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    IPCS INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY    Health and Safety Guide No. 39MIREXHEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDE    UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME    INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION    WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION    WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, GENEVA 1990    This is a companion volume to Environmental Health Criteria 44: Mirex    Published by the World Health Organization for the International    Programme on Chemical Safety (a collaborative programme of the United    Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation,    and the World Health Organization)    This report contains the collective views of an international group of    experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated    policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International    Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization    WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Mirex : health and safety    guide.   (Health and safety guide ; no. 39)   1. Mirex - standards     I. Series   ISBN 92 4 151039 0          (NLM Classification: WA 240)   ISSN 0259-7268    (c) World Health Organization 1990    Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright    protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the    Universal Copyright Convention.  For rights of reproduction or    translation of WHO publications, in part or in toto,application    should be made to the Office of Publications, World Health    Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.  The World Health Organization    welcomes such applications.    The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this    publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on    the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization    concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or    of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or    boundaries.    The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers'    products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the    World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature    that are not mentioned.  Errors and omissions excepted, the names of    proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.CONTENTS    INTRODUCTION1. PRODUCT IDENTITY AND USES1.1. Identity1.2. Physical and chemical properties1.3. Analytical methods1.4. Uses2. SUMMARY AND EVALUATION2.1. Human exposure to mirex2.2. Kinetics and metabolism2.3. Effects on experimental animals2.4. Effects on human health2.5. Effects on the environment3. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS3.1. Conclusions3.2. Recommendations4. HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS, PREVENTION AND PROTECTION, EMERGENCY ACTION4.1. Main human health hazards, prevention and protection,              first aid4.1.1. Advice to physicians4.1.2. Health surveillance advice4.2. Safety in use4.3. Explosion and fire hazards4.3.1. Explosion hazards4.3.2. Fire hazards4.4. Storage4.4.1. Leaking containers in store4.5. Transport4.6. Spillage and disposal4.6.1. Spillage4.6.2. Disposal5. HAZARDS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR PREVENTION5.1. Hazards5.2. Prevention6. INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL SAFETY CARD7. CURRENT REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND STANDARDS7.1. Previous evaluations by international bodies7.2. Exposure limit values7.3. Specific restrictions7.4. Labelling, packaging, and transport    BIBLIOGRAPHY    INTRODUCTION    The Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) documents produced by the    International Programme on Chemical Safety include an assessment of    the effects on the environment and on human health of exposure to a    chemical or combination of chemicals, or physical or biological    agents.  They also provide guidelines for setting exposure limits.    The purpose of a Health and Safety Guide is to facilitate the    application of these guidelines in national chemical safety    programmes. The first three sections of a Health and Safety Guide    highlight the relevant technical information in the corresponding EHC.     Section 4 includes advice on preventive and protective measures and    emergency action; health workers should be thoroughly  familiar with    the medical information to ensure that they can act efficiently in an    emergency.  Within the Guide is an International Chemical Safety Card    which should be readily available, and should be clearly explained, to    all who could come into contact with the chemical.  The section on    regulatory information has been extracted from the legal file of the    International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) and from    other United Nations sources.    The target readership includes occupational health services, those in    ministries, governmental agencies, industry, and trade unions who are    involved in the safe use of chemicals and the avoidance of    environmental health hazards, and those wanting more information on    this topic.  An attempt has been made to use only terms that will be    familiar to the intended user.  However, sections 1 and 2 inevitably    contain some technical terms.  A bibliography has been included for    readers who require further background information.    Revision of the information in this Guide will take place in due    course, and the eventual aim is to use standardized terminology.     Comments on any difficulties encountered in using the Guide would be    very helpful and should be addressed to:    The Manager    International Programme on Chemical Safety    Division of Environmental Health    World Health Organization    1211 Geneva 27    Switzerland    THE INFORMATION IN THIS GUIDE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS A STARTING POINT    TO A COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH AND SAFETY PROGRAMME1.  PRODUCT IDENTITY AND USES1.1  Identity    Common name:                Mirex    Chemical structure:    Molecular formula:          C10Cl12    Common trade names:         Dechlorane, Ferriamicide, GC 1283    Common synonyms:            dodecachloropentacyclo[5.2.1.026039058]-                                decanedodecachloro-octahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-                                cyclo-buta [cd]pentalene    CAS chemical name:          1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-                                dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-                                cyclobuta- [cd]pentalene    CAS registry number:2385-85-5    Relative molecular mass:    545.51.2  Physical and Chemical Properties    Mirex is a white crystalline, odourless solid with a melting point of    485°C.  It is soluble in several organic solvents including    tetrahydrofuran (30%), carbon disulfide (18%), chloroform (17%), and    benzene (12%), but is practically insoluble in water.  It has a vapour    pressure of 3 × 10-7mmHg at 25°C.    Mirex is considered to be extremely stable.  It does not react with    sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric, or other common acids and is    unreactive with bases, chlorine, or ozone.  Despite its stability,    reductive dechlorination of mirex can be brought about by reaction    with reduced iron porphyrin or more effectively by vitamin B12.     Slow partial decomposition will also result from exposure to    ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in hydrocarbon solvents or to gamma rays.     Photomirex (8-monohydro-mirex) is the major product of dechlorination    by UVR, and may represent the fate of most of the mirex in the    environment.    Mirex is quite resistant to pyrolysis; decomposition begins at 525°C,    and 98-99% combustion is accomplished at 700°C within 1 second.     Hexachlorobenzene is a major pyrolytic product with lesser amounts of    carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, chlorine, carbon    tetrachloride, and phosgene given off in the form of a vapour.    Technical grade preparations of mirex contain 95.19% mirex and 2.58%    chlordecone, the rest being unspecified.  The term "mirex" is also    used to refer to bait comprising corncob grits, soya bean oil, and    mirex.  Insect bait formulations for aerial application containing    0.3-0.5% mirex and fire ant formulations containing 0.075-0.3% mirex    have also been used in the USA.1.3  Analytical Methods    Gas chromatography with electron capture detection is the analytical    method most commonly used for its determination.1.4  Uses    Mirex is mainly used as a flame-retardant and as a stomach    insecticide, usually formulated into baits, for the control of ants,    especially fire ants and harvester ants.  The USA appears to be the    main country in which mirex was used for pest control, but this use    was discontinued in 1978.    The same chemical substance is used, under the name Dechlorane, as a    fire retardant in plastics, rubbers, paints, etc.  This application is    not restricted to the USA.    Recently, the use of mirex has become increasingly restricted or    prohibited in many countries (see, e.g., section 7.3).2.  SUMMARY AND EVALUATION2.1  Human Exposure to Mirex    Food probably represents the major source of intake of mirex for the    general population, fish, wild game, and meat being the main sources.     Normally, such intake is below established residue tolerances.  Mirex    may occur in breast milk, but levels are very low or below detection    limits.    No data are available regarding occupational exposure.2.2  Kinetics and Metabolism    Following oral ingestion, mirex is only partly absorbed into the body    and the remainder, depending on the dose administered, is eliminated    unchanged in the faeces.  Mirex can also be absorbed following    inhalation and via the skin.    It is a lipophilic compound and, as such, is stored in adipose tissue    to a greater extent than in any other tissue.  Mirex is transferred    across the placenta to the fetus and is excreted with the milk.    Mirex does not appear to have been metabolized to any extent in any    animal species investigated.  Its elimination from the body is slow    and, depending on the species, it has a half-life in the body of    several months.    It is one of the most stable pesticides in use today.2.3  Effects on Experimental Animals    Mirex was moderately toxic in single-dose animal studies (oral LD50    values ranged from 365 to 3000 mg/kg body weight).  Toxic effects    included neurological symptoms, especially tremors and convulsions.    The most sensitive effects of repeated exposure in experimental    animals are principally associated with the liver (liver hypertrophy    with morphological changes in the liver cells, and induction of    mixed-function oxidases). These effects have been observed with doses    as low as 1 mg/kg diet (0.05 mg/kg body weight per day), the lowest    dose tested.    In studies to investigate the toxicity of mirex in pregnant animals,    teratogenic effects were seen in rats given 6 mg/kg body weight per    day by gavage, and fetotoxic effects were seen in animals given    25 mg/kg diet.  In addition, exposure of male mice to dietary levels    of about 2 mg/kg for 3 months resulted in impaired reproductive    performance.    Mirex was not generally active in short-term tests for genetic    activity.  However, mirex is carcinogenic for both mice and rats.2.4  Effects on Human Health    No data on effects on human beings were available to the Task Group.2.5  Effects on the Environment    Mirex is one of the most stable and environmentally persistent    pesticides in use today.  It is not biodegraded by microorganisms,    except occasionally under aerobic conditions, and hydrolysis is very    slow.  Although general environmental levels are low, it is widespread    in the biotic and abiotic environment.  Mirex is both accumulated and    biomagnified.  It is strongly adsorbed on sediments and has a low    water solubility.    The delayed onset of toxic effects and mortality is typical of mirex    poisoning.  The long-term toxicity of mirex is uniformly high.  It is    toxic for a range of aquatic organisms, crustacea being particularly    sensitive.  Mirex induces pervasive long-term physiological and    biological disorders in vertebrates.    Although no field data are available, the adverse effects of long-term    exposure to low levels of mirex, combined with its persistence,    suggest that the use of mirex presents a long-term environmental risk.3.  CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS3.1  Conclusions    1.  No data on human health effects are available in connection with    occupational exposure to mirex.  On the basis of findings in mice and    rats, this chemical should be considered, for practical purposes, as    being potentially carcinogenic for human beings.    2.  For the same reason, reservations must remain about the safety of    this chemical in food, despite the relatively low residues so far    reported.    3.  Effects on the organisms studied, as well as its persistence,    suggest that mirex presents a long-term hazard for the environment.    4.  Taking into account these considerations, it is felt that the use    of this chemical for both agricultural and non-agricultural    applications should be discouraged, except where there is no adequate    alternative.3.2  Recommendations    1.  Surveillance should be maintained over any future production,    transport, and disposal of mirex and the nature and extent of both its    agricultural and non-agricultural use.    2.  Comprehensive monitoring of levels of mirex in the environment    should be continued.4.  HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS, PREVENTION AND PROTECTION, EMERGENCY ACTION4.1  Main Human Health Hazards, Prevention and Protection, First Aid    Mirex is an organochlorine insecticide.  It is toxic and may be    hazardous for human beings if incorrectly or carelessly handled.  It    is therefore essential that the correct precautions should be observed    during handling and use.     For details, see the International Chemical Safety Card (section 6).4.1.1  Advice to physicians    4.1.1.1  Symptoms of poisoning    Mirex is toxic by mouth, by skin contact (especially liquid    formulations), and by inhalation of dust from powder concentrates.  It    acts as a stimulant of the central nervous system.    Following accidental ingestion or over-exposure, symptoms may include    headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, weakness in the legs, and    convulsions.    Organochlorines can cause respiratory depression.  They also sensitize    the heart to endogenous catecholamines leading to ventricular    fibrillation and cardiac arrest in severe cases.    Respiratory depression may lead to metabolic acidosis and, if    necessary, blood gases should be checked.  The use of an ECG monitor    is recommended if the symptoms are severe.    No cases of poisoning in man have been reported so far.    4.1.1.2  Medical advice    Medical treatment is largely symptomatic and supportive and directed    against convulsions and hypoxia. Because many liquid formulations    contain hydrocarbon solvent, vomiting should notbe induced and    emetics are contraindicated.  If swallowed, the stomach should be    emptied as soon as possible by careful gastric lavage (with a cuffed    endotracheal tube), avoiding aspiration into the lungs.  This should    be followed by intragastric administration of 3-4 tablespoons of    activated charcoal and 30 g magnesium sulfate or sodium sulfate in a    30% aqueous solution.  Oily purgatives are contraindicated.  No fats,    oils, or milk should be given.    If convulsions occur, anti-convulsants should be given, e.g.,    diazepam, 10 mg slowly intravenously (children 1-5 mg), repeated as    necessary; or thiopental sodium, or hexobarbital sodium slowly    intravenously in a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight with a maximum total    dose of up to 750 mg for an adult.  On account of their short action,    these barbiturates should always be followed by phenobarbital given    orally at 3 mg/kg body weight (up to 200 mg for an adult), or    phenobarbital sodium given intramuscularly at 3 mg/kg (also up to    200 mg for an adult). Morphine and its derivatives, epinephrine and norepinephrine shouldnever be given.    An unobstructed airway must be maintained.  Oxygen and/or artificial    respiration may be needed.4.1.2  Health surveillance advice    A pre-employment and an annual general medical examination are advised    for regularly exposed workers.  Special attention should be paid to    liver and kidney function.4.2  Safety in Use    Handling liquid formulations:      Wear protective neoprene or PVC                                       gloves, cotton overalls, rubber                                       boots, and face shield.    Handling powder formulations:      Avoid raising a dust cloud.  Wear                                       protective gloves and dust mask.                                        Follow the advice relating to                                       personal hygiene.4.3  Explosion and Fire Hazards4.3.1  Explosion hazards    The explosion hazard will depend on the solvent used in the    formulation, or on the characteristics of the dust.4.3.2  Fire hazards    Liquid products containing organic solvents may be flammable.     Extinguish fires with alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide, or    powder.  With sufficient burning or external heat, mirex will    decompose, emitting toxic fumes.  Fire-fighters should wear a    self-contained breathing apparatus, eye protection, and full    protective clothing.    Confine the use of water spray to the cooling of unaffected stock,    thus avoiding the accumulation of polluted run-off from the site.4.4  Storage    Products should be stored in locked buildings, preferably dedicated to    insecticides.    Keep products out of reach of children and unauthorized personnel.  Do    not store near foodstuffs or animal feed.4.4.1  Leaking containers in store    Take precautions and use appropriate personal protection.  Empty any    product remaining in damaged/leaking containers into a clean empty    drum, which should then be tightly closed and suitably labelled.    Sweep up spillage with sawdust, sand, or earth (moisten for powders),    and dispose of safely.    Emptied leaking liquid containers should be rinsed with at least    1 litre water per 20-litre drum.  Swirl round to rinse the walls,    empty, and add the rinsings to the sawdust or earth.  Do not re-use    containers for any other purpose.  Puncture the container to prevent    re-use.4.5  Transport    Comply with any local requirements regarding movement of hazardous    goods. Do not transport with foodstuffs or animal feed.  Make sure    that containers are in good condition and labels undamaged before    dispatch.4.6  Spillage and Disposal4.6.1  Spillage    Before dealing with any spillage, precautions should be taken as    required and appropriate personal protection should be used.    Prevent liquid from spreading or contaminating other cargo and    vegetation, and avoid pollution of surface waters and ground water by    using the most suitable available material, e.g., earth or sand.    Absorb spilled liquid with sawdust, sand, or earth, sweep up and place    it in a closeable container for later transfer to a safe place for    disposal.    As soon as possible after the spillage and before re-use, cover all    contaminated areas with damp sawdust, sand, or earth.  Sweep up and    place in a closeable container for later transfer to a safe place for    disposal.  Care should be taken to avoid run-off into surface waters    or drains.4.6.2  Disposal    Surplus product, contaminated absorbents, and containers should be    disposed of in an appropriate way.  Mirex is not readily decomposed    chemically or biologically and is relatively persistent.  Waste    material should be burned only in  a proper incinerator designed for    organochlorine waste disposal (1000°C and 30-min residence time with    effluent gas scrubbing).  If this is not possible, bury in an approved     dump or landfill where there is no risk of contamination of surface or    ground water.  Comply with any local legislation regarding disposal of    toxic wastes.5.  HAZARDS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND THEIR PREVENTION5.1  Hazards    Mirex is one of the most stable of the organochlorine insecticides.     Although general environmental levels are low, it is widespread in the    biotic and abiotic environment.  Mirex is both accumulated and    biomagnified.  It is strongly adsorbed on sediments and has a low    water solubility.    Delayed onset of toxic effects and mortality is typical of mirex    poisoning.  The long-term toxicity of mirex is uniformly high.  Mirex    is toxic for a range of aquatic organisms, crustacea being    particularly sensitive.    Although no field data are available, the adverse effects of long-term    exposure to low levels of mirex, combined with its persistence,    suggest that the use of mirex presents a long-term environmental risk.5.2  Prevention    Industrial discharges from manufacturing, formulation, and technical    applications should not be allowed to pollute the environment and    should be treated properly.    Any spillage or unused product should be prevented from spreading to    vegetation or waterways and should be treated and disposed of    properly.6.  INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL SAFETY CARD This card should be easily available to all health workers concerned with, and users of, mirex. It should be displayed at, or near, entrances to areas where there is potential exposure to mirex, and on processing equipment and containers.  The card should be translated into the appropriate language(s).  All persons potentially exposed to the chemical should also have the instructions on the chemical safety card clearly explained. Space is available on the card for insertion of the National Occupational Exposure Limit, the address and telephone number of the National Poison Control Centre, and for local trade names.        MIREX    CAS chemical name: 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-dodecachloroocta-hydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclobuta[cd]pentalene    CAS registry number:2385-85-5    RTECS registry number: PC8225000    Molecular formula: C10Cl12    PHYSICAL PROPERTIES                                                   OTHER CHARACTERISTICS    Melting point (°C)                 485                                Mirex is a white crystalline, odourless solid; it is    Vapour pressure (mmHg at 25°C)     3 × 10-7                           considered to be extremely stable and does not react    Relative molecular mass            545.5                              with common acids, bases, chlorine, or ozone; slow,    Solubility:                                                           partial dechlorination by UV radiation yields       in water                         practically                        photomirex; it is quite resistant to pyrolysis,                                         insoluble                        hexachlorobenzene being a major pyrolysis product; it is a      in tetrahydrofuram               30%                                stomach insecticide with little contact activity;      in carbon disulfide              18%                                a major use is for ant control; it is also used as a      in chloroform                    17%                                flame retardant under the name Dechlorane      in benzene                       12%    HAZARDS/SYMPTOMS                        PREVENTION AND PROTECTION                    FIRST AID    GENERAL: Potential human    carcinogen; on repeated exposure    mirex may accumulate in the body    SKIN: Overexposure may cause            Avoid skin contact; wear                     Remove contaminated clothing    poisoning                               protective clothing, PVC or                  immediately; wash skin with water                                            neoprene gloves, rubber boots                and soap    EYES: Irritation, redness               Wear face-shield or goggles                  Flush with clean water for 15 minutes;                                                                                          if irritation persists, seek medical                                                                                         attention    INHALATION: Dust may irritate           Wear appropriate dust mask or                                            respirator    INGESTION: Unlikely                     Do not eat, drink, or smoke    occupational hazard                     during work; wash hands before                                            eating, drinking, or smoking    Accidental or intentional ingestion                                                  Obtain medical attention immediately; do     may cause poisoning                                                                  not induce vomiting; keep at rest lying                                                                                         face downwards; ensure clear airway;                                                                                         fat, milk, or oil shoud not be given    ENVIRONMENT: Toxic for aquatic          Do not spill on animal feed or    and terrestrial life; persistent        in waterways    SPILLAGE                                STORAGE                                      FIRE AND EXPLOSION    Take appropriate personal               Products should be stored in                 Liquid products will burn and emulsifiable    precautions; prevent liquid             locked buildings, preferably                 concentrates are miscible with water;    from spreading or contaminating         dedicated to insecticides                    extinguish fires with alcohol-resistant foam,    other cargo, vegetation, or                                                          carbon dioxide, or powder; with sufficient    waterways, with a barrier of the                                                     burning or external heat, mirex will     most suitable available material,       Keep products out of reach of                decompose, emitting toxic fumes; the smoke    e.g., earth or sand                     children and unauthorized                    and fumes could be injurious through                                            personnel; do not store near                 inhalation, or absorption through the skin;    Absorb spilled liquid with              foodstuffs or animal feed                    therefore, firefighters should wear     sawdust, sand, or earth; sweep up                                                    protective clothing and self-contained breathing    and place it in a closeable container                                                apparatus; confine the use of water spray    for later safe disposal                                                              to the cooling of unaffected stock, thus                                                                                         avoiding polluted run-off from the site    WASTE DISPOSAL                          NATIONAL INFORMATION    Mirex is not readily                    National Occupational Exposure               UN No. 2762, 2995, 2996    decomposed chemically or biologically   Limit:    and is relatively persistent;    waste material should be burned    in a proper incinerator designed    for organochlorine waste disposal;      National Poison Control Centre:    if this is not possible, bury in    an approved dump or landfill where    there is no risk of contamination    of surface or ground water;    comply with any local legislation       Local trade names:    regarding disposal of toxic wastes7.  CURRENT REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND STANDARDS    The information given in this section has been extracted from the    International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) legal    file and other United Nations sources.  Its intention is to give the    reader a representative but non-exhaustive overview of current    regulations, guidelines, and standards.    The reader should be aware that regulatory decisions about chemicals    taken in a certain country can only be fully understood in the    framework of the legislation of that country. Furthermore, the    regulations and guidelines of all countries are subject to change and    should always be verified with the appropriate regulatory authorities    before application.7.1  Previous Evaluations by International Bodies    IARC (1979) evaluated the carcinogenic hazard resulting from exposure    to mirex and concluded that "there is sufficient evidence for its    carcinogenicity to mice and rats.  In the absence of adequate data in    humans, it is reasonable, for practical purposes, to regard mirex as    if it presented a carcinogenic risk to humans".    An acceptable daily intake (ADI) for mirex has not been established by    FAO/WHO.7.2  Exposure Limit Values    Some exposure limit values are given in the table on the opposite    page.7.3  Specific Restrictions    Recently, the use of mirex has been increasingly restricted or    prohibited in many countries.    In the USA, all registered products containing mirex have been    cancelled.  It has been banned in Ecuador and in various other    countries.  In the German Democratic Republic, mirex is not permitted    in agricultural formulations.        EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES    Medium      Specification       Country/            Exposure limit description                   Value                Effective                                    organization                                                                          date    FOOD,                           USA                 Acceptable residue limit (ARL)                                    1981    ANIMAL                                              - Specified animal products                  0.1 mg/kg    FEED                                                - General                                    0.01 mg/kg    FOOD                            Germany,            Maximum residue limit (MRL)                                       1984                                    Federal             - Plant (all)                                0.01 mg/kg                                    Republic of    FOOD        Animal              Germany,            Maximum residue limit (MRL)                                       1984                                    Federal             - of animal origin (specified)               0.1 mg/kg                                    Republic of                                                      wet weight                                                                                                     0.1 mg/kg                                                                                                     lipid weight                                                        - of animal origin (general)                 0.01 mg/kg                                                                                                     wet weight7.4  Labelling, Packaging, and Transport    The United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transportation of    Dangerous Goods classified mirex in:    - Hazard Class 6.1:           poisonous substance    - Packing Group III:          a substance presenting a relatively low                                  risk of poisoning in transport (mirex                                  liquid formulations >60%)    The label should be as follows:    The bottom half of the label should bear the inscriptions: Harmful, stow away from foodstuffs.BIBLIOGRAPHY    FAO  (1985a) Guidelines for the packaging and storage of pesticides,    Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.    FAO  (1985b) Guidelines for the disposal of waste pesticides and pesticide containers on the farm,Rome, Food and Agriculture    Organization of the United Nations.    FAO  (1985c) Guidelines on good labelling practice for pesticides,    Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.    FAO  (1986) International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides,Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United    Nations.    FAO/WHO  (1986) Guide to Codex recommendations concerning pesticide residues.Part 8. Recommendations for methods of analysis of pesticide residues,3rd ed., Rome, Codex Committee on Pesticide    Residues.    GIFAP  (1982) Guidelines for the safe handling of pesticides during their formulation, packing, storage and transport,Brussels,    Groupement International des Associations Nationales des Fabricants de    Produits Agrochimiques.    GIFAP  (1983) Guidelines for the safe and effective use of pesticides,Brussels, Groupement International des Associations    Nationales des Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques.    GIFAP  (1984) Guidelines for emergency measures in cases of pesticide poisoning,Brussels, Groupement International des Associations    Nationales des Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques.    GIFAP (1987) Guidelines for the safe transport of pesticides,    Brussels, Groupement International des Associations Nationales des    Fabricants de Produits Agrochimiques.    IARC  (1972-present) IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man,Lyons, International Agency    for Research on Cancer.    IRPTC  (1985) IRPTC file on treatment and disposal methods for waste chemicals,Geneva, International Register of Potentially Toxic    Chemicals, United Nations Environment Programme.    IRPTC  (1987) IRPTC legal file 1986,Geneva, International Register    of Potentially Toxic Chemicals, United Nations Environment Programme.    PLESTINA, R.  (1984) Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of insecticide poisoning,Geneva, World Health Organization    (unpublished document WHO/VBC/84.889).    SAX, N.I.  (1984) Dangerous properties of industrial materials,New    York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc.    UNITED NATIONS  (1986) Recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods,4th ed., New York, United Nations.    US NIOSH/OSHA  (1981) Occupational health guidelines for chemical hazards,3 Vols. Washington DC, US Department of Health and Human    Services, US Department of Labor (Publication No. DHHS(NIOSH) 01-123).    WHO  (1984) Environmental Health Criteria 44: Mirex.Geneva, World    Health Organization.     WHO  (1988) The WHO recommended classification of pesticides by hazard and guidelines to classification 1988-89,Geneva, World    Health Organization (unpublished document WHO/VBC/88.953).    WHO/FAO  (1975-90) Data sheets on pesticides.Geneva, World Health    Organization (unpublished documents).    WORTHING, C.R. & WALKER, S.B.  (1983) The pesticide manual,7th ed.,    Lavenham, Lavenham Press Limited, British Crop Protection Council.