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• Ifos.width()>1, thenos.width()-1 copies ofos.fill() are added to the output character to form the output character sequence.
• If(out.flags()&std::ios_base::adjustfield)==std::ios_base::left, the fill characters are placed after the output character, otherwise before.

• For the first and third overloads (whereCharT matches the type ofch), exactlytraits::length(s) characters are inserted.
• For the second overload, exactlystd::char_traits<char>::length(s) characters are inserted.
• For the last two overloads, exactlytraits::length(reinterpret_cast<constchar*>(s)) are inserted.

• If the number of characters to insert is less thanos.width(), then enough copies ofos.fill() are added to the character sequence to make its length equalos.width().
• If(out.flags()&std::ios_base::adjustfield)==std::ios_base::left, the fill characters are added at the end of the output sequence, otherwise they are added before the output sequence.

#include <fstream>#include <iostream> void foo(){// error: operator<< (basic_ostream<char, _Traits>&, char8_t) is deleted//  std::cout << u8'z' << '\n';} std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, char8_tconst& ch){return os<<static_cast<char>(ch);} int main(){std::cout<<"Hello, world"// uses `const char*` overload<<'\n';// uses `char` overloadstd::ofstream{"test.txt"}<<1.2;// uses rvalue overload std::cout<< u8'!'<<'\n';// uses program-defined operator<<(os, char8_t const&)}

Output:

Hello, world!