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HIER(7)                    Linux Programmer's ManualHIER(7)NAME       hier - description of the filesystem hierarchyDESCRIPTION       A typical Linux system has, among others, the following directories:       /      This  is  the  root  directory.   This  is  where the whole tree              starts.       /bin   This directory contains executable programs which are needed  in              single user mode and to bring the system up or repair it.       /boot  Contains static files for the boot loader.  This directory holds              only the files which are needed during the  boot  process.   The              map  installer  and  configuration  files should go to /sbin and              /etc.  The operating system kernel (initrd for example) must  be              located in either / or /boot.       /dev   Special  or  device files, which refer to physical devices.  Seemknod(1).       /etc   Contains configuration files which are  local  to  the  machine.              Some larger software packages, like X11, can have their own sub-              directories below /etc.  Site-wide configuration  files  may  be              placed  here  or in /usr/etc.  Nevertheless, programs should al-              ways look for these files in /etc and you  may  have  links  for              these files to /usr/etc.       /etc/opt              Host-specific  configuration  files  for add-on applications in-              stalled in /opt.       /etc/sgml              This directory contains the configuration files  for  SGML  (op-              tional).       /etc/skel              When  a  new  user account is created, files from this directory              are usually copied into the user's home directory.       /etc/X11              Configuration files for the X11 window system (optional).       /etc/xml              This directory contains the configuration  files  for  XML  (op-              tional).       /home  On  machines  with home directories for users, these are usually              beneath this directory, directly or not.  The structure of  this              directory depends on local administration decisions (optional).       /lib   This  directory should hold those shared libraries that are nec-              essary to boot the system and to run the commands  in  the  root              filesystem.       /lib<qual>              These  directories  are variants of /lib on system which support              more than one binary format requiring  separate  libraries  (op-              tional).       /lib/modules              Loadable kernel modules (optional).       /lost+found              This  directory  contains  items  lost in the filesystem.  These              items are usually chunks of files mangled as a consequence of  a              faulty disk or a system crash.       /media This directory contains mount points for removable media such as              CD and DVD disks or USB sticks.  On systems where more than  one              device exists for mounting a certain type of media, mount direc-              tories can be created by appending a digit to the name of  those              available above starting with '0', but the unqualified name must              also exist.       /media/floppy[1-9]              Floppy drive (optional).       /media/cdrom[1-9]              CD-ROM drive (optional).       /media/cdrecorder[1-9]              CD writer (optional).       /media/zip[1-9]              Zip drive (optional).       /media/usb[1-9]              USB drive (optional).       /mnt   This directory is  a  mount  point  for  a  temporarily  mounted              filesystem.  In some distributions, /mnt contains subdirectories              intended to be  used  as  mount  points  for  several  temporary              filesystems.       /opt   This  directory  should  contain  add-on  packages  that contain              static files.       /proc  This is a mount point for the proc  filesystem,  which  provides              information  about  running  processes  and  the  kernel.   This              pseudo-filesystem is described in more detail inproc(5).       /root  This directory is usually the home directory for the  root  user              (optional).       /sbin  Like /bin, this directory holds commands needed to boot the sys-              tem, but which are usually not executed by normal users.       /srv   This directory contains site-specific data  that  is  served  by              this system.       /sys   This  is  a mount point for the sysfs filesystem, which provides              information about the kernel like /proc, but better  structured,              following the formalism of kobject infrastructure.       /tmp   This  directory  contains  temporary  files which may be deleted              with no notice, such as by a regular job or at system boot up.       /usr   This directory is usually mounted from a separate partition.  It              should  hold  only  shareable, read-only data, so that it can be              mounted by various machines running Linux.       /usr/X11R6              The X-Window system, version 11 release 6 (optional).       /usr/X11R6/bin              Binaries which belong to the X-Window system; often, there is  a              symbolic link from the more traditional /usr/bin/X11 to here.       /usr/X11R6/lib              Data files associated with the X-Window system.       /usr/X11R6/lib/X11              These contain miscellaneous files needed to run X;  Often, there              is a symbolic link from /usr/lib/X11 to this directory.       /usr/X11R6/include/X11              Contains include files needed for compiling programs  using  the              X11  window  system.   Often,  there  is  a  symbolic  link from              /usr/include/X11 to this directory.       /usr/bin              This is the primary directory  for  executable  programs.   Most              programs executed by normal users which are not needed for boot-              ing or for repairing the system and which are not installed  lo-              cally should be placed in this directory.       /usr/bin/mh              Commands for the MH mail handling system (optional).       /usr/bin/X11              is  the traditional place to look for X11 executables; on Linux,              it usually is a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/bin.       /usr/dict              Replaced by /usr/share/dict.       /usr/doc              Replaced by /usr/share/doc.       /usr/etc              Site-wide configuration files to be shared between  several  ma-              chines  may  be  stored  in  this  directory.  However, commands              should always reference those files using  the  /etc  directory.              Links  from  files in /etc should point to the appropriate files              in /usr/etc.       /usr/games              Binaries for games and educational programs (optional).       /usr/include              Include files for the C compiler.       /usr/include/bsd              BSD compatibility include files (optional).       /usr/include/X11              Include files for the C compiler and the X-Window system.   This              is usually a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/include/X11.       /usr/include/asm              Include files which declare some assembler functions.  This used              to be a symbolic link to /usr/src/linux/include/asm.       /usr/include/linux              This contains information which may change from  system  release              to   system   release   and  used  to  be  a  symbolic  link  to              /usr/src/linux/include/linux to get at operating-system-specific              information.              (Note  that  one  should have include files there that work cor-              rectly with the current libc and in user space.  However,  Linux              kernel  source is not designed to be used with user programs and              does not know anything about the libc you are using.  It is very              likely  that  things  will break if you let /usr/include/asm and              /usr/include/linux point at a random kernel tree.   Debian  sys-              tems don't do this and use headers from a known good kernel ver-              sion, provided in the libc*-dev package.)       /usr/include/g++              Include files to use with the GNU C++ compiler.       /usr/lib              Object libraries, including dynamic libraries,  plus  some  exe-              cutables  which  usually are not invoked directly.  More compli-              cated programs may have whole subdirectories there.       /usr/lib<qual>              These directories are variants of /usr/lib on system which  sup-              port  more  than one binary format requiring separate libraries,              except that the symbolic link /usr/lib<qual>/X11 is not required              (optional).       /usr/lib/X11              The  usual  place for data files associated with X programs, and              configuration files for the X system itself.  On Linux, it  usu-              ally is a symbolic link to /usr/X11R6/lib/X11.       /usr/lib/gcc-lib              contains  executables  and include files for the GNU C compiler,gcc(1).       /usr/lib/groff              Files for the GNU groff document formatting system.       /usr/lib/uucp              Files foruucp(1).       /usr/local              This is where programs which are local to the site typically go.       /usr/local/bin              Binaries for programs local to the site.       /usr/local/doc              Local documentation.       /usr/local/etc              Configuration files associated with locally installed programs.       /usr/local/games              Binaries for locally installed games.       /usr/local/lib              Files associated with locally installed programs.       /usr/local/lib<qual>              These directories are variants of /usr/local/lib on system which              support more than one binary format requiring separate libraries              (optional).       /usr/local/include              Header files for the local C compiler.       /usr/local/info              Info pages associated with locally installed programs.       /usr/local/man              Man pages associated with locally installed programs.       /usr/local/sbin              Locally installed programs for system administration.       /usr/local/share              Local application data that can be shared among different archi-              tectures of the same OS.       /usr/local/src              Source code for locally installed software.       /usr/man              Replaced by /usr/share/man.       /usr/sbin              This  directory contains program binaries for system administra-              tion which are not essential for the boot process, for  mounting              /usr, or for system repair.       /usr/share              This directory contains subdirectories with specific application              data, that can be shared among different  architectures  of  the              same  OS.   Often  one  finds  stuff  here  that used to live in              /usr/doc or /usr/lib or /usr/man.       /usr/share/dict              Contains the word lists used by spell checkers (optional).       /usr/share/dict/words              List of English words (optional).       /usr/share/doc              Documentation about installed programs (optional).       /usr/share/games              Static data files for games in /usr/games (optional).       /usr/share/info              Info pages go here (optional).       /usr/share/locale              Locale information goes here (optional).       /usr/share/man              Manual pages go here in subdirectories according to the man page              sections.       /usr/share/man/<locale>/man[1-9]              These  directories  contain manual pages for the specific locale              in source code form.  Systems which use a  unique  language  and              code set for all manual pages may omit the <locale> substring.       /usr/share/misc              Miscellaneous  data that can be shared among different architec-              tures of the same OS.       /usr/share/nls              The message catalogs for native language support  go  here  (op-              tional).       /usr/share/sgml              Files for SGML (optional).       /usr/share/sgml/docbook              DocBook DTD (optional).       /usr/share/sgml/tei              TEI DTD (optional).       /usr/share/sgml/html              HTML DTD (optional).       /usr/share/sgml/mathtml              MathML DTD (optional).       /usr/share/terminfo              The database for terminfo (optional).       /usr/share/tmac              Troff macros that are not distributed with groff (optional).       /usr/share/xml              Files for XML (optional).       /usr/share/xml/docbook              DocBook DTD (optional).       /usr/share/xml/xhtml              XHTML DTD (optional).       /usr/share/xml/mathml              MathML DTD (optional).       /usr/share/zoneinfo              Files for timezone information (optional).       /usr/src              Source  files  for  different parts of the system, included with              some packages for reference purposes.  Don't work here with your              own  projects,  as  files  below /usr should be read-only except              when installing software (optional).       /usr/src/linux              This was the traditional place for the kernel source.  Some dis-              tributions put here the source for the default kernel they ship.              You should probably use another directory when building your own              kernel.       /usr/tmp              Obsolete.   This  should  be  a  link to /var/tmp.  This link is              present only for compatibility reasons and shouldn't be used.       /var   This directory contains files which may change in size, such  as              spool and log files.       /var/account              Process accounting logs (optional).       /var/adm              This  directory  is  superseded by /var/log and should be a sym-              bolic link to /var/log.       /var/backups              Reserved for historical reasons.       /var/cache              Data cached for programs.       /var/cache/fonts              Locally-generated fonts (optional).       /var/cache/man              Locally-formatted man pages (optional).       /var/cache/www              WWW proxy or cache data (optional).       /var/cache/<package>              Package specific cache data (optional).       /var/catman/cat[1-9] or /var/cache/man/cat[1-9]              These directories contain preformatted manual pages according to              their  man  page section.  (The use of preformatted manual pages              is deprecated.)       /var/crash              System crash dumps (optional).       /var/cron              Reserved for historical reasons.       /var/games              Variable game data (optional).       /var/lib              Variable state information for programs.       /var/lib/hwclock              State directory for hwclock (optional).       /var/lib/misc              Miscellaneous state data.       /var/lib/xdm              X display manager variable data (optional).       /var/lib/<editor>              Editor backup files and state (optional).       /var/lib/<name>              These directories must be used for  all  distribution  packaging              support.       /var/lib/<package>              State data for packages and subsystems (optional).       /var/lib/<pkgtool>              Packaging support files (optional).       /var/local              Variable data for /usr/local.       /var/lock              Lock  files are placed in this directory.  The naming convention              for device lock files is LCK..<device> where <device> is the de-              vice's  name  in the filesystem.  The format used is that of HDU              UUCP lock files, that is, lock files contain a PID as a  10-byte              ASCII decimal number, followed by a newline character.       /var/log              Miscellaneous log files.       /var/opt              Variable data for /opt.       /var/mail              Users' mailboxes.  Replaces /var/spool/mail.       /var/msgs              Reserved for historical reasons.       /var/preserve              Reserved for historical reasons.       /var/run              Run-time  variable files, like files holding process identifiers              (PIDs) and logged user information (utmp).  Files in this direc-              tory are usually cleared when the system boots.       /var/spool              Spooled (or queued) files for various programs.       /var/spool/at              Spooled jobs forat(1).       /var/spool/cron              Spooled jobs forcron(8).       /var/spool/lpd              Spooled files for printing (optional).       /var/spool/lpd/printer              Spools for a specific printer (optional).       /var/spool/mail              Replaced by /var/mail.       /var/spool/mqueue              Queued outgoing mail (optional).       /var/spool/news              Spool directory for news (optional).       /var/spool/rwho              Spooled files forrwhod(8) (optional).       /var/spool/smail              Spooled files for thesmail(1) mail delivery program.       /var/spool/uucp              Spooled files foruucp(1) (optional).       /var/tmp              Like  /tmp,  this  directory holds temporary files stored for an              unspecified duration.       /var/yp              Database files for NIS, formerly known as the Sun  Yellow  Pages              (YP).CONFORMING TO       The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, Version 2.3 <http://www.pathname.com       /fhs/>.BUGS       This list is not exhaustive; different systems may be  configured  dif-       ferently.SEE ALSOfind(1),ln(1),proc(5),file-hierarchy(7),mount(8)       The Filesystem Hierarchy StandardCOLOPHON       This  page  is  part of release 5.05 of the Linux man-pages project.  A       description of the project, information about reporting bugs,  and  the       latest     version     of     this    page,    can    be    found    at       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.Linux                             2017-11-26HIER(7)