The Hidden or Implied Meaning of Chinese Charm Symbols
Differences between Chinese Coins and Chinese Charms
Most Chinese charms also have four (or more) Chinese character inscriptions but the inscription is not meant to identify when the charm was made or its monetary value (which is none). Instead, the inscription is either an auspicious desire, such as for good luck, good fortune, good health, success in the imperial examinations or business, etc., or a wish to avert misfortune from evil ghosts and spirits.
(For additional information on Chinese charm inscriptions, please seeGuide to Reading Chinese Characters (Symbols) on Charms andEnglish Translation of Chinese Charm Inscriptions.)
More importantly, and unlike Chinese coins, most Chinese charms also depict a variety of objects meant to enhance the inscriptions with rich symbolic meanings.
One of the peculiarities of the Chinese language is that it has a very large number of written characters but a much smaller number of spoken sounds. As a result, many Chinese characters share the same pronunciation, i.e. are homonyms.
The charms of the Ming (1368 - 1644 AD) and Qing (Ch'ing) (1644 - 1911 AD) dynasties, in particular, frequently took advantage of this characteristic. The charms may use depictions of animals, plants and other objects to substitute for other words because of their similarity in pronunciation, even though they may not have any other relationship to what is being expressed. This iswhat I mean by a hidden or implied meaning or visual pun, and what the Chinese refer to as auspicious or lucky pictures (jixiangtuan 吉祥图 案). A more technical term would be a rebus.
Chinese Symbols and Their Meanings
Since a fundamental difference between old Chinese coins and charms has to do with the use of symbols, a basic understanding of the language of the symbols is needed to fully appreciate Chinese charms. Listed below, in alphabetical order, is a comprehensive list of objects that include those which have become symbols because of their similar pronunciation to auspicious Chinese words. Also included are other objects frequently seen on charms which have become symbols due to mythology, history or cultural associations.
| Apple | An apple can be a visual pun for peace because the Chinese word for apple (pingguo 苹果) and the word for peace (pingan平安) are both pronouncedping. Apersimmon (shi柿) paired with an apple (pingguo 苹果) forms the rebus "may your matters(shi 事)be safe(pingan平安)". |
| Apricot | An apricot grove, orfield of apricots, is a symbol for success in theimperial examination system because the very first celebration honoring successful candidates allegedly took place in an apricot grove. |
| Axe (axe head) | The axe (fu 斧) has the same pronunciation as "happiness" (fu 福) and as a weapon symbolizes power and the ability to punish. The axe head is also one of theTwelve Imperial Symbols. The axe is also the symbol of Lu Ban (鲁班) who is known as the God of Carpenters. InBuddhism, the axe symbolizes the destruction of evil. The axe can also refer to a marriage matchmaker. |
| Bamboo | Bamboo symbolizes the ideals of aConfucian scholar because both are perceived as upright, strong and resilient while still being gentle, graceful and refined. Bamboo also represents the ideals of the Taoists (Daoists) because it can bend during the worst weather but not break. The bamboo is a member of theThree Friends in Winter. Bamboo depicted on a charm is also a pun because the Chinese word for bamboo (zhu 竹) and the Chinese word for "to wish" or "to congratulate" (zhu 祝) are pronounced the same. Because it has a "hollow center" (kongxu 空虚), bamboo also symbolizes "modesty" (qianxu 谦虚) because the second character for both has the same pronunciation (xu). Bamboo was traditionally used to frighten away evil spirits, such as the mythical beastNian (年), because when placed in a fire it would create a loud crackling sound similar to firecrackers. A charm with the bamboo symbol may be seen atLiu Hai and the Three-Legged Toad. Bamboo tallies, a type of token currency that circulated in parts of eastern China during the late Qing Dynasty and early Republican period, are discussed in detail atBamboo Tallies. |
| Bat | Apicture of a bat (fu 蝠)canbe a visual pun for "good fortune" or happiness (fu 福) because both characters are pronouncedfu. Often the bat is shown flying upside down because the character (dao 倒) for "upside-down" and the character (dao 到) meaning "to have arrived" are both pronounceddao. Therefore, if a person were to say "the bat is flying upside down" a listener could just as easily hear this as "happiness has arrived" which, of course, has a very auspicious connotation. (View charms with"upside down" bat andeight treasures,Zhong Kui,Zhong Kui, Liu Hai, anddeer.) Additionally, "a bat descending from the sky"(fuzi tianlai 蝠子天来) sounds exactly like "happiness descends from heaven" (fuzi tianlai 福子天来). Two bats facing each other mean double good fortune or happiness. Some charms display five bats which stand for the "Five Blessings", namely longevity, wealth, health and composure, virtue, and the desire to die a natural death in old age. (Viewfive bat charm.) A very popular design found in many traditional Chinese houses consists of five bats surrounding the Chinese character for "longevity" (shou壽) which represents the expressionwu fu peng shou(五 福捧寿) or "five fortunes surround longevity". (SeeChinese House andOpen Work Charms) A Chinese charm or coin with a square central hole is sometimes referred to as an "eye coin" (yanqian 眼钱). The Chinese word for coin or money (qian 钱) is pronounced the same as the word for "before" (qian 前). Therefore, a picture of abat (fu蝠)on (zai 在) an"eye coin"(yanqian 眼钱) creates a visual pun since saying there is a "bat on the coin" (fu zai yan qian) sounds exactly like saying "happiness is before your eyes" (fu zai yan qian福在眼前). Bats live in caves which represent portals to the beyond. |
| Bear | The bear (xiong 熊) is not often depicted on Chinese charms and amulets but it is a powerful animal that the Chinese believe can invoke fear in evil spirits just as well as humans. However, the bear is sometimes shown with aneagle because eagle or hawk (ying鹰) and bear (xiong 熊) together sound just like the word "hero" (yingxiong 英雄). |
| Boar | See entry forpig below. |
| Bran | Bran (wheat bran) is an auspiciousfertility symbol at marriages because its pronunciation (fu zi 麸子) sounds the same as "rich son" (fu zi 富子) thus representing the wish that the couple will produce children who will become wealthy. |
| Buddha's Hand | See entry forcitron below. |
| Butterfly | The butterfly is a symbol of long life because the second character in butterfly (hudie 蝴蝶) has exactly the same pronounciation as the character 耋 (die) which means "70 or 80 years of age". The butterfly also signifies joy and warmth. |
| Cabbage | The cabbage (baicai 白菜 orqingcai 清菜) is a symbol for wealth because it has the same pronunciation as the word "money" or "wealth" (cai 财). |
| Calamus (Sweet Flag) | Calamus (chang pu 菖蒲), also known as "sweet flag", is a plant with long and stiff leaves which resemble swords. Sinceswords provide protection,hanging calamus above gates and doors is believed to help protect from evil spirits, disease and misfortune. |
| Carp | The carp fish is a commonly seen visual pun because the Chinese character for carp (li 鲤) is pronounced the same as both the character (li 利) for "profit" and the character (li 力) for "strength" or "power". The carp is also a symbol for an abundance of children because it produces many eggs. A pair of carp symbolizes a harmonious marriage. A frequently seen image is of a carp swimming and leaping against the current of a river to reach the spawning grounds. This refers to the legend (liyutiaolongmen 鲤鱼跳龙门) that a carp which is able to leap over the mythical "Dragon Gate" will become adragon. This is an allegory for the persistent effort needed to overcome obstacles. See a carp fish charm atFish Charms. The carp used for medicine was the quest in a famous story ofWang Xiang and filial piety. See a reference to the carp/dragon allegory and the horns ofKuixing (God of Examinations) atAuspicious Inscriptions. Additional information can be found at the entry forfish below. |
| Cassia (Cinnamon) | The cassia is an evergreen plant with bright yellow flowers that is sometimes incorrectly referred to as Chinese cinnamon. The cassia is closely associated with the myth ofChang'e ("Moon Goddess") and the "Moon Hare" ("Jade Rabbit"). In Chinese, cassia (gui桂) has the same pronunciation as the word for "high rank" (gui贵). Cassia andpeaches together represent "high rank" and "longevity". Cassia and seeds (lotus,pomegranate,gourd) together expresses the desire for many sons who will achieve high office. The cassia represents success in the imperial examination system which is explained in detail atAuspicious Inscriptions. See also"Cassia and Orchid" Charm. |
| Castanets | A symbol that resembles an "X" is sometimes found on Chinese charms. This is actually a pair of wooden clappers or castanets crossed one over the other. The Chinese call these castanets or clappersyin yang ban (阴阳板). It is believed that castanets were originally derived from the narrow tablet (hu 笏) that an official would carry authorizing his access to the imperial palace. Depending upon rank, these tablets were made of jade, ivory, bamboo and shark's skin, or bamboo and jade. The castanets are also the symbol associated with Cao Guojiu (曹 国舅), one of theEight Immortals. A charm displaying a pair of castanets oryin yang ban may be seen atAuspicious Inscriptions. |
| Cat | The cat (mao 猫) symbolizes wishes for a long life because it has the same pronunciation as the word for an 80 year old or "octogenarian" (mao 耄). The cat is also the protector ofsilkworms because it can ward off and kill mice and rats which attack these producers of silk thread. See the cat atThe Five Poisons. |
| Chestnut | The Chinese word for chestnut (lizi 栗子) sounds exactly like saying "establishing" (li 立) "sons" or "children" (zi 子) and therefore is a good luck symbol for creating a family. The Chinese refer to the eight-sided holes found on many Tang and Song Dynasty coins as flower orchestnut holes. The first character in chestnut (li栗) sounds the same as "etiquette" or "manners" (li 礼) and symbolizes those qualities in women. |
| Chopsticks | Chopsticks (kuaizi 筷子) symbolize the hope for newlyweds to have children quickly because the pronunciation is the same as "fast" (kuai 快) "sons" (zi子). (SeeChinese Marriage.) |
| Chime Stone | The chime stone (qing 磬) was a percussion musical instrument in ancient China. Each chime stone was flat and shaped similar to a chevron. A small hole at the top center allowed the stone to be hung from a frame. The musical instrument consisted of a set of 8 to 24 of these chime stones with each tuned to a different pitch. When struck with a mallet the chime stone produced a musical sound. Since many chime stones were made of jade, the chime stone also symbolizes wealth and riches. The stone chime(qing 磬) has the same pronunciation, and thus the hidden meaning, of to "congratulate"(qing 庆). The chime stone is also considered one of theEight Treasures. See a charm displaying a chime stone atAuspicious Inscriptions. |
| Chrysanthemum | The chrysanthemum signifies the tenth month of the lunar calendar. The chrysanthemum, one of theFour Gentlemen, blooms late and in facing the winter symbolizes people who maintain their virtue despite adversity and temptation. Chrysanthemum (ju 菊) sometimes is a symbol for "forever" (yongjiu 永久), and thus meaning "longevity", because of the similarity in pronunciation. For the same reason, the chrysanthemum can also stand for the number "nine" (jiu 九). See the chrysanthemum symbol on an unusual charm atChinese Boy Charms. |
| Cicada | The cicada is a symbol of rebirth and immortality because after surviving underground for a long period of time it emerges and flies into the sky. |
| Citron or Buddha's Hand | The citron is a bright yellow lemon-like fruit with a thick rind and long finger-like tendrils. Because it resembles the familiar hand position of the Buddha, the citron has the auspicious Chinese name offoshou (佛手) which literally means "Buddha's Hand". The namefoshou sounds very similar to the wordsfu (福 happiness) andshou (寿 longevity) and therefore the citron is a symbol for "happiness and longevity". The citron is one of the "Three Abundances" (Three Plenties). |
| Clouds | Clouds, sometimes referred to as "auspicious clouds" (xiangyun 祥云), represent the heavens and also "good luck" because the Chinese word for cloud (yun 云) is pronounced the same asyun(运) meaning "luck" or "fortune". Its form often resembles the auspicious shape of thelingzhi "fungus of immortality". The cloud is a commonly seen design and when repeated in a pattern symbolizes never-ending fortune. For a comprehensive discussion of the relationship of the cloud, dragon, star, and moon symbols please visitCharm Symbols: Star, Moon, Cloud and Dragon. Auspicious clouds may be seen on coins and charms at the following:Auspicious Inscriptions,Chinese Coins with Charm Features,Buddhist Charms,Daoist Charms. |
| Coin | Chinese coins are a potent symbol of wealth and prosperity. The coin is one of the "Eight Treasures". Ancient Chinese coins are round with a square hole in the middle which reflects the Chinese view ofthe earth as square and the heavens as a circle ("Circle and Square"). A coin (qian 钱) can be a visual pun for "before your eyes" because the hole in the center is called an "eye" and the coin (qian) has the same pronunciation as the word "before" (qian 前). An old word for coin isquan (泉). A pair of coins isshuang quan (双泉) which has the same pronunciation as "both complete" (shuang quan双 全). See a charm incorporating a "pair of coins" as a visual pun or rebus atBagua Charms. For a history, including images, of ancient Chinese coins and other forms of money please visitChinese Coins. |
| Coral | Coral(shanhu 珊瑚)is included as one of theEight Treasures and symbolizes longevity and official promotion. As a symbol of longevity, the Chinese have traditionally believed that coral represents an "iron tree" (tieshu 铁树) that grew under the sea and blossomed only once every hundred years. Red coral is considered particularly auspicious because the Chinese believe the color red signifies good luck, good fortune, and happiness. (Seeribbons and fillets for more about the color red.) Coral resembles deer antlers anddeer are symbols of longevity. Coral is also a symbol of official promotion because a coral button on the hat identified one of the nine grades of government officials. |
| Crab | The Chinese word for crab (蟹) and the Chinese word for harmony (协)are both pronouncedxie. The crab symbol is sometimes used on charms which express a desire for peace such as the largetian xia tai ping<(天 下太平)charm shown atPeace Coins and Charms. The crab is also used to symbolize success in theimperial examination system. This is because the Chinese word for the crab's shell (jia 甲) has the additional meaning of "first" as in achieving the highest score in the examination to become a government official. An example of a charm depicting a crab with this hidden meaning can be seen atEight Treasures. |
| Crane | The crane (he 鹤) is believed by the Chinese to live to a very old age and therefore is a symbol of longevity. The crane's white feathers also represent old age. A crane standing alone can represent success in becoming a high government official as seen on a charm atPendant Charms. To see a crane on other old charms please visitDaoist (Taoist) Charms andAuspicious Inscriptions. Myths describe spirits and immortals as riding on cranes. The souls of the dead are said to be carried to the heavens by cranes. The image of the crane was embroidered on the robes of high government officials. Because the pronunciation (he) is the same as that for the word "harmony" (he 合), the crane is sometimes shown on charms to imply a good and harmonious marriage. (Nowadays, the "crane" is humorously referred to as the "national bird of China". In this case, however, the "crane" refers to the large machines used to lift heavy objects to the top of buildings as part of China's major construction boom!) |
| Cypress | Because the Chinese word for cypress (bai 柏) is pronounced the same as the word for "one hundred" (bai 百), the cypress is frequently paired with other symbols to express "many" or "everything". Cypress leaves were used intraditional Chinese weddings. |
| Date | The date fruit or Chinese jujube (zao 枣) conveys the meaning that something is going to happen soon because it has the same pronunciation as the word for "early" or "soon" (zao 早). For this reason, dates were placed onbridal beds and the wood of the date tree was used to constructbeds for children. |
| Deer | Deer are among the most frequently seen animals on charms. The Chinese character for deer is 鹿 which is pronouncedlu. The Chinese character 禄, which refers to the salary a government official receives, is also pronouncedlu. A picture of a deer is therefore expressing a wish for a top government office with a high salary. The Chinese believe the deer lives to a very great age and, as a result, has become a symbol for long life. The deer is traditionally believed to be the only animal able to find the magicallingzhi fungus of immortality. The deer is often seen by the side ofShou, the God of Longevity. The deer often is used as a verbal pun to refer to theGod of Prosperity which has the same pronunciation (lu). The deer as a symbol used on charms may be seen at the following: Men Plow, Women Weave,Eight Treasures, and Auspicious Inscriptions. |
| Dog | The dog (gou 狗) is one of the twelve animals of theChinese zodiac. |
| Door Gods | The Door Gods are images of two warriors, Shen Tu and Yu Lei, which are hung on gates or doors to protect against evil spirits and misfortune. SeePeach Charms for more information on the Door Gods. Images of the Door Gods on the gate of a traditional Chinese house may be seen atThe Chinese House, Good Fortune and Harmony with Nature. |
| Dragon | The dragon (long 龙) is one of the twelve animals of theChinese zodiac. The dragon is believed to live in the mountains or in the seas and can fly into the heavens. Unlike the dragons of Europe, the Chinese dragon symbolizes benevolence, prosperity, longevity and the renewal of life. Ancient Chinese believed the dragon brought rain, good harvests and fertility. The dragon is thesymbol of the emperor when it has five claws. The dragon isyang and associated with the east and spring. Conjoined dragon and phoenix represent the union of a man and a woman. For a more detailed discussion of the dragon symbol please seeyinyang and the five elements as the basis for star, moon, cloud and dragon symbols. Dragon charms with two dragons may be seen at:Open Work Charms andAuspicious Inscriptions. Charms with a dragon and phoenix may be seen at:Marriage Charms andAuspicious Inscriptions. A very interesting dragon made of old Chinese coins in the Forbidden City may be seen at: Coin Dragon |
| Dragonfly | The dragonfly (qingting 蜻蜓) represents theConfucian ideal of pureness of character because its pronunciation is similar to the word for "pure" or "clear" (qing 清). The dragonfly also symbolizes the season of summer. |
| Ducks (Mandarin Ducks) | Mandarin ducks (yuanyang 鸳鸯 orxi鸂) are believed to mate for life and, therefore, a pair of mandarin ducks symbolize fidelity, conjugal affection, peace and prosperity. |
| Dumplings (jiaozi) | Chinese dumplings (with meat or vegetable stuffing) symbolize wealth or riches because they are boat-shaped and thus resemble thesilver ingots orsycee used in ancient China as money. The word dumpling (jiaozi 饺子) has the same pronunciation as thefirst paper money (jiaozi 交子) used in China which was during the early Song Dynasty. Ancient Chinese placed actualcoins in dumplings with the wish that whoever found the coins would enjoy prosperity and good luck. Jiaozihas the hidden meaning of wishing for a large family becausejiao (交) means "to have sexual intercourse" andzi (子) means "son" or "child". Dumplings stuffed withdates express a hope for the "early" birth of sons. Dumplings resemble the crescentmoon and a wish for a year of abundance. |
| Eagle (Hawk) | The eagle or hawk (ying 鹰) symbolizes a "hero" (yingxiong 英雄) because the pronunciation is the same. See also entry forbear above. |
| Egret | See entry forheron below. |
| Eight (8) | The number eight (ba 八) is the most auspicious number because its pronunciation, particularly in southern dialects, is very similar to "prosper" or "wealth" (fa cai 发财). |
| Eight Immortals | The Eight Immortals (八仙) are eight daoists who have attained immortality and include: 1)Han Zhongli (汉钟离),also known as Zhongli Quan (锺离权),was a Han Dynasty general and is usually shown carrying a feather fan which he uses to revive the dead. 2)Lu Dongbin (吕 洞宾), known for his drinking and fighting abilities, carries a demon-slayingsword. He also carries afly whisk which he uses to walk on clouds, fly to heaven, and sweep away ignorance. (SeeLu Dongbin Charm.) 3)Zhang Guolao (张果老) rides a donkey, sometimes seated backwards, and carries a tube-shaped bamboo musical instrument called ayugu (鱼鼓). 4)Li Tieguai (李 铁拐), known as "Li with the iron crutch", is a crippled beggar who carries agourd filled with a magic elixir. 5) He Xiangu (何仙姑) is the only female in the group and usually carries a kitchen ladle,lotus,peach orfly whisk. She is known for her filial devotion, ability to resolve domestic disputes and is seen as the patron of household management. 6) Han Xiangzi (韩湘子) carries a flute and can predict the future and make fruits and flowers grow out of season. He represents youth and is seen as the patron of fortune-tellers. 7) Cao Guojiu (曹国舅) carries aruyi sceptre orcastanets which are two long "clappers" thought to symbolize the ceremonial tables required for admission to the imperial court. How he became an immortal is described in the Ming Dynasty novel "Journey to the West". 8) Lan Caihe (蓝采和), depicted as a male or female or hermaphrodite, usually holds a fruit/flower basket, a bowl or a flute and whose story is also told in "Journey to the West". |
| Eight Treasures | The "Eight Treasures" (babao 八宝), also known as the "Eight Precious Things" and the "Eight Auspicious Treasures", may consist of eight ordinary symbols, the eight precious organs of the Buddha's body, the eight auspicious signs, or the various emblems of theeight Taoist Immortals. The most commonly seen members of the Eight Treasures include thecoin,ruyi sceptre,coral,chime stone,lozenge,rhinoceros horn,silver ingot and theflaming pearl. InBuddhism, the Eight Treasures (Eight Auspicious Symbols) include thelotus (purity/enlightenment),Wheel of the Dharma (knowledge), treasure vase (wealth), conch shell (Buddha's thoughts),victory banner (Buddha's teachings conquer all), endless knot (harmony), parasol (protection) and fish pair (happiness inmarriage). |
| Elephant | The elephant is considered an auspicious animal because the Chinese character for "elephant" (xiang 象) has the same pronunciation as the Chinese word for "auspicious" or "lucky" (xiang 祥). The elephant is sometimes shown carrying a "treasure"vase (baoping 宝瓶) on its back. Since the word "vase" (ping瓶) has the same pronunciation as the word for "peace" (pingan平 安), the implied meaning is "may you have 'good luck' (elephant) and 'peace' (vase)". "Elephant Chess"(xiangqi 象棋), also known as "Chinese Chess", is an ancient and popular board game. (Ancient "elephant chess" pieces may be seen at "Old Chinese Chess Pieces".) |
| Fish | The Chinese character for fish (yu 鱼) is pronounced the same as the Chinese character for "abundance" or "surplus" (yu 余). The fish symbol is, therefore, frequently associated with other symbols and Chinese characters to symbolize the wish for "more" in the sense of "more" good luck, good fortune, long life and children. (Please see images atAncient Chinese Fish Charms andChinese Open Work Charms.) As an example, to express the wish for "having more happiness year after year" a charm may use the Chinese character 年 (nian) for year, and also include a picture of a fish, alotus and amagpie. The fish(yu 鱼) represents "more" (yu 余). The character莲 for lotus and the character 连 meaning "in succession or one after another", as in expressing year after year, are both pronouncedlian. The magpie (xi que 喜鹊) is pronounced the same as happiness . So the fish, lotus, magpie and the Chinese character 年 (year) together would have the implied meaning of "more" "happiness" "year after year". Because of its reproductive abilities, the fish also represents fertility inmarriage. Two fish, or a pair of fish(shuang yu 双鱼), represent happiness in marriage. While fish charms are fairly common, it is rare to find a fish symbol on a real Chinese coin although one can be seen atAncient Chinese Coins with Charm Features. Seecarp for additional information on the fish symbol. |
| Five Blessings (Happinesses, Good Fortunes) | According to the ancient Chinese classic the "Book of History" (shujing 书经 orshangshu 尚书), also known as the "Classic of History", there are "Five Blessings"(wufu 五福), also known as the "Five Happinesses" or "Five Good Fortunes", which refer to longevity (shou 寿), wealth (fu 富),health and composure (kangning 康宁), virtue (xiu hao de 修好德), and the desire to die a natural death in old age (lao zhong ming 考 终命). Popular among the Chinese people is another set of "five blessings" which consists of good fortune (fu 福), government official salary (lu 禄), longevity (shou寿), joy (xi 喜) and valuables or property (cai 财). The "Five Blessings" can be represented by five bats as seen atGourd Charms,Open Work Charms andChinese House. A charm with an inscription referring to the "Five Blessings" may be seen atAuspicious Inscriptions. |
| Five Poisons | Thefive poisons (五毒), also known as the "Five Poisonous Creatures", refer to five poisonous animals which usually includethesnake, scorpion, centipede,toad andspider. Sometimes, the lizard replaces the spider. The"three-legged toad" is frequently included as one of the five. The Chinese believe the five poisons counteract pernicious influences by combating poison with poison. |
| Fly Whisk | The fly whisk is a simple tool used to swat or sweep away flies. The "fly whisk" became a symbol associated with certain Daoist (Taoist) immortals and Buddhist deities which was used to "sweep away" ignorance. Lu Dongbin and He Xianghu, both members of theEight Immortals, are frequently depicted as carrying a fly whisk. |
| Four Blessings | The "four blessings" (si fu 四福) are happiness (xi 喜), salary of a high official (lu 禄), longevity (shou 寿), and good luck (good fortune) (fu 福). |
| Four Divine Creatures | The Four Divine Creatures, also known as the Four Heraldic Animals, Four Directional Animals, and Four Symbols (si xiang 四象), symbolize the four directions and an associated season as follows: Vermillion (Red) Bird (zhuque 朱雀) south and summer; White Tiger (baihu 白虎) west and autumn; Azure Dragon (qinglong 青龙) east and spring; blacktortoise coiled around by a snake known as the Black Tortoise (Black Warrior) (xuanwu 玄武) north and winter. (See also entries for "Tortoise" and "Snake" below) A coin displaying the four directions and the 28 mansions associated with the Four Divine Creatures may be seen atChinese Astronomy Coins. |
| Four Gentlemen or Four Plants of Virtue | The Four Gentlemen (sijunzi 四君子), also known as the Four Plants of Virtue, include theplum,orchid,bamboo andchrysanthemum. Each of these plants represents one of the seasons. The orchid represents spring. The bamboo represents summer. The chrysanthemum represents autumn and the plum represents winter. The four plants together represent a year. The plum and bamboo together signify friendship. |
| Four Happiness Boys | A picture of two boys joined in a clever way to give the illusion that there are four boys. This "good luck" picture is frequently given to newlyweds with the wish that they will have many children. The story and history is explained at "Four Happiness Boys". |
| Four Happinesses | The "Four Happinesses" (si fu四蝠) comes from a poem by Hong Mai (洪迈 1123-1202) of the Song Dynasty: 1) "Sweet rain after a long drought" (jiu han feng gan yu 久旱逢甘雨) 2) "Meeting an old friend in a faraway place" (ta xiang yu gu zhi 他乡遇故知) 3) "The wedding night" (literally: "the night of lighting a candle in the bridal chamber" (dong fang hua zhu ye 洞房花烛夜) 4) "Having one's name on the list of successful candidates of the imperial examination" (jin bang ti ming shi 金榜题名时) The "Four Happinesses" is the theme of thisold Chinese carved wooden window. |
| Frog | The frog (wa 蛙) is a symbol of fertility because it has the same pronunciation as the word for baby (wa 娃). See also entry fortoad. |
| Fu Lu Shou | Fu Lu Shou refers to the three Chinese deities of theGod of Happiness (Fu), theGod of Prosperity (Lu), and theGod of Longevity (Shou). A "Fu Lu Shou" charm may be seen atLock Charms. |
| Fungus (Lingzhi) (Fungus of Immortality) | Lingzhi (灵芝), also known as the glossy ganoderma, is the sacred fungus of immortality that grows on the trunks or roots of trees including the pine. Thelingzhi does not decay like other fungus but instead becomes woody and thus can survive for a long time. For this reason, it has become associated with longevity. It was also believed to grow on the "Three Islands of the Immortals" where immortals lived. Deer are reputed to be the only animals able to findlingzhi. Deer andcrane are sometimes shown holding thelingzhi in their mouth. To see a charm depicting thelingzhi, deer and pine, please visitPendant Charms. |
| Goat | The goat is a reference to an ancient myth, discussed atFive Goat Coin, concerning a great famine in Guangzhou (Canton), Guangdong Province. Please also see entry forsheep below. |
| God of Examinations (Star of Literature) | Kuixing (魁星) is known as the God of Examinations or the Star of Literature. He was considered to have been influential in helping candidates pass the imperial civil service examinations. He is depicted as an ugly man (sometimes as a dwarf) with short horns, and holding awriting brush in his right hand and a scholar's hat (or peck measure) in his left. He is usually standing on the head of a large fish or a mythical turtle known asao (鳌). The horns on his head represent success by alluding to the analogy of thecarp fish jumping over the mythical Dragon Gate and turning into a dragon. |
| God of Happiness (Fu), God of Luck, God of Good Fortune and Blessings | Fu(福), which means good luck, fortune, blessings and happiness, refers to the "God of Happiness" who was originally a heavenly star known as the "Lucky Star"(fuxing福星). He is also known as the "God of Good Fortune and Blessings" and as the "God of Luck". EarlyTaoism (Daoism) had three gods known as the "Three Officials" (sanguan 三官) or "Three Immortals". One was named the"Heavenly Official who grants fortune"tianguancifu (天官赐福) and it was he who later became better known as the "God of Happiness". A "Fu Lu Shou" and "Three Immortals" charm is atAncient Chinese Lock Charms. |
| God of Longevity (Shou) | Shou (寿), also referred to asShou Lao (寿老), the "Old Immortal of the South Pole" (nanjixianweng 南极仙翁), and the "Longevity Star" (shouxing 寿星), is the God of Longevity and is usually shown as a smiling old gentleman with a prominent forehead who holds a walking stick and carries apeach(tao 桃). As his name implies,Shou symbolizes a long life. Longevity was important toConfucians because they believed that wisdom came with age. Longevity was important toTaoists (Daoists) because of their quest for immortality. Shou is one of the "Three Officials"(sanguan 三官) along with theGod of Happiness (Fu) and theGod of Prosperity (Lu). See alsoLock Charms. |
| God of Prosperity (Lu), God of Rank and Emolument | Lu(禄), also known asthe God of Prosperity,the God of Rank and Emolument, and the God of High Ranking Office, is usually shown holding aruyi(如 意) whichwas originally a short sword with a sword-guard used for self-defense or gesturing but now symbolizes good wishes ("may things go as you wish") and prosperity. He is a member of theThree Officials, also known as the Three Immortals. He was originally a heavenly star known as the "Prosperity Star" (luxing禄星) and was believed to govern a person's success in a career. The God of Prosperity is closely associated with the auspicious saying "may office and salary be bestowed upon you" (加官 进禄). Please see the four character charm atAuspicious Inscriptions. See alsoLock Charms. |
| God of Thunder (Lei Gong) | The God of Thunder (Lei Shen 雷神), also known as the Duke of Thunder (Lei Gong雷 公), is the Daoist god responsible for punishing humans who have committed certain crimes and evil spirits which have harmed humans. He uses a drum to create thunder. Lei Gong is portrayed as being half eagle, with wings and a beak, and half human. ManyDaoist charms seek the assistance of the God of Thunder in expelling evil influences and spirits, and bringing good fortune. |
| God of War (Guan Di orGuan Gong) | Guan Di (关帝), also known as Guan Gong (关公), is the Daoist God of War. His real name was Guan Yu (关羽). He was originally a beancurd seller who joined forces withLiu Bei (刘备) and became immortalized asa military hero during the period of the Three Kingdoms (220-280 AD). The God of War fights evil and is usually shown carrying a large broadsword. AQing (Ch'ing) Dynasty coin is believed to provide protection from evil because one of the Manchu characters in its inscription resembles the broadsword of the God of War. |
| God of Wealth (Cai Shen) | The God of Wealth (caishen 财神) is a very popular Chinese deity whose presence is thought to ensure wealth and success. He is depicted with a long beard and wearing either an official's gown or military dress. He is usually shown holding or being surrounded by symbols of wealth such as coins, ingots, coral, etc. He is often shown holding a sword in his right hand raised above his head and wearing a distinctive hat with ear flaps. He is sometimes depicted as riding a blacktiger. A bamboo tally with an image ofCai Shen may be seen atBamboo Tallies. |
| Gods of Peace and Harmony (Hehe erxian) | These twin laughing immortals are known as the Gods of Peace and Harmony, the Gods of Unity and Harmony, Hehe erxian (和合二仙), the Laughing Twins and the Gods of Mirth. One twin is named Shi De (拾得) who usually holds a lotus. The other twin is Han Shan (寒山) who may hold a round box,ruyi sceptre,gourd,coin,persimmon, etc. They represent harmony and mirth and bestow blessings on marriages. |
| Goldfish | The goldfish (jinyu 金鱼) is a symbol for wealth because its first character (jin 金) means "gold" and its second character (yu) sounds like jade (yu 玉). Goldfish also symbolizeabundant wealth because the first character (jin) means gold and the second character (yu) has the same pronunciation as the word for "abundance" or "surplus" (yu 余). See entry forfish above. |
| Gourd | The gourd is popular as a charm symbol to ward off evil spirits and disease because its first character (hulu葫芦) has the same pronunciation as the word to "protect" or "guard" (hu 护) and also the word for "blessing" (hu 祜). In some dialects, the Chinese word for gourd (hulu葫 芦) sounds the same asfulu (福 禄)which means "happiness and rank (as in attaining a high government office)". Trailing gourd vines are described in Chinese asman (蔓). This character can also be pronounced aswan and has the exact same pronunciation and meaning as 万 which means "10,000". Because the gourd contains many seeds, the Chinese associate the gourd with "10,000 children". In ancient China, parents hoped for many sons and grandsons so the gourd became an important symbol for a family with many children. Additional information is provided atgourd charms. |
| Halberd | The halberd (ji 戟) is an ancient Chinese infantry weapon consisting of a shaft with a spear and/or crescent-shaped blade on one end. The Chinese word for "halberd"(ji 戟) and the Chinese word for "lucky" or "auspicious" (吉)are both pronouncedji. A halberd is a visual pun or rebus for "lucky" as can be see on an old seal script charm atAuspicious Inscriptions. The Chinese word for "halberd" (ji戟) also has the same pronunciation, and thus is a pun, for the word "rank" or "grade" (ji 级) as in reference to an official position in the government. |
| Heron (Egret) | The heron or egret can represent a "path" or "way" because the Chinese wordlu (鹭) has the same pronunciation as road or path (lu 路). The heron or egret(lu鹭)can also symbolize wealth because the pronunciation is the same as an "official's salary" (lu禄). |
| Horse | The horse(ma 马) is one of the twelve animals of theChinese zodiacandsymbolizes speed, power and perseverance. The horse is usually depicted as the bearer of good things. For example, a galloping horse with several scrolls (theYellow River Diagrams) tied on its back represents the bringing of the origins of Chinese culture to the legendary Chinese leaderFuxi. The horse can be asymbol for the Mongols (Yuan Dynasty) because their culture is strongly associated with the horse. Please seeAncient Chinese Horse Coins for additional information. |
| Kitchen God (Zaojun) | Zaojun(灶 君), also known as Zaowang (灶王), is the popular "Kitchen God" or "Stove God" in charge of the household whose image is found in almost all traditional Chinese homes. Please seeThe Chinese House for a more detailed discussion of Zaojun. |
| Lion | The lionis considered to be a brave and intelligent animal and thus symbolizes power and majesty. The Chinese word for lion(shi狮) has the same pronunciation and can be a visual pun or rebus for "teacher", "master", "tutor" or "preceptor" (shi 师). For this reason, the lion can symbolize a high government official because in ancient times there existed a"Senior Grand Tutor" (taishi 太师) and a"Junior Preceptor" (shaoshi少 师). An example of such a lion charm may be seen atOpen Work Charms. In general, a stone or bronze lion outside a residence or official building acts as a guardian protecting the occupants from harm. Usually, there is a pair of lions with a male playing with a ball and a female protecting her cub. A pair of lions is considered to be auspicious and symbolizes happiness and the wish for a successful and prosperous career. The lion dance (shiziwu 狮子舞) is an ancient and popular custom based on the lion being considered an auspicious animal. It is believed that if a lion can be enticed to enter one's gate, the household will enjoy wealth and treasures. In Buddhism, the lion acts as a guardian of the faith and a symbol of royal power. Buddhist deities, such asGuanyin, are sometimes shown riding a lion as a mount. The lion can also represent theBuddha who, among his repeated births, was born 10 times as a lion. |
| Liu Hai and Three-Legged (Golden) Toad | Liu Hai (刘海) is one of the most popular members of the Chinese pantheon of charmTaoist (Daoist) figures and represents prosperity and wealth. For detailed information concerning Liu Hai and the Three-Legged (Golden) Toad please see the entry for "toad" below and also the web pageLiu Hai. |
| Longevity Stone | Longevity Stones are strange-shaped rocks that are often shown next to the fungus of immortality at the bottom of charms. They convey the meaning of "long life" because of their age. |
| Lotus | Because the Buddha is often depicted as seated on a lotus, the lotus is considered a sacredBuddhist symbol (one ofEight Auspicious Symbols) representing purity and detachment from worldly cares. The lotus signifies the seventh month of the lunar calendar. The Chinese word for lotus islianhua (莲花) orhehua (荷花). Lian is also the pronunciation of the word for continuous (连) andhe is also the pronunciation for the word harmony (和) so the lotus has the hidden meaning of "continuous harmony". A lotus stem and lotus pod shown together symbolize marital harmony and sexual union. Lotus seeds (lianzi莲 籽) have the hidden meaning of "continuous birth of children" because thelian sounds like "continuous"(连)and thezi has the same pronunciation as the word for son or child (zi 子). Examplesof lotus charms can be seen atOpen Work Charms,Pendant Charms,Lock Charms,Marriage Charms, andBoy Charms. |
| Lozenge | A lozenge (fang sheng方胜) is one of theEight Treasures and is considered a lucky object although the actually origin is still unclear. It has a diamond shape and two lozenges are frequently interlocked to represent the form of an ancient musical instrument. It is said that this object was also used as a head ornament in ancient times and symbolizes victory.Taoist (Daoist) legend has it that theQueen Mother of the West(xiwangmu 西王母) wore such an object to exorcise evil spirits. (The legend further describes the Queen Mother of the West as one who wore a heavy jade necklace, a dress made of mulberry leaves, and had the teeth of a tiger.) Two diamond-shaped lozenges interlocked together can represent two hearts joined together and acting with one mind. Lozenge charms may be seen atEight Treasures,Pendant Charms, andCoin Inscriptions. |
| Magpie | A magpie (xi que 喜 鹊)is frequently used to symbolize "happiness" because the first characterxi is the same word as happy (xi 喜). If the magpie is shown upside down, it means happiness has "arrived" because the Chinese words for "upside down" (倒) and "arrived" (到) are both pronounceddao. Two magpies facing each other symbolize "double happiness" (shuang xi 喜喜). (See charm atCoin Inscriptions.) A pair of magpies also symbolizemarriage. This is based on an ancient legend concerning two heavenly lovers,the Oxherd and the Weaver Girl (Weaving Maiden). The two are separated for eternity except for one day each year(known asqixi 七夕, the Double Seven, or Sisters Festival) when they are allowed to meet each otherby crossing a celestial river on a bridge made of magpies. One can say "there is a happy bird (magpie) on the tip of theplum branch" asxi shang mei shao (喜上梅稍) which sounds exactly like sayingxi shang mei shao (喜上眉稍) which means "happiness up to one's eyebrows". This expression means "very happy". A charm illustrating this "happy expression" may be seen atPendant Charms. A charm atAuspicious Inscriptions depicts a magpie,leopard andpomegranates as symbols with hidden meanings. |
| Mirror | Mirrors in China symbolize good fortune and are believed to protect against evil spirits. Traditionalmarriage gifts included a bronze mirror(tongjing 铜镜)andshoes(xie 鞋) because the words combined express "together and in harmony"(tongxie 同谐). The mirror can be included as one of theEight Treasures. (SeeLiu Hai charm.) Bronze mirrors with Daoist "magic writing" characters are discussed atChinese Daoist Mirrors. |
| Money Tree | The Chinese "money tree" (yao qian shu 摇钱树) is a legendary tree from which coins fall down when shaken. The legends, history, archaeological discoveries and images of money trees are discussed in detail atChinese Money Trees andXian Numismatic Museum. |
| Monkey | The monkey (hou 猴) is one of the twelve animals of theChinese zodiac. The monkey is frequently seen as a visual pun for the Chinese inscriptionma shang feng hou (马上风猴) where a monkey is shown riding on ahorse. The first two characters of the inscription (ma shang) mean "on the horse" but also mean "at once". The third character (feng ) means "wind" (breeze) but the Chinese for "to grant a title" is also pronouncedfeng (封). The fourth character (hou) means "monkey" but another character with the same pronunciation (hou 侯) means "a marquis (i.e. a high official)". Therefore the picture of a monkey on a horse is a visual pun or rebus for the wish for an immediate promotion in official rank. A similar rebus consists of a monkey and a deer as can be seen on a charm atAuspicious Inscriptions. TheMonkey King (Sun Wukong 孙悟空) is a popular character in the famous Ming Dynasty novelthe "Journey to the West" (Xiyouji 西游记). |
| Moon | For a comprehensive discussion of the relationship of the moon, dragon, star, and cloud symbols please visitCharm Symbols: Star, Moon, Cloud and Dragon A "moon" or "crescent" is a symbol sometimes found on old Chinese coins. According to Chinese mythology, theThree-Legged Toad lives on the moon. According to Daoist legend, the "Moon Hare" ("Jade Rabbit") that makes the elixir of immortality lives on the moon. Charms depicting the moon may be seen atOpen Work Charms,Gourd Charms,Lock Charms, andAuspicious Inscriptions. See also entry forpearl. |
| Mountain | Mountains (shan山) are the places closest to the gods and because of their expanse and heights covey the meaning of limitless. |
| Mugwort (Artemisia Leaf) | The mugwort (ai 艾), also known as artemisia leaf, is one of a larger group of objects which can be a member of theEight Treasures. It is a symbol for longevity because of its medicinal properties. In ancient times, mugwort wasattached to doors and gates because its ragged leaves resembletiger paws which were believed to provide protection. Its aroma is also believed to repel insects. |
| Narcissus | Narcissus (shuixian 水仙) literally means "water immortal". The flower is therefore a symbol for an immortal. A typical rebus or visual pun might be an image of a narcissus, astone andbamboo. The meaning would be "the immortals" (narcissus) "wish" ((bamboo (zhu 竹) = wish (zhu 祝)) "you" a "long life" (longevity stone). |
| Nine (9) | The number nine (9) is considered lucky because the Chinese character for nine (jiu 九) has the same pronunciation as the word "forever" (jiu 久). |
| Nine (9) Similitudes | The "nine similitudes" is a reference from the "Book of Odes" (shijing 诗经) which is the earliest collection of Chinese poetry and includes poems, songs and hymns from the Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC) and the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). The "nine similitudes" is now used as a greeting or felicitous wish translated as follows: "May you be as themountains and the hills, as the greater and the lesser heights, as the streams which flow in all directions, having the constancy of themoon, like the rising sun, with the longevity of the southern mountain and the green luxuriance of the fir and thecypress." |
| Onion | The onion (cong 葱) is a visual pun for intelligence because it has the same pronunciation as the word for "intelligent" or "clever" (congming 聪明). |
| Orange | Oranges symbolize riches and good fortune because of their gold color. Also, the chinese character for the orange isju (桔) which is composed ofmu (木), meaning "tree", andji (吉) meaning "lucky or auspicious". The two components of the character therefore imply that the orange is a "good luck" fruit. |
| Orchid | The orchid is one of theFour Gentlemen and stands for humility, modesty, beauty and refinement. See also"Cassia and Orchid" Charm. |
| Osmanthus | An osmanthus blossom (gui 桂) can mean "honor" or "precious" because it has the same pronunciation as the word "valuable" or "precious" (gui 贵). |
| Ox | See entry forwater buffalo. |
| Peach | The peach(tao 桃)signifies the second month of the lunar calendar. The peach symbolizesmarriage, spring, justice and especiallyDaoist immortality (longevity). The peach is one of theThree Abundances (Three Plenties). SeeChinese Peach Charms for information concerning the mythology of the peach and peach wood, and how it came to symbolize longevity. Peach wood was also used to makeswords, arrows, and amulets in ancient times becausethe Chinese word for peach (tao桃) has the same pronunciation as the Chinese word for "flee" or "run away" (tao 逃). |
| Peacock | The peacocksymbolizes beauty and dignity as well as the desire for peace and prosperity. The ancient Chinese believed that one glance from a peacock could make a woman pregnant. Xi Wang Mu(西王母), the Queen Mother of the West, sometimes rode a peacock as a means of transportation instead of astork. SeeOpen Work Charms for an beautiful charm depicting a pair of peacocks. |
| Peanut | The peanut (huasheng 花生) is an auspicious symbol because its second character (sheng生) means to "give birth". The peanut thus symbolizes the wish for many children. |
| Pearl (flaming pearl) | Dragons are often depicted as chasing a round object that resembles a "pearl". The pearl is frequently shown as a "flaming" pearl which is on fire. This pearl represents a fiery ball made ofqi (气) which is the dynamic creative force of the universe. Dragons, which can animate nature, will fight to gain control of this generative energy. The pearl may be thought of as a metaphor for perfection and enlightenment, particularly if the dragon represents the emperor. The pearl also resembles themoon. As a dragon devours the pearl, less and less of the pearl is seen and the pearl appears as a waning moon. As a dragon disgorges the pearl, more and more of the pearl is seen and the pearl therefore appears as a waxing moon. The dragon and pearl thus symbolize the endless cycle of transformation. Frequently, the "pearl" is shown with flames which symbolizes magical powers and may represent the wish-granting pearl ofBuddhism. The pearl can also refer to riches, pure intentions and genius in obscurity. The pearl (flaming pearl) is one of theEight Treasures. Charms with the pearl symbol may be seen atEight Treasures,Open Work Charms, andAuspicious Inscriptions. |
| Peony | The tree peony ormudan (牡丹) signifies the third month of the lunar calendar and symbolizes longevity, loyalty, happiness and eternal beauty. Because of the way it sometimes grows as doubles,the peony appears to the Chinese like strings ofcash coins and thus has come to symbolize prosperity and wealth. For this reason, another name for the peony isfuguihua (富贵花) which means "flower of wealth and honor". A charm using the peony as a symbol for "wealth and honor" may be seen atAuspicious Inscriptions. A peony in avase(ping 瓶) has the hidden meaning of "wealth and honor" (peony) and "peace" (because the vase is a rebus for "peace" (pingan平 安). For the mythology concerning the peony please seeChinese Open Work Charms. |
| Persimmon | The persimmon (shi 柿) is auspicious because of its round shape and brilliant orange color. The persimmon is used as a visual pun (rebus) because it has the same pronunciation as the word for "matters, affairs or events" (shi 事) and also the word for an "official" or "gentleman" (shi 仕). A persimmon (shi柿) shown together with anapple (pingguo 苹果) forms the rebus "may your matters(shi 事)be safe(pingan平安)". |
| Phoenix (fenghuang) | The Chinese phoenix is a mythical bird known as thefenghuang (凤 凰) in Chinese. Unlike the phoenix of the West, the Chinese phoenix does not have the connotation of a bird rising from ashes. The Chinese phoenix symbolizes joy and peace. It is believed that the phoenix only makes an appearance during periods of prosperity, peace and good government. A dragon and phoenix shown together symbolize a happy and harmonious union. The phoenix is the yin equivalent of the dragon and is associated with the south and summer. The phoenix is also the symbol of the empress. A very attractive double phoenix charm can be seen atChinese Open Work Charms. Phoenix and dragon charms may be seen atMarriage Charms,Auspicious Inscriptions, andUnknown Charms. |
| Pig (Boar) (Hog) | The pig or boar (zhu 猪) is one of the twelve animals of theChinese zodiac and traditionally symbolized the prosperity and good fortune of a family that could afford such a quality food source. An old Chinese custom was to have young male children wear hats andshoes in the shape of a pig. Chinese parents believed this would avoid misfortune since the evil spirits would be fooled into thinking the child was actually a pig. |
| Pine | The pine tree (song 松) is a very common symbol for longevity because it is an evergreen and can endure severe winters. The pine is a member of theThree Friends in Winter. The pine also symbolizes solitude. The pine provides protection when planted near graves. This is because the mythical creature Wang Xiang (罔象), who devours the brains of the dead, is afraid of the pine. A charm displaying the pine tree may be seen atPendant Charms. |
| Plum | The plum (mei 梅) signifies the first month of the lunar calendar. The plum symbolizes courage and hope because it blossoms first and bravely stands against the dangers of winter. The plum tree is a member of theThree Friends in Winter. The five petals of the plum blossom symbolize the "five blessings" (wufu 五福), also known as the "five happinesses" or "five good fortunes". These five blessings refer to longevity (寿), wealth (富), health and composure (康宁), virtue (修好德), and the desire to die a natural death in old age (考 终命). Charms displaying the plum symbol may be seen atPendant Charms,Boy Charms, andLock Charms. |
| Pomegranate | The pomegranate (shiliu 石榴) signifies the sixth month of the lunar calendar and, because of its many seeds, represents fertility, offspring and descendants. For this reason, the pomegranate is an important symbol inChinese marriages. The first character (shi石) has the same pronunciation as the word for "generations" (shi 世) and thus strengthens the meaning as generations of descendants. The pomegranate is a member of theThree Abundances (Three Plenties). A pomegranate charm can be seen atAuspicious Inscriptions. |
| Pumpkin | Pumpkin (nangua南 瓜) sounds like "boy" (nan 男) and symbolizes the wish for sons. |
| Quail | The quail (anchun 鹌鹑) signifies courage because of its fighting spirit. The quail can also represent poverty. The quail is often used as a visual pun (rebus) because it is pronounced the same as the word for "peace" (an 安). |
| Rabbit (Hare) | The rabbit (tuzi 兔子) is one of the twelve animals of theChinese zodiac. The rabbit symbolizes longevity because of theTaoist (Daoist) legend of the"moon hare" that lives on themoonmaking the elixir of immortality. |
| Ram | See entry forsheep below. |
| Rat | The rat (laoshu 老鼠) is one of the twelve animals of theChinese zodiac. The rat symbolizes fertility, abundance and wealth because of its reproductive abilities. |
| Reed Pipe | A reed pipe (sheng 笙) has the hidden meaning of "to give birth" because it has the same pronunciation as the Chinese word "to give birth" (sheng 生). A reed pipe(sheng 笙) can also mean "to rise" or be promoted continually one rank after another because it shares the same pronunication as the word "to rise" (sheng 升). |
| Rhinoceros Horns | A single or pair of rhinoceros horns (xijiao 犀角) is usually included as one of theEight Treasures. Rhino horns symbolize happiness because the first character (xi犀) is pronounced the same as the character for happiness (xi 喜). Charms with rhinoceros horns may be viewed atEight Treasures andAuspicious Inscriptions. A charm with the rhinoceros as its theme is discussed in detail atAuspicious Inscriptions. |
| Ribbons and fillets | Chinese symbols are frequently shown wrapped in ribbons which are also referred to as fillets. These ribbons add importance to the power of the object they surround. The ribbons can be thought of as rays or auras emanating from the object and symbolizing miraculous powers. The Chinese for ribbon isdai (带) which also has another meaning of "to carry". Another Chinese character with the same pronunciation (dai 代) means "generations". When the ribbon is shown connecting two or more auspicious objects, the hidden meaning of the ribbon therefore is "to carry along (good luck, good fortune, etc.) for generations". The Chinese word for a ribbon attached to a official seal or medal isshou dai (绶带). Shou (绶) has the same pronunciation as the word for "longevity" (shou寿) and sincedai (带) is pronounced the same as "generations" (dai代), the hidden meaning is "longevity for generations". Even though Chinese charms are not able to display colors, the Chinese always use red colored ribbons in real life. Red (vermilion, cinnabar) is the color representing joy and it is used widely formarriages and other festive occasions. The Chinese word for red ishong (红). Other Chinese words with the same pronunciation include "great" (hong 宏) and "vast" (hong 洪), so any object wrapped in a (red) ribbon would also be enhanced through the phonetic pun of great and vast. Examples of charm symbols wrapped in ribbons can be seen atAuspicious Inscriptions,Bagua Charms, andCoin Inscriptions. |
| Rooster | The rooster or cock is one of the twelve animals of theChinese zodiac. Roosters are believed to be able to scare away demons. The Chinese for rooster (gongji 公鸡) is pronounced the same as "lucky" or "auspicious" (ji 吉). A crowing rooster (gongming公 鸣) sounds like saying "merit and fame" (gongming 功名). A charm using the rooster to symbolize "lucky" and "merit and fame" may be seen atAuspicious Inscriptions. |
| Ruyi or Sceptre | Theruyi (如意), considered one of theEight Treasures, was a sceptre which represented power and authority. Theruyiwas originally a shortsword with a sword-guard used for self-defense or gesturing. There is some speculation that it may have evolved from a back scratcher. The head of theruyi is similar to that of thelingzhi or "fungus of immortality" and thelotus. The name "ruyi" is usually translated as "as you wish" or "in accordance with your desires". Theruyi now symbolizes good wishes and prosperity. Theruyi may be seen on charms atDaoist Charms,Bagua Charms,Auspicious Inscriptions, andPendant Charms. Theruyi can be seen on an old Chinese banknote atChinese Paper Money. |
| Saddle | A horse saddle (an 鞍) is a symbol for "peace" (an 安) because the pronunciation of the two words is the same. |
| Sheep | The sheep, ram orgoat (yang羊)is one of the twelve animals of theChinese zodiac. The sheep (yang) has the same pronunciation and therefore symbolizes the male principleyang inYin Yang (阴 阳)and also the "sun" (yang 阳). Sheep kneel when they nurse which to Confucians symbolize "filial piety" as bowing to the mother. Please also see entry forgoat above. |
| Shoes | Shoes can symbolize wealth because their shape is similar tosilver ingots (sycee). Shoes (xie 鞋), because of identical pronunciation, are used in combination with other objects to express "in harmony with" (xie 谐) or "together with" (xie 偕). VisitMarriage Charms to see how shoes and a mirror symbolize "together and in harmony". The special shoes worn by women with bound feet were called "lotus" (lian莲) shoes. "Lotus" and "continuous" or "successive" (lian连) have the same pronunciation so "lotus" shoes symbolize a fertility wish for bearing children one after another. |
| Shrimp | Shrimp (虾) are considered to be auspicious because the pronunciation in Mandarin (xia) and Cantonese (ha) is very similar to the sound of people laughing (ha ha ha). |
| Silver Ingots (sycee) | Silver became a measure of value during theYuan Dynasty (1280 - 1368 AD) and therefore represents wealth. The silver was moulded into boat-shaped or shoe-shaped ingots calledsycee(细 丝) which could weigh from 1 to 100 ounces. Sycee are also known as "saddlesycee", "silversycee", and "drum-shapedsycee". Silver ingots orsyceealso symbolize official office or rank because of a visual pun or rebus. Sycee are also known asyuanbao (元宝). Yuan (元) can also refer to coming in first in theexamination system. Therefore, showing three (3) silver ingots orsycee has the hidden meaning of coming in first inall three of the imperial examinations. Silver ingots are one of theEight Treasures and symbolize brightness and purity. Silver ingots displayed as symbols on charms may be seen atEight Treasures,Auspicious Inscriptions, andPendant Charms. |
| Six (6) | The number six (6) is considered lucky because the Chinese character for six (liu 六) has a similar pronunciation to the word "prosperity" (lu 禄). The number six (6), in its more formal written form (liu 陆), coincidentally hasexactly the same pronunciation as prosperity(lu 禄) when the character is used in a different context (lu陆) such as a surname. Because the pronunciation of six (6) (liu 六)is similar to that of the word "to flow" (liu 流), it symbolizes "to go smoothly". The Chinese have the expression "Everything goes smoothly with six" (liu liu da shun 六六大顺). For this reason, major events such as weddings, opening a new business, etc. are held on the 6th day of the month. |
| Snake | The snake (she 蛇) is a member of theChinese zodiac and also a member of the "Five Poisons". In ancient times, snakes were believed to mate with withtortoises. Xuanwu, one of the "Four Divine Creatures" also known as the Black Warrior, is depicted as a tortoise with a snake entwined around it. See alsoZhenwu. The snake may be seen as charm symbol at the following:Five Poisons,Coin Inscriptions, andDaoist Charms. |
| Spider | The spider (zhizhu 蜘蛛) is one of the five poisonous animals known as the "five poisons". Contrary to what one might expect, the "five poisons" are a good thing in that they are believed to counteract pernicious influences bycombating poison with poison. When not a member of the five poisons, the spider is considered an auspicious symbol on its own. This is because another word for spider in Chinese isxizi (虫喜 子) where the first character has the same pronunciation as the word for "happy" (xi喜). A picture of a spider dropping down from its web is thus a visual pun for "happiness dropping from the sky". For the same reason, a spider signifies a wish to have a son or child becausezi (子) means "son" andxizi thussounds like "happy son". The spider as a charm symbol may be seen atChinese Five Poisons Charms and Amulets. |
| Star | For a comprehensive discussion of the relationship of the star,moon,cloud, anddragon symbols please visitCharm Symbols: Star, Moon, Cloud and Dragon. "Stars" or dots are sometimes found onancient Chinese coins and examples may be seen atEmergence of Chinese Charms. |
| Star Gods | The three Star Gods consist of the"lucky star"(fuxing福星),the"prosperity star" (luxing禄星) and the"longevity star" (shouxing 寿星). These gods evolved intoFu (God of Happiness),Lu (God of Prosperity) andShou (God of Longevity). They are popular gods whose duties are, respectively, to increase happiness, wealth and length of life. |
| Stork | The stork (guan 鹳) is believed to live 1,000 years and is therefore a symbol of longevity. The stork is frequently shown together withpine trees which are another symbol of longevity. Storks are the means of transportation for boththeQueen Mother of the West (xiwangmu 西王母) andthe"longevity star" (shouxing 寿星). Because the word for stork (guan鹳) sounds the same as the words for an "official" (guan 官), a "hat" (guan 冠), and "first place" (guan冠), the stork also symbolizes promotion to a government office. |
| Swallow | The swallow (yan 燕) is associated with springtime and thus represents the coming of good fortune and prosperous change. Swallows are seen as bringing "new" to "old" because they, in effect, make "repairs" by building their mud nests in the cracks of walls and graves. |
| Swastika | The swastika is a very old Asian symbol. The swastika symbol in China represents the Chinese characterwan (万) meaning "ten-thousand". The extended meaning ofwan (万)is "all" such as "the myriad things" as used in the Dao De Jing (道德经), the classicTaoist (Daoist) text written by Lao-zi (老子). The swastika as a charm symbol may be seen atLiu Hai and the Three-Legged Toad. Chinese coins with the swastika symbol can be seen atChinese Coins andEmergence of Chinese Charms. |
| Sword | Immortals and gods use swords to cut through ignorance and evil. The sword is the symbol ofLu Dongbin (吕 洞宾), one of theEight Immortals, and symbolizes victory over evil. Zhong Kui(钟 馗) was famous for havinga magical sword that could slay evil spirits. Taoist (Daoist) charms displaying Lu Dongbin and Zhong Kui with their swords can be seen by either clicking on the above links or atPendant Charms. Please visitSwords and Amulets for a detailed discussion of Chinese sword symbolism. |
| Teapot | A teapot or pot (hu 壶) can convey the meaning of "to protect" (hu 护) or "blessing" (hu 祜) because the characters share the same pronunciation. |
| Ten Symbols of Longevity | The "Ten Symbols of Longevity" or "Ten Longevities" (shi shou 十寿) consist of thepine tree (song松), sun (ri 日),crane (he鹤), water (shui 水),mountains (shan 山),clouds (yun 云),deer (lu鹿),tortoise (gui龟),fungus of immortality (lingzhi灵 芝), andbamboo (zhu竹). All are traditional Chinese symbols representing a long life. The Ten Symbols of Longevity also became very popular in ancient Korea as a theme for charms and other works of art. |
| Three Abundances | The Three Abundances (sanduo 三多), also known as the Three Plenties, consists of thepeach (symbolizing longevity), thepomegranate (symbolizing descendants or progeny) and thecitron (symbolizing happiness and longevity). |
| Three Friends in Winter | Because they all can flourish during the winter, thepine,plum tree andbamboo are known as the Three Friends in Winter. |
| Three Many | The "Three Many" refers to the desire formore happiness, longevity and children/grandchildren. |
| Three Officials (Three Immortals) | The Three Officials, also known as the Three Immortals, include theGod of Happiness (Fu), theGod of Prosperity (Lu) and theGod of Longvevity (Shou). A "Three Immortals" charm may be seen atAncient Chinese Lock Charms. |
| Three Rounds | The Three Rounds refers to any grouping of three round objects. The Chinese word for "round" (yuan 圆) is pronounced the same as the word for "first" (yuan 元). In this case, "first" refers to being the top scholar in theimperial examination system. With the addition of the number "three" (san 三), the meaning is to come infirst in all three of the examinations. A charm illustrating the Three Rounds may be seen atAuspicious Inscriptions. |
| Tiger (leopard) | The tiger (hu 虎) is one of the twelve animals of theChinese zodiac and is considered the ruler of the beasts on Earth as opposed to the dragon which rules the beasts in the sky and heavens. The word for tiger (hu) is also a pun because it has the same pronunciation as the word "protect" (hu 护). In ancient China, the tiger was the Guardian Spirit of Agriculture which could devour the Drought Demon. TheGod of Wealth (caishen 财神) is sometimes shown riding a black tiger. Tigers appear on amulets because they are powerful animals, symbolize heroism, and are believed to be able to eat evil spirits, or at least cause them to flee, and can in general protect people from misfortune. Tigers also are able to see well in the dark. For these reasons, images of tigers and tiger's heads (seePeach Charms) are considered particularly effective in protecting children from malignant spirits. Tigers also symbolize longevity because the ancient Chinese believed tigers turned white after 500 years and could live for 1,000 years. Upon death, their spirits entered the earth and became amber. An example of a charm displaying a tiger can be seen at theFive Poisons. |
| Toad | The Chinese for "toad" is pronouncedchanchu (蟾蜍), sometimes shortened to justchan (蟾). In some Chinese dialects the pronunciation of "toad" (chan) is very similar to that for "coin" (qian 钱). Liu Hai and the Three-Legged Toad is a story involving a play on these similar-sounding words. See also entry forfrog. |
| Tortoise (Turtle) | The tortoise (gui 龟) has a long life-span and is, therefore, a natural symbol for longevity. The tortoise also represents strength and endurance. The tortoise is associated with the north and winter. (See entries forFour Divine Creatures,snake andZhenwu for information on Xuanwu(玄 武), the tortoise encircled by a snake.) The physical appearance of the tortoise resembles the Chinese view of the universe in that it has a round domed outer shell like the vault of heaven and its lower body is flat like the earth. Its shell was used in very ancient times in divination. Charms displaying a tortoise can be seen atDaoist Charms andAuspicious Inscriptions. An ancient Chinese coin in the shape of a turtle may be seen at: Turtle-Shaped Coin of the Han Dynasty |
| Treasure Bowl | The Chinese "treasure bowl" (ju bao pen聚宝盆), also known as the "treasure basin", is a magical container which can create unlimited riches. By placing a gold coin inside the "treasure bowl", for example, the bowl will suddenly be filled with gold coins. Treasure bowl stories can be traced back to ancient times. A charm displaying a "treasure bowl" is discussed in detail atChinese Treasure Bowl Charm. |
| Twelve Imperial Symbols | According to the ancient Book of Rites (liji 礼记), twelve is the number of Heaven. Therefore, there are Twelve Imperial Symbols, also known as Twelve Symbols of Imperial Authority, associated with the emperor who is the Son of Heaven. The twelve symbols include the sun (sometimes represented as a three-legged bird in a red disk); themoon (sometimes represented as arabbit or hare in a green-white disk);stars (sometimes represented by the"big dipper" constellation or simply three small circles);mountains (symbolizing stability and "earth" of thefive elements); a pair of five-claweddragons (representing beasts); a pheasant (representing birds); thefu (黻) symbol which looks like back-to-back bows and symbolizes "good and evil" (and is also the alleged source of theyin yang symbol); theaxe head(fu 斧) (symbolizing the power to make decisions and punish); a pair of goblets (representing "metal" of the five elements); grain or millet (representing "wood" of the five elements); aquatic grass (representing "water" of the five elements); and red flames (representing "fire" of the five elements). The famous Chinese writer Lu Xun (鲁迅) incorporated the "Twelve Symbols" into a design intended to be the national emblem and which was also used ona Chinese coin. |
| Unicorn (Chinese Unicorn) | Theqilin (麒 麟)or Chinese unicorn represents good luck , prosperity, goodwill and benevolence. It is described as having a deer's body, an ox's tail, fish scales, five-toed hoofed feet and a horn on its head. Theqilin is associated with sages and excellent rulers, and is believed to appear when a new sage is born as was the case withConfucius. (SeeConfucian Charms). It is associated with the west and autumn. A charm with aqilin can be see atOpen Work Charms. A charm showing aqilin delivering a boy child can be viewed atPendant Charms. |
| Vase or Bottle | A picture of a bottle or vase can represent the meaning of "peace" or "safety" because both the character for vase (ping 瓶) and that for peace (pingan 平安) are pronouncedping. A vase (ping 瓶) with flowers from all four seasons (siji 四季) conveys the hidden meaning of peace for all the year (sijipingan四 季平 安). |
| Water Buffalo (Ox) | The ox is one of the twelve animals of theChinese zodiac. A charm with the inscription in Daoist magic writing, displaying an ox and a star god (star official), may be seen atDaoist (Taoist) Charms. A charm showing a boy riding an ox which represents the early humble beginnings of Emperor Tai Zu of the Ming Dynasty may be seen atChinese Charms with Coin Inscriptions. Because of their importance to agriculture, the water buffalo or ox (niu 牛) symbolizes springtime, harvest and fertility. To city dwellers and government officials, the water buffalo also represents a simple and idyllic life. (For an interesting story concerning the "Wu buffalo gasping at themoon" please seeAuspicious Inscriptions.) |
| Willow | The willow (liu 柳) is associated with the life of scholars and poets who drew inspiration while strolling among them. Its branches were considered magical and were used in exorcisms and in "sweeping tombs" during the Qingming Festival (清明节) also known as "Festival of the Tombs". On this day, young men also wore green willow branches in their hair in the belief that it would prevent them from being changed into a brown dog in a future existence. Because of similarity in pronunciation to the Chinese word "to part" (li 离), willow branches also represent parting and sorrow since they were traditionally given to friends departing for distant lands. |
| Writing Brush and Silver Ingot | To express the hope that "things willcertainly go according to your wishes", a charm can have the Chinese characters (如意) for "as you wish" but may also depict a writing brush and asilver ingot orsycee(细 丝) (a saddle-shaped silver ingot used for money in ancient China). This is because the characters for "brush" (bi 笔) and "ingot" (ding 锭) said together are "bi ding" which is the same pronunciation as the characters 必定 (bi ding) for "certainly". |
| Yinyang (Taiji) | Yin Yang (阴 阳)is the Chinese term for the basic polarities of the universe, e.g. male/female, light/dark, strong/weak, etc. The "supreme ultimate" symbol, known astaiji (太极), is a circle with an S-shaped curve separating it into two equal halves. One half representsyin and the other half representsyang. In the center of each half is a small circle which represents the other half. A representative charm with the taiji symbol can be seen at theBook of Changes and Bagua. |
| Zhenwu | TheDaoist god Zhenwu (真武), also known as the Perfected Warrior, evolved over the centuries from Xuanwu(玄 武) which was atortoise encircled by asnake that represented the north. (See also entry forFour Divine Creatures.) Zhenwu is associated with healing and protection. Zhenwu can be seen portrayed on a charm atDaoist (Taoist) Charms. |
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