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BASAL PASSERIDA

Basal Passerida

Passerines

Tyranni: Suboscines

Passeri: Oscines

Passerida

Sylvioidea
Muscicapoidea and allies
Passeroidea

The 46 Orders

Paleognathae

Galloanserae

Columbimorphae

Otidimorphae

Strisores

Opisthocomiformes

Gruiformes

Mirandornithes

Ardeae

Charadriiformes

Telluraves

Afroaves

Australaves

PasseridaNitzsch, 1820

The Passerida are the sister group of the Corvida. There are several basalgroups that branch off before we get to the heart of the Passerida. The taxonomyof Passerida has been changing rapidly and most current checklists lag wellbehind the latest research.

Exactly which families are basal Passerida is still being clarified,with families being shuffled between the Passerida and Corvida. The lateston this is Aggerbeck et al. (2014). Their arrangement is similar toIrestedt and Ohlson (2008). Irestedt and Ohlson (2008) made a strongargument that several families thought to be Corvida are actually basalPasserida. Irestedt and Ohlson identified a genetic marker that seems toseparate the Passerida from the Corvida. If this is correct, it means thattaxonomies that rely primarily on the RAG-1 gene (e.g., Baker et al.,2004), are not entirely correct. Their paper is a reminder of theimportance of using several independent genes to test taxonomic hypotheses. There are other portions of the avian tree where this standard has not yetbeen met; those areas are particularly subject to change.

Melanocharitoidea

Melanocharitidae: Berrypeckers & LongbillsSibley & Ahlquist, 1985

4 genera, 10 speciesHBW-13

Melanocharitidae tree We continue with a group of New Guinea endemics. Sibley and Monroe (1993)listed them in the Passeroidea, near the flowerpecker and sunbirds. Theyinclude the former honeyeatersOedistoma andToxorhamphus.

Cnemophiloidea

The satinbirds (Cnemophilidae) have been moved here from the Corvida. These New Guinea endemics were once considered birds-of-paradise(Paradisaeidae), but now have their own family.

Cnemophilidae: SatinbirdsMayr, 1962

2 genera, 3 speciesNot HBW Family

Callaeoidea

The Callaeoidea include the stitchbird (Notiomystidae), the New Zealandwattlebirds (Callaeidae) and the Australasian Robins (Petroicidae). Aggerbeck et al. (2014) put Notiomystidae and Callaeidae first in Passerida.However, the complete mitchondrial analysis of Barker (2014) and the multigene (6 nuclear and 3 mitochondrial) analysis of Zuccon et al. (2012) placed them next to the Australasian Robins, as here.

The monotypic stitchbird was previously considered a honeyeater, butis actually most closely related to the wattlebirds (Ewen et al., 2006;Driskell et al., 2007). The division between the Stitchbird and otherfamilies in its clade seems quite ancient, so it is given its ownfamily.

The genetic studies that have been done on the Australasian robins(Petroicidae) have been somewhat equivocal on itsplacement—whether it goes before or after the Picathartoidea. Jønsson and Fjeldså (2006a) argue that placing it firstmakes the best sense both genetically and biogeographically.Genetically, the rest of the Passerida share an insertion in the nuclearc-myc gene that the Petroicidae lack (Ericson et al., 2000). Thebiogeographic sense is that all of the Petroicidae are Australasian. Itseems unlikely the remaining Passerida would develop in Africa (thePicathartoidea), then suddenly jump back to Australia before returningto Africa. Using a different set of genes, Irestedt and Ohlson (2008)also put the Australasian robins before the Picathartoidea. Recent multigene analysessuch as Barker (2014) and Zuccon et al. (2012) concur.

Notiomystidae: StitchbirdDriskell et al., 2007

1 genus, 1 speciesHBW-14

Callaeidae: New Zealand WattlebirdsSundevall, 1836 (1831)

3 genera, 5 speciesHBW-14

The three wattlebird genera apparently diverged almost simultaneously(Shepherd and Lambert, 2007), and are treated as a trichotomy.

Following OSNZ, IOC, and HBW-14, the Kokako,Callaeas cinereus, is split into North Island Kokako,Callaeas wilsoni, andSouth Island Kokako,Callaeas cinereus. See also Double and Murphy (2002).Further, the Saddleback,Philesturnus carunculatus is split intoNorth Island Saddleback,Philesturnus rufusater, andSouth Island Saddleback,Philesturnus carunculatus (see also Parker et al., 2013).

Petroicidae: Australasian RobinsMathews, 1919-20

14 genera, 49 speciesHBW-12

Click for Ciconiidae tree
Click for Petroicidae species tree

Differences from standard arrangements of Petroicidae are based on Christidiset al. (2011), Loynes et al. (2009), and Miller and Lambert (2006). TheChristidis et al. paper is particularly useful as it includes 41 of the 47species recognized here.

Christidis et al. (2011) note six major clades in Petroicidae, and recommend that they be treated as subfamilies. I don't think this does a good job ofdescribing the phylogeny, and prefer to separate Petroicidae into two subfamilies:Petroicinae and Eopsaltriinae. This would reduce the Christidis et al. subfamilies to tribes. In that case, the subfamily Petroicinae includes the monotypic tribesAmalocichlini (Christidis et al., 2011) and Pachycephalopsini (Christidis et al., 2011),as well as Petroicini (Eugerygone andPetroica); the subfamilyEopsaltriinae contains the monotypic Drymodini (Wolters, 1980) andMicroecini (Loynes et al., 2009), with the other species grouped inEopsaltriini.

An earlier work by Norman et al. (2009b) suggested thatAmalocichlawas in fact a member of Petroicidae. I had previously complained that theirpublished analysis was inconclusive as it lacked members of Passerida. That meantthat the twoAmalocichla could be closer toPasser domesticusor the Stitchbird than to Petroicidae. After all, it has been previously consideredpart of Turdidae. Well, Christidis et al. (2011) cleared up the situation by includingPasser montanus andCallaeas cinerea (close to the Stitchbird). Thisnails downAmalocichla as part of Petroicidae.

Based on the results of Loynes et al. (2009) and Christidis et al., theYellow-bellied Robin has moved fromEopsaltria toMicroeca. NotethatMonachella ends up being submerged intoMicroeca. I do notfollow Christidis et al.'s suggestion to divideMicroeca into 5genera.

I have restored the genusHeteromyias, which is widely recognized (butnot by Dickinson et al., 2003) and placed the Black-throated Robin inPlesiodryas (Matthews, 1920), as recommended by Christidis et al.

The Banded Yellow Robin moves fromPoecilodryas to the monotypicGennaeodryas(Matthews, 1920), which is sister toEopsaltria. Christidis et al.put the White-breasted Robin inQuoyornis in order to maintainTregellasia.I think it makes more sense to submergeTregellasia intoEopsaltria.

Both papers found evidence thatPeneoenanthe isnested inPeneothello, although support was low. After considering thevarious gene trees and the species involved, I have adopted a slightly differenttopology that retains them in separate genera. This reverses my earlier stanceon this.

Based on Miller and Lambert (2006) and H&M-4 (among others), the New ZealandRobin,Petroica australis, has been split intoNorth Island Robin,Petroica longipes, andSouth Island Robin,Petroica australis (inc.rakiura).Based on Kearns et al. (2016), the Pacific Robin,Petroica multicolor, has beensplit into Pacific Robin,Petroica pusilla and the monotypicNorfolk Robin,Petroica multicolor.

One of the New Guinea races ofDrymodes,brevirostris is no more closelyrelated tosuperciliaris than tobrunneopygia. I follow Christidis et al.'s suggestion to split it and the other New Guinea races as Papuan Scrub-Robin,Drymodes beccarii. They also suggest treatingMelanodryas cucullata westralensisas a separate species asM. vittata otherwise rendersM. cucullata paraphyletic.If this were a case of allopatric subspecies with distinct plumage or morphology, I wouldagree in a second. However, these are virtually indistinguishable taxa with ranges thatabut one another across a good chunk of Australia. I suspect introgression here, and think that splitting them would be premature. Christidis et al. also noteseveral other taxa in need of closer study.

PetroicinaeMathews, 1919-20

EopsaltriinaeMathews, 1946

Picathartoidea

The Picathartoidea are the next group to branch off separately fromthe Passerida tree, and did they ever branch! Somewhere in the gapbetween the Petroicoidea and Picathartoidea the passerids made the leapout of Australasia all the way to Africa. Which way they went, we arenot sure. They may have come across the now-submerged Kerguelen Plateau.The Picathartoidea (rockfowl and rockjumpers) are both African endemics.They were considered Incertae sedis by Sibley and Monroe (1993) andthere has been some discussion about whether they are best considered acorvid relative or part of Passerida. Several recent papers have madethe case for placing them here (Barker et al., 2004; Beresford et al.,2005; Cracraft et al., 2004; Irestedt and Ohlson, 2008). Of course,once we have placed the Petroicidae in the Passerida, the choice isforced, Picathartoidea must also be in the Passerida. Recent research byJønsson et al. (2007) found that the Rail-babbler belongs in thesame clade. Each is distinct enough, and the genetic separation largeenough, that we consider each a separate family in thePicathartoidea.

Picathartidae: RockfowlLowe, 1938

1 genus, 2 speciesHBW-12

Chaetopidae: RockjumpersFjeldså et al. 2015

1 genus, 2 speciesNot HBW Family

Eupetidae: Rail-babblerBonaparte, 1850

1 genus, 1 speciesHBW-12

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Taxonomy in Flux:Version 3.01, January 8, 2016.Copyright © 2008–2016 by John H. Boyd III
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