four are generally called Sahih, because their authors have been the most meticulous in collecting Hadith. They relied on the method of chain of narration "Isnad" which means that say Bukhari heard Mr. A saying he heard Mr. B saying he heard Mr. C .... who heard the prophet say it. Bukhari would investigate the life of each of these people, establish that they actually lived at the same times AND met each other and talked about this Hadith. He would establish that ALL of them were people of good repute and honesty (although he missed some, like Ibn Abbass who was an embezzler of public money). Only then would he include the Hadith in his collection. "Muslim" was less meticulous, he would establish that two of these people lived at the same times but would not look into whether or not they actually met. And so on.

Ibn ʿAbbas was no more an embezzler of public money than thewriter of the above is a knowledgeable, honest person.

{No reward do I ask of you for this except the love of those near of kin} (42:23).

Sahih classification

So, is the Sahih classification enough to make a Hadith authentic? Hardly, because of several reasons: (1) Sahih only depends on the Isnad method,

This is false. The Sahih classification is not whatwas mentioned above nor does it depend on isnad exclusively.Even with the isnad method alone, al-Bukhari was notworking in a vacuum and his rulings on narrators are only those of one man in a sea of experts.

About Hadith-criticism

but does not investigate the Hadith and show whether or not it agrees with the Quran, or whether or not it is contradicted by other Sahih hadiths, or whether or not it fits the character of the prophet, or whether or not it even fits common sense (the Sahih hadiths about dipping the fly, or drinking the camel's urine come to mind). This is called the "Matn" [Content] method. It has been abandoned by most scholars on the pretext that the hadiths collectors must have used it already. Obviously they didn't. Bukhari never claimed he investigated the Matn, he was only concerned with the Isnad. Now, within Isnad itself

The above is all false. Hadith-criticism relies heavilyon both isnad-criticism and matn-criticism. NO hadith wasever judged authentic or otherwise on the sole basis ofthe isnad in violation of an established principle of theReligion. Countless criteria are extra-isnadic in naturesuch as currency in the Umma, confirmation by the Qur'anand/or other hadiths, and many other criteria.

As for the two hadiths mentioned, as I replied to anotherobjector: It is natural that one be the enemy of whatone is ignorant of. See my forthcoming posts in sha' Allah:

"Hadith of the fly"
"Camel urine hadith."

[snip]

mutawatir hadiths

Also, there is yet another way of classifying Hadiths which most people seem to ignore. They are classified as follows: 1) Mutawatter/Mawtoor [Propagated] which says that a Hadith was used by a large group of Muslims of the First generation after the prophet, such that all of them agree they heard it first hand from the prophet himself, AND that they are of such a number as to exclude the possibility of they all being liars. Then this is of such strength that it is considered almost certain. The Sunnah of the prophet lies in this category.

The Sunna of the Prophet is all mutawatir? Where elsehas anyone in all the sects of Islam ever made such a claim, even a non-Scholar?

[snip]

sahih ahad hadiths

3) Hadith Ahad [Ones, from Wahid: One] which is a Hadith that has been attributed to one or maybe a handful of the prophet's companions, i.e. it is not corroborated by enough people to exclude the possibility of error. 95% of all written Hadiths (never mind their Isnad or Matn) fall within this category.

This is false. A sahih ahad hadith can well be corroboratedby enough people and other factors so as to exclude the possibility of error. Because of this, some of them areeven considered proofs in credal matters let alone law.

However, this is moot, as the yardstick in practice isthe exclusion of the *likelihood* of error. As for the possibility of error, it is not excluded even from the lawsof physics, as shown by our abandonment of previous laws forrelativity. Ahad Hadiths proved more reliable than Newton.

non-mutawatir hadiths

Early Hadith scholars have agreed that due to this classification, the Hadiths and Sunnah belonging to the first category and the FIRST only, should be taken to enforce divine rulings. So there is no dispute between scholars on how to pray for example. The Hadiths belonging to the second and third categories, because there is less evidence of their authenticities, should be taken under ADVISEMENT only. Enforced Laws, punishments, halals and harams should NOT be taken from these two Hadiths categories. In another post, I will discuss particular examples of Hadiths.

This is painfully inaccurate, the non-mutawatir hadithsthat are indisputable, non-optional, agreed-upon proofs in"enforced laws, punishments, halals and harams" are countless.

Hajj Gibril
GF Haddad
[4 Apr 2003]