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#sprintf FORMAT, LIST

Returns a string formatted by the usualprintf conventions of the C library functionsprintf. Seesprintf(3) orprintf(3) on your system for an explanation of the general principles.

Perl does its ownsprintf formatting--it emulates the C functionsprintf, but it doesn't use it (except for floating-point numbers, and even then only the standard modifiers are allowed). As a result, any non-standard extensions in your localsprintf are not available from Perl.

Perl'ssprintf permits the following universally-known conversions:

%%a percent sign%ca character with the given number%sa string%da signed integer, in decimal%uan unsigned integer, in decimal%oan unsigned integer, in octal%xan unsigned integer, in hexadecimal%ea floating-point number, in scientific notation%fa floating-point number, in fixed decimal notation%ga floating-point number, in %e or %f notation

In addition, Perl permits the following widely-supported conversions:

%Xlike %x, but using upper-case letters%Elike %e, but using an upper-case "E"%Glike %g, but with an upper-case "E" (if applicable)%ban unsigned integer, in binary%pa pointer (outputs the Perl value's address in hexadecimal)%nspecial: *stores* the number of characters output so far     into the next variable in the parameter list

Finally, for backward (and we do mean "backward") compatibility, Perl permits these unnecessary but widely-supported conversions:

%ia synonym for %d%Da synonym for %ld%Ua synonym for %lu%Oa synonym for %lo%Fa synonym for %f

Perl permits the following universally-known flags between the% and the conversion letter:

space   prefix positive number with a space+       prefix positive number with a plus sign-       left-justify within the field0       use zeros, not spaces, to right-justify#       prefix non-zero octal with "0", non-zero hex with "0x"number  minimum field width.number "precision": digits after decimal point for        floating-point, max length for string, minimum length        for integerl       interpret integer as C type "long" or "unsigned long"h       interpret integer as C type "short" or "unsigned short"        If no flags, interpret integer as C type "int" or "unsigned"

There are also two Perl-specific flags:

   V       interpret integer as Perl's standard integer type   v       interpret string as a vector of integers, output as           numbers separated either by dots, or by an arbitrary   string received from the argument list when the flag   is preceded by C<*>

Where a number would appear in the flags, an asterisk (*) may be used instead, in which case Perl uses the next item in the parameter list as the given number (that is, as the field width or precision). If a field width obtained through* is negative, it has the same effect as the- flag: left-justification.

Thev flag is useful for displaying ordinal values of characters in arbitrary strings:

printf "version is v%vd\n", $^V;# Perl's versionprintf "address is %*vX\n", ":", $addr;# IPv6 addressprintf "bits are %*vb\n", " ", $bits;# random bitstring

Ifuse locale is in effect, the character used for the decimal point in formatted real numbers is affected by the LC_NUMERIC locale. Seeperllocale.

If Perl understands "quads" (64-bit integers) (this requires either that the platform natively support quads or that Perl be specifically compiled to support quads), the characters

d u o x X b i D U O

print quads, and they may optionally be preceded by

ll L q

For example

%lld %16LX %qo

You can find out whether your Perl supports quads viaConfig:

use Config;($Config{use64bitint} eq 'define' || $Config{longsize} == 8) &&print "quads\n";

If Perl understands "long doubles" (this requires that the platform support long doubles), the flags

e f g E F G

may optionally be preceded by

ll L

For example

%llf %Lg

You can find out whether your Perl supports long doubles viaConfig:

use Config;$Config{d_longdbl} eq 'define' && print "long doubles\n";

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