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WOLFRAM

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FullSimplify

FullSimplify[expr]

tries a wide range of transformations onexpr involving elementary and special functions and returns the simplest form it finds.

FullSimplify[expr,assum]

does simplification using assumptions.

Details and Options
Details and OptionsDetails and Options
Examples  
Basic Examples  
Scope  
Options  
Assumptions  
ComplexityFunction  
ExcludedForms  
TimeConstraint  
TransformationFunctions  
Trig  
Applications  
Properties & Relations  
Possible Issues  
Neat Examples  
See Also
Tech Notes
Related Guides
Related Links
History
Cite this Page

FullSimplify

FullSimplify[expr]

tries a wide range of transformations onexpr involving elementary and special functions and returns the simplest form it finds.

FullSimplify[expr,assum]

does simplification using assumptions.

Details and Options

  • FullSimplify will always yield at least as simple a form asSimplify, but may take substantially longer.
  • FullSimplify usesRootReduce on expressions that involveRoot objects.
  • FullSimplify does transformations on most kinds of special functions.
  • With assumptions of the formForAll[vars,axioms],FullSimplify can simplify expressions and equations involving symbolic functions.»
  • You can specify default assumptions forFullSimplify usingAssuming.
  • The following options can be given:
  • Assumptions$Assumptionsdefault assumptions to append toassum
    ComplexityFunctionAutomatichow to assess the complexity of each form generated
    ExcludedForms{}patterns specifying forms of subexpression that should not be touched
    TimeConstraintInfinityfor how many seconds to try doing any particular transformation
    TransformationFunctionsAutomaticfunctions to try in transforming the expression
    TrigTruewhether to do trigonometric as well as algebraic transformations
  • Assumptions can consist of equations, inequalities, domain specifications such asxIntegers, and logical combinations of these.
  • With the settingTimeConstraint->{tloc,ttot}, at mosttloc seconds are spent for any particular transformation, and at mostttot seconds are spent for all transformations before the best result is returned.
  • FullSimplify can be used with symbolic array expressions.

Examples

open allclose all

Basic Examples  (3)

Simplify an expression involving special functions:

Simplify using assumptions:

Prove a simple theorem from the assumption of associativity:

Scope  (9)

Simplify polynomials:

Simplify a hyperbolic expression to an exponential form:

Simplify an exponential expression to a trigonometric form:

Simplify an algebraic number:

Simplify transcendental numbers:

Simplify expressions involving special functions:

Simplify expressions using assumptions:

Prove theorems based on axiom systems:

Any expression can be used as a variable:

Variables not quantified in the axioms are treated as constants:

Prove existence of right inverses assuming left identity and left inverses exist:

Simplify symbolic arrays expressions:

Options  (6)

Assumptions  (1)

Assumptions can be given both as an argument and as an option value:

The default value of theAssumptions option is$Assumptions:

When assumptions are given as an argument,$Assumptions is used as well:

Specifying assumptions as an option value preventsFullSimplify from using$Assumptions:

ComplexityFunction  (1)

By default, this expression is not simplified:

This complexity function makesChebyshevT more expensive than other functions:

ExcludedForms  (1)

This gives a result in terms ofArg[x]:

This specifies thatLog[x] should not be transformed:

TimeConstraint  (1)

This takes a long time due to expansion of trigonometric functions:

The most timeconsuming transformation is not the one that does the simplification:

With transformations restricted to 100 ms, the simplification does not happen:

TransformationFunctions  (1)

By default,FullSimplify does not useReduce:

This makesFullSimplify useReduce with respect tox over the real domain:

Trig  (1)

By default,FullSimplify uses trigonometric identities:

WithTrig->False,FullSimplify does not use trigonometric identities:

Applications  (6)

Prove that a solution satisfies its equations:

Simplify expressions involvingMod:

Prove that an operationg with associativity, left neutral element, and left inverse defines a group:

Prove commutativity from Wolfram's minimal axiom for Boolean algebra:

Prove that a fixed-point combinator exists:

Prove a theorem about meet () and join ():

Properties & Relations  (7)

The output is generically equivalent to the input:

FullSimplify uses a wider range of transformations thanSimplify:

FullSimplify uses several expansion transformations, includingExpand:

TrigExpand:

PiecewiseExpand:

FunctionExpand:

LogicalExpand:

PowerExpand makes special assumptions on input and is not used byFullSimplify:

ComplexExpand assumes variables to be real and is also not used byFullSimplify:

FullSimplify uses several factoring transformations, includingFactor:

FactorSquareFree:

TrigFactor:

For algebraic numbers,RootReduce andToRadicals are used:

For rational functions,Together andApart are used:

Possible Issues  (3)

Some of the transformations used byFullSimplify are only generically correct:

Results of simplification of singular expressions are uncertain:

This result is caused by automatic evaluation:

Results of simplification may depend on the names of symbols:

Neat Examples  (1)

FullSimplify knows about Fermat's last theorem:

See Also

Simplify Factor Expand PowerExpand ComplexExpand TrigExpand Element FunctionExpand Assuming RootReduce TrigFactor TrigReduce FindEquationalProof ArraySimplify ArrayExpand

Tech Notes

Related Guides

Related Links

History

Introduced in 1996(3.0) |Updated in 1999(4.0)2000(4.1)2002(4.2)2003(5.0)2007(6.0)2014(10.0)2025(14.2)

Wolfram Research (1996), FullSimplify, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/FullSimplify.html (updated 2025).

Text

Wolfram Research (1996), FullSimplify, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/FullSimplify.html (updated 2025).

CMS

Wolfram Language. 1996. "FullSimplify." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. Last Modified 2025. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/FullSimplify.html.

APA

Wolfram Language. (1996). FullSimplify. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/FullSimplify.html

BibTeX

@misc{reference.wolfram_2025_fullsimplify, author="Wolfram Research", title="{FullSimplify}", year="2025", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/FullSimplify.html}", note=[Accessed: 29-November-2025]}

BibLaTeX

@online{reference.wolfram_2025_fullsimplify, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={FullSimplify}, year={2025}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/FullSimplify.html}, note=[Accessed: 29-November-2025]}

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