salvation
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salvation, inreligion, the deliverance of humankind from such fundamentally negative or disabling conditions as suffering, evil, finitude, and death. In some religious beliefs it also entails the restoration or raising up of the natural world to a higher realm or state. The idea of salvation is a characteristic religious notion related to an issue of profound human concern.
Nature and significance
It could be argued reasonably that the primary purpose of all religions is to provide salvation for their adherents, and the existence of many different religions indicates that there is a great variety of opinion about whatconstitutes salvation and the means of achieving it. That the termsalvation can be meaningfully used in connection with so many religions, however, shows that it distinguishes a notion common to men and women of a wide range of cultural traditions.
The fundamental idea contained in the English wordsalvation, and the Latinsalvatio and Greeksōtēria from which it derives, is that of saving or delivering from some dire situation. The termsoteriology denotes beliefs and doctrines concerning salvation in any specific religion, as well as the study of the subject. The idea of saving or delivering from some dire situation logically implies that humankind, as a whole or in part, is in such a situation. Thispremise, in turn, involves a series of related assumptions abouthuman nature and destiny.
Objects and goals
Thecreation myths of many religions express the beliefs that have been held concerning the original state of humankind in thedivine ordering of the universe. Many of thesemythsenvisage a kind ofgolden age at the beginning of the world, when the first human beings lived, serene and happy, untouched by disease, aging, or death and in harmony with a divine Creator. Myths of this kind usually involve the shattering of the ideal state by some mischance, with wickedness, disease, and death entering into the world as the result. TheAdam and Evemyth is particularly notable for tracing the origin of death, the pain of childbirth, and the hard toil of agriculture to humanity’s disobedience of its maker. It expresses the belief thatsin is the cause ofevil in the world and implies that salvation must come through humanity’s repentance and God’s forgiveness and restoration.
Inancient Iran a differentcosmic situation was contemplated, one in which the world was seen as a battleground of two opposing forces: good and evil, light and darkness, life and death. In this cosmic struggle, humanity was inevitably involved, and the quality of human life was conditioned by this involvement.Zoroaster, the founder ofZoroastrianism, called upon human beings to align themselves with the good, personified in the godAhura Mazdā, because their ultimate salvation lay in thetriumph of the cosmic principle of good over evil, personified inAhriman. This salvation involved the restoration of all that had been corrupted or injured by Ahriman at the time of hisfinal defeat and destruction. Thus, the Zoroastrian concept of salvation was really a return to a golden age of theprimordial perfection of all things, including humans. Some ancientChristian theologians (e.g.,Origen) also conceived of a final “restoration” in which even devils, as well as humans, would be saved; this idea, called universalism, was condemned by the church asheresy.
In those religions that regard humans as essentially psychophysical organisms (e.g.,Judaism,Christianity, Zoroastrianism,Islam), salvation involves the restoration of both thebody andsoul. Such religions therefore teach doctrines of aresurrection of the dead body and its reunion with the soul, preparatory to ultimate salvation or damnation. In contrast, some religions have taught that the body is a corrupting substance in which the soul is imprisoned (e.g.,Orphism, an ancient Greek mystical movement;Hinduism; andManichaeism, an ancient dualistic religion of Iranian origin). In thisdualistic view of human nature, salvation has meant essentially the emancipation of the soul from its physical prison or tomb and its return to itsethereal home. Such religions generally explain the incarceration of the soul in the body in terms that imply theintrinsic evil of physicalmatter. Where such views of human nature were held, salvation therefore meant the eternal beatitude of the disembodied soul.
Christian soteriology contains a very complexeschatological (regarding a doctrine of last things) program, which includes the fate of both individual persons and the existing cosmic order. The return ofChrist will be heralded by the destruction ofheaven and earth and the resurrection of the dead. TheLast Judgment, which will then take place, will result in the eternal beatitude of the just, whose souls have been purified inpurgatory, and the everlasting damnation of the wicked. The saved, reconstituted by the reunion of soul and body, will forever enjoy the beatific vision; the damned, similarly reconstituted, will suffer forever inhell, together with theDevil and the fallen angels. Some schemes of eschatological imagery used by both Christians and Jews envisage the creation of a new heaven and earth, with a New Jerusalem at its centre.
Means
The hope of salvation has naturally involved ideas about how it might be achieved. These ideas have varied according to the form of salvationenvisaged, but the means employed can be divided into three significant categories: (1) the most primitive is based on belief in theefficacy ofritual magic; initiation ceremonies, such as those of the ancient mystery religions, afford notable examples; (2) salvation by self-effort, usually through the acquisition ofesoteric knowledge,asceticdiscipline, or heroic death, has been variously promised in certain religions, such as Orphism, Hinduism, and Islam; and (3) salvation by divine aid usually entails the concept of a divine saviour who achieves what humans cannot do for themselves, as in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam.