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PS(1)                            User CommandsPS(1)NAME       ps - report a snapshot of the current processes.SYNOPSIS       ps [options]DESCRIPTION       ps displays information about a selection of the active processes.  If       you want a repetitive update of the selection and the displayed       information, usetop(1) instead.       This version of ps accepts several kinds of options:       1   UNIX options, which may be grouped and must be preceded by a dash.       2   BSD options, which may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.       3   GNU long options, which are preceded by two dashes.       Options of different types may be freely mixed, but conflicts can       appear.  There are some synonymous options, which are functionally       identical, due to the many standards and ps implementations that this       ps is compatible with.       Note that "ps -aux" is distinct from "ps aux".  The POSIX and UNIX       standards require that "ps -aux" print all processes owned by a user       named "x", as well as printing all processes that would be selected by       the -a option.  If the user named "x" does not exist, this ps may       interpret the command as "ps aux" instead and print a warning.  This       behavior is intended to aid in transitioning old scripts and habits.       It is fragile, subject to change, and thus should not be relied upon.       By default, ps selects all processes with the same effective user ID       (euid=EUID) as the current user and associated with the same terminal       as the invoker.  It displays the process ID (pid=PID), the terminal       associated with the process (tname=TTY), the cumulated CPU time in       [DD-]hh:mm:ss format (time=TIME), and the executable name (ucmd=CMD).       Output is unsorted by default.       The use of BSD-style options will add process state (stat=STAT) to the       default display and show the command args (args=COMMAND) instead of the       executable name.  You can override this with the PS_FORMAT environment       variable.  The use of BSD-style options will also change the process       selection to include processes on other terminals (TTYs) that are owned       by you; alternately, this may be described as setting the selection to       be the set of all processes filtered to exclude processes owned by       other users or not on a terminal.  These effects are not considered       when options are described as being "identical" below, so -M will be       considered identical to Z and so on.       Except as described below, process selection options are additive.  The       default selection is discarded, and then the selected processes are       added to the set of processes to be displayed.  A process will thus be       shown if it meets any of the given selection criteria.EXAMPLES       To see every process on the system using standard syntax:          ps -e          ps -ef          ps -eF          ps -ely       To see every process on the system using BSD syntax:          ps ax          ps axu       To print a process tree:          ps -ejH          ps axjf       To get info about threads:          ps -eLf          ps axms       To get security info:          ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label          ps axZ          ps -eM       To see every process running as root (real & effective ID) in user       format:          ps -U root -u root u       To see every process with a user-defined format:          ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm          ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm          ps -Ao pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan       Print only the process IDs of syslogd:          ps -C syslogd -o pid=       Print only the name of PID 42:          ps -q 42 -o comm=SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION       a      Lift the BSD-style "only yourself" restriction, which is imposed              upon the set of all processes when some BSD-style (without "-")              options are used or when the ps personality setting is BSD-like.              The set of processes selected in this manner is in addition to              the set of processes selected by other means.  An alternate              description is that this option causes ps to list all processes              with a terminal (tty), or to list all processes when used              together with the x option.       -A     Select all processes.  Identical to -e.       -a     Select all processes except both session leaders (seegetsid(2))              and processes not associated with a terminal.       -d     Select all processes except session leaders.       --deselect              Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified              conditions (negates the selection).  Identical to -N.       -e     Select all processes.  Identical to -A.       g      Really all, even session leaders.  This flag is obsolete and may              be discontinued in a future release.  It is normally implied by              the a flag, and is only useful when operating in the sunos4              personality.       -N     Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified              conditions (negates the selection).  Identical to --deselect.       T      Select all processes associated with this terminal.  Identical              to the t option without any argument.       r      Restrict the selection to only running processes.       x      Lift the BSD-style "must have a tty" restriction, which is              imposed upon the set of all processes when some BSD-style              (without "-") options are used or when the ps personality              setting is BSD-like.  The set of processes selected in this              manner is in addition to the set of processes selected by other              means.  An alternate description is that this option causes ps              to list all processes owned by you (same EUID as ps), or to list              all processes when used together with the a option.PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST       These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank-separated       or comma-separated list.  They can be used multiple times.  For       example: ps -p "1 2" -p 3,4       -123   Identical to --pid 123.       123    Identical to --pid 123.       -C cmdlist              Select by command name.  This selects the processes whose              executable name is given in cmdlist.  NOTE: The command name is              not the same as the command line. Previous versions of procps              and the kernel truncated this command name to 15 characters.              This limitation is no longer present in both. If you depended on              matching only 15 characters, you may no longer get a match.       -G grplist              Select by real group ID (RGID) or name.  This selects the              processes whose real group name or ID is in the grplist list.              The real group ID identifies the group of the user who created              the process, seegetgid(2).       -g grplist              Select by session OR by effective group name.  Selection by              session is specified by many standards, but selection by              effective group is the logical behavior that several other              operating systems use.  This ps will select by session when the              list is completely numeric (as sessions are).  Group ID numbers              will work only when some group names are also specified.  See              the -s and --group options.       --Group grplist              Select by real group ID (RGID) or name.  Identical to -G.       --group grplist              Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name.  This selects the              processes whose effective group name or ID is in grplist.  The              effective group ID describes the group whose file access              permissions are used by the process (seegetegid(2)).  The -g              option is often an alternative to --group.       p pidlist              Select by process ID.  Identical to -p and --pid.       -p pidlist              Select by PID.  This selects the processes whose process ID              numbers appear in pidlist.  Identical to p and --pid.       --pid pidlist              Select by process ID.  Identical to -p and p.       --ppid pidlist              Select by parent process ID.  This selects the processes with a              parent process ID in pidlist.  That is, it selects processes              that are children of those listed in pidlist.       q pidlist              Select by process ID (quick mode).  Identical to -q and              --quick-pid.       -q pidlist              Select by PID (quick mode).  This selects the processes whose              process ID numbers appear in pidlist.  With this option ps reads              the necessary info only for the pids listed in the pidlist and              doesn't apply additional filtering rules.  The order of pids is              unsorted and preserved.  No additional selection options,              sorting and forest type listings are allowed in this mode.              Identical to q and --quick-pid.       --quick-pid pidlist              Select by process ID (quick mode).  Identical to -q and q.       -s sesslist              Select by session ID.  This selects the processes with a session              ID specified in sesslist.       --sid sesslist              Select by session ID.  Identical to -s.       t ttylist              Select by tty.  Nearly identical to -t and --tty, but can also              be used with an empty ttylist to indicate the terminal              associated with ps.  Using the T option is considered cleaner              than using t with an empty ttylist.       -t ttylist              Select by tty.  This selects the processes associated with the              terminals given in ttylist.  Terminals (ttys, or screens for              text output) can be specified in several forms: /dev/ttyS1,              ttyS1, S1.  A plain "-" may be used to select processes not              attached to any terminal.       --tty ttylist              Select by terminal.  Identical to -t and t.       U userlist              Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.  This selects the              processes whose effective user name or ID is in userlist.  The              effective user ID describes the user whose file access              permissions are used by the process (seegeteuid(2)).  Identical              to -u and --user.       -U userlist              Select by real user ID (RUID) or name.  It selects the processes              whose real user name or ID is in the userlist list.  The real              user ID identifies the user who created the process, seegetuid(2).       -u userlist              Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.  This selects the              processes whose effective user name or ID is in userlist.              The effective user ID describes the user whose file access              permissions are used by the process (seegeteuid(2)).  Identical              to U and --user.       --User userlist              Select by real user ID (RUID) or name.  Identical to -U.       --user userlist              Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.  Identical to -u and              U.OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL       These options are used to choose the information displayed by ps.  The       output may differ by personality.       -c     Show different scheduler information for the -l option.       --context              Display security context format (for SELinux).       -f     Do full-format listing.  This option can be combined with many              other UNIX-style options to add additional columns.  It also              causes the command arguments to be printed.  When used with -L,              the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID) columns will be              added.  See the c option, the format keyword args, and the              format keyword comm.       -F     Extra full format.  See the -f option, which -F implies.       --format format              user-defined format.  Identical to -o and o.       j      BSD job control format.       -j     Jobs format.       l      Display BSD long format.       -l     Long format.  The -y option is often useful with this.       -M     Add a column of security data.  Identical to Z (for SELinux).       O format              is preloaded o (overloaded).  The BSD O option can act like -O              (user-defined output format with some common fields predefined)              or can be used to specify sort order.  Heuristics are used to              determine the behavior of this option.  To ensure that the              desired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify              the option in some other way (e.g.  with -O or --sort).  When              used as a formatting option, it is identical to -O, with the BSD              personality.       -O format              Like -o, but preloaded with some default columns.  Identical to              -o pid,format,state,tname,time,command or -o pid,format,tname,              time,cmd, see -o below.       o format              Specify user-defined format.  Identical to -o and --format.       -o format              User-defined format.  format is a single argument in the form of              a blank-separated or comma-separated list, which offers a way to              specify individual output columns.  The recognized keywords are              described in the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section below.              Headers may be renamed (ps -o pid,ruser=RealUser -o              comm=Command) as desired.  If all column headers are empty (ps              -o pid= -o comm=) then the header line will not be output.              Column width will increase as needed for wide headers; this may              be used to widen up columns such as WCHAN (ps -o pid,wchan=WIDE-              WCHAN-COLUMN -o comm).  Explicit width control (ps opid,              wchan:42,cmd) is offered too.  The behavior of ps -o pid=X,              comm=Y varies with personality; output may be one column named              "X,comm=Y" or two columns named "X" and "Y".  Use multiple -o              options when in doubt.  Use the PS_FORMAT environment variable              to specify a default as desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are macros              that may be used to choose the default UNIX or BSD columns.       s      Display signal format.       u      Display user-oriented format.       v      Display virtual memory format.       X      Register format.       -y     Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr.  This option can              only be used with -l.       Z      Add a column of security data.  Identical to -M (for SELinux).OUTPUT MODIFIERS       c      Show the true command name.  This is derived from the name of              the executable file, rather than from the argv value.  Command              arguments and any modifications to them are thus not shown.              This option effectively turns the args format keyword into the              comm format keyword; it is useful with the -f format option and              with the various BSD-style format options, which all normally              display the command arguments.  See the -f option, the format              keyword args, and the format keyword comm.       --cols n              Set screen width.       --columns n              Set screen width.       --cumulative              Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent).       e      Show the environment after the command.       f      ASCII art process hierarchy (forest).       --forest              ASCII art process tree.       h      No header.  (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality).              The h option is problematic.  Standard BSD ps uses this option              to print a header on each page of output, but older Linux ps              uses this option to totally disable the header.  This version of              ps follows the Linux usage of not printing the header unless the              BSD personality has been selected, in which case it prints a              header on each page of output.  Regardless of the current              personality, you can use the long options --headers and              --no-headers to enable printing headers each page or disable              headers entirely, respectively.       -H     Show process hierarchy (forest).       --headers              Repeat header lines, one per page of output.       k spec Specify sorting order.  Sorting syntax is              [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]].  Choose a multi-letter key from the              STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section.  The "+" is optional since              default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic              order.  Identical to --sort.                      Examples:                      ps jaxkuid,-ppid,+pid                      ps axk comm o comm,args                      ps kstart_time -ef       --lines n              Set screen height.       n      Numeric output for WCHAN and USER (including all types of UID              and GID).       --no-headers              Print no header line at all.  --no-heading is an alias for this              option.       O order              Sorting order (overloaded).  The BSD O option can act like -O              (user-defined output format with some common fields predefined)              or can be used to specify sort order.  Heuristics are used to              determine the behavior of this option.  To ensure that the              desired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify              the option in some other way (e.g.  with -O or --sort).              For sorting, obsolete BSD O option syntax is              O[+|-]k1[,[+|-]k2[,...]].  It orders the processes listing              according to the multilevel sort specified by the sequence of              one-letter short keys k1,k2, ... described in the OBSOLETE SORT              KEYS section below.  The "+" is currently optional, merely              re-iterating the default direction on a key, but may help to              distinguish an O sort from an O format.  The "-" reverses              direction only on the key it precedes.       --rows n              Set screen height.       S      Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child              processes into their parent.  This is useful for examining a              system where a parent process repeatedly forks off short-lived              children to do work.       --sort spec              Specify sorting order.  Sorting syntax is              [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]].  Choose a multi-letter key from the              STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section.  The "+" is optional since              default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic              order.  Identical to k.  For example: ps jax --sort=uid,-ppid,              +pid       w      Wide output.  Use this option twice for unlimited width.       -w     Wide output.  Use this option twice for unlimited width.       --width n              Set screen width.THREAD DISPLAY       H      Show threads as if they were processes.       -L     Show threads, possibly with LWP and NLWP columns.       m      Show threads after processes.       -m     Show threads after processes.       -T     Show threads, possibly with SPID column.OTHER INFORMATION       --help section              Print a help message.  The section argument can be one of              simple, list, output, threads, misc, or all.  The argument can              be shortened to one of the underlined letters as in:              s|l|o|t|m|a.       --info Print debugging info.       L      List all format specifiers.       V      Print the procps-ng version.       -V     Print the procps-ng version.       --version              Print the procps-ng version.NOTES       This ps works by reading the virtual files in /proc.  This ps does not       need to be setuid kmem or have any privileges to run.  Do not give this       ps any special permissions.       CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent       running during the entire lifetime of a process.  This is not ideal,       and it does not conform to the standards that ps otherwise conforms to.       CPU usage is unlikely to add up to exactly 100%.       The SIZE and RSS fields don't count some parts of a process including       the page tables, kernel stack, struct thread_info, and struct       task_struct.  This is usually at least 20 KiB of memory that is always       resident.  SIZE is the virtual size of the process (code+data+stack).       Processes marked <defunct> are dead processes (so-called "zombies")       that remain because their parent has not destroyed them properly.       These processes will be destroyed byinit(8) if the parent process       exits.       If the length of the username is greater than the length of the display       column, the username will be truncated.  See the -o and -O formatting       options to customize length.       Commands options such as ps -aux are not recommended as it is a       confusion of two different standards.  According to the POSIX and UNIX       standards, the above command asks to display all processes with a TTY       (generally the commands users are running) plus all processes owned by       a user named "x".  If that user doesn't exist, then ps will assume you       really meant "ps aux".PROCESS FLAGS       The sum of these values is displayed in the "F" column, which is       provided by the flags output specifier:               1    forked but didn't exec               4    used super-user privilegesPROCESS STATE CODES       Here are the different values that the s, stat and state output       specifiers (header "STAT" or "S") will display to describe the state of       a process:               D    uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)               I    Idle kernel thread               R    running or runnable (on run queue)               S    interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to complete)               T    stopped by job control signal               t    stopped by debugger during the tracing               W    paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel)               X    dead (should never be seen)               Z    defunct ("zombie") process, terminated but not reaped by                    its parent       For BSD formats and when the stat keyword is used, additional       characters may be displayed:               <    high-priority (not nice to other users)               N    low-priority (nice to other users)               L    has pages locked into memory (for real-time and custom IO)               s    is a session leader               l    is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL pthreads                    do)               +    is in the foreground process groupOBSOLETE SORT KEYS       These keys are used by the BSD O option (when it is used for sorting).       The GNU --sort option doesn't use these keys, but the specifiers       described below in the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section.  Note that       the values used in sorting are the internal values ps uses and not the       "cooked" values used in some of the output format fields (e.g.  sorting       on tty will sort into device number, not according to the terminal name       displayed).  Pipe ps output into thesort(1) command if you want to       sort the cooked values.       KEY   LONG         DESCRIPTION       c     cmd          simple name of executable       C     pcpu         cpu utilization       f     flags        flags as in long format F field       g     pgrp         process group ID       G     tpgid        controlling tty process group ID       j     cutime       cumulative user time       J     cstime       cumulative system time       k     utime        user time       m     min_flt      number of minor page faults       M     maj_flt      number of major page faults       n     cmin_flt     cumulative minor page faults       N     cmaj_flt     cumulative major page faults       o     session      session ID       p     pid          process ID       P     ppid         parent process ID       r     rss          resident set size       R     resident     resident pages       s     size         memory size in kilobytes       S     share        amount of shared pages       t     tty          the device number of the controlling tty       T     start_time   time process was started       U     uid          user ID number       u     user         user name       v     vsize        total VM size in KiB       y     priority     kernel scheduling priorityAIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS       This ps supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the       formatting codes ofprintf(1) andprintf(3).  For example, the normal       default output can be produced with this: ps -eo "%p %y %x %c".  The       NORMAL codes are described in the next section.       CODE   NORMAL   HEADER       %C     pcpu     %CPU       %G     group    GROUP       %P     ppid     PPID       %U     user     USER       %a     args     COMMAND       %c     comm     COMMAND       %g     rgroup   RGROUP       %n     nice     NI       %p     pid      PID       %r     pgid     PGID       %t     etime    ELAPSED       %u     ruser    RUSER       %x     time     TIME       %y     tty      TTY       %z     vsz      VSZSTANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS       Here are the different keywords that may be used to control the output       format (e.g., with option -o) or to sort the selected processes with       the GNU-style --sort option.       For example: ps -eo pid,user,args --sort user       This version of ps tries to recognize most of the keywords used in       other implementations of ps.       The following user-defined format specifiers may contain spaces: args,       cmd, comm, command, fname, ucmd, ucomm, lstart, bsdstart, start.       Some keywords may not be available for sorting.       CODE        HEADER    DESCRIPTION       %cpu        %CPU      cpu utilization of the process in "##.#" format.                             Currently, it is the CPU time used divided by the                             time the process has been running                             (cputime/realtime ratio), expressed as a                             percentage.  It will not add up to 100% unless                             you are lucky.  (alias pcpu).       %mem        %MEM      ratio of the process's resident set size  to the                             physical memory on the machine, expressed as a                             percentage.  (alias pmem).       args        COMMAND   command with all its arguments as a string.                             Modifications to the arguments may be shown.  The                             output in this column may contain spaces.  A                             process marked <defunct> is partly dead, waiting                             to be fully destroyed by its parent.  Sometimes                             the process args will be unavailable; when this                             happens, ps will instead print the executable                             name in brackets.  (alias cmd, command).  See                             also the comm format keyword, the -f option, and                             the c option.                             When specified last, this column will extend to                             the edge of the display.  If ps can not determine                             display width, as when output is redirected                             (piped) into a file or another command, the                             output width is undefined (it may be 80,                             unlimited, determined by the TERM variable, and                             so on).  The COLUMNS environment variable or                             --cols option may be used to exactly determine                             the width in this case.  The w or -w option may                             be also be used to adjust width.       blocked     BLOCKED   mask of the blocked signals, seesignal(7).                             According to the width of the field, a 32 or                             64-bit mask in hexadecimal format is displayed.                             (alias sig_block, sigmask).       bsdstart    START     time the command started.  If the process was                             started less than 24 hours ago, the output format                             is " HH:MM", else it is " Mmm:SS" (where Mmm is                             the three letters of the month).  See also                             lstart, start, start_time, and stime.       bsdtime     TIME      accumulated cpu time, user + system.  The display                             format is usually "MMM:SS", but can be shifted to                             the right if the process used more than 999                             minutes of cpu time.       c           C         processor utilization.  Currently, this is the                             integer value of the percent usage over the                             lifetime of the process.  (see %cpu).       caught      CAUGHT    mask of the caught signals, seesignal(7).                             According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64                             bits mask in hexadecimal format is displayed.                             (alias sig_catch, sigcatch).       cgname      CGNAME    display name of control groups to which the                             process belongs.       cgroup      CGROUP    display control groups to which the process                             belongs.       class       CLS       scheduling class of the process.  (alias policy,                             cls).  Field's possible values are:                                      -   not reported                                      TS  SCHED_OTHER                                      FF  SCHED_FIFO                                      RR  SCHED_RR                                      B   SCHED_BATCH                                      ISO SCHED_ISO                                      IDL SCHED_IDLE                                      DLN SCHED_DEADLINE                                      ?   unknown value       cls         CLS       scheduling class of the process.  (alias policy,                             cls).  Field's possible values are:                                      -   not reported                                      TS  SCHED_OTHER                                      FF  SCHED_FIFO                                      RR  SCHED_RR                                      B   SCHED_BATCH                                      ISO SCHED_ISO                                      IDL SCHED_IDLE                                      DLN SCHED_DEADLINE                                      ?   unknown value       cmd         CMD       see args.  (alias args, command).       comm        COMMAND   command name (only the executable name).                             Modifications to the command name will not be                             shown.  A process marked <defunct> is partly                             dead, waiting to be fully destroyed by its                             parent.  The output in this column may contain                             spaces.  (alias ucmd, ucomm).  See also the args                             format keyword, the -f option, and the c option.                             When specified last, this column will extend to                             the edge of the display.  If ps can not determine                             display width, as when output is redirected                             (piped) into a file or another command, the                             output width is undefined (it may be 80,                             unlimited, determined by the TERM variable, and                             so on).  The COLUMNS environment variable or                             --cols option may be used to exactly determine                             the width in this case.  The w or -w option may                             be also be used to adjust width.       command     COMMAND   See args.  (alias args, command).       cp          CP        per-mill (tenths of a percent) CPU usage.  (see                             %cpu).       cputime     TIME      cumulative CPU time, "[DD-]hh:mm:ss" format.                             (alias time).       cputimes    TIME      cumulative CPU time in seconds (alias times).       drs         DRS       data resident set size, the amount of physical                             memory devoted to other than executable code.       egid        EGID      effective group ID number of the process as a                             decimal integer.  (alias gid).       egroup      EGROUP    effective group ID of the process.  This will be                             the textual group ID, if it can be obtained and                             the field width permits, or a decimal                             representation otherwise.  (alias group).       eip         EIP       instruction pointer.       esp         ESP       stack pointer.       etime       ELAPSED   elapsed time since the process was started, in                             the form [[DD-]hh:]mm:ss.       etimes      ELAPSED   elapsed time since the process was started, in                             seconds.       euid        EUID      effective user ID (alias uid).       euser       EUSER     effective user name.  This will be the textual                             user ID, if it can be obtained and the field                             width permits, or a decimal representation                             otherwise.  The n option can be used to force the                             decimal representation.  (alias uname, user).       f           F         flags associated with the process, see the                             PROCESS FLAGS section.  (alias flag, flags).       fgid        FGID      filesystem access group ID.  (alias fsgid).       fgroup      FGROUP    filesystem access group ID.  This will be the                             textual group ID, if it can be obtained and the                             field width permits, or a decimal representation                             otherwise.  (alias fsgroup).       flag        F         see f.  (alias f, flags).       flags       F         see f.  (alias f, flag).       fname       COMMAND   first 8 bytes of the base name of the process's                             executable file.  The output in this column may                             contain spaces.       fuid        FUID      filesystem access user ID.  (alias fsuid).       fuser       FUSER     filesystem access user ID.  This will be the                             textual user ID, if it can be obtained and the                             field width permits, or a decimal representation                             otherwise.       gid         GID       see egid.  (alias egid).       group       GROUP     see egroup.  (alias egroup).       ignored     IGNORED   mask of the ignored signals, seesignal(7).                             According to the width of the field, a 32 or 64                             bits mask in hexadecimal format is displayed.                             (alias sig_ignore, sigignore).       ipcns       IPCNS     Unique inode number describing the namespace the                             process belongs to.  Seenamespaces(7).       label       LABEL     security label, most commonly used for SELinux                             context data.  This is for the Mandatory Access                             Control ("MAC") found on high-security systems.       lstart      STARTED   time the command started.  See also bsdstart,                             start, start_time, and stime.       lsession    SESSION   displays the login session identifier of a                             process, if systemd support has been included.       luid        LUID      displays Login ID associated with a process.       lwp         LWP       light weight process (thread) ID of the                             dispatchable entity (alias spid, tid).  See tid                             for additional information.       lxc         LXC       The name of the lxc container within which a task                             is running.  If a process is not running inside a                             container, a dash ('-') will be shown.       machine     MACHINE   displays the machine name for processes assigned                             to VM or container, if systemd support has been                             included.       maj_flt     MAJFLT    The number of major page faults that have                             occurred with this process.       min_flt     MINFLT    The number of minor page faults that have                             occurred with this process.       mntns       MNTNS     Unique inode number describing the namespace the                             process belongs to.  Seenamespaces(7).       netns       NETNS     Unique inode number describing the namespace the                             process belongs to.  Seenamespaces(7).       ni          NI        nice value.  This ranges from 19 (nicest) to -20                             (not nice to others), seenice(1).  (alias nice).       nice        NI        see ni.(alias ni).       nlwp        NLWP      number of lwps (threads) in the process.  (alias                             thcount).       numa        NUMA      The node assocated with the most recently used                             processor.  A -1 means that NUMA information is                             unavailable.       nwchan      WCHAN     address of the kernel function where the process                             is sleeping (use wchan if you want the kernel                             function name).  Running tasks will display a                             dash ('-') in this column.       ouid        OWNER     displays the Unix user identifier of the owner of                             the session of a process, if systemd support has                             been included.       pcpu        %CPU      see %cpu.  (alias %cpu).       pending     PENDING   mask of the pending signals.  Seesignal(7).                             Signals pending on the process are distinct from                             signals pending on individual threads.  Use the m                             option or the -m option to see both.  According                             to the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask                             in hexadecimal format is displayed.  (alias sig).       pgid        PGID      process group ID or, equivalently, the process ID                             of the process group leader.  (alias pgrp).       pgrp        PGRP      see pgid.  (alias pgid).       pid         PID       a number representing the process ID (alias                             tgid).       pidns       PIDNS     Unique inode number describing the namespace the                             process belongs to.  Seenamespaces(7).       pmem        %MEM      see %mem.  (alias %mem).       policy      POL       scheduling class of the process.  (alias class,                             cls).  Possible values are:                                      -   not reported                                      TS  SCHED_OTHER                                      FF  SCHED_FIFO                                      RR  SCHED_RR                                      B   SCHED_BATCH                                      ISO SCHED_ISO                                      IDL SCHED_IDLE                                      DLN SCHED_DEADLINE                                      ?   unknown value       ppid        PPID      parent process ID.       pri         PRI       priority of the process.  Higher number means                             lower priority.       psr         PSR       processor that process is currently assigned to.       rgid        RGID      real group ID.       rgroup      RGROUP    real group name.  This will be the textual group                             ID, if it can be obtained and the field width                             permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.       rss         RSS       resident set size, the non-swapped physical                             memory that a task has used (in kilobytes).                             (alias rssize, rsz).       rssize      RSS       see rss.  (alias rss, rsz).       rsz         RSZ       see rss.  (alias rss, rssize).       rtprio      RTPRIO    realtime priority.       ruid        RUID      real user ID.       ruser       RUSER     real user ID.  This will be the textual user ID,                             if it can be obtained and the field width                             permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.       s           S         minimal state display (one character).  See                             section PROCESS STATE CODES for the different                             values.  See also stat if you want additional                             information displayed.  (alias state).       sched       SCH       scheduling policy of the process.  The policies                             SCHED_OTHER (SCHED_NORMAL), SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_RR,                             SCHED_BATCH, SCHED_ISO, SCHED_IDLE and                             SCHED_DEADLINE are respectively displayed as 0,                             1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.       seat        SEAT      displays the identifier associated with all                             hardware devices assigned to a specific                             workplace, if systemd support has been included.       sess        SESS      session ID or, equivalently, the process ID of                             the session leader.  (alias session, sid).       sgi_p       P         processor that the process is currently executing                             on.  Displays "*" if the process is not currently                             running or runnable.       sgid        SGID      saved group ID.  (alias svgid).       sgroup      SGROUP    saved group name.  This will be the textual group                             ID, if it can be obtained and the field width                             permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.       sid         SID       see sess.  (alias sess, session).       sig         PENDING   see pending.  (alias pending, sig_pend).       sigcatch    CAUGHT    see caught.  (alias caught, sig_catch).       sigignore   IGNORED   see ignored.  (alias ignored, sig_ignore).       sigmask     BLOCKED   see blocked.  (alias blocked, sig_block).       size        SIZE      approximate amount of swap space that would be                             required if the process were to dirty all                             writable pages and then be swapped out.  This                             number is very rough!       slice       SLICE     displays the slice unit which a process belongs                             to, if systemd support has been included.       spid        SPID      see lwp.  (alias lwp, tid).       stackp      STACKP    address of the bottom (start) of stack for the                             process.       start       STARTED   time the command started.  If the process was                             started less than 24 hours ago, the output format                             is "HH:MM:SS", else it is "  Mmm dd" (where Mmm                             is a three-letter month name).  See also lstart,                             bsdstart, start_time, and stime.       start_time  START     starting time or date of the process.  Only the                             year will be displayed if the process was not                             started the same year ps was invoked, or "MmmDD"                             if it was not started the same day, or "HH:MM"                             otherwise.  See also bsdstart, start, lstart, and                             stime.       stat        STAT      multi-character process state.  See section                             PROCESS STATE CODES for the different values                             meaning.  See also s and state if you just want                             the first character displayed.       state       S         see s. (alias s).       suid        SUID      saved user ID.  (alias svuid).       supgid      SUPGID    group ids of supplementary groups, if any.  Seegetgroups(2).       supgrp      SUPGRP    group names of supplementary groups, if any.  Seegetgroups(2).       suser       SUSER     saved user name.  This will be the textual user                             ID, if it can be obtained and the field width                             permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.                             (alias svuser).       svgid       SVGID     see sgid.  (alias sgid).       svuid       SVUID     see suid.  (alias suid).       sz          SZ        size in physical pages of the core image of the                             process.  This includes text, data, and stack                             space.  Device mappings are currently excluded;                             this is subject to change.  See vsz and rss.       tgid        TGID      a number representing the thread group to which a                             task belongs (alias pid).  It is the process ID                             of the thread group leader.       thcount     THCNT     see nlwp.  (alias nlwp).  number of kernel                             threads owned by the process.       tid         TID       the unique number representing a dispatchable                             entity (alias lwp, spid).  This value may also                             appear as: a process ID (pid); a process group ID                             (pgrp); a session ID for the session leader                             (sid); a thread group ID for the thread group                             leader (tgid); and a tty process group ID for the                             process group leader (tpgid).       time        TIME      cumulative CPU time, "[DD-]HH:MM:SS" format.                             (alias cputime).       times       TIME      cumulative CPU time in seconds (alias cputimes).       tname       TTY       controlling tty (terminal).  (alias tt, tty).       tpgid       TPGID     ID of the foreground process group on the tty                             (terminal) that the process is connected to, or                             -1 if the process is not connected to a tty.       trs         TRS       text resident set size, the amount of physical                             memory devoted to executable code.       tt          TT        controlling tty (terminal).  (alias tname, tty).       tty         TT        controlling tty (terminal).  (alias tname, tt).       ucmd        CMD       see comm.  (alias comm, ucomm).       ucomm       COMMAND   see comm.  (alias comm, ucmd).       uid         UID       see euid.  (alias euid).       uname       USER      see euser.  (alias euser, user).       unit        UNIT      displays unit which a process belongs to, if                             systemd support has been included.       user        USER      see euser.  (alias euser, uname).       userns      USERNS    Unique inode number describing the namespace the                             process belongs to.  Seenamespaces(7).       utsns       UTSNS     Unique inode number describing the namespace the                             process belongs to.  Seenamespaces(7).       uunit       UUNIT     displays user unit which a process belongs to, if                             systemd support has been included.       vsize       VSZ       see vsz.  (alias vsz).       vsz         VSZ       virtual memory size of the process in KiB                             (1024-byte units).  Device mappings are currently                             excluded; this is subject to change.  (alias                             vsize).       wchan       WCHAN     name of the kernel function in which the process                             is sleeping, a "-" if the process is running, or                             a "*" if the process is multi-threaded and ps is                             not displaying threads.ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES       The following environment variables could affect ps:       COLUMNS          Override default display width.       LINES          Override default display height.       PS_PERSONALITY          Set to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital... (see section          PERSONALITY below).       CMD_ENV          Set to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital... (see section          PERSONALITY below).       I_WANT_A_BROKEN_PS          Force obsolete command line interpretation.       LC_TIME          Date format.       PS_COLORS          Not currently supported.       PS_FORMAT          Default output format override.  You may set this to a format string          of the type used for the -o option.  The DefSysV and DefBSD values          are particularly useful.       POSIXLY_CORRECT          Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".       POSIX2          When set to "on", acts as POSIXLY_CORRECT.       UNIX95          Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".       _XPG          Cancel CMD_ENV=irix non-standard behavior.       In general, it is a bad idea to set these variables.  The one exception       is CMD_ENV or PS_PERSONALITY, which could be set to Linux for normal       systems.  Without that setting, ps follows the useless and bad parts of       the Unix98 standard.PERSONALITY       390        like the OS/390 OpenEdition ps       aix        like AIX ps       bsd        like FreeBSD ps (totally non-standard)       compaq     like Digital Unix ps       debian     like the old Debian ps       digital    like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) ps       gnu        like the old Debian ps       hp         like HP-UX ps       hpux       like HP-UX ps       irix       like Irix ps       linux      ***** recommended *****       old        like the original Linux ps (totally non-standard)       os390      like OS/390 Open Edition ps       posix      standard       s390       like OS/390 Open Edition ps       sco        like SCO ps       sgi        like Irix ps       solaris2   like Solaris 2+ (SunOS 5) ps       sunos4     like SunOS 4 (Solaris 1) ps (totally non-standard)       svr4       standard       sysv       standard       tru64      like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) ps       unix       standard       unix95     standard       unix98     standardSEE ALSOpgrep(1),pstree(1),top(1),proc(5).STANDARDS       This ps conforms to:       1   Version 2 of the Single Unix Specification       2   The Open Group Technical Standard Base Specifications, Issue 6       3   IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition       4   X/Open System Interfaces Extension [UP XSI]       5   ISO/IEC 9945:2003AUTHOR       ps was originally written by Branko Lankester <lankeste@fwi.uva.nl>.       Michael K. Johnson <johnsonm@redhat.com> re-wrote it significantly to       use the proc filesystem, changing a few things in the process.  Michael       Shields <mjshield@nyx.cs.du.edu> added the pid-list feature.  Charles       Blake <cblake@bbn.com> added multi-level sorting, the dirent-style li-       brary, the device name-to-number mmaped database, the approximate bi-       nary search directly on System.map, and many code and documentation       cleanups.  David Mossberger-Tang wrote the generic BFD support for       psupdate.  Albert Cahalan <albert@users.sf.net> rewrote ps for full       Unix98 and BSD support, along with some ugly hacks for obsolete and       foreign syntax.       Please send bug reports to <procps@freelists.org>.  No subscription is       required or suggested.procps-ng                         2018-08-08PS(1)