Systems of Transliteration Citation Headings

A. Rules for the Transliteration of Hebrew and Aramaic.

1. 1. All important names which occur in the Bible are cited as found in the authorized King James version;e.g.,Moses, not Mosheh;Isaac, not Yiẓḥaḳ;Saul, not Sha'ul or Shaül;Solomon, not Shelomoh, etc.
2. 2. The spellings of names that have gained currency in English books on Jewish subjects, or that have become familiar to English readers, are generally retained; cross-references are given when topics are treated under forms transliterated according to the system tabulated below.
3. 3. Hebrew subject-headings are transcribed according to the scheme of transliteration; cross-references are made as in the case of personal names.
4. 4. The following system of transliteration has been used for Hebrew and Aramaic:

   א	Not noted at the beginning or the end of a word; otherwise' or by dieresis; e.g., pe'er or Miïr.
   ב	b	ז	z	U+05D	l	פּ	(with dagesh),p		sh
   ג	g	ח	ḥ	מ	m	פ	(without dagesh),f		s
   ד	d	ט	ṭ	נ	n	צ	ẓ	ת	t
   ה	h	י	y	ם	s	ק	ḳ
   ו	w	כ	k	ע		ר	r

   Note: The presence of dagesh lene is not noted except in the case of פ. Dagesh forte is indicated by doubling the letter.
5. 5. The vowels have been transcribed as follows:

   	(ḳameẓ)a		u		a		e		o
   	(ḳameẓ ḥatuf)o
   	e		e		o		i
   	i		e		a		u

   The so-called "Continental" pronunciation of the English vowels is implied.
6. 6. The Hebrew article is transcribed asha, followed by a hyphen, without doubling the following letter. [Nothak-Kohen orhak-Cohen, norRosh ha-shshanah.]

B. Rules for the Transliteration of Arabic.

1. 1. All Arabic names and words, except such as have become familiar to English readers in other forms, asMohammed,Koran,mosque, are transliterated according to the following system:

   	See אabove	خ	kh	ڞ	sh	غ	gh		n
   ب	b	د	d	ص	s	ف	f	ه	h
   ټ	t	ز	dh	ض	ḍ	ق	ḳ	و	w
   ث	th	ر	r	ط	ṭ	ت	k	ي	y
   ج	j	ڒ	z	ظ	ẓ	ڶ	l
   ح	ḥ	س	s	ع	،	م	m

2. 2. Only the three vowels—a, i, u—are represented:

   a

   i

   u

   No account has been taken of theimalah; i has not been writtene, noru writteno.
3. 3. The Arabic article is invariably writtenal, no account being taken of the assimilation of thel to the following letter;e.g,Abu al-Salt, notAbu-l-Salt; Nafis al-Daulah, notNafis ad-Daulah. The article is joined by a hyphen to the following word.
4. 4. At the end of words the feminine termination is writtenah; but when followed by a genitive,at; e.g., Risalah dhat al-Kursiyy, butHi'at al-Aflak.
5. 5. No account is taken of the overhanging vowels which distinguish the cases;e.g.,'Amr, not'Amru or'Amrun; Ya'ḳub, notYa'ḳubun; or in a title,Kitab al-Amanat wal-I'tiḳadat.

C. Rules for the Transliteration of Russian.

1. All Russian names and words, except such as have become familiar to English readers in other forms, asCzar,Alexander,deciatine,Moscow, are transliterated according to the following system:

   А	а	a	Н	н	n	Щ	щ	shch
   Б	б	b	О	о	o	Ъ	ъ	mute
   В	в	v	П	п	p	Ы	ы	y
   Г	г	h,v, org	Р	р	r	Ь	ь	half mute
   Д	д	d	С	с	s			ye
   Е	е	e andye at the beginning.	Т	т	t	Э	э	e
   Ж	ж	zh	У	у	u	Ю	ю	yu
   З	з	z	Ф	ф	f	Я	я	ya
   И	и І і	i	Х	х	kh	Θ	θ	F
   К	к	k	Ц	ц	tz			œ
   Л	л	l	Ч	ч	ch	Й	й	i
   М	м	m	Ш	ш	sh

Rules for the Citation of Proper Names, Personal and Otherwise.

1. 1. Whenever possible, an author is cited under his most specific name;e.g., Moses Nigrin underNigrin; Moses Zacuto underZacuto; Moses Rieti underRieti; all the Ḳimḥis (or Ḳamḥis) underḲimḥi; Israel ben Joseph Drohobiczer underDrohobiczer. Cross-references are freely made from any other form to the most specific one;e.g., to MosesVidal from MosesNarboni; to Solomon NathanVidal from MenahemMeïri; to SamuelKansi from Samuel AstrucDascola; to JedaiahPenini from bothBedersi andEn Bonet; toJohn of Avignon from Moses deRoquemaure.
2. 2. When a person is not referred to as above, he is cited under his own personal name followed by his official or other title; or, where he has borne no such title, by "of" followed by the place of his birth or residence;e.g.,Johanan ha-Sandlar;Samuel ha-Nagid;Judah he-Ḥasid;Gershom of Metz;Isaac of Corbeil.
3. 3. Names containing the wordsd',de,da,di,van,von,y,of,ben,ha-,ibnWhenIbn has come to be a specific part of a name, asIbn Ezra, such name is treated in its alphabetical place under "I." are arranged under the letter of the name following this word,e.g., de Pomis underPomis, de Barrios underBarrios, Jacob d'Illescas underIllescas. The order of topics is illustrated by the following examples:
   • Abraham of Augsburg
   • Abraham of Avila
   • Abraham ben Azriel
   • Abraham de Balmes
   • Abraham ben Baruch
   • Abraham of Beja
   • Abraham ben Benjamin Aaron
   • Abraham ben Benjamin Zeeb
   • Abraham Benveniste

Note to the Reader. Subjects on which further information is afforded elsewhere in this work are indicated by the use of capitals and small capitals in the text; as,Abba Arika;Pumbedita;Vocalization