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cadr ['ka,duhr],n. (of anobject) thecar of thecdr of thatobject.

callv.t.,n. 1.v.t. (afunction witharguments) to cause thecode represented by thatfunction to beexecuted in anenvironment wherebindings for thevalues of itsparameters have beenestablished based on thearguments. ``Calling the function+ with the arguments5 and1 yields a value of6.'' 2.n. asituation in which afunction is called.

captured initialization formn. aninitialization form along with thelexical environment in which theform that defined theinitialization form wasevaluated. ``Each newly added shared slot is set to the result of evaluating the captured initialization form for the slot that was specified in thedefclass form for the new class.''

carn. 1. a. (of acons) the component of acons corresponding to the firstargument tocons; the other component is thecdr. ``The functionrplaca modifies the car of a cons.'' b. (of alist) the firstelement of thelist, ornil if thelist is theempty list. 2. theobject that is held in thecar[1]. ``The functioncar returns the car of a cons.''

casen. (of acharacter) the property of being eitheruppercase orlowercase. Not allcharacters havecase. ``The characters#\A and#\a have case, but the character#\$ has no case.'' SeeSection 13.1.4.3 (Characters With Case) and thefunction both-case-p.

case sensitivity moden. one of thesymbols:upcase,:downcase,:preserve, or:invert.

catchn. anexit point which isestablished by acatch form within thedynamic scope of its body, which is named by acatch tag, and to which control andvalues may bethrown.

catch tagn. anobject which names anactive catch. (If more than onecatch is active with the samecatch tag, it is only possible tothrow to the innermost suchcatch because the outer one isshadowed[2].)

cddr ['kduh,duhr] or ['kuh,dduhr],n. (of anobject) thecdr of thecdr of thatobject.

cdr ['k,duhr],n. 1. a. (of acons) the component of acons corresponding to the secondargument tocons; the other component is thecar. ``The functionrplacd modifies the cdr of a cons.'' b. (of alist L1) either thelist L2 that contains theelements of L1 that follow after the first, or elsenil if L1 is theempty list. 2. theobject that is held in thecdr[1]. ``The functioncdr returns the cdr of a cons.''

celln.Trad. (of anobject) a conceptualslot of thatobject. Thedynamic variable and globalfunction bindings of asymbol are sometimes referred to as itsvalue cell andfunction cell, respectively.

charactern.,adj. 1.n. anobject oftype character; that is, anobject that represents a unitary token in an aggregate quantity of text; seeSection 13.1 (Character Concepts). 2.adj. a. (of astream) having anelement type that is asubtype oftype character. The most fundamental operation on acharacter inputstream isread-char and on acharacter outputstream iswrite-char. Seebinary. b. (of afile) having been created by opening acharacter stream. (It isimplementation-dependent whether this is an inspectable aspect of thefile, or whether any givenbinary file can be treated as acharacter file.)

character coden. 1. one of possibly severalattributes of acharacter. 2. a non-negativeinteger less than thevalue ofchar-code-limit that is suitable for use as acharacter code[1].

character designatorn. adesignator for acharacter; that is, anobject that denotes acharacter and that is one of: adesignator for astring oflength one (denoting thecharacter that is its onlyelement), or acharacter (denoting itself).

circularadj. 1. (of alist) acircular list. 2. (of an arbitraryobject) having acomponent,element,constituent[2], orsubexpression (as appropriate to the context) that is theobject itself.

circular listn. a chain ofconses that has no termination because somecons in the chain is thecdr of a latercons.

classn. 1. anobject that uniquely determines the structure and behavior of a set of otherobjects called itsdirect instances, that contributes structure and behavior to a set of otherobjects called itsindirect instances, and that acts as atype specifier for a set of objects called itsgeneralized instances. ``The classinteger is a subclass of the classnumber.'' (Note that the phrase ``theclassfoo'' is often substituted for the more precise phrase ``theclass namedfoo''---in both cases, aclass object (not asymbol) is denoted.) 2. (of anobject) the uniquely determinedclass of which theobject is adirect instance. See thefunction class-of. ``The class of the object returned bygensym issymbol.'' (Note that with this usage a phrase such as ``itsclass isfoo'' is often substituted for the more precise phrase ``itsclass is theclass namedfoo''---in both cases, aclass object (not asymbol) is denoted.)

class designatorn. adesignator for aclass; that is, anobject that denotes aclass and that is one of: asymbol (denoting theclass named by thatsymbol; see thefunction find-class) or aclass (denoting itself).

class precedence listn. a unique total ordering on aclass and itssuperclasses that is consistent with thelocal precedence orders for theclass and itssuperclasses. For detailed information, seeSection 4.3.5 (Determining the Class Precedence List).

closev.t. (astream) to terminate usage of thestream as a source or sink of data, permitting theimplementation to reclaim its internal data structures, and to free any external resources which might have been locked by thestream when it was opened.

closedadj. (of astream) having beenclosed (see<I>}</I>close). Some (but not all) operations that are valid onopen streams are not valid onclosed streams. SeeSection 21.1.1.1.2 (Open and Closed Streams).

closuren. alexical closure.

coalescev.t. (literalobjects that aresimilar) to consolidate the identity of thoseobjects, such that they become thesame object. SeeSection 3.2.1 (Compiler Terminology).

coden. 1.Trad. any representation of actions to be performed, whether conceptual or as an actualobject, such asforms,lambda expressions,objects oftype function, text in asource file, or instruction sequences in acompiled file. This is a generic term; the specific nature of the representation depends on its context. 2. (of acharacter) acharacter code.

coercev.t. (anobject to atype) to produce anobject from the givenobject, without modifying thatobject, by following some set of coercion rules that must be specifically stated for any context in which this term is used. The resultingobject is necessarily of the indicatedtype, except when that type is asubtype oftype complex; in that case, if acomplex rational with an imaginary part of zero would result, the result is arational rather than acomplex---seeSection 12.1.5.3 (Rule of Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals).

colonn. thestandard character that is called ``colon'' (:). SeeFigure 2-5.

comman. thestandard character that is called ``comma'' (,). SeeFigure 2-5.

compilationn. the process ofcompilingcode by thecompiler.

compilation environmentn. 1. Anenvironment that represents information known by thecompiler about aform that is beingcompiled. SeeSection 3.2.1 (Compiler Terminology). 2. Anobject that represents thecompilation environment[1] and that is used as a second argument to amacro function (which supplies avalue for any&environmentparameter in themacro function's definition).

compilation unitn. an interval during which a single unit of compilation is occurring. See themacro with-compilation-unit.

compilev.t. 1. (code) to perform semantic preprocessing of thecode, usually optimizing one or more qualities of the code, such as run-time speed ofexecution or run-time storage usage. The minimum semantic requirements of compilation are that it must remove all macro calls and arrange for allload time values to be resolved prior to run time. 2. (afunction) to produce a newobject oftype compiled-function which represents the result ofcompiling thecode represented by thefunction. See thefunction compile. 3. (asource file) to produce acompiled file from asource file. See thefunction compile-file.

compile timen. the duration of time that thecompiler is processingsource code.

compile-time definitionn. a definition in thecompilation environment.

compiled coden. 1.compiled functions. 2.code that representscompiled functions, such as the contents of acompiled file.

compiled filen. afile which represents the results ofcompiling theforms which appeared in a correspondingsource file, and which can beloaded. See thefunction compile-file.

compiled functionn. anobject oftype compiled-function, which is afunction that has beencompiled, which contains no references tomacros that must be expanded at run time, and which contains no unresolved references toload time values.

compilern. a facility that is part of Lisp and that translatescode into animplementation-dependent form that might be represented orexecuted efficiently. The functionscompile andcompile-file permit programs to invoke thecompiler.

compiler macron. an auxiliary macro definition for a globally definedfunction ormacro which might or might not be called by any givenconforming implementation and which must preserve the semantics of the globally definedfunction ormacro but which might perform some additional optimizations. (Unlike amacro, acompiler macro does not extend the syntax of Common Lisp; rather, it provides an alternate implementation strategy for some existing syntax or functionality.)

compiler macro expansionn. 1. the process of translating aform into anotherform by acompiler macro. 2. theform resulting from this process.

compiler macro formn. afunction form ormacro form whoseoperator has a definition as acompiler macro, or afuncall form whose firstargument is afunction form whoseargument is thename of afunction that has a definition as acompiler macro.

compiler macro functionn. afunction of two arguments, aform and anenvironment, that implementscompiler macro expansion by producing either aform to be used in place of the original argumentform or elsenil, indicating that the originalform should not be replaced. SeeSection 3.2.2.1 (Compiler Macros).

complexn. anobject oftype complex.

complex floatn. anobject oftype complex which has acomplex part type that is asubtype offloat. Acomplex float is acomplex, but it is not afloat.

complex part typen. (of acomplex) 1. thetype which is used to represent both the real part and the imaginary part of thecomplex. 2. theactual complex part type of thecomplex. 3. theexpressed complex part type of thecomplex.

complex rationaln. anobject oftype complex which has acomplex part type that is asubtype ofrational. Acomplex rational is acomplex, but it is not arational. Nocomplex rational has an imaginary part of zero because such a number is always represented by Common Lisp as anobject oftype rational; seeSection 12.1.5.3 (Rule of Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals).

complex single floatn. anobject oftype complex which has acomplex part type that is asubtype ofsingle-float. Acomplex single float is acomplex, but it is not asingle float.

composite streamn. astream that is composed of one or more otherstreams. ``make-synonym-stream creates a composite stream.''

compound formn. anon-empty list which is aform: aspecial form, alambda form, amacro form, or afunction form.

compound type specifiern. atype specifier that is acons; i.e., atype specifier that is not anatomic type specifier. ``(vector single-float) is a compound type specifier.''

concatenated streamn. aninput stream oftype concatenated-stream.

conditionn. 1. anobject which represents asituation---usually, but not necessarily, duringsignaling. 2. anobject oftype condition.

condition designatorn. one or moreobjects that, taken together, denote either an existingcondition object or acondition object to be implicitly created. For details, seeSection 9.1.2.1 (Condition Designators).

condition handlern. afunction that might be invoked by the act ofsignaling, that receives thecondition being signaled as its only argument, and that is permitted tohandle thecondition or todecline. SeeSection 9.1.4.1 (Signaling).

condition reportern. afunction that describes how acondition is to be printed when theLisp printer is invoked while*print-escape* isfalse. SeeSection 9.1.3 (Printing Conditions).

conditional newlinen. a point in output where anewline might be inserted at the discretion of thepretty printer. There are four kinds ofconditional newlines, called ``linear-style,'' ``fill-style,'' ``miser-style,'' and ``mandatory-style.'' See thefunction pprint-newline andSection 22.2.1.1 (Dynamic Control of the Arrangement of Output).

conformancen. a state achieved by proper and complete adherence to the requirements of this specification. SeeSection 1.5 (Conformance).

conforming coden.code that is all of part of aconforming program.

conforming implementationn. animplementation, used to emphasize complete and correct adherance to all conformance criteria. Aconforming implementation is capable of accepting aconforming program as input, preparing thatprogram forexecution, and executing the preparedprogram in accordance with this specification. Animplementation which has been extended may still be aconforming implementation provided that no extension interferes with the correct function of anyconforming program.

conforming processorn.ANSI aconforming implementation.

conforming programn. aprogram, used to emphasize the fact that theprogram depends for its correctness only upon documented aspects of Common Lisp, and can therefore be expected to run correctly in anyconforming implementation.

congruentn. conforming to the rules oflambda list congruency, as detailed inSection 7.6.4 (Congruent Lambda-lists for all Methods of a Generic Function).

consn.v. 1.n. a compound dataobject having two components called thecar and thecdr. 2.v. to create such anobject. 3.v.Idiom. to create anyobject, or to allocate storage.

constantn. 1. aconstant form. 2. aconstant variable. 3. aconstant object. 4. aself-evaluating object.

constant formn. anyform for whichevaluation alwaysyields the samevalue, that neither affects nor is affected by theenvironment in which it isevaluated (except that it is permitted to refer to the names ofconstant variables defined in theenvironment), and that neither affects nor is affected by the state of anyobject except thoseobjects that areotherwise inaccessible parts ofobjects created by theform itself. ``Acar form in which the argument is aquote form is a constant form.''

constant objectn. anobject that is constrained (e.g., by its context in aprogram or by the source from which it was obtained) to beimmutable. ``A literal object that has been processed bycompile-file is a constant object.''

constant variablen. avariable, thevalue of which can never change; that is, akeyword[1] or anamed constant. ``The symbolst,nil,:direction, andmost-positive-fixnum are constant variables.''

constituentn.,adj. 1. a.n. thesyntax type of acharacter that is part of atoken. For details, seeSection 2.1.4.1 (Constituent Characters). b.adj. (of acharacter) having theconstituent[1a]syntax type[2]. c.n. aconstituent[1b]character. 2.n. (of acomposite stream) one of possibly severalobjects that collectively comprise the source or sink of thatstream.

constituent traitn. (of acharacter) one of several classifications of aconstituent character in areadtable. SeeSection 2.1.4.1 (Constituent Characters).

constructed streamn. astream whose source or sink is a Lispobject. Note that since astream is another Lispobject,composite streams are consideredconstructed streams. ``A string stream is a constructed stream.''

contagionn. a process whereby operations onobjects of differingtypes (e.g., arithmetic on mixedtypes ofnumbers) produce a result whosetype is controlled by the dominance of oneargument'stype over thetypes of the otherarguments. SeeSection 12.1.1.2 (Contagion in Numeric Operations).

continuablen. (of anerror) anerror that iscorrectable by thecontinue restart.

control formn. 1. aform that establishes one or more places to which control can be transferred. 2. aform that transfers control.

copyn. 1. (of acons C) afresh cons with thesame car andcdr as C. 2. (of alist L) afresh list with thesame elements as L. (Only thelist structure isfresh; theelements are thesame.) See thefunction copy-list. 3. (of anassociation list A withelements Ai) afresh list B withelements Bi, each of which isnil if Ai isnil, or else acopy of thecons Ai. See thefunction copy-alist. 4. (of atree T) afresh tree with thesame leaves as T. See thefunction copy-tree. 5. (of arandom state R) afresh random state that, if used as an argument to to thefunction random would produce the same series of ``random'' values as R would produce. 6. (of astructure S) afresh structure that has the sametype as S, and that has slot values, each of which is thesame as the corresponding slot value of S. (Note that since the difference between acons, alist, and atree is a matter of ``view'' or ``intention,'' there can be no general-purposefunction which, based solely on thetype of anobject, can determine which of these distinct meanings is intended. The distinction rests solely on the basis of the text description within this document. For example, phrases like ``acopy of the givenlist'' or ``copy of thelistx'' imply the second definition.)

correctableadj. (of anerror) 1. (by arestart other thanabort that has been associated with theerror) capable of being corrected by invoking thatrestart. ``The functioncerror signals an error that is correctable by thecontinue restart.'' (Note that correctability is not a property of anerror object, but rather a property of thedynamic environment that is in effect when theerror issignaled. Specifically, therestart is ``associated with'' theerror conditionobject. SeeSection 9.1.4.2.4 (Associating a Restart with a Condition).) 2. (when no specificrestart is mentioned)correctable[1] by at least onerestart. ``import signals a correctable error oftype package-error if any of the imported symbols has the same name as some distinct symbol already accessible in the package.''

current input basen. (in adynamic environment) theradix that is thevalue of*read-base* in thatenvironment, and that is the defaultradix employed by theLisp reader and its relatedfunctions.

current logical blockn. the context of the innermost lexically enclosing use ofpprint-logical-block.

current output basen. (in adynamic environment) theradix that is thevalue of*print-base* in thatenvironment, and that is the defaultradix employed by theLisp printer and its relatedfunctions.

current packagen. (in adynamic environment) thepackage that is thevalue of*package* in thatenvironment, and that is the defaultpackage employed by theLisp reader andLisp printer, and their relatedfunctions.

current pprint dispatch tablen. (in adynamic environment) thepprint dispatch table that is thevalue of*print-pprint-dispatch* in thatenvironment, and that is the defaultpprint dispatch table employed by thepretty printer.

current random staten. (in adynamic environment) therandom state that is thevalue of*random-state* in thatenvironment, and that is the defaultrandom state employed byrandom.

current readtablen. (in adynamic environment) thereadtable that is thevalue of*readtable* in thatenvironment, and that affects the way in whichexpressions[2] are parsed intoobjects by theLisp reader.

The followingX3J13 cleanup issues,not part of the specification, apply to this section:

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