Cambodia
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What are the main geographic features of Cambodia?
Cambodia is characterized by a central alluvial plain surrounded by uplands and low mountains, the Tonle Sap (Great Lake), and the upper reaches of theMekong River delta. The Mekong River flows through the eastern regions, and the southwestern highlands include theKrâvanh andDâmrei mountains. The country is bordered byThailand,Laos,Vietnam, and theGulf of Thailand.
What was the impact of the Khmer Rouge on Cambodia?
TheKhmer Rouge regime (1975–79), led byPol Pot, devastated the country, causing the deaths of at least 1.5 million people in theCambodian genocide. The regime’s purge of the educated elite, whom it classified asbourgeoisie, severely impeded economic growth. Cambodia still suffers from this monumental tragedy. The Khmer Rouge were overthrown in 1979 by a Vietnamese invasion.
What are the main ethnic groups in Cambodia?
The Khmer (Cambodians) make up the majority of the population. Ethnic minorities include Chinese, Vietnamese, Muslim Cham-Malays, Laotians, and various Indigenous peoples of the rural highlands.
How did Cambodia’s history influence its culture?
Cambodia absorbed influences fromIndia andChina for thousands of years, which shaped its civilization. TheKhmer empire (about 802–1431ce) marked a golden age, during which Cambodia dominated mainlandSoutheast Asia. The empire’s Hindu-Buddhist legacy deeply influenced the culture, art, and political systems not only of Cambodia but also of neighboring countries, including Thailand and Laos.
What are Cambodia’s main economic activities and challenges?
Cambodia’s economy relies heavily on agriculture, with rice as the main crop, alongside forestry, fishing, and garment manufacturing. Tourism is another key revenue source. However, the country faces significant challenges, including poor infrastructure, outdated farming techniques, a lack of skilled labor, widespread poverty and disease, and environmental issues such as deforestation, illegal logging, and overfishing.
What is the legacy of French colonization in Cambodia?
The French legacy in Cambodia is complex. Initially welcomed for ending Cambodia’s domination by Siam (now Thailand) and Vietnam, the French introduced modern infrastructure, restoredAngkor Wat, and helped reconstruct the history of the Khmer empire. However, they also exploited Cambodia’s resources and limited its sovereignty in a typical colonial dynamic. Independence came in 1953 through KingSihanouk’s “Royal Crusade,” and the 1954Geneva Accords affirmed Cambodia’s self-determination.
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Cambodia,country in mainlandSoutheast Asia. Cambodia is largely a land of plains and great rivers and lies amid important overland and river trade routes linkingChina toIndia and Southeast Asia. The influences of many Asiancultures, alongside those ofFrance and theUnited States, can be seen in the capital,Phnom Penh, one of a handful of urban centers in the largely rural country.
For 2,000 years Cambodia’s civilization absorbed influences from India andChina and, in turn, transferred them to other Southeast Asian civilizations. From the Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms ofFunan and Chenla (1st–8th century) through the classical age of theAngkor period (9th–15th century), it held sway over territories that are now part ofThailand,Vietnam, andLaos. TheKhmer (Cambodian) empire reached its apex in the 12th century, a time marked by the construction of the massive temple complexes known asAngkor Wat and Bayon and the imperial capital of Angkor Thom. Following 400 years of decline, Cambodia became a French colony and during the 20th century experienced the turmoil of war, occupation by the Japanese, postwar independence, and political instability. Between 1975 and 1979 the country was devastated by the reign of theKhmer Rouge, a rural communist guerrilla movement. During the Khmer Rouge’s period of power, at least 1.5 million Cambodians were killed or died, a monumental tragedy from which the country still suffers.
- Head Of Government:
- Prime Minister: Hun Manet
- Capital:
- Phnom Penh
- Population:
- (2025 est.) 17,578,000
- Head Of State:
- King:Norodom Sihamoni
- Form Of Government:
- constitutional monarchy with two legislative houses (Senate [621]; National Assembly [125])
- Official Language:
- Khmer
- Official Religion:
- Buddhism
- Official Name:
- Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea (Kingdom of Cambodia)
- Total Area (Sq Km):
- 181,035
- Total Area (Sq Mi):
- 69,898
- Monetary Unit:
- riel (KHR)
- Population Rank:
- (2025) 71
- Population Projection 2030:
- 19,077,000
- Density: Persons Per Sq Mi:
- (2025) 251.5
- Density: Persons Per Sq Km:
- (2025) 97.1
- Urban-Rural Population:
- Urban: (2019) 39.4%
- Rural: (2019) 60.6%
- Life Expectancy At Birth:
- Male: (2019) 74.3 years
- Female: (2019) 76.8 years
- Literacy: Percentage Of Population Age 15 And Over Literate:
- Male: (2022) 88%
- Female: (2022) 80%
- Gni (U.S.$ ’000,000):
- (2023) 41,658
- Gni Per Capita (U.S.$):
- (2023) 2,390
- Includes 58 indirectly elected seats, 2 monarchy-appointed seats, and 2 seats appointed by the National Assembly.
Cambodia began the process of recovery under the Vietnam-backed regime of the People’s Republic of Kampuchea (1979–89), and in the 1990s it regained politicalautonomy, reestablished aconstitutional government, and subsequently instituted free elections. TheCambodian economy has steadily improved, and the country seems to be living by the words of the Cambodian proverb, “Fear not the future, weep not for the past.”
Land
Cambodia, about one-third the size of France and somewhat larger than theU.S. state of Missouri, is bordered to the west and northwest by Thailand, to the northeast by Laos, to the east and southeast by Vietnam, and to the southwest by theGulf of Thailand. The country’s maximum extent is about 280 miles (450 km) from north to south and 360 miles (580 km) from east to west.
Relief
Cambodia’s landscape ischaracterized by a low-lying centralalluvial plain that is surrounded by uplands and low mountains and includes theTonle Sap (Great Lake) and the upper reaches of theMekong River delta. Extending outward from this central region are transitional plains, thinly forested and rising to elevations of about 650 feet (200 meters) abovesea level. To the north the Cambodian plain abuts a sandstone escarpment, which forms a southward-facing cliff stretching more than 200 miles (320 km) from west to east and rising abruptly above the plain to heights of 600 to 1,800 feet (180 to 550 meters). This escarpment marks the southern limit of theDangrek (Khmer: Dângrêk) Mountains. Flowing south through the country’s eastern regions is the Mekong River. East of the Mekong the transitional plains gradually merge with the eastern highlands, a region of forested mountains and highplateaus that extend into Laos and Vietnam. In southwestern Cambodia two distinct upland blocks, theKrâvanh (Cardamom) Mountains and theDâmrei (Elephant) Mountains, form another highland region that covers much of the land area between the Tonle Sap and the Gulf of Thailand. In this remote and largely uninhabited area,Mount Aôral, Cambodia’s highest peak, rises to an elevation of 5,949 feet (1,813 meters). The southern coastal region adjoining the Gulf of Thailand is a narrow lowland strip, heavily wooded and sparsely populated, which is isolated from the central plain by the southwestern highlands.
Drainage
The two dominant hydrological features of Cambodia are theMekong River and theTonle Sap. Rising in thePlateau ofTibet and emptying into theSouth China Sea, the Mekong enters Cambodia from Laos at theKhone Falls and flows generally southward to the border with Vietnam, a distance within Cambodia of approximately 315 miles (510 km). The Mekong is connected to the Tonle Sap by the Sab River. During the rainy season (mid-May to early October), the Mekong’s enormous volume of water backs up into the Sab and flows up into the Tonle Sap 65 miles (105 km) to the northwest, expanding the lake’s surface area from a dry-season minimum of 1,200 square miles (3,100 square km) to a rainy-season maximum of more than 3,000 square miles (7,800 square km). As the water level of the Mekong falls during the dry season, the process is reversed: water drains from the Tonle Sap back down into the Mekong, switching the direction of its flow. As a result of this annual phenomenon, the Tonle Sap is one of the world’s richest sources of freshwater fish.
Soils
Most of Cambodia’s soils are sandy and poor in nutrients. The so-called red-soil areas in the eastern part of the country, however, are suitable for commercial crops such as rubber and cotton. The annual flooding of the Mekong during the rainy season deposits a rich alluvial sediment that accounts for the fertility of the central plain and provides natural irrigation forrice cultivation.
