perlunicook - cookbookish examples of handling Unicode in Perl
This manpage contains short recipes demonstrating how to handle common Unicode operations in Perl, plus one complete program at the end. Any undeclared variables in individual recipes are assumed to have a previous appropriate value in them.
Unless otherwise notes, all examples below require this standard preamble to work correctly, with the#! adjusted to work on your system:
#!/usr/bin/env perluse v5.36; # or later to get "unicode_strings" feature, # plus strict, warningsuse utf8; # so literals and identifiers can be in UTF-8use warnings qw(FATAL utf8); # fatalize encoding glitchesuse open qw(:std :encoding(UTF-8)); # undeclared streams in UTF-8use charnames qw(:full :short); # unneeded in v5.16Thisdoes make even Unix programmersbinmode your binary streams, or open them with:raw, but that's the only way to get at them portably anyway.
WARNING:use autodie (pre 2.26) anduse open do not get along with each other.
Always decompose on the way in, then recompose on the way out.
use Unicode::Normalize;while (<>) { $_ = NFD($_); # decompose + reorder canonically ...} continue { print NFC($_); # recompose (where possible) + reorder canonically}As of v5.14, Perl distinguishes three subclasses of UTF‑8 warnings.
use v5.14; # subwarnings unavailable any earlierno warnings "nonchar"; # the 66 forbidden non-charactersno warnings "surrogate"; # UTF-16/CESU-8 nonsenseno warnings "non_unicode"; # for codepoints over 0x10_FFFFWithout the all-criticaluse utf8 declaration, putting UTF‑8 in your literals and identifiers won’t work right. If you used the standard preamble just given above, this already happened. If you did, you can do things like this:
use utf8;my $measure = "Ångström";my @μsoft = qw( cp852 cp1251 cp1252 );my @ὑπέρμεγας = qw( ὑπέρ μεγας );my @鯉 = qw( koi8-f koi8-u koi8-r );my $motto = "👪 💗 🐪"; # FAMILY, GROWING HEART, DROMEDARY CAMELIf you forgetuse utf8, high bytes will be misunderstood as separate characters, and nothing will work right.
Theord andchr functions work transparently on all codepoints, not just on ASCII alone — nor in fact, not even just on Unicode alone.
# ASCII charactersord("A")chr(65)# characters from the Basic Multilingual Planeord("Σ")chr(0x3A3)# beyond the BMPord("𝑛") # MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL Nchr(0x1D45B)# beyond Unicode! (up to MAXINT)ord("\x{20_0000}")chr(0x20_0000)In an interpolated literal, whether a double-quoted string or a regex, you may specify a character by its number using the\x{HHHHHH} escape.
String: "\x{3a3}"Regex: /\x{3a3}/String: "\x{1d45b}"Regex: /\x{1d45b}/# even non-BMP ranges in regex work fine/[\x{1D434}-\x{1D467}]/use charnames ();my $name = charnames::viacode(0x03A3);use charnames ();my $number = charnames::vianame("GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA");Use the\N{charname} notation to get the character by that name for use in interpolated literals (double-quoted strings and regexes). In v5.16, there is an implicit
use charnames qw(:full :short);But prior to v5.16, you must be explicit about which set of charnames you want. The:full names are the official Unicode character name, alias, or sequence, which all share a namespace.
use charnames qw(:full :short latin greek);"\N{MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL N}" # :full"\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA}" # :fullAnything else is a Perl-specific convenience abbreviation. Specify one or more scripts by names if you want short names that are script-specific.
"\N{Greek:Sigma}" # :short"\N{ae}" # latin"\N{epsilon}" # greekThe v5.16 release also supports a:loose import for loose matching of character names, which works just like loose matching of property names: that is, it disregards case, whitespace, and underscores:
"\N{euro sign}" # :loose (from v5.16)Starting in v5.32, you can also use
qr/\p{name=euro sign}/to get official Unicode named characters in regular expressions. Loose matching is always done for these.
These look just like character names but return multiple codepoints. Notice the%vx vector-print functionality inprintf.
use charnames qw(:full);my $seq = "\N{LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON AND GRAVE}";printf "U+%v04X\n", $seq;U+0100.0300Use:alias to give your own lexically scoped nicknames to existing characters, or even to give unnamed private-use characters useful names.
use charnames ":full", ":alias" => { ecute => "LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE", "APPLE LOGO" => 0xF8FF, # private use character};"\N{ecute}""\N{APPLE LOGO}"Sinograms like “東京” come back with character names ofCJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6771 andCJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EAC, because their “names” vary. The CPANUnicode::Unihan module has a large database for decoding these (and a whole lot more), provided you know how to understand its output.
# cpan -i Unicode::Unihanuse Unicode::Unihan;my $str = "東京";my $unhan = Unicode::Unihan->new;for my $lang (qw(Mandarin Cantonese Korean JapaneseOn JapaneseKun)) { printf "CJK $str in %-12s is ", $lang; say $unhan->$lang($str);}prints:
CJK 東京 in Mandarin is DONG1JING1CJK 東京 in Cantonese is dung1ging1CJK 東京 in Korean is TONGKYENGCJK 東京 in JapaneseOn is TOUKYOU KEI KINCJK 東京 in JapaneseKun is HIGASHI AZUMAMIYAKOIf you have a specific romanization scheme in mind, use the specific module:
# cpan -i Lingua::JA::Romanize::Japaneseuse Lingua::JA::Romanize::Japanese;my $k2r = Lingua::JA::Romanize::Japanese->new;my $str = "東京";say "Japanese for $str is ", $k2r->chars($str);prints
Japanese for 東京 is toukyouOn rare occasion, such as a database read, you may be given encoded text you need to decode.
use Encode qw(encode decode); my $chars = decode("shiftjis", $bytes, 1);# OR my $bytes = encode("MIME-Header-ISO_2022_JP", $chars, 1);For streams all in the same encoding, don't use encode/decode; instead set the file encoding when you open the file or immediately after withbinmode as described later below.
$ perl -CA ...or $ export PERL_UNICODE=Aor use Encode qw(decode); @ARGV = map { decode('UTF-8', $_, 1) } @ARGV;# cpan -i Encode::Localeuse Encode qw(locale);use Encode::Locale;# use "locale" as an arg to encode/decode@ARGV = map { decode(locale => $_, 1) } @ARGV;Use a command-line option, an environment variable, or else callbinmode explicitly:
$ perl -CS ...or $ export PERL_UNICODE=Sor use open qw(:std :encoding(UTF-8));or binmode(STDIN, ":encoding(UTF-8)"); binmode(STDOUT, ":utf8"); binmode(STDERR, ":utf8");# cpan -i Encode::Localeuse Encode;use Encode::Locale;# or as a stream for binmode or openbinmode STDIN, ":encoding(console_in)" if -t STDIN;binmode STDOUT, ":encoding(console_out)" if -t STDOUT;binmode STDERR, ":encoding(console_out)" if -t STDERR;Files opened without an encoding argument will be in UTF-8:
$ perl -CD ...or $ export PERL_UNICODE=Dor use open qw(:encoding(UTF-8)); $ perl -CSDA ...or $ export PERL_UNICODE=SDAor use open qw(:std :encoding(UTF-8)); use Encode qw(decode); @ARGV = map { decode('UTF-8', $_, 1) } @ARGV;Specify stream encoding. This is the normal way to deal with encoded text, not by calling low-level functions.
# input file open(my $in_file, "< :encoding(UTF-16)", "wintext");OR open(my $in_file, "<", "wintext"); binmode($in_file, ":encoding(UTF-16)");THEN my $line = <$in_file>;# output file open($out_file, "> :encoding(cp1252)", "wintext");OR open(my $out_file, ">", "wintext"); binmode($out_file, ":encoding(cp1252)");THEN print $out_file "some text\n";More layers than just the encoding can be specified here. For example, the incantation":raw :encoding(UTF-16LE) :crlf" includes implicit CRLF handling.
Unicode casing is very different from ASCII casing.
uc("henry ⅷ") # "HENRY Ⅷ"uc("tschüß") # "TSCHÜSS" notice ß => SS# both are true:"tschüß" =~ /TSCHÜSS/i # notice ß => SS"Σίσυφος" =~ /ΣΊΣΥΦΟΣ/i # notice Σ,σ,ς samenessAlso available in the CPANUnicode::CaseFold module, the newfc “foldcase” function from v5.16 grants access to the same Unicode casefolding as the/i pattern modifier has always used:
use feature "fc"; # fc() function is from v5.16# sort case-insensitivelymy @sorted = sort { fc($a) cmp fc($b) } @list;# both are true:fc("tschüß") eq fc("TSCHÜSS")fc("Σίσυφος") eq fc("ΣΊΣΥΦΟΣ")A Unicode linebreak matches the two-character CRLF grapheme or any of seven vertical whitespace characters. Good for dealing with textfiles coming from different operating systems.
\Rs/\R/\n/g; # normalize all linebreaks to \nFind the general category of a numeric codepoint.
use Unicode::UCD qw(charinfo);my $cat = charinfo(0x3A3)->{category}; # "Lu"Disable\w,\b,\s,\d, and the POSIX classes from working correctly on Unicode either in this scope, or in just one regex.
use v5.14;use re "/a";# ORmy($num) = $str =~ /(\d+)/a;Or use specific un-Unicode properties, like\p{ahex} and\p{POSIX_Digit}. Properties still work normally no matter what charset modifiers (/d /u /l /a /aa) should be effect.
These all match a single codepoint with the given property. Use\P in place of\p to match one codepoint lacking that property.
\pL, \pN, \pS, \pP, \pM, \pZ, \pC\p{Sk}, \p{Ps}, \p{Lt}\p{alpha}, \p{upper}, \p{lower}\p{Latin}, \p{Greek}\p{script_extensions=Latin}, \p{scx=Greek}\p{East_Asian_Width=Wide}, \p{EA=W}\p{Line_Break=Hyphen}, \p{LB=HY}\p{Numeric_Value=4}, \p{NV=4}Define at compile-time your own custom character properties for use in regexes.
# using private-use characterssub In_Tengwar { "E000\tE07F\n" }if (/\p{In_Tengwar}/) { ... }# blending existing propertiessub Is_GraecoRoman_Title {<<'END_OF_SET'}+utf8::IsLatin+utf8::IsGreek&utf8::IsTitleEND_OF_SETif (/\p{Is_GraecoRoman_Title}/ { ... }Typically render into NFD on input and NFC on output. Using NFKC or NFKD functions improves recall on searches, assuming you've already done to the same text to be searched. Note that this is about much more than just pre- combined compatibility glyphs; it also reorders marks according to their canonical combining classes and weeds out singletons.
use Unicode::Normalize;my $nfd = NFD($orig);my $nfc = NFC($orig);my $nfkd = NFKD($orig);my $nfkc = NFKC($orig);Unless you’ve used/a or/aa,\d matches more than ASCII digits only, but Perl’s implicit string-to-number conversion does not current recognize these. Here’s how to convert such strings manually.
use v5.14; # needed for num() functionuse Unicode::UCD qw(num);my $str = "got Ⅻ and ४५६७ and ⅞ and here";my @nums = ();while ($str =~ /(\d+|\N)/g) { # not just ASCII! push @nums, num($1);}say "@nums"; # 12 4567 0.875use charnames qw(:full);my $nv = num("\N{RUMI DIGIT ONE}\N{RUMI DIGIT TWO}");Programmer-visible “characters” are codepoints matched by/./s, but user-visible “characters” are graphemes matched by/\X/.
# Find vowel *plus* any combining diacritics,underlining,etc.my $nfd = NFD($orig);$nfd =~ / (?=[aeiou]) \X /xi# match and grab five first graphemesmy($first_five) = $str =~ /^ ( \X{5} ) /x;# cpan -i Unicode::GCStringuse Unicode::GCString;my $gcs = Unicode::GCString->new($str);my $first_five = $gcs->substr(0, 5);Reversing by codepoint messes up diacritics, mistakenly convertingcrème brûlée intoéel̂urb em̀erc instead of intoeélûrb emèrc; so reverse by grapheme instead. Both these approaches work right no matter what normalization the string is in:
$str = join("", reverse $str =~ /\X/g);# OR: cpan -i Unicode::GCStringuse Unicode::GCString;$str = reverse Unicode::GCString->new($str);The stringbrûlée has six graphemes but up to eight codepoints. This counts by grapheme, not by codepoint:
my $str = "brûlée";my $count = 0;while ($str =~ /\X/g) { $count++ } # OR: cpan -i Unicode::GCStringuse Unicode::GCString;my $gcs = Unicode::GCString->new($str);my $count = $gcs->length;Perl’sprintf,sprintf, andformat think all codepoints take up 1 print column, but many take 0 or 2. Here to show that normalization makes no difference, we print out both forms:
use Unicode::GCString;use Unicode::Normalize;my @words = qw/crème brûlée/;@words = map { NFC($_), NFD($_) } @words;for my $str (@words) { my $gcs = Unicode::GCString->new($str); my $cols = $gcs->columns; my $pad = " " x (10 - $cols); say str, $pad, " |";}generates this to show that it pads correctly no matter the normalization:
crème |crème |brûlée |brûlée |Text sorted by numeric codepoint follows no reasonable alphabetic order; use the UCA for sorting text.
use Unicode::Collate;my $col = Unicode::Collate->new();my @list = $col->sort(@old_list);See theucsort program from theUnicode::Tussle CPAN module for a convenient command-line interface to this module.
Specify a collation strength of level 1 to ignore case and diacritics, only looking at the basic character.
use Unicode::Collate;my $col = Unicode::Collate->new(level => 1);my @list = $col->sort(@old_list);Some locales have special sorting rules.
# either use v5.12, OR: cpan -i Unicode::Collate::Localeuse Unicode::Collate::Locale;my $col = Unicode::Collate::Locale->new(locale => "de__phonebook");my @list = $col->sort(@old_list);Theucsort program mentioned above accepts a--locale parameter.
cmp work on text instead of codepointsInstead of this:
@srecs = sort { $b->{AGE} <=> $a->{AGE} || $a->{NAME} cmp $b->{NAME}} @recs;Use this:
my $coll = Unicode::Collate->new();for my $rec (@recs) { $rec->{NAME_key} = $coll->getSortKey( $rec->{NAME} );}@srecs = sort { $b->{AGE} <=> $a->{AGE} || $a->{NAME_key} cmp $b->{NAME_key}} @recs;Use a collator object to compare Unicode text by character instead of by codepoint.
use Unicode::Collate;my $es = Unicode::Collate->new( level => 1, normalization => undef); # now both are true:$es->eq("García", "GARCIA" );$es->eq("Márquez", "MARQUEZ");Same, but in a specific locale.
my $de = Unicode::Collate::Locale->new( locale => "de__phonebook", );# now this is true:$de->eq("tschüß", "TSCHUESS"); # notice ü => UE, ß => SSBreak up text into lines according to Unicode rules.
# cpan -i Unicode::LineBreakuse Unicode::LineBreak;use charnames qw(:full);my $para = "This is a super\N{HYPHEN}long string. " x 20;my $fmt = Unicode::LineBreak->new;print $fmt->break($para), "\n";Using a regular Perl string as a key or value for a DBM hash will trigger a wide character exception if any codepoints won’t fit into a byte. Here’s how to manually manage the translation:
use DB_File; use Encode qw(encode decode); tie %dbhash, "DB_File", "pathname";# STORE # assume $uni_key and $uni_value are abstract Unicode strings my $enc_key = encode("UTF-8", $uni_key, 1); my $enc_value = encode("UTF-8", $uni_value, 1); $dbhash{$enc_key} = $enc_value;# FETCH # assume $uni_key holds a normal Perl string (abstract Unicode) my $enc_key = encode("UTF-8", $uni_key, 1); my $enc_value = $dbhash{$enc_key}; my $uni_value = decode("UTF-8", $enc_value, 1);Here’s how to implicitly manage the translation; all encoding and decoding is done automatically, just as with streams that have a particular encoding attached to them:
use DB_File; use DBM_Filter; my $dbobj = tie %dbhash, "DB_File", "pathname"; $dbobj->Filter_Value("utf8"); # this is the magic bit# STORE # assume $uni_key and $uni_value are abstract Unicode strings $dbhash{$uni_key} = $uni_value; # FETCH # $uni_key holds a normal Perl string (abstract Unicode) my $uni_value = $dbhash{$uni_key};Here’s a full program showing how to make use of locale-sensitive sorting, Unicode casing, and managing print widths when some of the characters take up zero or two columns, not just one column each time. When run, the following program produces this nicely aligned output:
Crème Brûlée....... €2.00Éclair............. €1.60Fideuà............. €4.20Hamburger.......... €6.00Jamón Serrano...... €4.45Linguiça........... €7.00Pâté............... €4.15Pears.............. €2.00Pêches............. €2.25Smørbrød........... €5.75Spätzle............ €5.50Xoriço............. €3.00Γύρος.............. €6.50막걸리............. €4.00おもち............. €2.65お好み焼き......... €8.00シュークリーム..... €1.85寿司............... €9.99包子............... €7.50Here's that program.
#!/usr/bin/env perl# umenu - demo sorting and printing of Unicode food## (obligatory and increasingly long preamble)#use v5.36;use utf8;use warnings qw(FATAL utf8); # fatalize encoding faultsuse open qw(:std :encoding(UTF-8)); # undeclared streams in UTF-8use charnames qw(:full :short); # unneeded in v5.16# std modulesuse Unicode::Normalize; # std perl distro as of v5.8use List::Util qw(max); # std perl distro as of v5.10use Unicode::Collate::Locale; # std perl distro as of v5.14# cpan modulesuse Unicode::GCString; # from CPANmy %price = ( "γύρος" => 6.50, # gyros "pears" => 2.00, # like um, pears "linguiça" => 7.00, # spicy sausage, Portuguese "xoriço" => 3.00, # chorizo sausage, Catalan "hamburger" => 6.00, # burgermeister meisterburger "éclair" => 1.60, # dessert, French "smørbrød" => 5.75, # sandwiches, Norwegian "spätzle" => 5.50, # Bayerisch noodles, little sparrows "包子" => 7.50, # bao1 zi5, steamed pork buns, Mandarin "jamón serrano" => 4.45, # country ham, Spanish "pêches" => 2.25, # peaches, French "シュークリーム" => 1.85, # cream-filled pastry like eclair "막걸리" => 4.00, # makgeolli, Korean rice wine "寿司" => 9.99, # sushi, Japanese "おもち" => 2.65, # omochi, rice cakes, Japanese "crème brûlée" => 2.00, # crema catalana "fideuà" => 4.20, # more noodles, Valencian # (Catalan=fideuada) "pâté" => 4.15, # gooseliver paste, French "お好み焼き" => 8.00, # okonomiyaki, Japanese);my $width = 5 + max map { colwidth($_) } keys %price;# So the Asian stuff comes out in an order that someone# who reads those scripts won't freak out over; the# CJK stuff will be in JIS X 0208 order that way.my $coll = Unicode::Collate::Locale->new(locale => "ja");for my $item ($coll->sort(keys %price)) { print pad(entitle($item), $width, "."); printf " €%.2f\n", $price{$item};}sub pad ($str, $width, $padchar) { return $str . ($padchar x ($width - colwidth($str)));}sub colwidth ($str) { return Unicode::GCString->new($str)->columns;}sub entitle ($str) { $str =~ s{ (?=\pL)(\S) (\S*) } { ucfirst($1) . lc($2) }xge; return $str;}See these manpages, some of which are CPAN modules:perlunicode,perluniprops,perlre,perlrecharclass,perluniintro,perlunitut,perlunifaq,PerlIO,DB_File,DBM_Filter,DBM_Filter::utf8,Encode,Encode::Locale,Unicode::UCD,Unicode::Normalize,Unicode::GCString,Unicode::LineBreak,Unicode::Collate,Unicode::Collate::Locale,Unicode::Unihan,Unicode::CaseFold,Unicode::Tussle,Lingua::JA::Romanize::Japanese,Lingua::ZH::Romanize::Pinyin,Lingua::KO::Romanize::Hangul.
TheUnicode::Tussle CPAN module includes many programs to help with working with Unicode, including these programs to fully or partly replace standard utilities:tcgrep instead ofegrep,uniquote instead ofcat -v orhexdump,uniwc instead ofwc,unilook instead oflook,unifmt instead offmt, anducsort instead ofsort. For exploring Unicode character names and character properties, see itsuniprops,unichars, anduninames programs. It also supplies these programs, all of which are general filters that do Unicode-y things:unititle andunicaps;uniwide anduninarrow;unisupers andunisubs;nfd,nfc,nfkd, andnfkc; anduc,lc, andtc.
Finally, see the published Unicode Standard (page numbers are from version 6.0.0), including these specific annexes and technical reports:
Tom Christiansen <tchrist@perl.com> wrote this, with occasional kibbitzing from Larry Wall and Jeffrey Friedl in the background.
Copyright © 2012 Tom Christiansen.
This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
Most of these examples taken from the current edition of the “Camel Book”; that is, from the 4ᵗʰ Edition ofProgramming Perl, Copyright © 2012 Tom Christiansen <et al.>, 2012-02-13 by O’Reilly Media. The code itself is freely redistributable, and you are encouraged to transplant, fold, spindle, and mutilate any of the examples in this manpage however you please for inclusion into your own programs without any encumbrance whatsoever. Acknowledgement via code comment is polite but not required.
v1.0.0 – first public release, 2012-02-27
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