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The ancient Chinese records tell of a "Place of Ten Suns," where "TenSuns rose and shone together" (see Appendix, note 1).

Seven Suns were also seen shining together in the sky! and at night (if indeedwe can call it "night") as many as seven moons! (What a haunt for loversand poets!)

Very good; but why not denounce all our ownArctic navigators as a pack of Liars? They all tell about more Suns thanone! A picture of Five (see Figure 1) is furnished by a most eminent explorer(note 3). The dictionaries and cyclopedias of our careful publishers call theappearance of two or more suns (or moons) aParhelion. The number of themultiplied "luminaries" never exceeds Ten (note 4). There actually is a "Placeof Ten Suns."

AMERICA SHAPED LIKE A TREE.

The ancient Mexicans likened North America to a Tree—a stupendousMulberry Tree—"planted in the land known to us today as South America"(n. 5).

The Chinese geographers or mythologists teach that at a distance of 30,000le (10,000 miles) to the east there is a land 10,000le (over 3,000) miles in width.

Now the land referred to must be North America, for, 10,000 miles eastfrom southern China brings us to California; and we further find that NorthAmerica, now reached, is 10,000le, or over 3,000 miles in width, measuringfrom the Pacific to the Atlantic.

The Chinese accounts further call our eastern realm aFu-Sang (or HelpfulMulberry) land.

Like the Mexicans, the Chinese sages declare that there is an enormousTree—theFu (or helpful)Sang Tree—in the eastern Mulberry land 3,000miles wide.

As just remarked, the Chinese call the enormous Eastern Tree aSang,and the Mexicans call their enormous Tree aBeb (both terms standing for theMulberry,—a fact to which no writer hitherto has directed, or called, attention.)

Observe (see Figure 2) that at Tehauntepec (a little west of Yucatan) ourcontinent narrows down to a width of 100 miles (or 300 Chinesele).

The Mexicans say that North America is a Tree, and that it has a correspondinglyenormous Trunk,—which at Tehauntepec measures 100 miles (or300 Chinesele).

Now the Chinese writers declare that the enormous Mulberry in the regioneast of the Flowery Kingdom has "a Trunk of 300le" (or 100 miles.) What aprodigious dimension! (see note 6.)

Such a stupendous Tree ought to have enormous Branches to match theTrunk, and we are not surprised when informed that our monarch of the forestgoes up—up—up even to the Place of the 10 Suns (in the Arctic zone.)

The One true sun is, of course, high above the mountain ranges, or"Branches" of our Continental Mulberry.

But the extra Nine are false or delusive and mere reflections of the truesun on fog or vapor. The Chinese account, truly enough, states that they bearwu, and this term stands for "blackness," "inky," or "dark" (Williams dict. p.1058.)

This identical termwu also stands for black or darkfowls, such as theraven, blackbird, and crow; and one Oriental scholar, dwelling indeed in Japan,assures us that each of the Nine Suns bears aCrow! We are seriously informed,that "all bear—literally cause to ride—aCrow" (note 7.)

As well might it be asserted that becausewu signifies "black," the NineWu borne by the Suns must be nine blacks or negroes! The supposition that[Pg 3]NineCrows are meant is absurd and contradicted by the luminaries themselves.

Strange to say, the "luminaries" emit no radiance! The light that is inthem is darkness, and they are fitting symbols for commentators—black, white,yellow, and green—who have written learnedly and positively on them withoutunderstanding a thing about them. Perhaps it might be well, apart fromits inconvenience, when writing about any nation, place, or natural object, toascertain the position and name of thecontinent in which the subject of studyis situated. Of course we are not so unreasonable as to insist that we mustreally comprehend a matter before getting up to explain it to others, but thepositions of continents dealt with ought, as a rule, to be clearly ascertained. Inthe present instance we have faithfully followed the ancient directions andgroped our way into the presence of the Nine blind suns. Gazing at theirbeaming disks we perceive how the term wu (black or dark) applies to them.Thecolor of Crows is there, but not the living birds themselves. It is thestory of the Three Black Crows advanced another stage on its career of misrepresentation,and magnified Threefold. The Nine Suns have neither swallowednor disgorged Nine Black Crows. But they are certainly open to the charge ofhaving feasted too freely on diet no less dark and deceptive.

The truth is that the false suns furnish neither heat nor light and reallyconsist of dark (wu) vapor.

The Nine are mere reflections of the low-declined, true sun on "surrounding"frozen haze or mist, in extremely cold weather. When this icy fog seems—merelyseems, of course,—to touch and surround the true sun, the illusionsknown as false suns are apt to appear. They obey some optical code of lawsor signals understood best perhaps by themselves, and will sometimes disappearin a moment like a flock of timid "sun birds" (or wild geese—see note 8.)Their design apparently is to cheer and escort their illustrious sire in his otherwiselonesome trip through a frozen, desolate zone. Some Chinese accountscall them "children"—"children of the sun," etc., etc.

There is a reference to this frozen mist, in Verne's "Fur Country," readingas follows: "It is not a mist or fog,' he said to his companions, 'it is frost-rime,'a dense vapor which remains in a state of complete congelation. But whethera fog or a frozen mist, this phenomenon was none the less to be regretted for itrose a hundred feet at least above the level of the sea, and it was so opaquethat the colonists could not see each other when only two or three pacesapart."—Danvers' translation, p. 288.

It should be remarked that the frozen haze which breeds the false suns isfound only "at the bottom of," or "below," the mountain ranges or "branches"of our North American Mulberry Tree. The false suns speedily disappearfrom the view of the observer who climbs up out of the thick stratum of frozenfog or mist and ascends the nearest "Branch."

Such observations are completely in accord with the ancient Chinesedeclaration that Nine of the suns are to be seen "below" (hia) or "at the bottomof" the Branches, and One "above" the Branches. The suns (see note 9)are not said to be "in the Branches." Nine are "below" (hia) and One"above" (shang); a remark as true today as it ever was.

The "Morea" (about fifty miles long), in Greece, was so named because itwas supposed to resemble the leaf of amorus or mulberry. And similarlyNorth America was considered by Mexican and Chinese mythologists to exhibitsome resemblance to a mulberry,—the Helpful Mulberry (orFu-Sang). Theone comparison is just as fanciful or reasonable as the other. Nor can it bedenied that North America presents some likeness to a Tree,—towering aloftlike the Tree of the Prophet Daniel, which was seen from the ends of theearth. Here Columbia lights up her Tree and welcomes the Neighbors witha smile.

The Chinese note concerning the extra suns and moons, which frequentlyflit about and disappear, like so many sun-birds, connects them with the"Branches" of the Fu (or Fu-Sang) Tree of amazing proportions, which flourishesin the Region east of the Eastern Sea. The Fu-Sang land, 10,000le (or3,000 miles wide) is said to be 30,000le (10,000 miles) to the east of China;and this indeed is the distance from Canton to California. A lesser distance(20,000le, or 7,000 miles) lies between Northern China and the AmericanMulberry land due east. It is in America that we are directed to search for thesurplus assemblage of suns. And do we not find both them and Fu-Sang?[Pg 5](See note 10.) In what respect is the Chinese account inaccurate thus far?We are informed that "in the water is a large tree having nine suns," etc. TheTrunk of this prodigious Tree, which is more or less immersed in the EasternSea, furnishes the surprising dimension of "300le." And rising above a Valleyof Hot Springs (readily found in Nicaragua) the Tree proceeds upward andrears aloft its exalted Branches in the "Place of the Ten Suns."

The vast mountain-system, with its tree-like "Trunk" and "Branches," onwhich the many suns and moons are seen to alight or gambol, is called the"Sun and Moonshan" (shan signifying "mountain or range") in both theChinese text and the translation (see note 11.) It is identical with our continentalstony Mulberry and constitutes the form of North America. Unfortunatelyour esteemed translator was utterly in the dark concerning the sense of thecurious statements regarding the manifold suns and moons and even suggestedthat an explanation should be sought for in connection with the PhilippineIslands. But the Tree, or range of the Sun and Moon, is plainly in NorthAmerica. And here are the flocks of Suns roosting among the Branches.

NOTICE OF OUR GRAND CANYON.

According to the translation, a "Great Canyon" is to be seen in the "GreatEastern Waste" "Beyond the Eastern Sea." And this Great Canyon is placedin connection with the "Sun and Moonshan",—which possesses the Mulberry'sBranches and exhibit of Suns already glanced at (note 12.)

We read that a stream flows through this canyon, "producing a charminggulf." We are further informed that "the water accumulates and so forms agulf." A river flowing through the "Great Canyon," swells or widens out,displays a broadening expanse of water and becomes a Gulf, a "CharmingGulf."

Is not this the beautiful Gulf of California, which is a widening out orenlargement of a notable stream, the Colorado? Decidedly this mighty andfamous river, whose "water accumulates and so forms a gulf," flows througha Canyon. Moreover, this Canyon is truly a "Great Canyon." It is the greatestand grandest on the planet. It is also found in the "Great Waste to the east ofthe Eastern Sea," which washes the coast of China. It is the Grand Canyon ofthe Colorado.

The translation informs us (note 13) that this stream which flows into, orbecomes a gulf has a "delightful spring." The Canyon "has a beautiful mountain,from which there flows a delightful spring, producing a charming gulf.The water accumulates and so forms a gulf." Such is the translation; but noChinese term for "spring" appears in the text. The original states that it is akan shui which runs through the Canyon, and this identical compound istranslated "Sweet River" by our author on page 163 of his large and comprehensivework.Kan indeed signifies sweet, sweetness; delightsome, pleasant,happy, refreshing; andShui stands for "water or river" (see Williams dict. pp.310, 781.) It is therefore evident that akan shui should be remarkable forthe sweetness of its water and should start from a "delightful spring" ofsweetwater, in order to be pure and deserve its reputation.[Pg 6]

As a geographical fact, the Colorado flows out of the very fount whichcuriously enough, gives birth to the "Sweet Water." This stream becomes thePlatte or Nebraska river, which joins the Missouri. And from the fount of theSweet Water, exactly on the mountain divide, a head-stream of the Coloradobubbles out, enlarging into the affluent known as the "Green," the streamtraverses the Grand Canyon and connects with the Gulf. (note 14.)

It should have a spring ofkan shui orsweet water; and we find that itcomes sparkling down the mountains from aSweet Water spring.

The Sweet Water stream after traversing a Canyon, even a "Great Canyon"should connect with, or enlarge into, a gulf, described as "charming." Can theGulf of California be regarded as charming?

One explorer expresses himself as charmed and delighted with the sceneryof the gulf. A sample passage in his report reads as follows: "The island andmountain peaks, whose outlines, as seen from the gulf, had been somewhatdimmed by a light haze, appeared surprisingly near and distinct in the limpidmedium through which they were now viewed. The whole panorama becameinvested with new attractions, and it would be hard to say whether the dazzlingradiance of the day or the sparkling clearness of the night was the morebeautiful and brilliant. (note 15.)

Although the translation does not draw attention to the fact, the term employedin the Chinese record to describe the course of the stream which passesthrough the Great Canyon, ischu. Now this word is employed to designatewater which is "shooting over a ledge" (Williams' dict. p. 89), and its use isentirely appropriate in a description of the course of the water in the channelof the Colorado. The bed of the stream is exceedingly irregular and consistsindeed of a succession ofledges—producing a series of rapids, falls, or cataracts.Were the water to disappear, the exposed bed of the Colorado, with itsascending series of steps, might be likened indeed with truth to a stairway forgiants or gods.

The falls caused byledges (chu) are exceedingly numerous. One navigator'slog contains many such entries as the following: "Still more rapids andfalls today. In one, the Emma Dean [a boat] is caught in a whirlpool, and setspinning about (n. 16).

One subdivision of the Grand Canyon is known as Cataract Canyon, andthis section "in its 41 miles, has 75 rapids and cataracts, and 57 of these arecrowded into 19 miles, with falls, in places, of 16 to 20 feet" (n. 17.)

All accounts concur in representing the stream as remarkable for the furyand number of its falls. To ascend the Colorado is a sheer impossibility andeven to descend the stream is an enterprise rarely indeed attempted orachieved. Only rafts or life-boats, backed by pluck and luck, stand a chanceof getting through—in pieces. The mariners all wear life-belts and are just asoften in the water as they are out of it. Evidently a River ofLedges is here.Surely the termChu (or water shooting overLedges) applies with peculiarforce to the career of this "wildest of rivers"—the Colorado.

THE COLORADO—BOTTOMLESS?

Knowing quite well as we do, that our mighty river possesses a verysubstantial bottom composed of step-like ledges of rock, we learn with surprisethat it is said to flow through a section described asbottomless! Is not sucha statement or assertion absurd? But what did the ancient writer mean? Whatcould he have meant?

The translation states that, according to a poem, theTsang-shan-wu, "inthe east there is a stream flowing in abottomless ravine. It is supposed tobe this Canyon"—the "Great Canyon of the Region beyond the Eastern Sea."

The Chinese term rendered "Canyon" isHoh, which stands also for "a bedof a torrent, a deep gully or wady; a valley" (see Williams dict. p. 453.)

Of course, aTa (or "Great")Hoh ought to be a Great Canyon, or aremarkable deep gorge or valley containing the bed of a torrent.

We have already been informed that aChu (or river of ledges and falls) isin theTa Hoh, or mighty gorge beyond the Eastern Sea. We also perceivethat the titleTa Hoh applies properly to the mountain-hemmed course of ourColorado (which connects with Middle Park and runs to the Gulf.)

Somewhere in this immense and peerlessTa Hoh—somewhere among themajestic mountains—somewhere along the bed of the Colorado (either insideor outside of Middle Park,) the investigator should find a section which isbottomless. The ancient account locates it there. Nor are we to look for itin any Philippine Island. We are restricted to the bed or banks of the Coloradowhich we have identified as theChu or plunging river that rushes downwardto the Gulf. Our leaping stream flows into and out of Grand Lake (withinMiddle Park.) Now this Lake (or enlargement of the bed of the GrandColorado) "has a beach, and far out into the body of the water a sandy bottom"and "in the center, covering an area of nearly amile square the Lake to allappearance isbottomless."

We are further informed that "explorations of the edges of this great submarinecavern give the most positive evidences that it was once the crater of agreat volcano" (note 18).

"The Lake to all appearance is bottomless. The deepest soundings thatcould ever be made have failed to reach bottom. Hence it is concluded that ithasno bottom."

Turn these two words, "no bottom" into Chinese and we getwu ti,—thevery terms employed in the Chinese account.

The old account puts the unfathomable abyss in aKuh (valley or ravine)and it is within a Valley—the Valley of Middle Park—that we actually find it.Moreover, this bottomless valley is "supposed" (or reported) to belong to theTa Hoh—a title which would cover both Valley and Canyon. Indeed, MiddlePark, with its enormous mountain-walls connects directly with the system ofthe Grand Canyon. Moreover, the one stream flows through both. And hereit may be remarked that theChu (or River of Ledges and Falls) is not termi[Pg 8]natedor swallowed up by the Bottomless abyss inKuh (or Valley of MiddlePark.) It flows on through theTa Hoh and ultimately enlarges into a Gulf(the Gulf of California).

The rocky floor of theKuh (or Valley of Middle Park) evidently constitutesa support or bottom for an impetuous and important River of Ledges orrapids and yet, at the same time, is reported to be Bottomless. This seemscontradictory. But reaching the precise locality referred to in the old account,modern scientists simply echo the declaration of the Ancients,—that this ValleyorKuh, traversed by a leaping, furiousChu, is unfathomable.

It thus appears that a statement seemingly calculated at first sight to drownthe ancient claim in a flood of derision, turns out on examination to be overwhelminglypowerful evidence in support of the validity of the old record.

In no respect or degree is the ancient testimony contradicted or falsified bymodern evidence. Take for instance the old assertion that theshan or mountain-rangeof the Great Canyon, is "beautiful." Nothing seems more naturalthan to conclude that such a laudatory term is grossly out of place and that theMountain-range, with its Canyon and furiousChu, is a frightful, gloomy, dangerous,horrible, repulsive, bleak, and ugly mass of shattered and totteringheights. And, indeed, there is much truth in this view of the situation. Nevertheless,modern visitors unite in declaring that Beauty is a marked feature ofthe rocky heights that possess or direct the Colorado; and this is in agreementwith the ancient account.

One traveler says: "The roar of its waters was heard unceasingly, ... butits walls and cliffs, its peaks and crags, its amphitheatres and alcoves, tell astory ofbeauty and sublimity" (note 19).

Another visitor, who was treated most disrespectfully by ourChu, haseyes only for its "beauty": "The Canyon grows more and more picturesque andbeautiful the farther we proceed.... On many of the long stretches wherethe river can be seen for several miles, the picture is one of charmingbeauty....As the clouds rose we were treated to scenes rare andbeautiful in theextreme" (n. 20.)

Again: "Cataract and Narrow Canyons are wonderful, Glen Canyon isbeautiful, Marble Canyon is mighty; but it is left for the Grand Canyon,where the river has cut its way down through the sandstones, the marbles, andthe granites of the Kaibab Mountains, to form thosebeautiful and awe-inspiringpictures that are seen from the bottom of the black granite gorge, whereabove us rise great wondrous mountains of bright red sandstone capped withcathedral domes and spires of white, with pinnacles and turrets, and towers, insuch intricate forms and flaming colors that words fail to convey any idea oftheirbeauty and sublimity."

The translation informs us that the mighty gorge is the Canyon ofKiang,Shang, or Almighty God.

And a modern visitor declares that "here Omnipotence stands revealed,"and that here is "a glorious creation of God." (n. 21.)[Pg 9]

So impressed were the ancients with the beauty and grandeur of thisregion that they peopled it with the souls of illustrious sages, and declared thathere was the Canyon of Almighty God. And those who enter it today, comereeling back from its portals,—declaring that no mortal can describe its glories,and that it is the Grand Canyon of Almighty God!

Words fail one in the attempt to describe this glorious creation of God.The impression it leaves upon the mind is overpowering. One feels as thoughhe had been admitted into the presence of the Genii of the plutonic regions,had penetrated to the very heart of the inner world of elemental creations."

We need not wonder that the old account connects a revered ancestor withthis glorious and celestial retreat in the Grand Canyon. He is calledShaoHao, and is furthur termed aju, (or sucking child.)

Shao signifies "little" or "a little," andHao is formed of the signs for"sun" and "heaven." It is therefore evident that theju or infant at the Canyonis (or was) a little sun child, or child of the sun.

American rulers called themselves "Children of the Sun," and we shouldbe careful not to confound our Arizona Prince with any Asiatic ruler. [TheHao orShao Hao of supposed Chinese origin is represented by some differentsymbols: see Williams' dict. p. 172, columns 1 and 2.]

The little Child of the Sun at theTa-Hoh or Great Canyon should not be—mustnot be—confounded with any early Chinese sun-worshiper. We are tolookfar to the east of China for both the Canyon and the little Child of theSun referred to in the account before us.

We are informed that the country connected with the Great Canyon wascalled "Shao Hao's country" (or the land of the Sun-child) on account of thelittle Prince. He entered (chi) it, and this furnished thereason (orchih) forits title—Land of the Sun-child.

The infant (orju) is distinctly called a ruler (orti.) Moreover, althoughhe was little (shao) or but aju (suckling); he was a supreme king (orchwensuh). (Note 22.)

Chwen is formed by putting together the two words "only" and "head."Andsuh is a Chinese term composed of the two significant words "only" and"king" (see Williams' dict. pp. 117, 825, 1043.)

Evidently the baby ruler (orju ti) was regarded by his people, in thisregion remarkable for its mountains, as the only or supreme head—thechwensuh, as Chinese historians might forcibly phrase it—of the people ruled.

[Because the infant was king and even the supreme king, it seems reasonableto suppose that his father was dead (and his mother alive) at the timewhen he was carried into the Great Canyon and duly suckled there.] We neednot just here attempt to unravel his history. Enough to show that our GrandCanyon is positively and clearly referred to in Chinese literature. We may,however, note the fact that the royal infant (see translation) belonged to theKin Tien or Golden Heaven family, and this title must be considered whenthe history of our Arizona Prince comes to be investigated. It should furtherbe remarked that the respected translator has erred slightly in his suppositionthat theChwen Suh (or Supreme Head) was "ShaoHao's descendant."[Pg 10]The Chinese terms in the original are:shao hao (nothao's)ju (baby)ti(ruler)chwen suh (head king.) It was thelittle sun child ruler andsupreme king who was at the Canyon.

Particular attention should be paid to the fact, that, although regarded asa supreme ruler, the Prince is represented as being but a suckling (orju)when in the neighborhood of the Great Canyon.

Now, the translation states that this baby or supreme lord "of whom nofurther description is given,left there his lute and lyre. It says thathis luteand lyre are in this canyon."

MUSIC IN THE GRAND CANYON?

It is absurd to imagine for a moment that asucking infant could own, orcould be really supposed to own, alute. The Chinese text does not say thatthe musical instrument is "his." And yet, curiously enough, it does declarethat the baby-prince left or abandoned (k'i) a Lute or Lyre in the Canyon.

Why should such a matter be mentioned? Supposing that a fiddle wasleft behind, or a drum, or a rattle, why should the trivial fact be gravelyrecorded?

If a Lute was left in the mighty chasm, its remains might be there still.But how could an infant be said to leave or abandon a Lute? Would he nottry, so well as our memory serves, to first get it into his mouth? Would nothis chubby hands, quite stout enough for destructive arts, tear the stringsapart and feed the music to the nearest cat? Would it be a lute at all whenultimately relinquished? And if the babe derived pleasure from ill-treatedand squalling strings, why should he leave the lute behind? As well say thatthe suckling abandoned there a fishing-rod! Would not a milk-bottle be amuch readier fount of ecstacy than either a lute or a flute? Why, neither onenor the othercould be heard within the Canyon.

A Chinese commentator, however, relieves us from the necessity of seekingfor a literal lute between the resounding jaws of the mighty chasm (note 23.)He says it is erroneous (ngo) to suppose that the baby emperor (ju ti) grasped(ping,) or left behind (chi) or abandoned in the place of midnight darkness(huen) any lutes or lyres (kin seh.) In hyperbolical language (wu wu)—whichis never true when taken literally—a clear limpid river (shuh) wouldbe the lute (kin.)

The running water might produce limpid notes. Thus Moore, in his odeon "Harmony," uses the following words:

Here is a current of water likened to the string of a harp, and the playingof winds compared to music.

Mrs. Sigourney calls Niagara a "Trump," and we accept the assertion(although literally it is quite untrue.)[Pg 11]

But if the Chinese account placed a Trump in the Ontario chasm therewould be considerable difficulty in finding it.

Fortunately, in the case immediately before us, it is a Chinese author whotells us that we are to seek for limpid streams rather than for literal lutes orlyres.

The mention of the latter would probably imply that the sounds of somestream or streams in the Great Canyon are of a remarkably soft and musicalcharacter.

Streams may produce delightful tones. Thus one observer (at Yellowstone)tells of the "mysterious music of the distant falls" "like the tremulous vibrationof a mighty but remote harp-string." (note 24)

If falling water under certain peculiar acoustic circumstances can producenotes like those struck off from harp-strings, the tones can also be comparedto those of lutes or lyres (for all are stringed instruments.)

The very volume which places lutes and lyres in the Great Canyon, alsotells of a forest elsewhere, which is a "Forest of Lutes and Lyres" (note 25.)

Of course sounds merely resembling those of the stringed instruments, arehere referred to. A forest is composed of trees rather than musical instruments,but it may produce musical tones like those of Lutes and Lyres.

And similarly the notes arising from the Grand Canyon may be of a lute-likecharacter. This is the teaching of the Ancients. We have found the Bottomlessstream and it is certain that visitors should return with accounts ofmelody arising from the Canyon. Future explorers should listen for musicalnotes. They will certainly not be disappointed.

One visitor says: "The waters waltz their way through the Canyon, makingtheir own rippling, rushing, roaring music." We further read of innumerablecascades adding their wild music to the roar of the river."

What are these innumerable cascades but the strings of the Lute whichwas heard ages ago by enraptured ears and which has kept on resoundingever since. The concert in the Canyon drowns even the basic roar of theriver. The music is there.

"We sit on some overhanging rocks, and enjoy the scene for a time, listeningto the music of falling waters away up the canyons." (n. 26.)

It appears that the acoustic properties of the Grand Canyon are calculatedto produce most notable effects: "Great hollow domes are seen in the easternside of the rock.... Our words are repeated with startling clearness, but ina soft mellow tone, that transforms them into magical music."

Elsewhere an immense grotto "was doubtless made for an academy ofmusic by its storm born architect; so we name itMusic Temple." (n. 27.)

It will be noticed that the Chinese annotater calls the Great Canyon—theTa Hoh—a place of (huen) midnight darkness and declares that it is erroneousto suppose that the Lute played down there (where it could not possiblybe heard) was an instrument held by a human hand (the hand of a suckling!).[Pg 12]Now, although the great gorge is wonderfully beautiful, it must be concededthat its basic part (within which human beings might dwell) is decidedly dark.Here "it is necessary to 'lie down upon one's back in order to see the sky,'—asI once heard General Crook express it. Into much of this deep gorge no rayof sunshine ever falls, and it well deserves the name of the 'Dark Canyon.'"(n. 28). Often in midday, stars are seen shining overhead; and it may well becalled a place of midnight darkness (huen.)

In the following passage a modern visitor notices the "dark and frowning"walls of the chasm, but still enlarges on their beauty:—"One would think thatafter traveling through six hundred miles of those canyons, one would be satisfiedwithbeauty and grandeur, but in this fact lies the charm. Of the sixhundred miles no two miles are alike. The picture is ever changing fromgrandeur to beauty, from beauty to sublimity, from thedark andfrowninggreatness of its granite walls, to the dazzling colors of its upper cliffs. And Istood in the last few miles of the Grand Canyon spellbound in wonder andadmiration, as firmly as I was fixed in the first few miles in surprise and astonishment."(note 29.)

Nature has done her best to adorn the walls of the mighty gorge. We aretold of "thousands of rivulets" that "dropped farther and farther down, tillthe whole of the bright scarlet walls seemed hung with a tapestry of silverthreads, the border fringed with white fleecy clouds which hung to the tops ofthe walls, and through which the points of the upper cliffs shone as scarlettassels."

Nor was Dame Nature completely satisfied with her tapestry and fringe oftassels. Other embroidery was displayed. "As the sun broke through someside gorge, the canyon was spanned from side to side, as the clouds shiftedtheir position, with rainbow after rainbow, vying to outdo in brilliancy of colorthe walls of the canyon themselves."

The ancient account declares, that in "the Region beyond the EasternSea," a Bottomless river traverses a Great Canyon. And this stream, remarkablefor its ledges (chu) or rapids and falls, rushes onward and downward,and grows or enlarges into a Gulf. And the Canyon, the River, and the Gulfare all reported to beKan—orBeautiful.

And visitors today return from all three, declaring that they are Beautiful!Beautiful!! Beautiful!!!

And some are entranced by strains of music arising from the mouth of theCanyon and declare that it holds an "orchestra." In one place the thousandsof streamlets, glistening and gleaming like silvery cords, stretch downward fromthe edge of the painted chasm; and the resounding, melodious precipice is called"the Cliff of the Harp." (note 30.) What is this but an echo of the ancientdeclaration that the royal Lute in the Canyon was merely a musical stream.Similar ideas have occurred to poets. Coleridge in his "Ancient Mariner,"tells of

And Moore has heard the notes of harp-strings sounding forth from melodiousstreams. What wonder, then, that ancient poets (and the translationstates that the particular work which makes mention of the "BottomlessKuh"or valley, is a "poem") should have likened a collection of falling streams orcascades to the chords of a tuneful Lute and then, to distinguish it from othersless excellent, have applied to the stringed instrument the name of their Prince.Americans today gravely talk of visiting or seeing "St. Luke's Head" (in California!)And we possess a mere natural formation which is supposed toresemble a nose and is religiously called "St. Anthony's Nose." In truth this"nose" is no more a literal nose than the "Lute" in the Canyon is a literalstringed instrument made by men. Then we have "Cleopatra's Bath" and"Pompey's Pillar." (Next tell us in the interest of chaos and confusion thatPompey left here "his" Pillar.)

In the grand caves at Pikes Peak there is an "organ," which is really noorgan at all. It is a natural formation or production from which charmingmelodies are fetched by skilled musicians. Now if we ourselves can gravelycall a musical, highly-strung rock an "Organ," may not the Ancients be excusedfor calling a combination of musical streams a Lute? Contemplating the "Cliffof the Harp," we can readily understand how old-time visitors found downthere the tuneful string of a "Lute" and how an imperial Child of the Sun wasunable to lug along "his" notable musical toy. There it remains and melodiousnotes still come floating up.

The Chinese annotater remarks that thelieh tsze (a class of sages orteachers—the literati) are unacquainted (pu chi) with thesheu-hai or Gulfsituated toward the east (chi tung.)

The Chinese scholars of the writer's time knew little or nothing of ourGulf of California (orSheu-hai). However, it was known to some; and weare now informed that it iski (afew; nearly about, approximately)yih (toguess, to bet; 100,000; an indeterminate number)wan (10,000)le.

A singlewan le should measure about 3,000 miles, and afew (to "guess")separate China from theTa-Hoh which connects with the Bottomlesskuh orvalley ("Ta-Hoh shih wei wu ti chi kuh.)

Evidently the Great Canyon lies more thanone wan le (3,000 miles) to theeast of China. We find indeed that the number may well be referred to as "afew" (ki.)

Nor can the Gulf bemore than about 30,000le to the east, seeing thatthis Gulf of California is in "the region beyond the Eastern Sea" along with theFu-Tree which has a trunk of 300le. The Gulf to the east is connected withthe mountain system whose Branches exhibit the gorgeous spectacle of TenSuns. In short, the Gulf and Canyon are along withFu-Sang; andFu-Sangis only 30,000le to the east of China, and merely 10,000 wide. Accordingly,the Gulf is but "a few"wan le to the east of the Flowery Kingdom.

To look for the Canyon and Tree within the Philippine Islands, contiguousto China, is simply impossible. The islands have been pretty well thrashed[Pg 14]over lately, and no one has met with the Tree! It has a "Trunk of 300 le,"and collectors of curios or strange plants should keep wide awake and see thatthey don't pass it in the dark. And yet with its Ten Moons, how miss it?How fail to notice our glittering, gleaming, glorious candelabrum? It couldn'thave fallen or drifted over to the Panama ditch? It can't possibly be nowstuck in any South American Flower-pot? Catching the Tree seems to be asslippery as catching Tartars, and perhaps when the first is found, the otherswon't be very far off.

The Chinese commentator, of course, never saw either the Gulf or Canyonbut he quotes from earlier writers who were well acquainted with our "regionbeyond the Eastern Sea;" and one of these namedChwangtsze, is quoted tothe effect that in theTa Hoh or Great Canyonhigh winds (yuen fung) occur(yu) or come unexpectedly upon one.

One modern explorer says: "I go up to explore the alcove. While away awhirlwind comes scattering the camp fire among the dead willows and cedarspray and soon there is a conflagration, the men rushing for the boats, leavingall they cannot readily seize at the moment, and even then they have theirclothing burned and hair singed." (note 31.)

Storms occur in all parts of the world. Is there anything peculiar aboutthe tempests which are said to suddenly arise in the Great Canyon?

One visitor says: "Storms were not infrequent and these occurring wherethe canyon walls were a mile high and close together produced an effect thatwas almost supernatural in its awfulness. The deep thunder echoed sharplybetween the cliffs, producing a roaring sound that was almost deafening."(note 32.)

It should be remembered that the vast caverns here multiply the bellowingsof thunder and also help to confine and intensify the raging and imprisonedwhirlwinds.

One eye or ear witness tells of a storm both seen and heard within theCanyon and adds: "I have seen the lightning play and heard the thunder rollamong the summit peaks of the Rocky Mountains, as I have stood on somerocky point far above the clouds, butnowhere has the awful grandeurequalled that night in the lonesome depths of what was to us death's canyon....Again all was shut in by darkness thicker than that of Egypt. Thestillness was only broken by the roar of the river as it rushed along beneath me.Suddenly as if the mighty cliffs were rolling down against each other, there waspeal after peal of thunder striking against the marble cliffs below, and minglingwith their echoes, bounding from cliff to cliff. Thunder with echo, echo withthunder, crossed and recrossed from wall to wall of the canyon," etc. (note 33.)

Surely sudden and dreadful storms rage here. The loudest in NorthAmerica, says an expert.

Observe that the visitor just quoted notices the "roar of the river" in connectionwith the fury of the tempest.

Now, the ancient visitor does the same. After directing attention to thesudden high winds, he says that a decidedly curious sight or spectacle (king[Pg 15]shun) is thekeang (a large main stream which receives tributaries) spreadingabroad (fu) thenoise of flowing water (tsung) in theTa-Hohor Great Canyon.

The noise of the great river orKeang is thus noticed by the ancientvisitor, who also declares that theTa-Hoh or Great Canyon constitutes adecidedly fine or curious sight.

And such in truth it actually is. "Imagine a chasm that at times is lessthan a quarter of a mile wide and more than a mile deep, the bed of which isa tossing,roaring, madly impetuous flood.... What an imposing spectacle;what a sublime vision of mightiness!" (n. 34).

The roar of the river has never ceased since the ancient scribe, or hisinformant, passed that way. A modern visitor says: "The threateningroar ofthe water is loud and constant."

Again, "Theroar of its waters was heard unceasingly from the hour weentered it until the time we landed here. No quiet in all that time." (n. 35).

One navigator tells of a "bore" in connection with the resounding stream."In the stillness of the night, the roaring of the huge mass could be heardreverberating among the windings of the river.... This singular phenomenonof the 'bore,' as it is called, is met with but at few places in the world.... Inthe course of four or five hours the river falls about thirty feet" (n. 36.)

Another explorer pauses at one spot in his amphibious career to note that"high water mark" can be seen "fifty, sixty, or a hundred feet above its presentstage;" and "when a storm bursts over the canyon, a side gulch is dangerous,for a sudden flood may come and the inpouring waters will raise the river, soas to hide the rocks before your eyes" (n. 37).

Another navigator, who never was without a life-belt,—which he found ofvital use when righting his too often overturned ark,—tells with amazement of"the waves, torrents, and cataracts of this wildest of rivers."

A ceaseless basic roar is there,—deadened at times by floods of music, yetnevertheless eternally there.

The sea connected with the Great Canyon is elsewhere called aPuh hai(the latter term signifying "sea.")

APuh hai is said to be a "Gulf," and we find a Gulf—the Gulf of California—atthe mouth of the Colorado.

It should, however, be observed that the termPuh by itself stands for "anarm of the sea." APuh hai is a Gulf which forms "an arm of the sea." TheGulf or sea should be shaped like anarm—an arm of the ocean (see Williams'dict. p. 718.)

Now, a glance at the map shows that in a very peculiar sense the Gulf ofCalifornia is ahai or "sea" which meets the requirements of being shapedlike anarm. It is a sea and a gulf and at the same time "an arm" of theocean. Truly it is aPuh hai.

A great many "gulfs" are quite unlike "arms," being too broad to admit[Pg 16]of such a comparison. But our Gulf of California is comparatively narrow andis truly an "arm" of the sea. And notice how the water of the river—ourColorado—"accumulates and so forms a gulf." Such are the words of theexisting translation and they apply completely to the American situation. Herewe find the water of the Colorado accumulating or widening out until itbecomes a great body of water—a Gulf. Indeed this development or processof expansion is so gradual that it is impossible for navigators to tell where theriver ends or the gulf begins.

In the Chinese comment immediately before us, however, thehai or sea tothe Canyon's river mouth is called aSheu.

Now this term signifies "to rinse the mouth, to scour; to wash out a thing;to purify." (Williams, p. 757.)

The wordSheu is written by combining the characters for "water" and"to suck in."

It is evident that our Gulf of California is "an arm of the sea" and no less aSheu. A "mouth" it undoubtedly has, and this mouth is being ceaselessly"washed," "scoured," and "purified." Even a dentist would be satisfied!The immense stream rushes out, and tides from the Pacific rush in. Moreoverthe Colorado "sucks in" the tidal wave known as the Bore. Surely we havehere the Eastern Gulf sea which is both aPuh and aSheu.

The water of the noisy, restless, purifying stream within theTa-Hoh wasit is said,—

Evidently the water of the Colorado was used toirrigate some ground orvegetation which was dried up orscorched.

Such a remark implies a high temperature (during the period of growth)between the walls of the chasm, and also leads us to look for some soil—somescorched or dried up soil (sadly in need of irrigation)—between the jaws of theCanyon. Is there parched or desert soil on the banks of the Colorado?

Here is the answer: "The region through which the chafing waters of theColorado run is forbidding in the extreme, a vastSahara of waste and inutility;a desert too dreary for either vegetable or animal life; a land that ishaunted with wind-storm, on which ride the furies of desolation....The earth isparched to sterility.... It is like the moon, aparcheddistrict, save for the single stream which, instead of supplying sustenance, iseating its vitals." (note 38.)

Another traveler visited Fort Yuma, on the Colorado, and says: "The rideto the fort was through a flat and desolate looking country.... It was adreary eight hours ride." Other remarks are made concerning "the barrennessof the surrounding region and" "theintense heat of its summerclimate." (note 39.)[Pg 17]

In some spots, however, water produces magical effects. In the Mojavevalley, for instance, "the annual overflow of the river enables the Mojaves, toraise with little labor, an abundant supply of provisions for the year.... Duringone season, a few years since, the Colorado did not overflow its banks; therewere consequently no crops and great numbers of the Mojaves perished fromstarvation." (note 40.)

Curiously enough, although rain fell furiously within the Canyon, it wasobserved by a traveler that "such rain-storms were invariably confined to theimmediate vicinity of the Canyon, the territory lying two or three miles east orwest continuing parched with hardly a cloud above it." And the explorerwonders how some ancient inhabitants, whose buildings are now in ruins,"managed to exist, situated as they were in a desolate country, where there wasgreat scarcity of both vegetable and animal life."

The ancient Chinese account connects a baby king, a supreme ruler, withthe Great Canyon and now states that water was used within the gorge toirrigate the soil, which is represented as being dried up or scorched. Isthe Canyon remarkable for its heat? Surely it ought to be cool down there?

One visitor says: "That Canyon was the sultriest place I have ever struck,and my experience includes some of the hottest sections this side of theequator.

The oppressive heat in the chasm was felt at a "point fifty times as deepas the great chasm at Niagara." (note 41.)

"But despite the terrible heat, despite the discomfort of the situation, I wascompelled to wonder and admire, For,"—

TheTa-Hoh should constitute a magnificent sight, but it is also said tocontain somescorched or dried up soil. Is such to be seen?

An explorer reached the Colorado at a point where it is 266 yards wide,and adds that the "soil" "bore nothing but dry weeds and bushes and thewhole scene presented the most perfect picture of desolation I have everbeheld, as if somesirocco had passed over the land,withering andscorchingeverything." (note 42.)

In one favored spot, "to the limit of vision, the tortuous course of the river(the Colorado) could be traced through a belt of alluvial land varying fromone to six miles in width, and garnished with inviting meadows, with broadgroves of willow and mezquite and promising fields of grain." The visitorremarks that the valley appears most attractive in the spring—"at this season ofthe year before theburning heat haswithered the freshness and beauty ofthe early vegetation." (note 43.)

We are informed that the valley south of the Bend of the Colorado nearthe "Needles," there is in the spring a "most brilliant array" of flowers; but,"after the ephemeral influence of the few spring showers has passed, theannual plants are soonburned up by the sun's heat and perfect sterility prevailsthroughout the remainder of the season." (note 44.)

It is sufficiently apparent that the soil when properly watered can produce[Pg 18]abundant vegetation and sufficient nourishment for, of course, limited numbersof human beings. Deprived of water, the soil is unable to sustain desirableplants, and presents a sterile aspect. Surveying its present condition or appearanceof barrenness, a modern visitor wonders how the ancient inhabitants contrivedto exist, or find food, within the withered, unfruitful chasm. But one ofthe ancients, Mr. Chwang Tsze, writing about this veryTa-Hoh or GreatChasm, says that they used water to irrigate the otherwise scorched or dried upsoil. Then, if such a somewhat belated answer is true, the question arises,where are the proofs?

A chief of the Ethnological Bureau very properly furnishes the answer.Standing in the abyss of theTa-Hoh, on the bank of the roaring river, hebeholds some ancient buildings and perceives how their vanished occupantsformerly contrived to subsist. He says: "We can see where the ancient peoplewho lived here—a race more highly civilized than the present—had made agarden, andused a great spring" [or feeder of the Colorado], "that comes outof the rocks forirrigation," etc. (n. 45.)

Next comes the statement of some trusted early sage or scholar who wascertainly acquainted with ourTa-Hoh (containing the ruin and irrigated soiljust noticed.) It is an observer or scribe namedTu-tsan, who says:—

13.hueh ("a hole in the earth or side of a hill,—they are used for dwellings;"a den, a grotto, a cavern.)

Something calledseay is here said to be spread abroad, or diffused overrocky walls or caves. Williams (p. 796) says thatseay (orsie as it is alsospelled) stands for a sketch or design, and adds that it means to draw, to compose,to write. Morrison, in his dictionary, says thatseay signifies "to paint,"etc.

Of course there is no use looking for anything so absurd as pictured orpainted rocky walls or caves; and we accordingly feel disappointed when theancient text seems to notice such. The pictures or paint should be "spreadabroad" freely or lavishly in the vicinity of caverns, and we know positivelythat no "paint" or pigment of human composition can be seen on the canyonwalls. No artificial pictures are there, and we are compelled to admit that theancient account here stands falsified.

We have, however, found the caves. Music Temple, for instance measurestwo hundred feet from floor to roof, and is "a vast chamber carved out ofthe rock." There are caverns in all directions. And the noisy, roaring river iscertainly there as well. One explorer says: "Imagine a chasm that at times isless than a quarter of a mile wide and more than a mile deep, the bed ofwhich is a tossing, roaring, madly impetuous flood, winding its way in a sinuouscourse alongwalls that arepainted with all the pigments known to nature.What an imposing spectacle!" (n. 46.)[Pg 19]

Of course we must object that the "walls" are really not walls and that the"paint" so lavishly spread upon them is not paint at all. The ancient assertionis delusive, but equally so is the modern. Just compare them.

The Virgin River enters the Colorado, and at the place of junction are the"resplendentlypainted temples and towers of the Virgin. Here the slopes,the serpentine ledges, and the bosses of projecting rock, interlarded with scantysoil, display all the colors of the rainbow, and in the distance may be likenedto thepainter's pallete. The bolder tints are of maroon, purple, chocolate,magenta, and lavendar, with broad bands of white laid in horizontal belts.(n. 47.)

Certainly; one section of the mighty and wondrous gorge is known as "thepainted canyon."

Of course the chasm is not really "painted" by artists or human agents,and we need not look for painted cliffs anywhere. Nevertheless modern observersecho the language of the ancients, and we are told today of "thepainting of the rocks" and of "deep,painted alcoves" and "paintedgrottos" (n. 48.)

The termyih (see Williams' dict. pp. 781, 1092) is composed of the charactersfor "fluid" and "vessel," and signifies "A vessel full to the brim; ready tooverflow, to run over; abundant; to spread abroad, to diffuse." Asseay, theword which precedesyih in our Chinese note, signifies "to paint," we perceivehow the additional termyih teaches that thepaint made use of has beenapplied to extensive surfaces, so that it presents the appearance of having"overflowed" or "run over" the rocky walls and caverns dealt with.

Of course neither writing nor literal pictures could overflow or drench—andadhere to—walls or cliffs. Butseay yih might cover the motion of applyingpaint in a most lavish, copious, overflowing manner. Here are cliffs so"rich with parti-coloring as to justify the most extravagant language in describingthem."

It looks as though the gnomes on the job, in the Canyon, just emptied theirpaint-pots down dizzy cliffs and then went back for more. And such extravaganceis in harmony with the symbols which stand for painting and vessels andspreading abroad or overflowing! Mineral paints were freely used and sometimesapparently with considerable care and skill. Thus we read of a redsandstone cliff "unbroken by cracks or crevices or ledges" exhibiting "extensiveflat surfaces beautifullystained by iron, till one could imagine all mannerof tapestry effects."

It should further be remembered that there are actual picture writingsspread abroad on extensive painted or stained surfaces. The author justquoted beheld ancient dwellings which "exhibited considerable skill on the partof the builders, the corners being plumb and square." And just here "therewere also numerous picture writings." (note 49.)

An amazed visitor exclaims: "Grand, glorious, sublime, are the Pictorialcliffs of vermillion hue!"[Pg 20]

We have seen that our Gulf (of California) has been called aPuh-hai, or"arm of the sea."

Professor Hoith, the celebrated student of Chinese, in his work on"Chinese History" (p. 49, footnote) says that apuh hai is "an estuary."

Webster says that an "estuary" is "an arm of the sea; a firth; a narrowpassage, or the mouth of a river or lake, where the tide meets the current, orflows and ebbs."

It may further be remarked thatPuh is written in Chinese by puttingtogether two characters, one standing for "water," and the other signifying"Suddenly; hastily; flurried, disconcerted, as when caught doing wrong; tochange color, confused" (Williams' dict. p. 718.)

It is superfluous to say that our Gulf or Estuary is a very "confused" or"flurried" body of water. It is truly aPuh-hai.

Moreover, it "changes color." As though "caught doing wrong," itchanges color and blushes at times a rosy red. This is the hue of multiduniousveins: "A thousand streams rolling down the cliffs on every side, carry withthem red sand; and these all unite in the canyon below, in one great stream ofred mud" (n. 50.) But sometimes the color below Yuma is yellow or black(n. 51.)

The name "Colorado" is a Spanish term conveying the idea of redness,and undoubtedly this hue predominates throughout the course of the boisterousstream; but other colors due to the dye or wash of variously painted cliffs, arealso met with. Moreover a section may exhibit one color to-day and somethingdifferent to-morrow. And so it is with the gulf, which receives the Colorado,and on which floating patches of color are frequently seen. Truly our Gulf orEstuary is remarkable for both its coloring, blue, red, etc., and its changes ofcolor. In all respects it is plainly aPuh-hai.

Our Gulf or Estuary is also called ayuen. Farther on (see Chinese version)we read that the Canyon river produces or grows into (shang) a beautiful(kan)yuen.

This termyuen stands for a "gulf, an abyss; an eddy, a whirlpool or placewhere the back water seems to stop."

A whirling, violent, or impetuous body of water is evidently referred to.Fernando Alarchon, in 1540, found the Colorado "a very mighty river, whichran with so great a fury of stream that we could hardly sail against it.

One voyager tells how his ark, the "Emma" was "caught in awhirlpool,and set spinning about." Here is ayuen.

Again, "The men in the boats above see our trouble but they are caughtin whirlpools, and are spinning about in eddies."

Through "Whirlpool Canyon" and all the way to the Gulf, the waters dancearound and about. We read of "dancing eddies or whirlpools." There aremore than 600 rapids and falls in the Colorado (n. 52.)

The waterswaltz their way and even furnish their own "rippling, rushing,roaring music." And we are in addition told of "innumerable cascades addingtheir wild music" (n. 53).

Surely the entire inlet traversed by the bore or reached by ocean tides isin precisely the condition of commotion which may well be designated by theterm yuen.

We are informed that thekan (or beautiful)yuen approaches (tsih)with vapor (hi hwo) and bathes (yuh) the sun's place (ji chi su).

It is evident that the mighty stream which traverses the Great Canyon inthe region beyond the Eastern Sea, should flow from a Bottomless valley to aGulf, and reach to the Sun's Place. And we find that the current of the Coloradoextends to the Tropical line of Cancer, which crosses and marks themouth of the Gulf of California.

Vapor or fog is noticed in connection with the beautiful (even if restless orreeling)Yuen.

Are fogs a noticeable feature along the coast of California? If so, theymight hide the entrance or mouth of the Gulf.

One visitor says: "Westward toward the setting sun and the sea," was a"filmy fog creeping landward, swallowing one by one the distant hills."

Again, we read of "hilltops that thrust their heads through the slowly vanishingvapor."

Here "you may bask in the sunshine of gardens of almost tropic luxurianceor shudder infogs that shroud the coast" (n. 54.)

We need not wonder that such vapors should appear within the confinesof the charming Gulf of California and at times veil its shores. A recent visitorsays: "The island and mountain peaks, whose outlines are seen from theGulf, had been somewhatdimmed by a lighthaze, appeared surprisinglynear and distinct in the limpid medium through which they were now viewed.The whole panorama became invested with new attractions, and it would behard to say whether the dazzling radiance of the day or the sparkling clearnessof the night was the morebeautiful and brilliant" (n. 55).

The haze is not dense enough to blind our eyes to the manifest fact thatthose people of old who were acquainted with the position of our Gulf of California,must also have been acquainted with Mexico and its inhabitants.

Tropical America was considered by its people to be particularly underthe influence of the Sun. Uxmal was in "the Land of the Sun" (n. 56), and theMexicans called themselves "Children of the Sun."

CAVE DWELLINGS IN THE GRAND CANYON.

It will be noticed that the 13th term in our list ishueh, which stands forcave habitation. Are such to be seen in our Canyon?

Numeroustung (see 12th term,) in the shape of caves or holes are undoubtedlythere, but in addition the old account noticeshueh. Have such beenfound?

One explorer says: "Even more remarkable than the stupendous wallswhich confine the Colorado river, are the ruined cave habitations which are tobe seen along the lofty and inaccessible ledges, in which a vanished race longyears ago evidently sought refuge from their enemies.... They were reachedby very narrow, precipitous, and devious paths, and being extremely difficult toattain by the occupants themselves, presented an impregnable front to invaders"(n. 57.)

Explorers decending into theta-hoh come forth to-day with accounts ofgardens and irrigating streams, pictured cliffs, and cave dwellings,—in completeagreement with the ancient record.

Following the termhueh we find a 14th, calledhan, which stands for dry,heated air; too dry; parched as by drought; crisp.

One visitor entered the Grand Canyon "in the morning while darkness yetcovered the scene, but even then it was oppressively hot, and as the sun gothigher I felt as though I had been thrust into a dutchoven and the mouthstopped up.... But, despite the terrible heat ... I was compelled to wonderand admire ... the gorgeous cliffs and rock walls showing all those variedcolorings," etc. (n. 58).

It was the "terrible heat" which compelled the Ancients to resort to irrigationin order to raise some food for themselves and little ones. Destitute ofwater, the soil is scorched and barren.

It is said that "there are about 700 square miles of arable land between themouth of the Gila and the 35th parallel of N. latitude," along the Colorado.And "in the valley" of this stream, where it is joined by the Gila, "are tracesof ancient irrigating canals, which show that it has once been cultivated." Andalong the connected Gila are irrigating works of remarkable construction andundoubted antiquity—antedating the arrival of the Spaniards by centuries.

Where the soil is actually irrigated or cultivated the response of nature ismost gratifying and encouraging. We learn with regard to the Colorado valley,that "portions are cultivated by the numerous tribes of Indians who live alongits banks, affording them an abundance of wheat, maize, beans, melons,squashes," etc. (n. 59).

Such ground would be well worthy of attention; but the attitude of "thenumerous tribes of Indians" along the Colorado might interfere with the plansof newcomers and even compel the latter to live in caves or on ledges easilydefended. And it is certain that soil insufficiently watered presents a distressinglysterile aspect in the neighborhood of the Colorado.

One traveler, already quoted, says with regard to a wide section, that "the[Pg 23]whole scene presented the most perfect picture of desolation I have ever beheld,as if some Sirocco had passed over the land,withering andscorchingeverything to crispness" (n. 60.)

Notice this word "crispness" used by our author. Turned into Chinese itbecomeshan (crisp)—the very term applied in the ancient record to the conditionof the soil unwatered within the Canyon. It is curious how the old andnew visitors agree in their descriptions of the interior of the mighty gorge,where vegetation is withered or dead.

The Canyon should be hot, and one of our own visitors says: "The sunshone directly up the Canyon, and the glarereflected from the walls madethe heat intolerable (n. 61.)

The wordhan has, unfortunately enough, a perfect right to appear in theold record. Following it we find additional terms:

15. A compound character consisting of the signs for "Sun" (Jih) and"People" (Min.)

16.lung ("used fornagas or snake gods;" "a dragon," "imperial." "It isoften used for a man.")

17.chuh ("the illumination of torches; a candle; a light; to give or shedlight upon, to illumine")

The statement seems to teach that the Sun People—the men—were usingtorches to illumine the depth of the hot Canyon.

We have already been informed that aju or suckling, who was yet asupreme King (like perhaps the last Chinese Emperor of the Manchu dynasty,in 1912 A. D.) and a Child of the Sun, was down in the abyss, so we are preparedto hear that his subjects—some Sun people—were down there too.

Of course, for the greater part of the twenty-four hours, the darkness,particularly in the cave dwellings should be most intense. One visitor, quotedalready, tells of "darkness thicker than that of Egypt." Such gloom should beparticularly and painfully felt by "Sun People," and we are not surprised tofind that they made use of torches or artificial lights. Singularly enough, thechasm, as though remorsefully conscious of the blackness of its character, producesno end of dried-up vegetable stems or stalks fit to be ignited and usedas firebrands. These it places convenient to your hand, as though to inviteinspection.

Indians today are in the habit of using such torches. We are informedthat "the custom still prevails among them of carrying a firebrand," which wasnoticed by Spanish explorers in the 16th Century, "and induced those discoverersto give to the river the name of Rio del Tizon" (n. 62).

It will be noticed that the ancient Chinese account connects lights, or "anillumination of Torches" (chuh), with the very stream which the Spaniards ofa later age, and of their own accord christened the Rio del Tizon.

The author or explorer last quoted says with reference to Indians dwellingon the banks of the Colorado, that "the custom still prevails among them ofcarrying a firebrand in the hand in cold weather," which was noticed by theSpaniards.

Of course the flaming brands may well be used in winter to warm thosewho hold them, but the Ancients who inhabited the cave or cliff houses(which they built and which are now more or less in ruin, according to exposureor original inherent strength) might have used thechuh or torches aslights. These torches are mentioned in connection with excessiveheat, andit would be absurd to suppose that the Sun People of old desired a still highertemperature. But mention is made of cave dwellings, and such are actuallythere; and we can readily understand why the ancient dwellers in the cavehouses should have frequently used the ready-to-hand torches when climbingto their dark and break-neck abodes.

Even today thechuh or torches are used aslights. The witheredstalks or stems, so abundant in the Canyon, are a melancholy illustration of thescorching power of the sun within the chasm. We have not forgotten the factthat the Chinese termhan is used in the ancient text and that it stands for the"crispness" of scorched or dried up plants. An actual visit to theTa-Hoh orGreat Canyon referred to, shows that it is thishan—or withered, scorched andcrisp—vegetation which provides no end of torches (chuh) for dwellers in thevicinity. One stumbling visitor uses the following language: "We struck forit ... through the thick night, the guide occasionally lighting atorch of grass"(n. 63). Unable to directly or steadily illumine the angles or recesses of theCanyon, the bright and clear-headed sun does the next best thing and raises abounteous harvest of firebrands. Nature here concentrates her attention on thetask of serving the necks (rather than the bellies) of her children, and presentsthem with a crop of seasoned and brilliant torches. Certain it is that mostefficient firebrands are raised here in profusion and constitute such a uniquefeature of the stream that in order to distinguish it from others in the region,the Spaniards called our river the Rio del Tizon. Torches have lighted theCanyon in the past and they now throw light on the ancient record.

Mentioned in connection with withered vegetation and intense heat, thenatural inference is that the torches were used tolight the steps of dwellers inthe Canyon. Of course they might in winter have been used, like other vegetableproduce, as fuel, but the old record now before us does actually connectthechuh or torches with a high scorching temperature; and our impression ordeduction is that they were used as lights amid the blackness of the chasm.

And the Torches (chuh) are used as lights still. One explorer says: "Wefear that we shall have to stay here clinging to the rocks until daylight. Ourlittle Indian gathers a few dry stems, ties them in a bundle, lights one end, andholds it up. Theothers do the same, and with theseTorches wefind away out of trouble."

Observe that these torches (orchuh as the Chinese would call them)were not ignited towarm the explorers. They were held aloft to find or lightthe way among perilous cliffs. Without their aid it would have been madness[Pg 25]for the explorers to move. Practically they were as men born blind, but theIndian guide, with knowledge derived from the depths of antiquity, obtainsthe necessary torches and light at his elbow. With one withered and hot stemhe ties together a number, lights them and then finds the way out of troublefor both himself and his bewildered party. What have we here but a duplicationof the "illumination of torches" referred to in the ancient record?

18.yuen ("to lead or take by the hand, to cling to; to pull up higher, todrag out; to put forward; to relieve, to rescue")

It appears that within the bottomlessTa-hoh or Great Canyon (see words19 to 25) there is an illumination of torches (chuh) and a pulling up higher, ora dragging about and clinging to (yuen).

Climbing is here referred to. The Sun people seem to have found locomotiondifficult and hazardous within the chasm.

The modern explorer who reached the irrigated garden plots and housesof the ancient occupants, was himself compelled to resort to much climbing.In one place he says: "I find I can get up no farther, and cannot step back, forI dare not let go with my hands, and cannot reach foot-hold below without. Icall to Bradley for help.... The moment is critical. Standing on my toes mymuscles begin to tremble.... I hug close to the rock, let go with my hand,seize the dangling legs, and with his assistance, I am enabled to gain the top"(n. 64.)

It will be seen by the intelligent reader that the forgoing performance iscovered by the termyuen (No. 18) used in the ancient record. There was arescue by Bradley, and the desperate adventurer, a chief of the EthnologicalBureau, was "pulled up higher," even to "the top" of the cliff. All this constitutesyuen; and without intending it, our modern climber—calling to Bradleyfor help—is a most eloquent and lucid commentator on the ancient statementin the Chinese text.

But this climbing should be accomplished in connection withchuh (No.17—the illumination of torches). Is it true that there is climbing by torchlight(notmoonlight, gentle reader) within the chasm?

Light is thrown on the ancient text by a statement already in part quoted:"We fear that we shall have to stay hereclinging to the rocks until daylight.Our little Indian gathers a few dry stems, ties them in a bundle, lights one end,and holds it up. The others do the same, and with these torches we find away out of trouble.Helping each other, holdingtorches for each other, oneclinging to another'shand until we get footing, then supporting the other on[Pg 26]his shoulders, so we make our passage into the depths of the canyon. Andnow Captain Bishop has kindled a huge fire of driftwood, on the bank of theriver. This and the fires in the gulch opposite, and our ownflaming torches,light up little patches, that make more manifest the awful darkness below.Still, on we go, for an hour or two, and at last we see Captain Bishop comingup the gulch, with ahuge torch-light on his shoulders. He looks like a fiendwaving brands and lighting the fires of hell, and the men in the opposite gulchare imps lighting delusive fires in inaccessible crevices, over yawning chasms....At last we meet Captain Bishop with his flaming torch" (n. 65). And sothe brilliant description continues.

What is all this but thechuh yuen of the ancient record? Here surely is"an illumination of torches."

We can readily understand why the ancient occupants of the stone housesin the Grand Canyon, should have used the torches so liberally and convenientlysupplied by nature throughout the region where their light is too oftensadly or desperately needed. We have been informed by a modern visitorthat ruined cave habitations are to be seen along "lofty and inaccessible ledges."And these dwellings "were reached by very narrow, precipitous, and deviouspaths, and being extremely difficult to attain by the occupants themselves, presentedan impregnable front to invaders."

Dr. Fewkes believes that the ancient occupants of the cliff or cave houseschose hazardous sites in order to be out of the reach of enemies. He says:[Pg 27]

"The pressure of outside tribes, or what may be called human environment,probably had much to do originally with the choice of caves for houses. Theexperienced archaeologist also draws attention to Jackson's remark that fingerimprints answering to those of women, "may still be traced in the mortar" ofthe dwellings (n. 66). Many interiors indeed are covered with smooth plasterin which the impressions of small and delicate fingers appear.

Of course, women and children formerly lived on the "inaccessible ledges";and sons, fathers, husbands, or brothers, away perhaps hunting in distant glensor forests, were comparatively free from anxiety concerning the condition ofloved ones at home. And if savages with tomahawks and scalping knivescame stealing through ravines to the foot of impregnable stairways, the mothersaloft, pressing children to their breasts and looking down on baffled foes, musthave felt something of the emotion which throbs through the well-known lines,written indeed by a woman,—

And if in the darkness of night, the awaited signal or cry were heard arisingfrom the heart of the abyss, how quickly the doors would be opened andropes lowered and torches lighted to help the hunters to their homes on high!Torches flaming and eyes gleaming. Lights flashing in all directions. Anillumination of torches. No wonder the Canyon was noted for itschuh yuenand cave dwellings.

27.kien (official writing; to mark; a slip of bamboo for making notes on;a classifier of folios or sheets.)

Aleang or chief is here referred to in connection with the Great Canyon.The ruler is not exactly called the King or supreme head (chwen suh). Indeed,we have been already informed that the head ruler was a mere nurseling(at the time when he abandoned his Lute in the Canyon) and such aninfant carried about by the mother who had just brought him into the world,among the cliffs and canyons, would evidently have been unable to either writeor issue decrees. Of course, however, a nominally subordinate chief (or[Pg 28]leang) might have attended to the details of government and ruled or directedthe movements of the Sun people in the name of the infant King. Such aminister might have spread abroad decrees or commands within the Canyon.

An explorer already in part quoted, says: "At last we meet Captain Bishopwith his flaming torch.... On a broad shelf we find the ruins of an old stonehouse, the walls of which are broken down, and we can see where the ancientpeople who lived here—a race more highly civilized than the present—hadmade a garden, and used a great spring, that comes out of the rocks, for irrigation.On some rocks near by we discover some curious etchings" (n. 67).

Again, on the brink of a rock 200 feet high stands an old house. Its wallsare of stone, laid in mortar, with much regularity.... On the face of the cliff,under the building and along down the river for 200 or 300 yards, there aremany etchings."

Here are writings "spread abroad" within theTa-hoh or Great Canyon.Not painted on the cliffs, but cut into the stone! Beyond the reach or maliceof savage tribes, they doubtless furnished directions to friendly clans, tellingwhere certain companies had moved, and so forth.

"On many of the tributaries of the Colorado I have heretofore examinedtheir deserted dwellings.... Sometimes the mouths of caves have been walledacross and there are many other evidences to show their anxiety to securedefensible positions. Probably the nomadic tribes were sweeping down uponthem, and they resorted to these cliffs and canyons for safety.... Here I standwhere these now lost people stood centuries ago, and look over this strangecountry."

The former chief of the Ethnological Bureau also says that at the mouth ofthe Colorado Chiquito he discovered some curious remains, such as ruins andpottery, also "etchings and hieroglyphics on the rocks."

Some of the cliff or cave dwellings are singularly impressive. Baron Nordenskiold,says of one, called the "Cliff Palace," that it well deserves its proudname, "for with its round towers and high walls ... deep in the mysterioustwilight of the cavern, and defying in their sheltered site the ravages of time, itresembled at a distance an enchanted castle."

And Chapin exclaims: "Surely its discoverer had not overstated the beautyand magnitude of this strange ruin. There it was, occupying a great oval spaceunder a grand cliff wonderful to behold, appearing like an immense ruined castlewith dismantled towers" (n. 68).

And yet Dr. Fewkes very rationally refuses to regard it as a "palace"—occupiedmerely by a king and servants or else officers of state managing anempire. Of course some nook within sheltered its ruler. But it is merely apueblo—set within a cave. One French visitor says: "Il est probable que Cliff-Palacen'abritait pas moins de 500 personnes" (n. 69).

At this rate it would have required forty such structures (or equivalentclusters of apartments) to shelter, say, 20,000 individuals.[Pg 29]

There is mention of cave dwellings in connection with the Great Canyon;and as Sun people with a supreme ruler (although but a suckling) are representedas climbing within the chasm, with the aid of torches, we expect to findcurious remains in connection with the caverns. Nor are we disappointed.Here are mouths of caves walled up for defensive purposes. Here are ramparts,towers, and fortified structures classed with castles.

We are informed that decrees were spread abroad in the Canyon; andsearching for the ancient inscriptions, we find that they are cut into the cliffs.This shows that the former dwellers were able to cut and work stone; andabundant remains of masonry are at hand to sustain this deduction.

The personality of theju, or suckling ruler, remains to be investigated,and should yield curious—most surprising—results; but, of course, reasonable,logical critics will not for an instant confound such an inquiry with that justfinished. Even absolute failure to unearth the facts with regard to the Princeand his royal mother, can not shake the plain fact that we have actually foundan account of the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, and the Gulf of California,in an ancient Chinese book.

PIMO AND THE CASAS GRANDES

It may further be remarked that the Chinese paragraph which immediatelyfollows the account of our Canyon, mentions a place called "Pi-mo."

This is its pronunciation in Canton, but in Shanghai, wheremo is accordedthe sound ofmu (see Williams' dict. p. 1154 and p. 1186, column 6)Pi-mowould be calledPi-mu. Now, this Pi-mo or Pi-mu is said (see existing translation)to be situated in the "south-east corner of the desert beyond the easternsea.

Proceeding eastward until the "Eastern Sea," which washes the coast ofChina, is crossed, the modern investigator reaches California and Arizona. Andhere, in the region or basin of the Colorado, he finds a place still called "Pi-mo."It is in Arizona, with a "desert" of sand—the desert of California and Sonora—toits west and south, and a region of running streams, grass, and forests to itseast.Pimo is itself in the "desert"—in a "south-east corner of the desert beyondthe Eastern Sea." It is entirely dependent on artificial irrigation for itslimited power to support human beings.

Here are ruined buildings whose origin is shrouded in mystery and aroundor about which controversies have raged for centuries.

One visitor, an American officer, states that his General "asked a Pimo,who made the house I had seen?" The house was one of the Casas Grandesin the neighborhood of Pimo. Who had made it? was now the question.The reply was: "It was built by the son of the most beautiful woman whoonce dwelt in yon mountain; she was fair and all the handsome men came tocourt her, but in vain; when they came, they paid tribute, and out of this smallstore she fed all people in times of famine and it did not diminish."

Moreover, "at last she brought forth a boy, who was the builder of allthese houses."[Pg 30]

The Pimo Indian "seemed unwilling to talk about them, but said therewere plenty more of them to the north, south, west, etc." (note 70.)

[Was the royal suckling or Prince ever carried down into the neighboringGrand Canyon by the beneficient being, his mother? Was he ashao hao (asthe Chinese might say) or little Child of the Sun? Did he ever see the CliffPalace? Were he and his people connected with the cave and cliff-dwellings?And when he retired from the Canyon did he fail to take with him a Lute?]

If the royal suckling (orju) of the Chinese account ever actually lived inthe neighborhood of the Grand Canyon, or in the vicinity of Pimo, and wasconnected with a restless or troubled nation of Cliff Dwellers or stone-housebuilders, why should not the Indians have some traditional, even if but hazyrecollection of both the suckling and his imperial mother? The forefathers ofthe Pimos must have beheld them, and it is difficult to suppose that theancient legendary knowledge has completely evaporated from the aboriginalmemory. As we have learned the construction of the Casas Grandes at Pimois connected with the advent or movements of an intelligent, even if harassedrace of Builders who owed allegiance to a Princess or her child. And if it is afact that in a time of famine the royal lady fed the ancestors of the Pimos, wewonder not that the nation has enshrined her image within its ceaseless,throbbing heart. The hill-top on which she gave birth to her suckling isremembered to the present hour and was pointed to by the Pimo interpreterwhen telling the American General about the merciful being who fed thehungry in a time of famine (and perhaps had relieved or cheered his ownancestor.)

Let us not overlook or snub the fact that Pimo—the Pimo of "the regionbeyond the Eastern Sea" is actually mentioned in the same breath with theGrand Canyon and the Gulf. It is represented by characters numbered 9 and10 in the extract from the ancient Chinese volume, now set before the patientand intelligent reader who appreciates or perceives the difficulties connectedwith the present investigation.

The last column (reading from right to left) consists of 12 characters, whichexpress the following sense:Ta—Hg—east—south—corner—has—shan (mountainor height)—called—Pi mo—ti—kiu.

The 11th term,ti, stands for "place;" and akiu is a level-topped hill. Asit is also called ashan (see No. 7), thekiu should be a prominent eminencehaving a level space on top.

The namePi-mo is expressed by puttingPi, which signifies "skin" or"case," along withmo, which simply stands for "mother."

A mother, or a maternal case is connected with thePi-mo kiu or level-toppedhill. Is such an eminence to be seen in the vicinity of Pi-mo? Has ita flat summit? Are there any signs that it was inhabited by the queen of theBuilders? The Pimo Indian told the general that on the hill-top in the vicinity—inthe Lower Gila Valley—a female ruler gave birth to a child. Is thereany foundation for the legend? Where is her house?

Referring to the structures in Arizona, an observer draws particular attentionto one "comparatively intact in the lower Gila valley." He says: "The[Pg 31]hill on which it is built rises abruptly from the surrounding lowlands to theheight of a full thousand feet. Near the northwest corner the ancient strategistsbegan at a height of thirty feet, carving a narrow pathway to the summit.Here an irregular stone staircase has been made, passable by one person at atime. At intervals watchtowers were constructed, from which huge boulderscould be hurled down upon the advancing foe.

[Pg 32]"Theroad makes three complete circles above the hill before reaching theupperlevel." [Here is alevel-topped hill orkiu.] "Here another monumentof early fortitude inspired by the love of life presents itself. There is, perhaps,three acres oflevel rock on the summit. For a depth of nearly two feet theentireplateau is covered with rich soil 'packed up' from below. When onepauses to think of the immense labor involved in carrying this mass of earthup the irregular winding stone staircase, a feeling of admiration springs up forthese simple patient people."

It is plain that there is alevel-topped hill (orkiu) in the vicinity of Pimo.And it is directly connected in Indian tradition with the movements of a race ofbuilders who reared "all these houses," and were directed or governed by abeneficient being who here gave birth to a remarkable prince. But it is enoughat present to observe that the Chinese symbols connect Pimo—the Pimo of the"region beyond the Eastern Sea"—with a Mother, or notable Birth. And whenthe American General—in our region beyond the Eastern Sea—inquires atPimo for information, concerning its now silent and forsaken ruins, the Pimo interpreterinstantly responds by raising his arm and pointing to the hill of theroyal birth.

The hill is prominent or lofty and quite level on top. It is in truth akiu(pronounced like our own word cue) and holds aloft some impregnabledwellings and also a green spot or abandoned garden—clay having beencarried aloft a thousand feet by devoted Builders in part to raise flowers for theyoung mother. But, of course, her own bud was the brightest of all. Andevery one told her so. And what a wide view from the summit! And howcool the air up there! How different from the blazing Canyon (with its hiddenor abandoned Lute.)

"The General asked a Pimo, who made the house I had seen? 'It is theCasa de Montezuma', said he; it was built by the son of the most beautifulwoman who once dwelt in yon mountain; she was fair—"

The Casas Grandes at Pimo were fortunately seen by Spanish explorers inthe 16th century, and "the Indians then assigned them an age of no less than500 years." (note 71.)

Of course the Casa Grande Montezuma (or Builder Prince of the 11thcentury) could not have been the Montezuma who was overthrown by Cortezin the 16th century. As well confound William of Normandy with William ofHolland, because each was a William! Let fools do that![Pg 33]

One writer says with regard to the legends of the sedentary Indians, that"the name of Montezuma runs through all of these—not generally referring tothe king whom we are accustomed to identify with that name, but to the greatchief of the golden or heroic age." (n. 72)

There are noticeable variations in the name or title of the ancient king.Thus one Spanish explorer speaks of "the Casa Grande, or palace ofMoc-te-zuma"(n. 73.)

Another authority furnishes the spellingMo-te-cuh-zoma, and adds, thatit is "found written alsoMoc-te-zuma, Mu-teczuma, Mo-texuma" (n. 74.)

Notice the three different spellings or sounds—Mo,Mu, andMok, prefixedto "te-zuma...."

The titlete orti (orte-cuh) signifies warrior or lordly ruler (n. 75.) Asforsuma it is said to mean "sad, angry, or severe." [Butsoma may includean allusion to the water of immortality and embrace the notion of divinedescent.]

Mok (thete-zuma)Mo orMu were names or titles bestowed on the11th century Builder Prince who was connected with the construction of theCasas Grandes in the Pimo section, and was born on a prominent hill-top there.He wasMok,Mo orMu.

Turning to the Chinese account we find that the royalju or sucklingconnected with the region of the Grand Canyon and Pimo, was likewise knownasMu. (note 76.)

In addition, the suckling is repeatedly called ati (orte as it is just as oftenspelled.) And this, so far, agrees with the title of the Pimo infant, whose nameis frequently said to beMu-ti (zuma.)

According to the Chinese record, the imperial (ti orte) heir apparent (oryuen-tsz) suckling or baby (ju) whose estate or patrimony (chan) wasLoh-ming (name of a region) lived or resided (ku) as the tender, delicateyouth (yao)Mu.

Here we see that the heir apparent the ju or baby was bothMu and ati.The old account connects the infantile ruler with a region called Loh-ming.We need not delay to ascertain the position of this province or land; enoughnow to observe that wherever it was, theju andti lived there (or lived somewhere) as the pleasing and tenderMu.

This name, like some of our own names, such as Grace, Patience, Clement,is frequently used as an adjective. It may stand for either "beauty" or"majesty," but it is also, at times, a surname. (note 77.)[Pg 34]

As already seen, the Great Canyon with the connected bottomless abyss, inthe region beyond the Eastern Sea, is connected with the Sun and Moon Shan.And on this Shan is "the Great Men's Country" (see existing translation.)Now a Chinese comment (note 78) informs us that theforts of the entirelygreatMu formerly held or possessed this Great Men's Country (which is onthe Sun and Moon Shan.)

Information is next furnished concerning the largest Walrusses, and it isplain that the polar region is referred to. The account is quite clear, as anyChinese scholar can see, now that we have pointed out the position of thepassage.

It might seem advisable to prove that the haunt of the Walrus was knownto the ancient Chinese writers who have furnished accounts of America, but itis unnecessary to do this, seeing that the phenomenon of Ten Suns, which isonly visible at the Arctic Circle, is referred to in the ancient books. Moreover,as we have learned, appearances of five or seven suns (or moons) shiningsimultaneously in the sky, are distinctly connected with the Sun and Moon Shan.It was therefore known that the mountain system of North America, stretchesupward—like the Branches of a Tree—from the vicinity of the Grand Canyonto the Polar region, or place of the Ten Suns. And from a point here, theshores of North-eastern Tartary or Asia can be seen without even the aid of anopera-glass.

It now appears that in the remote past there was a ruler namedMu dwellingin the mountainous land which stretches from the Grand Canyon to theArctic Ocean. His domain was on the Sun and Moon Shan.

One observer says with reference to the cliff-dwellings, that they "havethe appearance of fortified retreats. The occupants, on account of "decendinghordes devised theseunassailable retreats.... The builders hold no smallestniche in recorded history. Their aspirations, their struggles and their fateare all unwritten, save in these crumbling stones, which are their sole monumentsand meagre epitaph. Here once they dwelt. They left no other printon time." (note 79.)

The "unassailable retreats" noticed by this melancholy writer may wellbe some of the strongholds of Mu and his followers or warriors. The ancientpueblos (or Casas Grandes) are of great strength. When the "ladders aredrawn in, the various sides present a perpendicular front to an enemy, and thebuilding itself becomes afortress." Further, "The strength of the walls ofthese structures was proved during the Mexican war, when it was found thatthey were impregnable to field-artillery." (note 80.)

The Spanish soldier, Castenada, in the 16th century said with regard to thePimo Casa Grande, that "it seemed to have served as a fortress." (note 81.)

Now,Pimo—represented by the symbols for a maternal case and hill—ismentioned on the very page of the Chinese book which notices our GrandCanyon. Then, we are told that cliff-dwellings were here and a Sun Prince[Pg 35](at first a mereju or infant) calledMu, and that he or his followers erectedforts or fortresses.

And when we ask the Indians for the name of the ruler who governed thenow decaying strongholds, their answer is—Mu.

It may be said that some of the latter pronounce the titleMo. One of ourphilologists speaks of "Montezuma, or more correctly,Motecuhzoma."(note 82.)

In his account of the Casa Grande, the old time Spanish traveler, PadreGarces, says: On this river is situated the house which they callMoctezuma's.(note 84.)

It is evident that the two pronunciationsMo andMok are preferred toMon (tezuma) and thatMu has also its advocates.

Curiously enough, these three soundsMu,Mo, andMok, are likewiseapplied to the one character by the Chinese literati.

The identical symbol which Williams callsMu is in another dictionary(see Bailley's, iii, p. 246) termedMo.

Morrison (vol. IV, p. 600-1) says that the two soundsMu andMo are bothapplied, and that in Canton this selfsame character is calledMok.

It thus appears that the builder or ruler of the fortresses in the regionbeyond the Eastern Sea, might be calledMu,Mo, orMok.

And in the region referred to—"the region beyond the Eastern Sea"—wefind many strongholds or forts (as well as cave-dwellings;) and when antiquariansinquire of the Indians for the name of the ancient Builder Prince, theyare variously informed that he was the gloriousMu,Mo, orMok.

If the royal infant (orju) became in process of time a ruler of fortresses(tai) which "formerly held the Great Men's Country" (on the Sun and MoonShan) would be surprising to find that he himself had been born within theshelter of atai or fortress? And what is the fortified hill at Pimo but afortress? He counts it as the first of the forts ofMu orMo-ti in "the regionbeyond the Eastern Sea."

Remember that our own government has erected numbers of forts on hilltopsthroughout the South-west expressly for the purpose of holding such tribesas the Navajoes and Apaches in check. (And in addition we are furnishingthe red men with supplies.) But in the 11th century there were no Congressionalappropriations, no detachments of troops hurrying down from Washingtonto preserve order. Yet the ancestors of our savage tribes were certainly there.And although the warrior chieftans immediately around the young queenappear to have been filled with jealousy of each other, it is certain that they[Pg 36]were united as one in devising for the princess a calm or sure retreat which nobarbaric host could take by assault. From its base the savage ranks wouldreel, or break into foam like waves of the sea.

The American General already referred to, supplies his own report of thePimo interpreter's words:

"All he knew was a tradition amongst them, 'that in bygone days, a womanof surpassing beauty resided in a green spot in the mountains near the placewhere we were encamped. All the men admired and paid court to her. Shereceived the tributes of their devotion, grain, skins, etc., but gave no love orother favor in return. Her virtue and her determination to remain unmarriedwere equally firm. There came a drought which threatened the world withfamine. In their distress, people applied to her, and she gave corn from herstock, and the supply seemed to be endless. Her goodness was unbounded.One day, as she was lying asleep with her body exposed, a drop of rain fell onher stomach, which produced conception. A son was the issue, the founderof a new race which built all these houses'.... The houses of the people(the agricultural or sedentary Pimos) are mere sheds, thatched with willowand corn stalks" (n. 85.)

This report is more rational than the other in so far as it represents themultitudinous houses of stone or adobe as being reared by a "race" rather thanby a "boy"! But, of course, the "son" could not have been the "founder" ofhis mother or of her ancestors. It is further apparent that the infant could nothave been either the builder or inventor of the house or stronghold in whichhe was born.

Of course it is an impossibility to get at the exact truth in relation to themysterious birth. The unwedded lady's own account ought to constitute asufficient explanation, and would—but for the unfortunate historic fact that nomother has ever been known to tell her children the truth about their production.Even Christian mothers lie precisely like Pagans in this respect, and arejust as thorough-going humbugs as Hannah in the temple, when questioned fordetails. They will tell a poor helpless, green, inquiring child, for instance, thatthey found him in a cabbage, when the actual truth is that they got him from astork. We therefore unanimously dismiss their worse than useless testimonyas that of a shameless pack of preposterous deluderers.

It is probable that the Pimo princess may have been secretly wedded orunited to some man whom she really loved and preferred to all others. Yetan open avowal of such preference might have caused his death or might haveturned the love of rival suitors into hate and brought about the ruin of thealready sufficiently perplexed and troubled nation.

Certainly, but in the present instance the Queen seems to have contentedherself with the announcement that she had got her child from Heaven. Herfriends, including doubtless the priests, at once spread abroad the story that theinfant—the Child of the Sun—was of celestial origin. This tale may not have[Pg 37]completely satisfied the numerous rival claimants for the lady's hand. But howdisprove it? And why assail or shake the authority of the beautiful youngqueen? Why not draw closer together, bury their mutual animosities or rivalriesand face the murderous hordes thronging the passes of the Rocky Mountainsand slopes of the Mississippi Valley? Why not grasp at the hope—embodiedin the suckling born on the hilltop—that Heaven had furnished a leader, a reincarnateddivinity of the wandering nation, who would guide the despairingpeople onward to new fields of national glory and prosperity.

It may of course be said that such predictions were never realized, but itis certain that they were cherished. Even the Mokis, Tunis and Pimos stillregardMo-ti as immortal and await his return. He is "the demigod of theirearliest traditions, watching over them from Heaven and waiting to come againto bring to them victory and a period of millenial glory and happiness" (n. 86.)And, of course, those who actually followed the leaderMu must have feltstrongly the ties of affection and veneration. And who were the people whogot across to Mongolia with accounts of our Grand Canyon, Gulf and ContinentalTree—crowned with its wreath of multiplied suns?

[Doubtless the notion that ourMu-te (orTe-Mu) was of divine origin,had a surprising, stimulating effect. Curiously enough, Asiatic writers notice aTe-mu (Te-mu-dzin orTemugin) who arose in Tartary in the early part ofthe 12th century, and therefore might be regarded as the contemporary of ourMu born at Pimo about the year 1100. Some say this Tartarean conquerorwas called Timour or Temur-chi, and his origin is wrapt in mystery. Oneaccount treats him as a demigod, but other statements assume that a divinitywas his remote ancestor. He is said to belong to the race that broke out ofIrkena Kon (or the mountain valley), situated in some out of the way anddangerous region. Personally thisMu came from a distant land. Some historianswhose time is valuable readily find Irkena Kon in the vicinity of theCaspian Sea, but others declare that it must be situated in the direction of theArctic Ocean!

[In his old age, in or about the year 1153, this supposed demigod had achild born to him. The name of Temudzin or Temugin was bestowed uponthe infant. When thirteen years old his father—the demigod—died, and theextensive empire which the parent had established fell into political pieces.Gibbon, in his "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," chap. LXIV, says thatthe young prince Temugin could only claim authority over about 12,000 families.We should never overlook this fact when contemplating his career.Every incident in his history is known. His name has resounded through theworld. He rose to be a mighty conqueror. He became Jenghiz Khan—Kingof Kings—grandsire of Kublai Khan, ancestor of Tamerlane and the GreatMoguls, and of no end of Persian or Moslem Sultans or Kings.

[The immediate followers of Jenghiz Khan always declared that successawaited him because he was the son of a God. Petis de la Croix denouncessuch a claim as a piece of "insolence," yet it might better be regarded as aform of delusion. But notice the victorious lengths to which this delusioncarried believers. And the notion promulgated at Pimo, in the midst of crowd[Pg 38]ingcalamities,—that the royal infant was a Son of Heaven,—might have beenintended to console and stimulate a despairing nation. And the spiritual stimulusappears to have transported its believers to such lengths that aboriginalAmericans seem to have lost track of the demigod, and know not from whatpoint he may return.

[The father of Temugin was the founder of theYuen dynasty, or at allevents an ancestral king. He is generally called Yisukai or Pysukai Behadur,but such is a mere title, signifying "9th hero," and not a proper name at all.Some lucid commentators will positively tell us that it was not the fatherof Jenghiz Khan, but his 9th father or ancestor, who was the God. But withsuch hair-splitting we need not concern ourselves. Enough to note the uplifting,psychological effect or result of faith or belief in divine aid or protection.No wonder David exclaims: "Thy rod and Thy staff, they comfort me."

[In the case of the Tartars, the results of their exalted faith were indeed surprising.The Crusades of the Christians had proved a failure. Jerusalem hadpassed from their hands. Richard, King of England, had been taken prisoner.The Moslems, according to Gibbon, were preparing for the invasion of Europe.Their brethren were actually intrenched in the heart of Spain. Enraged againstwestern nations for the long war waged against their power, armies weregathering for the conquest and plunder of Christendom. The crescent insteadof the cross, says Gibbon, was to glitter on the spire of St. Paul's.

[But at this very juncture, Jenghiz Khan and his followers came pouringforth from the wilds of Tartary. The Sultan felt secure within his line of fortifiedcities which hitherto had repelled every assault. But the Tartarean host—ledby warriors of the race from Irkena Kon—overthrew the Moslems in everyencounter. They ransacked the provinces and gave the cities to the flames.And the children or successors of the conqueror completed the work which hehad begun. Bagdad which for ages had successfully defied the invading,crusading armies of Europe, was destroyed, and an end put to the Caliphate solong enthroned within its historic walls. The conquest of China was completedby Kublai Khan, and an empire formed which stretched from the Indian Oceanto the Arctic, and from the Pacific to the Mediterranean Sea.]

Even traditions of tribes that most certainly remained behind in Arizonaand consequently did not disappear in company with the mysteriousMu orMo-te, declare that he was an agent of Providence. He was the "equal" ofthe "Great Spirit" and "was often considered identical with the Sun" (n. 87.)Had he remained in Arizona, his son in due time might have claimed divinedescent through his father the demigod.

CHINESE KNOWLEDGE OF THE PIMO DEMIGOD.

But if theMu-te (orTe-Mu,) builder or ruler of fortresses in the region ofPimo and the Grand Canyon, was identical with our PimoMu-te, he should bereferred to as semi-divine, in the Chinese record.

And so he actually is. Even here the evidence does not fail. But conceptionof the little sun-child did not occur on the well watched or guarded[Pg 39]hilltop at Pimo. It was in a green wilderness noted for its hay or grass andbutchering of beasts, that a phantasm approached the female—and so on.

Fortunately we can turn away from this particular account of the visit ofincubus, seeing that the necessary information is more conveniently furnishedelsewhere (n. 88.) The name of a mountain, which may or may not have beenfar indeed from the Grand Canyon, is furnished, and we are informed thatShao Hao dwelt (ku) there (chi.) In addition he is called a sovereign (ti orte)and ashan.

Now this term,shan, according to Williams (p. 737,) stands for "the gods,the divinities, a god, a supernatural good being; divine; spiritual, as beinghigher than man; godlike, wonderful, superhuman; to deify.

Taking the account as it stands, it appears that an incarnated god (in theshape of theShao Hao Mu) was at one time within the Grand Canyon (whichstill retains his "lute.")

Notice that the "country contiguous to the mighty chasm is called the"Shao Hao's country."

Next observe that the vast chasm (orta-hoh) is itself called the GreatCanyon of the Incarnated God (orKeang Shang.)Shang stands for "Heaven"or supreme;" and Keang signifies "to descend from a higher level, to come fromthe sky, to fall as rain, to come into the world as Christ did" (Williams.) Thecontiguous country is named in honor of theShao Hao, or sun-child, who iscalled ashan or god. And "Keang Shang's ta-hoh" or great Canyon is alsonamed in honor of thisshan or god—this incarnated god.

And here, "in the region beyond the Eastern Sea," the land is ringing withhis name. He wasMu orMo-te and a builder of forts, and above and beyondall this he was an incarnation of the Great Spirit!

"The name, at this moment, is as familiar to every Indian, Apache andNavajoe as that of our Savior or Washington is to us" (n. 89.)

Bancroft says: "Under restrictions, we may fairly regard him as the Melchizedek,theMoses, and the Messiah of the Pueblo desert-wanderers from anEgypt that history is ignorant of, and whose name even tradition whispers not."

Bancroft, says, that according to Indian paintings or traditions, the Messiahor Demigod of Pueblo tradition had red or yellow hair.

Such a conclusion agrees completely with the teaching of the ancient Chinesebook just quoted. We are informed with reference to a certain mountain,that:Ki (the)shan (god or spirit)poh (white)ti (sovereign)Shao hao (littlesun-child)ku (dwelt)chi (there).

Next appears a comment stating in the plainest possible terms thatShaoHao of theKin Tien dynasty was a virtuous or excellent ruler.[Pg 40]

Mons. Rosny, in his French translation, declares that the divine or superhumanShao Hao was "l'empereur Blanc." (note 90.)

One well known writer and archaeologist says with reference to the buildersof some structures in the Pimo region, that there is "reason to suppose thatthey were a light-skinned people. At least one red-haired skull and one withstill lighter hair were found. Hair has been but rarely found not over a halfdozen times in all. In three cases it was black." (note 91.)

According to aboriginal testimony, 800 years have rolled by since the timeof burial, and hair has lingered on but few of the heads it once adorned. Butwhen discovered it is seen to be quite different from the hair of the Indians.

Those interested in the subject of the Cliff-dwellers should study theaccurate reports of the Ethnological Bureau and also the writings of EditorPeet the well known "American Antiquarian." These works should be in thelibraries of all Americanists.

According to the American Antiquarian, Doctor Birdsall reports that driedbodies have been found in tombs on the Mesa Verde in Arizona and the "hairof the head has been found partly preserved on some mummies. It is said tobe of fine texture, not coarse like Indian hair and varying in color from shadesof yellowish brown to reddish brown and black" ... The Wetherills exhumedone mummy having a short brownish beard." (note 92.)

We are further informed that mummies have been taken from "a hermeticallysealed cave in the Canyon of the Gila River," and two of the bodies werethose of women. The females "retain their long, flowing silken hair." The"bodies were covered with highly colored clothes, which crumbled on exposure.Three kinds were saved, and one a deep blue woven in diamondshapes. No implements or utensils were found.... All the consuls and manyscientific men inspected the mummies yesterday. Among those present wereHenry A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y., Kate Field, Dr. Harkness, Academy ofSciences." Other Doctors and Professors were present and also "HistorianBancroft." (n. 93.)

In addition to all this, Professor C. L. Webster, the accomplished, painstaking,and trusted scientist of Charles City, Iowa, has unearthed a body whosesilent testimony is truly inestimable. In the "Archaeological Bulletin," issuedby the International Society of Archaeologists (Madison, Indiana,) for July andSeptember, 1912, we find a photograph of a mummy brought to light by theProfessor in a cliff-house on a head stream of the Gila.

The body is that of a child, and its preservation is due to "the chemicalelements of the soil," etc.

"The hair on the head of the mummy was of a beautiful dark brown color,and of a soft and silky texture," and "the hair on the head of this mummifiedchild is of the same color and texture (only finer) as that of adults found braidedin long plaits in an adjoining room"—Page 78.

The Professor believes that "different races" were here contending for themastery of the region, and that "one or more of them were driven out (perhapsdestroyed) suddenly" (see article 1.)[Pg 41]

Another archaeologist says, that "quite recently hieroglyphics were discoveredin the Tonto Basin country, depicting the driving out of white peopleby red men, and local archaeologists have set up a theory that the people whoonce cultivated these valleys were white. The present Indians have manylegends of white men being in their country before the advent of the Spanishconquistodores. Father Marcas Niza, a pious Jesuit, who accompanied Coronadoon his march through this section in search of the seven lost cities of Cibola,speaks frequently of allusions made by Indians to white bearded men whowere here before" (n. 94.)

[In tracking the missing white race, remember that some of the Toltecs,like the Mayas of Yucatan, compressed the skull in childhood, that they hadamong them a sprinkling of very large men (quinames,) and that in the wildernesstheir mode of living would be more like that of Indians than of cultured,civilized people.]

Mons. Charney has argued that the Mexican Toltecs were of a white race,but very foolishly argues (like Baron Humboldt) that the Toltecs marched fromMongolia to Mexico in the 6th century. The illustrious Humboldt has servedArchaeology enormously by drawing attention to the absolute and startlingidentity of the Zodiacal signs of the Manchu Tartars with those of CentralAmerica (see Mr. Vining's exceedingly comprehensive and valuable work entitled"An Inglorious Columbus.")

Skilled, scientific archaeologists connected with the Washington Bureauhave all along been contending that the cliff or cave dwellings, forts, pueblos,and mounds of North America were constructed by native-born Americans,rather than by Toltecs moving in, say, the 6th century from Tartary to Arizonaor Mexico.

Therefore, as the Toltecs (sun-people and architects or builders) werecertainly settled in Mexico for some centuries prior to the 11th (when the remnantdisappeared,) the ancestors of the pale-faced and cultured people (seeVining's chapter on the "Toltecs") may like ourselves have reached Americaby crossing the Atlantic. The Greek face, the Celtic face, the Saxon face, andthe Jewish or Semitic face are all seen carved on the tottering walls of templesand palaces in Yucatan (see Charney's essays.)

Moving to the Vale of Mexico, the Toltecs tried with more or less successto keep on neighborly terms with the red skinned people. But thoughtlesspropagation produced more mouths than could be filled—except with humanflesh. Open war broke out in the 11th century. The Aztecs or others of thered tribes almost annihilated the Whites; and Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, the "last"King of the Toltecs fled north from Chapultepec,—the selfsame Chapultepecwhich in our own day has seen the downfall of Maxmillian and the flightof Diaz.

May not the fair and beautiful Princess at Pimo have belonged to the outcastMexican royal family? May not her idolized child have inherited titlesabsurdly out of place among the deserts of Arizona? And may not all theelements in our later Yankee nation have been represented in the pale-facedpeople that found refuge among the canyons and cliffs of the Colorado? If so,their remote or ancestral fathers and mothers were likewise no less our own.[Pg 42]

The curtain of history rises and shows the young Queen of the Builders ona hill top at Pimo. The structures there, according to aboriginal testimonywere reared about the year 1100,—the very time when the Toltecs disappearedfrom the Vale of Mexico. And now the ruins are yielding up forms of the femaleswho once tenanted those cliffs and contrived to get plaster and paint withwhich to adorn the now desolate and trembling walls. And the yellow, brown,or silky black hair on the heads of those women who sought to make theirbleak and dreary homes attractive, shows unfailingly their race. Even anostrich might see it!

Mons. Charney declares that the Toltecs expelled from Mexico in the 11thcentury were scholars, artists, astronomers, and philosophers. And their sisterswere certainly no less cultured and refined.

Now, the Shan Hai King states that in "the region beyond the Eastern Sea"there is (or was) a "Country of Refined Gentlemen."

And Charney argues that "a gentle race were the Toltecs, preferring thearts to war."

Certain comments collected by Jin Chin Ngan, and unnoticed in Mr. Vining'stranslation (p. 657), connect the Refined Gentlemen with pyramids (k'iu)and even declare that their dwellings were on mounds (ling).

And Charney says: "Now, the first thing that we find at the houses of Tulais an example of a mode of building entirely new and curious. The prevailingtendency of the Toltec is to place his dwellings and his temples likewise uponeminences and pyramids."

"They are very gentle, and do not quarrel. They have fragrant plants.They have a flowering-plant which produces blossoms in the morning that diein the evening.

The Chinese account calls this vegetable production theHwa plant, and asHwa stands for "glory" (see Williams' Chinese dict.) it is apparent that the"Morning Glory" is referred to.

Botanist Wood says: "Thisglorious plant is anative of Tropical Americaand now universally cultivated. It is also nearly naturalized with us." (in theUnited States.)

"The flowers are ephemeral. Beginning to open soon after midnight, theygreet the Sun at his rising, arrayed in all theirglory" (Hwa) "and before hereaches the meridian, fold their robes and perish. But their work is done, andtheir successors, already in bud, will renew the gorgeous display the followingmorning."—P. 182.

Such a flower might be held to symbolize the fleeting glory of the generationswhich had lived and died in Central America. It still climbs about thetemples of the Sun, saluting its divinity with a smile, and then falling prostrateamong the desolate and forsaken altars. It may often be seen twining its arms[Pg 43]around the monuments of a buried Past, or pressing its lips to the dust of thevanished race it so speedily follows.

One of the ancient stone structures, on a northern feeder of the Gila, is sostrong, commodious, and so impregnably planted that by universal consent it iscalled a Castle. And because the Indian tribes persist in ascribing its constructiontoMu orMo-te it is known as "Montezuma's Castle." The EthnologicalBureau has interested itself in the preservation of this impressive work of theso-called Cliff-dwellers, and our Government has taken charge of it as a"National Monument." AndAri-zona is named in honor of theAri or "Maiden"—thelegendary Queen of the Pimozona or Pimo valley. The mother referredto in the ancient Chinese record is thus remembered in the title of a Yankeesister State.

Her idolized son is said to have governed Forts, and in the vicinity of theCastle we find a number of forts. Dr. Fewkes says: "Theforts were built onthe summits, ... and it is an instructive fact in this connection that one rarelyloses sight of one of these hillforts before another can beseen." An"approaching foe" could be discerned and "smoke signals" would warn field-workers"to retreat to theforts for protection."—28th Rept. Bur. Amer. Ethnol.,p. 207. (Read also connected pages for information relating to the fortsand their builders. The same or an allied people erected also houses in naturalcaves or excavated them in soft rock."—P. 219. The latter—the excavateddwellings are noticed in Asiatic books and will be dealt with in next pamphlet—ifsuch is ever written.)

We have found the "Forts" and also Pimo (or Pima as some pronouncethe name) with its Princess and her child. And have we not found the Gulfand Canyon referred to by the departed Ancients. Have we not found everythingexcept perhaps the abandoned imperial Lute? And even it may yet berecovered. Let it be dug for at the Cliff of the Harp. Perhaps it may yet beresurrected—

APPENDIX

(Note 1) see Mr. Vining's "An Inglorious Columbus," p. 659. (2)Jin-ChinNgan's comment in 14th Book of the Shan Hai King. (3) Kane's work. (4) VanTroil's "Iceland," 1, 643: Headley's "Island of Fire," p. 100. (5) Dr. Le Plongeon's"Queen Moo," xl, xlii, 175. (6) Vining, 182, 659, 666. (7) Vining; 182.(8) Vining, 659. (9) Vining, 659. (10) see index for essays collected by Mr.Vining. (11) see Chinese version of Shan Hai King, with Jin-chin-ngan's notes,(the latter being omitted in Mr. V.'s translation, p. 661.) (12) see either theShan Hai King, book 14, or the translation of same. (13) Vin. 661. (14) MarkTwain's "Roughing It," p. 101. (15) Lieut. Ives' Report, Pt. 1, p. 23. (16)Powell's Report. (17) Scribners' Mag. Nov. 1890. (18) R. R. Co.'s Handbookon "Colorado." (19) Powell's Report.

(Note 20) Stanton in Scribners' Mag. Nov. 1890. (21) Mr. F. A. Ober.(22) (compare Mr. Vining's translations with original Chinese statement.) (23)Jin-Chin-ngan's note (never hitherto translated into English.) (24) Dunraven's"Great Divide." (25) Vin. 647. (26) Powell's Report, 29, 35, 86. (27) Powell,32, 71. (28) Vin. 532. (29) Stanton. (30) Mr. Clampitt's "Echoes from theRocky Mts." 218. (31) Powell, p. 30. (32) "Glimpses of America" (Phila. 1894)p. 80. (33) Stanton. (34) "Glimpses." 78. (35) Powell, 16, 30. (36) Ives. Pt. I,28; ii, p. 8. (37) Powell, 63, 86. (38) "Glimpses," 78. (39) Ives, 42.

(Note 40)Ives' Rept., Pt. I, p. 73. (41) F. A. Ober in BrooklynTimes,June 19, 1897. (42) Sitgreaves, 17. (43) Ives, 66. (44) Ives, III, 49. (45)Powell, 125. (46) "Glimpses of Amer." 78. (47) Glimpses," 83. (48)Powell, 55, 60, 70. (49) Dellenbaugh's "Canyon Voyage," 139. (50) Powell,65, 76. (51) G. W. James's "Wonders of the Colorado Desert," 30. (52)Murphy's "Three Wonderlands," 137. (53) Powell, 35, 63, 86, 90. (54)Piexot's "Romantic California," 67, 144, 148. (55) Ives. 23. (56) SacredMysteries of the Mayas", 90. (57) "Glimpses of Amer." p. 82. (58) F. A.Ober in the BrooklynTimes, June 19, '97. (59) Appleton's "New Amer. Cyc."Article Colorado.

(Note 60) Sitgreaves' report, p. 17. (61) Ives, 107. (62) Sitgreaves, p. 18.(63) Dellenbaugh's "Canyon Voyage," 255. (64) Powell's Report. (65) Powell,34, 35, 124, 125. (66) Smithson. Ethnol. "Bulletin," No. 51, p. 18. (67) Powell,125. (68) Ethnological "Bulletin," No. 51, pp. 14, 15. (69) Bulletin, No. 51, p.19. (70) Johnson's Journal in Emory's "Reconn. of N. Mex.," etc., 598-9. (71)Appletons' "New Am. Cyc." Article "Casas Grandes." (72) L. B. Prince's"New Mex.," p. 24. (73) Elliott Cones 'Comments on Garces' Diary, p. 94.(74) Encyc. Americana, vol. X. (75) Vining, 411. (76) see 28th character fromlast in note by Jin Chin Ngan preceding assertion in text that the Canyon has abeautiful mountain (Vining, 661.) (77) Morrison, IV, p. 601. (78)Jin ChinNgan. (79) Murphy's "Three Wonderlands," 152.

Note (80) Amer. Cyc. IV, p. 50. (81) Bancroft's "Native Races," IV, 620.(82) New Internat. Encyc. XIII. (83) Penny Cyc. Article "Mexico," p. 163.(84) Bancroft's "Native Races." (85) Emory, p, 83. (86) Prince's N. Mex. 24.(87) Prince's N. M. 24-6. (88) TheShan Hai King, Book II, section III, 14thmountain. (89) Emory, 64. (90) Shan Hai King, p. 83. (91) Mr Spears in N.Y.Sun. Sept. 3, 1893. (92)Amer. Antiquarian, May, 1892. (93) N. Y.World,Oct. 1887. (94) N. Y.Recorder, Feb. 19, 1893.

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The Project Gutenberg eBook ofAncient Chinese account of the Grand Canyon, or course of the Colorado

Ancient Chinese Account of the Grand
Canyon, or Course of the Colorado

(Copyrighted, Brooklyn, 1913)
By ALEXANDER M'ALLAN

TEN SUNS IN THE SKY!

AMERICA SHAPED LIKE A TREE.

NOTICE OF OUR GRAND CANYON.

THE COLORADO—BOTTOMLESS?

MUSIC IN THE GRAND CANYON?

CAVE DWELLINGS IN THE GRAND CANYON.

PIMO AND THE CASAS GRANDES

CHINESE KNOWLEDGE OF THE PIMO DEMIGOD.

APPENDIX

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

Movatterモバイル変換

The Project Gutenberg eBook ofAncient Chinese account of the Grand Canyon, or course of the Colorado

Ancient Chinese Account of the GrandCanyon, or Course of the Colorado

(Copyrighted, Brooklyn, 1913)By ALEXANDER M'ALLAN

TEN SUNS IN THE SKY!

AMERICA SHAPED LIKE A TREE.

NOTICE OF OUR GRAND CANYON.

THE COLORADO—BOTTOMLESS?

MUSIC IN THE GRAND CANYON?

CAVE DWELLINGS IN THE GRAND CANYON.

PIMO AND THE CASAS GRANDES

CHINESE KNOWLEDGE OF THE PIMO DEMIGOD.

APPENDIX

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE

Ancient Chinese Account of the Grand
Canyon, or Course of the Colorado

(Copyrighted, Brooklyn, 1913)
By ALEXANDER M'ALLAN