来源：Build & deploy | Site settings
Build hooks give you a unique URL you can use to trigger a build.
master–ornate-arithmetic-6db4ea
https://api.netlify.com/build\_hooks/6290b258a2a1151cb1fdadbe
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Send a POST request to this webhook to trigger a deploy frommaster.
Example using cURL:
1 | `curl -X POST -d {} https://api.netlify.com/build_hooks/6290b258a2a1151cb1fdadbe` |
Delete build hook
来源：Gsllchb/Handright: A lightweight Python library for simulating Chinese handwriting
A lightweight Python library for simulating Chinese handwriting
来源：Hexo
https://api.netlify.com/build\_hooks/6290b258a2a1151cb1fdadbe
Copy to clipboard
Send a POST request to this webhook to trigger a deploy frommaster.
Example using cURL:
1 | `curl -X POST -d {} https://api.netlify.com/build_hooks/6290b258a2a1151cb1fdadbe` |
Publish GitHub pages with GitHub Actions | itsopensource
December 12, 2020
GitHub pages are the best way to host static blogs likeGatsby. One of the most common ways to do this is, maintain your code in main/master branch, build it, and then push the code togh-pages branch. There are various CI that easily automate this process like Travis CI, CircleCI, etc. With GitHub actions, this would be a piece of cake, and without depending on any third-party provider. From the docs:
Automate, customize, and execute your software development workflows right in your repository with GitHub Actions
If you are not sure what are GitHub actions please visithere.
Workflow
gh-pages branch.Step 1
Installgh-pages npm package in your project, this is a small utility package which helps to publish your code to gh-pages branch. You can skip this step in case you want to push all contents from master togh-pages branch.
Step 2
Add a deploy script in yourpackage.json. This script should do 2 jobs
gh-pages branch.For example, this pushes the code togh-pages via npm package.
"deploy": "gatsby build && gh-pages -d public -r https://$GH_TOKEN@github.com/<username>/<repository_name>.git"Step 3
Generate an access token and add it to secret of your repository.
Create an access token: gotohttps://github.com/settings/tokens, create a new token, give it access for repo and workflow.
Add this token to secret of your repository: gotohttps://github.com/<username>/<repository_name>/settings/secrets/actions, clicknew repository secret.
Step 4
Create a workflow file, you need to create a file in following path:.github/workflows/<some-name-you-like>.yml, its important to have.yml extension and have exact same path.
Following action file is complete enough to publishgh-pages, every time a new commit is merged in master branch. ✅
name: gh-pages publisher 🚀on:push: branches: [ master ]jobs:publish-gh-pages: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v2 - uses: actions/setup-node@v1 with: node-version: 12 - run: npm ci - run: git config user.name "<user name>" && git config user.email "user email" - run: npm run deploy env: GH_TOKEN: ${{secrets.SECRET_GITHUB_TOKEN}}This script is pretty self-explanatory, it performs the following tasks.
push onmasternode 12 environmentnpm ciGH_TOKEN from our action secret (which you set up in step 3), this env variable would be available inpackage.jsonStep 5
Commit this file and see your firstaction in action (sorry for the pun 🙈)
Hope this helps 🙏🙏🙏
https://github.com/<username>/<repository_name>/actions.
Trishul Goel is a professional frontend developer; writes React code for living and volunteers for Mozilla to justify his existence.
@trishulgoel
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来源：科技爱好者周刊（第 208 期）：晋升制度的问题 - 阮一峰的网络日志
3、锂电池金属
《纽约时报》整理了锂电池所需金属矿物目前的主要生产国。
以及，这些金属目前的主要加工国。
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Setting up a Kubernetes cluster using Docker in Docker | Callista
Setting up a Kubernetes cluster using Docker in Docker | Callista
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In this blog post I will describe how to set up a local Kubernetes cluster for test purposes with a minimal memory usage and fast startup times, usingDocker in Docker instead of traditional local virtual machines.
This blog post is part of the blog series -Trying out new features in Docker.
For a background on howDocker in Docker can help us to set up a local Kubernetes cluster, see theBackground section in the blog postSetting up a Docker Swarm cluster using Docker in Docker.
This blog post is not an introduction to Kubernetes and the components that builds up a Kubernetes cluster. For an introduction of the concepts used in Kubernetes see:kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/.
We are going to use the GitHub projectMirantis/kubeadm-dind-cluster to set up a Kubernetes cluster using Docker in Docker and we will useDocker for Mac to act as the Docker Host for the Kubernetes nodes (running as containers in Docker for Mac).
Source:http://nishadikirielle.blogspot.se/2016/02/kubernetes-at-first-glance.html
First, you need to haveDocker for Mac installed, I’m on version17.09.1-ce-mac42.
Next, you also need to havejq andmd5sha1sum installed to be able to follow my instructions below. If you useHomebrew, they can be installed with:
brew install jqbrew install md5sha1sumFinally, clone the Git repoMirantis/kubeadm-dind-cluster from GitHub and jump into thefixed folder:
git clone https://github.com/Mirantis/kubeadm-dind-cluster.gitcd kubeadm-dind-cluster/fixedWe are good to go!
Start up a Kubernetes v1.8 cluster requesting 3 worker nodes in the cluster (default is 2):
NUM_NODES=3 ./dind-cluster-v1.8.sh upThe first time theup command is executed it will take a few minutes and produce lot of output in the terminal window…
…in the end it should say something like:
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSIONkube-master Ready master 2m v1.8.4kube-node-1 Ready <none> 1m v1.8.4kube-node-2 Ready <none> 1m v1.8.4kube-node-3 Ready <none> 47s v1.8.4* Access dashboard at: http://localhost:8080/uiNote: If you start up the cluster again later on, it will only take a minute.
Verify that you can see the master and worker nodes as ordinary containers in Docker for Mac:
docker psIt should report something like:
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES766582a93d1f mirantis/kubeadm-dind-cluster:v1.8 "/sbin/dind_init s..." 9 hours ago Up 9 hours 8080/tcp kube-node-3e1fc6bec1f23 mirantis/kubeadm-dind-cluster:v1.8 "/sbin/dind_init s..." 9 hours ago Up 9 hours 8080/tcp kube-node-2b39509b9db77 mirantis/kubeadm-dind-cluster:v1.8 "/sbin/dind_init s..." 9 hours ago Up 9 hours 8080/tcp kube-node-1a01be2512423 mirantis/kubeadm-dind-cluster:v1.8 "/sbin/dind_init s..." 9 hours ago Up 9 hours 127.0.0.1:8080->8080/tcp kube-masterOk, so let’s see if we actually have a Kubernetes cluster up and running:
kubectl get nodesIt should result in a response like:
NAME STATUS AGE VERSIONkube-master Ready 2m v1.8.4kube-node-1 Ready 55s v1.8.4kube-node-2 Ready 1m v1.8.4kube-node-3 Ready 1m v1.8.4Also try out Kubernetes Dashboard at:localhost:8080/ui
Click on the “Nodes” - link in the menu to the left and you should see something like:
Now, let’s deploy a service and try it out!
I have a very simple Docker imagemagnuslarsson/quotes:go-22 (written in Go) that creates some random quotes about successful programming languages.
We will create aDeployment of this Docker Image and aService that expose it on each node in the Kubernetes cluster using a dedicated port (31000). The creation of the Deployment object will automatically also create aReplica Set and aPod.
Note: In more production like environment we should also set up an external load balancer, like HAProxy or NGINX in front of the Kubernetes cluster to be able to expose one single entry point to all services in the cluster. But that is out of scope for this blog post and left as an exercise for the interested reader :-)
First, switch to the defaultnamespace:
kubectl config set-context $(kubectl config current-context) --namespace=defaultThe default namespace should only contain one pre-created object, run the command:
kubectl get allIt should report:
NAME CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGEsvc/kubernetes 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 5hCreate a file namedquotes.yml with the following command:
cat <<EOF > quotes.ymlapiVersion: apps/v1beta1kind: Deploymentmetadata: name: quotes labels: app: quotes-appspec: replicas: 1 selector: matchLabels: app: quotes-app template: metadata: labels: app: quotes-app spec: containers: - name: quotes image: magnuslarsson/quotes:go-22 ports: - containerPort: 8080---apiVersion: v1kind: Servicemetadata: name: quotes-servicespec: type: NodePort selector: app: quotes-app ports: - port: 8080 targetPort: 8080 nodePort: 31000EOFCreate the Deployment and Service objects with the following command:
kubectl create -f quotes.ymlVerify that we got the expected objects created, using the following command:
kubectl get allExpect output:
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGEpo/quotes-77776b5bbc-5lll7 1/1 Running 0 45sNAME CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGEsvc/kubernetes 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 5hsvc/quotes-service 10.105.185.117 <nodes> 8080:31000/TCP 45sNAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGEdeploy/quotes 1 1 1 1 45sNAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGErs/quotes-77776b5bbc 1 1 1 45sNote: In the output above short names are used for object types:
po: Podsvc: Servicedeploy: Deploymentrs: Replica Set
We can now try it out usingcurl from one of the worker nodes:
docker exec kube-node-2 curl localhost:31000/api/quote -s -w "\n" | jqOutput should look like:
{ "ipAddress": "quotes-77776b5bbc-5lll7/10.192.3.4", "quote": "In Go, the code does exactly what it says on the page.", "language": "EN"}The most interesting part of the response from the service is actually the fieldipAddress, that contains the hostname and ip address of the pod that served the request,quotes-77776b5bbc-5lll7/10.192.3.4 in the sample response above.
This can be used to verify that scaling of a service actually works. In the output from a scaled service we expect different values in theipAddress - field from subsequent requests, indicating that the request is load balanced over the available pods.
Let’s try it out, shall we?
First, start a loop that usecurl to sends one request per second to thequote-service and prints out theipAddress - field from the response:
while true; do docker exec kube-node-2 curl localhost:31000/api/quote -s -w "\n" | jq -r .ipAddress; sleep 1; doneInitially the output should return one and the same hostname and IP address, since we only have one pod running in the service:
quotes-77776b5bbc-5lll7/10.192.3.4quotes-77776b5bbc-5lll7/10.192.3.4quotes-77776b5bbc-5lll7/10.192.3.4quotes-77776b5bbc-5lll7/10.192.3.4Now, scale thequote-service by adding 8 new pods to it (9 in total):
kubectl scale --replicas=9 deployment/quotesVerify that you can see all 9quote-service pods and also to what node they are deployed:
kubectl get pods -o wideExpected output:
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODEquotes-77776b5bbc-42wgk 1/1 Running 0 1m 10.192.4.9 kube-node-3quotes-77776b5bbc-c8mkf 1/1 Running 0 1m 10.192.3.8 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-dnpm8 1/1 Running 0 25m 10.192.3.4 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-gpk85 1/1 Running 0 1m 10.192.2.8 kube-node-1quotes-77776b5bbc-qmspm 1/1 Running 0 1m 10.192.4.11 kube-node-3quotes-77776b5bbc-qr27h 1/1 Running 0 1m 10.192.3.9 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-txpcq 1/1 Running 0 1m 10.192.2.9 kube-node-1quotes-77776b5bbc-wb2qt 1/1 Running 0 1m 10.192.4.10 kube-node-3quotes-77776b5bbc-wzhzz 1/1 Running 0 1m 10.192.2.7 kube-node-1Note: We got three pods per node, as expected!
You can also use the Dashboard to see what pods that run in a specific node:
Now, the output from the curl - loop should report different hostnames and ip addresses as the requests are load balanced over the 9 pods:
quotes-77776b5bbc-gpk85/10.192.2.8quotes-77776b5bbc-42wgk/10.192.4.9quotes-77776b5bbc-txpcq/10.192.2.9quotes-77776b5bbc-txpcq/10.192.2.9quotes-77776b5bbc-wb2qt/10.192.4.10quotes-77776b5bbc-txpcq/10.192.2.9Great, isn’t it?
Now, let’s expose the container orchestrator, i.e. Kubernetes, to some problems and see if it handles them as expected!
First, let’s shut down some arbitrary pods and see if the orchestrator detects it and start new ones!
Note: We will actually kill the container that runs within the pod, not the pod itself.
Start a long running command, using the--watch flag, that continuously reports changes in the state of the Deployment object:
kubectl get deployment quotes --watchInitially, it should report:
NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGEquotes 9 9 9 9 1dNote: The command hangs, waiting for state changes to be reported
To keep things relatively simple, let’s kill allquote-services running on the first worker node:
CIDS=$(docker exec kube-node-1 docker ps --filter name=k8s_quotes_quotes -q)docker exec kube-node-1 docker rm -f $CIDSThe command should respond with the ids of the killed containers:
e780545ddd17ddd260ba3f73b4e07e736028Now, go back to the “_deployment watch_” - command and see what output it produces!
It should be something like:
quotes 9 9 9 8 1dquotes 9 9 9 7 1dquotes 9 9 9 6 1dquotes 9 9 9 7 1dquotes 9 9 9 8 1dquotes 9 9 9 9 1dThe output shows how Kubernetes detected that it got short of available pods and compensated that by scheduling new containers for the affected pods.
Now, let’s make it even worse by removing a worker node, simulating that it is taken off line for maintenance work. Let’s markkube-node-3 as no longer accepting either existing pods or scheduling of new pods:
kubectl drain kube-node-3 --ignore-daemonsetsThe command reports back what pods that was evicted from the node:
pod "quotes-77776b5bbc-jlwtb" evictedpod "quotes-77776b5bbc-7d6gc" evictedpod "quotes-77776b5bbc-cz8sp" evictedKubernetes will however automatically detect this and start new ones on the remaining nodes:
kubectl get pods -o wideReports back:
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODEquotes-77776b5bbc-28r7w 1/1 Running 0 11s 10.192.2.10 kube-node-1quotes-77776b5bbc-7hxd5 1/1 Running 0 11s 10.192.3.10 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-c8mkf 1/1 Running 0 7m 10.192.3.8 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-dnpm8 1/1 Running 0 31m 10.192.3.4 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-gpk85 1/1 Running 0 7m 10.192.2.8 kube-node-1quotes-77776b5bbc-grcqn 1/1 Running 0 11s 10.192.2.11 kube-node-1quotes-77776b5bbc-qr27h 1/1 Running 0 7m 10.192.3.9 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-txpcq 1/1 Running 0 7m 10.192.2.9 kube-node-1quotes-77776b5bbc-wzhzz 1/1 Running 0 7m 10.192.2.7 kube-node-1Note: The three pods with an age of 11 sec are the new ones.
We can also see that the node is reported to being unavailable for scheduling of pods:
kubectl get nodeReports:
NAME STATUS AGE VERSIONkube-master Ready 1d v1.8.4kube-node-1 Ready 1d v1.8.4kube-node-2 Ready 1d v1.8.4kube-node-3 Ready,SchedulingDisabled 1d v1.8.4Great!
Let’s wrap up by making the node available again:
kubectl uncordon kube-node-3The node is now reported to be back on line:
kubectl get nodeResults in:
NAME STATUS AGE VERSIONkube-master Ready 1d v1.8.4kube-node-1 Ready 1d v1.8.4kube-node-2 Ready 1d v1.8.4kube-node-3 Ready 1d v1.8.4But none of the existing pods are automatically rescheduled to the node:
kubectl get pods -o wideStill reports that all pods runs on node 1 and 2:
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODEquotes-77776b5bbc-28r7w 1/1 Running 0 4m 10.192.2.10 kube-node-1quotes-77776b5bbc-7hxd5 1/1 Running 0 4m 10.192.3.10 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-c8mkf 1/1 Running 0 11m 10.192.3.8 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-dnpm8 1/1 Running 0 36m 10.192.3.4 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-gpk85 1/1 Running 0 11m 10.192.2.8 kube-node-1quotes-77776b5bbc-grcqn 1/1 Running 0 4m 10.192.2.11 kube-node-1quotes-77776b5bbc-qr27h 1/1 Running 0 11m 10.192.3.9 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-txpcq 1/1 Running 0 11m 10.192.2.9 kube-node-1quotes-77776b5bbc-wzhzz 1/1 Running 0 11m 10.192.2.7 kube-node-1We can, however, manually rebalance our pods with the commands:
kubectl scale --replicas=6 deployment/quoteskubectl scale --replicas=9 deployment/quotesVerify:
kubectl get pods -o wideReports the expected three pod per node again:
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODEquotes-77776b5bbc-2q26w 1/1 Running 0 1s 10.192.4.13 kube-node-3quotes-77776b5bbc-bbhcb 1/1 Running 0 1s 10.192.4.14 kube-node-3quotes-77776b5bbc-c8mkf 1/1 Running 0 13m 10.192.3.8 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-dnpm8 1/1 Running 0 37m 10.192.3.4 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-gpk85 1/1 Running 0 13m 10.192.2.8 kube-node-1quotes-77776b5bbc-qr27h 1/1 Running 0 13m 10.192.3.9 kube-node-2quotes-77776b5bbc-trrdh 1/1 Running 0 1s 10.192.4.12 kube-node-3quotes-77776b5bbc-txpcq 1/1 Running 0 13m 10.192.2.9 kube-node-1quotes-77776b5bbc-wzhzz 1/1 Running 0 13m 10.192.2.7 kube-node-1That’s it, let’s remove the Kubernetes cluster:
./dind-cluster-v1.8.sh downIf you start up the cluster again with theup command, it will start up much faster than the first time!
If you don’t want to start up the cluster again, at least in any near time, you can also clean up some data created for the cluster:
./dind-cluster-v1.8.sh cleanIf you start up the cluster again after aclean command you are back to the very long startup time.
For more blog posts on new features in Docker, see the blog series -Trying out new features in Docker.
Tack för att du läser Callistas blogg.
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