FullSimplify[expr]
tries a wide range of transformations onexpr involving elementary and special functions and returns the simplest form it finds.
FullSimplify[expr,assum]
does simplification using assumptions.


FullSimplify

FullSimplify[expr]
tries a wide range of transformations onexpr involving elementary and special functions and returns the simplest form it finds.
FullSimplify[expr,assum]
does simplification using assumptions.
Details and Options

- FullSimplify will always yield at least as simple a form asSimplify, but may take substantially longer.
- FullSimplify usesRootReduce on expressions that involveRoot objects.
- FullSimplify does transformations on most kinds of special functions.
- With assumptions of the formForAll[vars,axioms],FullSimplify can simplify expressions and equations involving symbolic functions.»
- You can specify default assumptions forFullSimplify usingAssuming.
- The following options can be given:
Assumptions $Assumptions default assumptions to append toassum ComplexityFunction Automatic how to assess the complexity of each form generated ExcludedForms {} patterns specifying forms of subexpression that should not be touched TimeConstraint Infinity for how many seconds to try doing any particular transformation TransformationFunctions Automatic functions to try in transforming the expression Trig True whether to do trigonometric as well as algebraic transformations - Assumptions can consist of equations, inequalities, domain specifications such asx∈Integers, and logical combinations of these.
- With the settingTimeConstraint->{tloc,ttot}, at mosttloc seconds are spent for any particular transformation, and at mostttot seconds are spent for all transformations before the best result is returned.
- FullSimplify can be used with symbolic array expressions.
Examples
open allclose allBasic Examples (3)
Scope (9)
Simplify a hyperbolic expression to an exponential form:
Simplify an exponential expression to a trigonometric form:
Simplify transcendental numbers:
Simplify expressions involving special functions:
Simplify expressions using assumptions:
Prove theorems based on axiom systems:
Any expression can be used as a variable:
Variables not quantified in the axioms are treated as constants:
Prove existence of right inverses assuming left identity and left inverses exist:
Options (6)
Assumptions (1)
Assumptions can be given both as an argument and as an option value:
The default value of theAssumptions option is$Assumptions:
When assumptions are given as an argument,$Assumptions is used as well:
Specifying assumptions as an option value preventsFullSimplify from using$Assumptions:
ComplexityFunction (1)
By default, this expression is not simplified:
This complexity function makesChebyshevT more expensive than other functions:
ExcludedForms (1)
TimeConstraint (1)
TransformationFunctions (1)
By default,FullSimplify does not useReduce:
This makesFullSimplify useReduce with respect tox over the real domain:
Trig (1)
By default,FullSimplify uses trigonometric identities:
WithTrig->False,FullSimplify does not use trigonometric identities:
Applications (6)
Prove that a solution satisfies its equations:
Simplify expressions involvingMod:
Prove that an operationg with associativity, left neutral element, and left inverse defines a group:
Prove commutativity from Wolfram's minimal axiom for Boolean algebra:
Properties & Relations (7)
The output is generically equivalent to the input:
FullSimplify uses a wider range of transformations thanSimplify:
FullSimplify uses several expansion transformations, includingExpand:
PowerExpand makes special assumptions on input and is not used byFullSimplify:
ComplexExpand assumes variables to be real and is also not used byFullSimplify:
FullSimplify uses several factoring transformations, includingFactor:
For algebraic numbers,RootReduce andToRadicals are used:
Possible Issues (3)
Some of the transformations used byFullSimplify are only generically correct:




Results of simplification of singular expressions are uncertain:
This result is caused by automatic evaluation:
Results of simplification may depend on the names of symbols:
Neat Examples (1)
FullSimplify knows about Fermat's last theorem:
Related Links
History
Introduced in 1996(3.0) |Updated in 1999(4.0)▪2000(4.1)▪2002(4.2)▪2003(5.0)▪2007(6.0)▪2014(10.0)▪2025(14.2)
Text
Wolfram Research (1996), FullSimplify, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/FullSimplify.html (updated 2025).
CMS
Wolfram Language. 1996. "FullSimplify." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. Last Modified 2025. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/FullSimplify.html.
APA
Wolfram Language. (1996). FullSimplify. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/FullSimplify.html
BibTeX
@misc{reference.wolfram_2025_fullsimplify, author="Wolfram Research", title="{FullSimplify}", year="2025", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/FullSimplify.html}", note=[Accessed: 29-November-2025]}
BibLaTeX
@online{reference.wolfram_2025_fullsimplify, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={FullSimplify}, year={2025}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/FullSimplify.html}, note=[Accessed: 29-November-2025]}
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