Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Alignment of the human body in standing

  • Published:
European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Alignment of the body in typical symmetrical standing was studied by photographing fifteen subjects in profile on a reaction board. Two aspects of alignment were studied: (1) the anteroposterior position of the body landmarks of knee joint, hip joint, shoulder joint, and ear, compared to the ankle joint; and (2) the positions of the partial centers of gravity above the knee and hip, as a measure of how the body is balanced above these joints.

The knee, hip, shoulder, and ear were forward of the ankle in all subjects. On average, the knee was 3.8 (±2.0), the hip 6.2 (±1.3) the shoulder 3.8 (±1.9), and the ear 5.9 (±1.6) cm (± S.D.) anterior to the ankle. The positions of landmarks were positively correlated with one another but not highly. The position of the center of gravity could be predicted well from the positions of the landmarks within individual subjects' data, but not across subjects.

The centers of gravity above the knee and hip were calculated by subtracting the mass and position of the segments below the joint from the whole-body center of gravity. The center of gravity above the knee was located on average 1.4 (±1.1) cm in front of the joint, and that of the hip 1.0 (±1.6) cm behind the trochanter. Thus, at both knee and hip in typical standing, there exist slight gravitational torques tending to extend the joints.

This is a preview of subscription content,log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
¥17,985 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Japan)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akerblom B (1948) Standing and sitting posture. A.-B. Nordiska Bokhandeln, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Asmussen E (1960) The weight-carrying function of the human spine. Acta Orthop Scand 29:276–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck A, Killus J (1973) Normal posture of spine determined by mathematical and statistical methods. Aerosp Med 44:1277–1281

    Google Scholar 

  • Clauser CE, McConville JT, Young JW (1969) Weight, volume, and center of mass of segments of the human body. AMRL Technical Report 69-70 Aerospace Med Res Lab, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

    Google Scholar 

  • Dempster WT (1955) Space requirements of the seated operator. WADC Technical Report 55-159, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

  • Fox MG, Young DG (1954) Placement of the gravital line in anteroposterior standing posture. Res Quart 25:277–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Hay JG (1973) The center of gravity of the human body. Kinesiol 3:20–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellebrandt FA (1938) Standing as a geotropic reflex. Am J Physiol [Lond] 121:471–474

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph J, Nightingale A (1952) Electromyography of muscles of posture: leg muscles in males. J Physiol [Lond] 117:484–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Klausen K, Rasmussen B (1968) On the location of the line of gravity in relation to L5 in standing. Acta Physiol Scand 72:45–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphey DL, Blanton PL, Biggs NL (1971) Electromyographic investigation of flexion and hyperextension of the knee in normal adults. Am J Phys Med 50:80–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Plagenhoef S (1971) Patterns of human motion. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith JW (1956) Observations on the postural mechanism of the human knee joint. J Anat 90:236–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith JW (1957) The forces operating at the human ankle joint during standing. J Anat 91:545–564

    Google Scholar 

  • Soudan K, Van Audekercke R, Martens M (1979) Methods, difficulties and inaccuracies in the study of human joint kinematics and pathokinematics by the instant axis concept. Example: the knee joint. J Biomechanics 12:27–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Steindler A (1955) Kinesiology of the human body. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells KF, Luttgens K (1976) Kinesiology: scientific basis of human motion, 6th edition. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Natural Science, Hampshire College Amherst, 01002, Amherst, MA, USA

    A. M. Woodhull, K. Maltrud & B. L. Mello

Authors
  1. A. M. Woodhull

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. Maltrud

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. L. Mello

    You can also search for this author inPubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

About this article

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
¥17,985 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price includes VAT (Japan)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Advertisement

[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2025 Movatter.jp