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SALOMONS, SIR JULIAN EMANUEL (1836-1909), advocate and politician,

son of Emanuel Salomons, a merchant of Birmingham, was born atEdgbaston, England, on 4 November 1836. He came to Australia in1853 and was for a time secretary of the great Synagogue at Sydney.In 1858 he went to England where he entered at Gray's Inn and wascalled to the bar in 1861. He returned to Sydney and at first madea reputation in criminal cases, coming especially into notice inconnexion with the case of Louis Bertrand who was sentenced todeath on a charge of murder. Salomons entered parliament and inDecember 1869 became solicitor-general in the secondRobertson (q.v.) ministry whichbecame the fifthCowper(q.v.) ministry in January 1870. Cowper resigned on 15 December1870 and Salomons was not in office again for many years. In themeantime his reputation as an advocate had steadily grown and whenSir James Martin (q.v.)died on 4 November 1886 Salomons was offered and accepted theposition of chief justice. Twelve days later he resigned on theground that the appointment was distasteful to two of the judgesand to a third (Sir) William Windeyer, Salomons said "theappointment appears to be so wholly unjustifiable as to have led tothe utterance by him of such expressions and opinions . . . as tomake any intercourse in the future between him and me quiteimpossible". This Salomons felt could not fail to affect mostunfavourably the whole business of the court (Sydney MorningHerald, 19 November 1886). All three judges wrote disclaimingwhat had been attributed to them, and letters signed by the leadingmembers of the bar and leading solicitors asked Salomons toreconsider his decision without effect. Windeyer admitted that hethought the appointment "a grave mistake", but whatever else he mayhave said had probably not lost in the retelling of it. Salomonsappears to have been unduly sensitive about the matter. In March1887 he became vice-president of the executive council in thefourthParkes (q.v.)ministry, and he held the same position in the secondDibbs (q.v.) ministry from October1891 to January 1893. His term in the legislative council lastedfrom 1887 to 1899. He fought against federation because he believedtoo much power was to be given to the smaller states. For a periodin 1899-1900 he acted as agent-general for New South Wales atLondon. He was appointed standing counsel for the Commonwealthgovernment in New South Wales in 1903, but practically retired frompractice in 1907, although he made a few subsequent appearances incourt. He died after a short illness on 6 April 1909. He married in1862, Louisa, daughter of M. Solomon, who survived him with twodaughters. He was knighted in 1891.

Salomons was short of stature and somewhat handicapped bydefective eyesight. He had great industry, great powers ofanalysis, a keen intellect and unbounded energy and pertinacity. Henot only had a great knowledge of his own case, he knew hisopponent's too, and was always ready for any emergency. He was agreat case lawyer and has been called a brilliant lawyer ratherthan a great advocate, but when moved by a just cause his oratoryrose to great heights. In connexion with the Dean poisoning case in1895 a solicitor made statements impugning Salomon's honour, andhis impassioned defence of his conduct in the legislative councilwas long remembered as possibly the finest piece of speaking everheard in that chamber. His wit and readiness were proverbial, andhe was afraid of no judge. Some of his wit appears somewhat barbed,but he was really a good-natured man who, though he pretended hewas overfond of money, had been known to argue a case without a feebecause it was an important one involving the liberty of thesubject. The real basis of his success as an advocate was, that hedecided from the beginning that every case would have the sameattention as if it were marked with a 200 guinea fee, and to theend of his career he never ceased working on his cases until thelast minute available.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 April 1909;TheTimes, 7 April 1909; A. B. Piddington,WorshipfulMasters;Who's Who, 1909.

SALTING, GEORGE (1835-1909), art collector,

was born at Sydney on 15 August 1835. His father, Severin KanuteSalting, was a Dane who had large interests in New South Wales, andin 1858 made a gift of £500 to the university of Sydney to foundscholarships to be awarded to students proceeding from SydneyGrammar School. It is not recorded which school George Salting wentto in Sydney--it may possibly have been Sydney College, of whichSydney Grammar School was a revival. About 1848 George Salting wassent to England and continued his education at Eton. He returned toSydney, and entering at the newly founded university won prizes forcompositions in Latin hexameters in 1855 and 1857, in Latinelegiacs in 1856, 1857 and 1858, and for Latin essays in 1854 and1856. He graduated B.A. in 1857. The family went to England and thefather dying, when Salting had barely entered middle age, left hima fortune which has been estimated at £30,000 a year. Largelyinfluenced by the well-known connoisseur, Louis Huth, Salting begancollecting Chinese porcelain, for which he developed a finediscriminating taste. As the years went by his collection graduallyextended and included English furniture, bronzes, majolica, glass,hard stones, manuscripts, miniatures, pictures, carpets, and indeedalmost everything one would expect to find in a good museum. He wasa most careful buyer, as a rule dealing only with two or three menwhom he felt he could trust, though he sometimes bought at auction.He often obtained expert advice and his own knowledge was alwaysgrowing. As a consequence he made few mistakes and these wereusually corrected by the pieces being exchanged for betterspecimens. He lived mostly in London and except for an occasionalfew days shooting, he made his collecting his occupation. He diedon 12 December 1909. He never married, his personal wants were few,and he did not give largely to charities. In spite of his largeexpenditure on collecting, his fortune increased and his will wassworn at over £1,300,000. Of this £10,000 was left to Londonhospitals, £2000 to the Prince Alfred hospital at Sydney, and£30,000 to relatives and others. The residue of his estate went tothe heirs of his brother who predeceased him. He bequeathed to thenational gallery, London, such of his pictures, and to the BritishMuseum such of his prints and drawings, as the trustees mightselect. The remainder of his art collection went to the Victoriaand Albert Museum, with the proviso that it was to be kept togetherand not distributed over the various departments. It is aremarkable collection to have been got together by one man, thestandard being extraordinarily high. The Chinese pottery andporcelain it is true belongs mostly to the later dynasties, but itmust be remembered that much of the work of the great T'ang periodwas practically unprocurable when Salting was collecting. It wassuggested at the time of his death that as his wealth had beendrawn from Australia some of his collection might well be sent tothe Australian galleries. Nothing came of this; probably the legaldifficulties were insurmountable.

The Times, 14, 15, 17, 31 December 1909, 26January 1910;The Salting Collection, Victoria and AlbertMuseum Guides;The Sydney Herald, 20 August 1835;TheSydney University Calendar, 1862, 1938; personal knowledge ofthe collection.

SALVADO, RUDESINDUS (1814-1900), founder of New Norcia, Western Australia,

was born in Spain in 1814. He joined the Benedictine order ofmonks and was obliged to leave Spain on account of political actionin 1835. He took refuge for 10 years in Italy with anotherBenedictine, Joseph Serra, and became well-known as an organist. In1845 Dr Brady, who had been appointed Roman Catholic bishop ofPerth, took them to Western Australia as missionaries, where theyarrived in January 1846. Some 13 months later the two missionarieswent into the bush to open a mission station about 70 miles northof Perth. For three months they lived with the blacks, subsistingon the same food and often suffering much from want of water.Salvado then decided to return to Perth for assistance. He arrivedwith his clothes almost torn off his back, and strong efforts weremade by the bishop to persuade him to abandon the mission. This hefelt he could not do, and as the bishop had no means with which hecould help him, Salvado decided to give a concert in Perth. It wassupported by people of all denominations, a good sum was raised,clothes, food, seed and a plough were purchased for the mission,and loading these on a cart Salvado made his way back. The littlecommunity ploughed and sowed the land, only to have its cropsdestroyed by animals. To add to its misfortunes it was found thatthe land reclaimed had already been allotted to another settler.Some 40 acres of new land was, however, allotted to them, and withhelp from some of the colonists a small monastry was built. Latermore land was given to them and the aborigines, realizing that theywere receiving nothing but kindness from their visitors, began totrust and listen to them. A school was opened for the children andgradually the mission prospered both temporally and spiritually.Serra went to Europe and collected funds for the mission whichenabled fresh developments to be made. In 1849 Serra wasconsecrated bishop of Port Victoria but shortly afterwards becamecoadjutor to Bishop Brady. Salvado was appointed to Port Victoria,but the colony being abandoned, found himself a bishop without asee. He had been sent to Europe to raise funds for the Perthdiocese and did not return to Australia until 1853. The mission atNew Norcia continued to develop in his hands, but in 1866 he wasnominated bishop of Perth. He, however, was able to persuade theVatican authorities that his true vocation lay with the aborigines.In 1867 New Norcia became an abbey with Salvado as perpetual abbotand bishop. In 1871 a brick chapel was built and a more substantialmonastery, the boundaries of the mission were gradually extended,and the mission became self-supporting. Salvado died while on avisit to Rome on 29 December 1900, but his work has been carried onby other hands.

Salvado had limitless faith, patience, courage, andunderstanding of the primitive mind. As the children of theaborigines grew up, they were taught how to maintain themselveswith a success scarcely rivalled in any other part of Australia.His work is a perpetual message of hope to all interested in theaboriginal problem.

H. N. Birt,Benedictine Pioneers in Australia;The Catholic Encyclopedia (under New Norcia): P. F. CardinalMoran,History of the Catholic Church inAustralia.

SANDES, JOHN (1863-1938), journalist and author,

son of the Rev. Samuel D. Sandes, was born at Cork, Ireland, in1863. He was educated at Trinity College, Stratford-on-Avon, andOxford university, where he graduated B.A. in 1885. He came toMelbourne in 1887 and joined the staff of theArgus, forwhich he was a capable musical and dramatic critic. He was one ofthe original three journalists who conducted the "Passing Show"column, a feature of the paper carried on by generations of writersfor more than 50 years. A collection of Sandes's verses from thiscolumn,Rhymes of the Times, was published in 1898, and in1900 appeared another collection,Ballads of Battle, whichincluded a poem "With Death's Prophetic Ear" which gave Sandes apopular reputation. In 1903 he became a leader writer and revieweron the SydneyDaily Telegraph, and in 1919 represented thatpaper at the peace conference. He was editor of theHarbour,a monthly devoted to shipping interests, from 1925 until shortlybefore his death on 29 November 1938. In his own name and under thepseudonym of "Don Delaney" Sandes was the author of several shortpopular novels, which were published between 1910 and 1917 and arelisted in Miller'sAustralian Literature. He married in1897, Claire Louise, daughter ofSir Graham Berry (q.v.), and wassurvived by two sons. He was an excellent journalist with a specialtalent for writing occasional verse.

The Argus, 30 November 1938; E. Morris Miller,Australian Literature.

SARGOOD, SIR FREDERICK THOMAS (1834-1903), politician and public man,

was born at Walworth, London, on 30 May 1834. His father,Frederick James Sargood, came to Melbourne in 1849, and became amember of the old legislative council. In 1856 he was elected tothe legislative assembly for St Kilda. He founded the softgoodsbusiness at Melbourne, afterwards so well-known, and died inEngland in 1871. He married Emma, daughter of Thomas Rippon, chiefcashier in the Bank of England, and Frederick Thomas Sargood wastheir eldest child. He was educated at private schools and in 1850followed his father to Melbourne. He first obtained a position inthe public works department, but in 1851 joined his father'sbusiness, and in 1859 became a junior partner in it. In the sameyear he joined the Victorian volunteer artillery as a private andeventually reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He also took aninterest in rifle shooting and was one of the best shots inVictoria. In May 1874 he was elected a member of the legislativecouncil, and in 1875 he became the first chairman of the Melbourneharbour trust. He visited England in 1880, and was appointed adelegate by the Victorian government to represent the colony beforethe imperial commission for the protection of British possessionsabroad. He returned to Melbourne in 1882 and in March 1883 becamean honorary minister in theService (q.v.) government. Inthe same year when the defence department was formed, he was thefirst minister of defence, and carried through the reorganizationof the defences which involved the change over from volunteer tomilitia forces. Rifle clubs were formed and the important cadetcorps movement for schoolboys was also due to Sargood's efforts. In1885 he took the additional portfolio of minister of water-supply,and held both positions until the resignation of the ministry inFebruary 1886. He was appointed vice-president of the Melbournecentennial exhibition of 1888 and subsequently executivevice-president and treasurer. He was also president of theMelbourne chamber of commerce from 1886 to 1888, and his name stoodvery high in -the business world. When he joined his father'sbusiness it was a comparatively small one, but now under the nameof Sargood Butler and Nichol it had become one of the largest inAustralia, with branches in other cities. It was subsequentlyextended to New Zealand and before Sargood's death the number ofemployees was over 5000. WhenW. E. Hearn (q.v.) died in 1888Sargood became leader of the legislative council, in which positionhe examined all bills coming from the legislative assembly andshowed much critical ability. He joined theMunro (q.v.) ministry inNovember 1890 as minister of defence and of education, but withdrewwhen the ministry was reconstructed underShiels (q.v.) in February 1892,because he was unable to agree with Shiels's adhesion to the "oneman one vote" principle.

Though a conservative, Sargood had piloted the first factoriesact through the council with ability, and so far as his own firmwas concerned the Saturday half-holiday had been brought in as farback as 1852. Sargood joined theTurner (q.v.) government inSeptember 1894 as minister of defence, but about three months lateragain resigned on a question of principle. He took up again theposition of leader of the council and had a prominent part in thefederation movement. His views on the tariff prevented his beingelected as one of the Victorian delegates to the 1897 convention,but at the first federal election in 1901 he was elected as one ofthe senators for Victoria in spite of the opposition of theprotectionist press. When the senate met he was nominated for theposition of president which, however, went toSir Richard Baker (q.v.) by 21votes to 12. Sargood, however, took a leading position in thehouse. He died suddenly while on a holiday in New Zealand on 2January 1903. He was created C.M.G. in 1885 and K.C.M.G. in 1890.He married (1) in 1858, Marion Australian, daughter of the Hon.George Rolfe, M.L.C., and (2) in 1880, Julia, daughter of JamesTomlin. Lady Sargood survived him with five sons and four daughtersof the first marriage, and one daughter of the second.

Sargood was a man of the finest character both in business andas a politician, shrewd, energetic, and scrupulously honest. He wasprominently connected with many philanthropic and religiousmovements. In politics he was a good speaker and debater, with acapacity for organization and a command of details, and in his workas defence minister he showed wisdom, energy and foresight.

Burke's Colonial Gentry, 1891;The Argus,Melbourne, 3 and 5 January, 1903;The Age, Melbourne, 3January 1903;The Cyclopedia of Victoria, 1903;Victoria,the First Century; P Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography.

SCADDON, JOHN (1876-1934), (correct spelling is SCADDANed.) premier of Western Australia,

was born at Moonta, South Australia, on 4 August 1876. Hisfamily removed to Eaglehawk, Victoria, where he was educated at thelocal state school. He became a miner until 1896, when he went toWestern Australia, and, while working as a miner at Kalgoorliequalified as an engine-driver. In 1904 he was elected to thelegislative assembly as a Labour member and held the seat for 12years usually unopposed. In 1910 he became leader of the Labourparty which obtained a large majority at the 1911 general election.Scaddan then became premier and treasurer in a ministry which wasin office for nearly five years. He was also minister of railwaysfrom November 1914. His vigorous policy included the establishmentof a state shipping service, the purchase of the Perth tramways,and the erection of homes for workers. Defeated in July 1916Scaddan became leader of the opposition, but left the Labour partyover the conscription issue. In June 1917 he became minister formines and railways in theLefroy (q.v.) ministry, but losthis seat at an election held in July. Though not in parliament hewas appointed colonial secretary and minister for railways in theMitchell government in May 1919, a fortnight later was elected amember of the legislative assembly, and exchanged the portfolio ofcolonial secretary for those of mines, industries and forests.After being five years in office he retired from politics for sixyears. He re-entered the house as a nationalist candidate in 1930,and was minister for mines and railways in the Mitchell governmentuntil 1933. He died suddenly at Perth on 22 November 1934. He wasmade a C.M.G. in 1924. He married in 1904, Miss H. E. Edwards, whosurvived him with a son and daughter. He was a forceful speaker, atactful leader, and a good administrator.

The West Australian, 22 November 1934; J. S.Battye,The Cyclopedia of Western Australia;Who'sWho, 1934.

SCHULER, GOTTLIEB FREDERICK HENRY (1854-1926), journalist,

was of German parentage and was born at sea on 24 February 1854.He came to Australia With his parents at the age of two, and waseducated at Bendigo. After leaving school he did much reading andgained an intimate acquaintance with English, French, and Germanliterature. He joined the staff of theBendigo Advertiser asa young man, specialized as a mining reporter, and soon had muchknowledge of the industry. In March 1879 he was given anappointment on the MelbourneAge in connexion with which heobtained an intimate acquaintance with Victorian politics. Hebecame chief of staff in 1890 and prepared much of the materialwhich led to the attack on the management of the railways, and thefamous Speight action for libel. He was appointed editor of theAge on 1 January 1900 and held the position continuously forthe remainder of his life. In 1917 to his great grief, his onlyson, Lieutenant Phillip F. E. Schuler, was killed in action inFrance. He had been a war correspondent before enlisting in theA.I.F. and had published a volume on the Gallipoli campaign,Australia in Arms, in 1916.

Schuler died suddenly at Melbourne on 11 December 1926 leaving awidow and two daughters. He was an amiable man with a high sense ofduty, much interested in music, art, and literature. Belonging ashe did to the old school of anonymous journalism he never came muchbefore the public, but as chief of staff he showed great tact, andas editor had his finger on every department of the paper. It mightbe said that theAge lost prestige under his editorship, butcircumstances in Australia were changing rapidly, and no paper willever again have the power wielded by theAge underSyme (q.v.) andWindsor (q.v.) during the lastquarter of the nineteenth century.

The Age andThe Argus, Melbourne, 13December 1926.

SCOTT, SIR ERNEST (1867-1939), historian, [ also refer toErnest SCOTT page at Project GutenbergAustralia]

was born at Northampton, England, on 21 June 1867. He waseducated at St Katherine's Church of England school, Northampton,in which later he was a pupil teacher. He then became a journalist,worked on the LondonGlobe, and coming to Melbourne in 1892,worked on theHerald. From 1895 to 1901 he was a member ofthe VictorianHansard staff, and from 1901 to 1914 was onthe CommonwealthHansard staff. In 1910 he publishedTerre Napoléon, and in 1912Lapérouse. Students ofhistory in Australia quickly realised that a new historian wasamong them willing to go to an infinity of trouble in preparing hiswork. One evidence of this was the bibliography appended toTerre Napoléon which contained over a hundred items. In 1913the university of Melbourne called for applications for theprofessorship of history, and two applicants were recommended bythe English selection committee. There was, however, some doubtwhether either was the ideal man for the position and it wasdecided to call for fresh applications in Australia. It wassuggested to Scott that he should apply, and he eventually wasappointed. The university council took a bold step for Scott hadnever attended a university, but he had shown ability both inresearch and as a lecturer, and the experiment proved a greatsuccess. In 1914 Scott's admirableLife of Matthew Flindersappeared, and aShort History of Australia came out in 1916.In 1920 was publishedMen and Thought in Modern History,which the writer stated "grew out of a practical need for a seriesof short explanations of some typical modes of thought illustrating. . . the background of modern history". Twenty-four writers andpoliticians were selected, ranging from Rousseau to H. G. Wells, toeach was given a chapter, and bibliographical notes are appended.InHistory and Historical Problems published in 1925 Scottgave his views on the value, study, and writing of history; chapterII on "Historical Method" may be commended to all who purposetaking up the last of these. The book was based on lectures givento audiences largely of teachers of history, and still retains itsvalue. HisAustralian Discovery, in two volumes, largely acompilation, was published in 1929, and in 1933 appeared volume VIIofThe Cambridge History of the British Empire, edited andpartly written by Scott. Two years later he editedLord RobertCecil's Gold Fields Diary with an introductory chapter. This isa record of an enormous amount of work having been done by a mancarrying on heavy professorial duties, and taking his full share inthe life of his university. He was dean of the faculty of arts from1914 to 1924 and president of the professorial board from 1927 to1930. At the end of 1932 he was granted two years' leave of absenceto carry out historical research in Europe, and in December 1936 heresigned, and was appointed emeritus professor. HisAustraliaDuring the War, being volume XI ofThe Official History ofAustralia in the War, appeared in that year. The privatelyissuedHistorical Memoir of the Melbourne Club, andAHistory of the University of Melbourne, were also bothpublished in 1936. Living in retirement at Vermont a few miles outof Melbourne, Scott devoted himself to his garden and his books. InJanuary 1939 as president of the Australian and New ZealandAssociation for the Advancement of Science which met at Canberra,he chose as the subject of his address, "The History of AustralianScience", and in February he was appointed a trustee of the publiclibrary, museums and national gallery of Victoria. He died atMelbourne after a short illness on 6 December 1939. He was knightedin June 1939. He married (1) a daughter of Mrs Annie Besant, and(2) Emily Dyason who survived him. There was a daughter by thefirst marriage who died in 1924.

Scott was above medium height, bluff and open in manner, sincereand kindly in character. He was much interested in music, the dramaand poetry, in which he had read widely. He had a sound knowledgeof his own subject, and was an industrious and fast worker. He didmuch to bring Australian history to life. He did not always carryout his urgent advice to his students that they should "verifytheir references" and consequently errors will be found in some ofhis books. Generally, however, they are in comparativelyunessential things and were caused by trusting to a usuallyreliable memory. As a rule his work is excellent and was alwaysbased on conscientious research. As a teacher he was interesting,vivid and inspiring, exacting hard work from his students andinsisting on the value of original documents, while also pointingout that even they cannot be blindly accepted. He had a humaninterest in his students and no trouble was too great for him if itwould help them in their work. Among his students were ProfessorsW. K. Hancock of Oxford, S. H. Roberts of Sydney and A. G. B.Fisher of Dunedin.

The Herald, Melbourne, 7 December 1939;TheArgus, Melbourne, 7 December 1939;The Times, 8 December1939; S. H. Roberts,Journal and Proceedings Royal AustralianHistorical Society, vol. XXVI; personal knowledge and privateinformation.

SCOTT, ROSE (1847-1925), social reformer,

was born at Glendon, New South Wales, on 8 October 1847. Herfather, Helenus Scott, born in 1802, came to Australia in 1821,took up land and became well-known as a breeder of cattle andhorses. Losing his money in a depression some 20 years later hejoined the government service and became a police magistrate. Hedied in 1879. Her mother, Sarah Anne Rusden, was a daughter of theRev. G. K. Rusden and sister ofG. W. Rusden (q.v.) the historian.Another relative wasDavid Scott Mitchell (q.v.)the son of her father's sister. Rose Scott was brought up on astation, and owing much of her education to her mother, grew into abeautiful and charming girl with a happy home life. For many yearsshe lived at Newcastle but when her father died she moved with hermother to Sydney. They were presently joined, after the death ofher sister, by a brother-in-law with one child, a boy of two yearswhom Miss Scott mothered. He was to be a great interest for her forthe rest of her life. Sheltered in this cultured and comfortablehome there appeared to be no likelihood of Miss Scott coming intopublic prominence. But she was interested in the position of women.In March 1891 she attended a meeting called to discuss theformation of a Women's Suffrage League and was appointedcorresponding secretary. The work grew and presently she found thatshe was giving nearly all her time to it, sending out circulars,interviewing public men, and using her influence with her friends,who included many of the leading politicians and writers of thetime. Speaking at committee meetings gave her confidence, and sheeventually became a witty and accomplished public speaker. Hermother died in 1896 and Miss Scott was left with a home andsufficient income for her needs. Her interest in votes for womenled to much study of the position of women in the community, andshe found that young girls were working in shops from 8 a.m. to 9p.m. on ordinary days, and until 11 p.m. on Saturdays. Some ofthese girls were asked to come to her house on Sundays and describethe conditions in which they worked, and there leading politicianssuch asB. R. Wise(q.v.),W. A. Holman(q.v.), W. M. Hughes andT.Bavin (q.v.) met and discussed the drafting of the bill whicheventually became the early closing act of 1899. Other reformsadvocated and eventually brought in were the appointment of matronsat police stations, of women inspectors in factories and shops, andimprovements in the conditions of women prisoners. This entailed animmense amount of correspondence, all written in her own hand. Whenthe women's suffrage act was passed on 1 August 1902 the league forwomen's suffrage was disbanded and a new organization, the leaguefor political education, was formed. In 1907 Miss Scott organized abranch of the London Peace Society and was its president for 10years, and she took interest in and worked for all the women'smovements of the time. She was an advocate for the testator'sfamily maintenance act (1916), the woman's legal status act (1918),and was active in the establishment of children's courts. She wasalso for many years international secretary of the national councilof women in New South Wales. When she retired in 1921 apresentation of money was made to her which she used to found aprize for women law students at the university. Anothersubscription was made to have her portrait painted byLongstaff. This now hangs in theart gallery at Sydney. She died after a painful illness, borne withcourage, on 20 April 1925.

Miss Scott was a very important figure in her time and did muchto improve the status of women. Her home meant a great deal to herand here she met leading men in the arts and letters, distinguishedvisitors from other lands, politicians of all parties, and clergyof all denominations. She realized that you could hope for noreforms unless you were quite clear about what was needed, andcould produce the facts and the necessary evidence for them. Heradvocacy of women's suffrage and pacifism brought her someunpopularity and even misrepresentation, but she had a sense ofhumour, was never too vehement, and was always willing to admitthat there were two sides to a question. She was far too fond ofthe right to pursue the expedient, but she could be a tactician onoccasions, though often she disarmed opposition simply-by herreasonableness and sincerity. She was a good leader, able to showinitiative and ready to co-ordinate the ideas of other people, shehad a fine intellect and great powers of work, she commanded theloyalty of her associates, and the combination of these qualitiesmade her one of the great personalities of her period.

Miles Franklin,The Peaceful Army, p. 90;TheLone Hand, November 1910;The Sydney Morning Herald, 22April 1925;The Bulletin, 30 April 1925;The Argus,Melbourne, 20 February 1937.

SCOTT, THOMAS HOBBES (c. 1782-1860), clergyman and educationist,

son of the Rev. James Scott, was born either in 1782 or 1783.His death notice inThe Times for 5 January 1860 stated thathe was in his seventy-eighth year and theGentleman'sMagazine for March 1860 stated that he had died on 1 Januaryaged 76. Little is known of his early life, but J. Mudie'sstatement that he had been a wine merchant seems unlikely to betrue (The Felonry of New South Wales, p. 39). Scott hadcertainly been in the diplomatic service and had been a clerk to aBritish consulate in Italy (S. H. Smith and G. T. Spaull,History of Education in New South Wales, p. 37). Hematriculated at Oxford university at the late age of 30, on 11October 1813, and graduated M.A. on 12 November 1818. He was at StAlban Hall, afterwards merged in Merton College. Early in 1819 hewas appointed secretary of the commission ofJ. T. Bigge (q.v.) andGovernor Macquarie (q.v.) wasinstructed that in the event of the death or illness of Bigge,Scott would take his place. After his return to England Scott tookholy orders and became rector of Whitfield, Northumberland, in1822.

Early in 1824, at the request of Earl Bathurst, he drew up acarefully thought out and elaborate plan for providing for churchesand schools in Australia. The central idea was that one-tenth ofthe lands in the colony should be vested in trustees for thesupport of churches and schools. Primary schools were to befollowed by schools for agriculture and trades, and also schools tofit students for a university which was ultimately visualized. Healso suggested that pending the establishment of the university afew of the ablest students should be awarded exhibitions to takethem to Oxford or Cambridge. His plans were adopted in a modifiedform, he was appointed archdeacon of New South Wales in October1824, and he arrived at Sydney on 7 May 1825. He was also made amember of council and a trustee of the clergy and school lands;this corporation, however, had neither land nor funds. GovernorBrisbane opposed his suggestion that "government reserves" shouldbe considered church and school lands, and with regard to landgenerally, comparatively little of it had even been surveyed. Scotttoo was working on the assumption that the control of educationwould be in the hands of the Church of England, which broughtvigorous opposition from the Presbyterians, Wesleyans and RomanCatholics. Scott's connexion with Bigge and a friendship he hadformed withJohnMacarthur tended to make him unpopular, and thoughGovernor Darling spoke of him asamiable and well-disposed, he quarrelled with several men of theperiod. On 1 January 1828 he sent his resignation to England andwas succeeded in 1829 by Archdeacon, afterwards Bishop,Broughton (q.v.). Scott'sfinal report on the church and school establishment of New SouthWales was dated 1 September 1829. He then returned to England, tookcharge of his parish at Whitfield, and was later made an honorarycanon of Durham. He died at Whitfield on 1 January 1860.

Scott was a capable man who was unfortunately quarrelsome andarrogant. He could not get on with his own clergy, and when hevisited Tasmania in 1826 a report he made on the state of religionand education raised similar antagonism to that he had experiencedin Sydney. He was a hard worker, he had a fine conception of theplace education should take in the colony, and during his fiveyears in New South Wales the number of schools and the number ofpupils attending regularly were both more than doubled. Hisproposed scheme of education in Australia could not be accepted atthe time, largely because it assumed the ascendancy of the Churchof England, but considered broadly it was a statesmanlike piece ofwork which must have had much influence on the plans that werelater developed.

Alumni Oxonienses, 1715-1886, vol. IV laterseries; S. H. Smith and G. T. Spaull,History of Education inNew South Wales;Historical Records of Australia, ser.I, vols. X to XVI; R. AV. Giblin,The Early History ofTasmania, vol. II, pp. 536-41; James Macarthur,New SouthWales; Its Present State and Future Prospects.

SCOTT, WALTER (1854-1925), classical scholar,

son of G. I. Scott, was born in 1854. Educated at Christ'sHospital and Balliol College, Oxford, he graduated with first-classhonours in classics and the Ireland, Craven and Derby scholarships.From 1879 he was a fellow of Merton College, and in 1884 wasappointed professor of classics at the university of Sydney; hisinaugural lecture,What is Classical Study, delivered on 23March 1885, was published as a pamphlet. In the same year hisFragmenta Herculanensia, published at Oxford by theClarendon Press, established his reputation as a scholar. At SydneyScott took much interest in the university as a whole. He was oneof the leaders in the movement for the establishment of the women'scollege, and as dean of the faculty of arts encouraged the teachingof modern literature, history and philosophy, and the inaugurationof university extension lectures. His health was, however, not goodand in 1890 at his own suggestion his chair was divided, and hebecame professor of Greek. He carried out the duties of this chairfor about 10 years, but resigned in August 1900 on account ofcontinued ill-health.

Scott returned to England and in 1905 became professor ofclassics at McGill university, Montreal. He, however, retired againin 1908 and spent the remainder of his life at Oxford. Hecontributed several papers to classical journals in England,Australia and Canada, and devoted his later years to thepreparation of an edition of the text ofHermetica, The AncientGreek and Latin Writings which contain Religious or PhilosophicTeachings, ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus, with an Englishtranslation and notes. When Scott died on 26 February 1925 thefirst volume had been published, and the second and third were inthe press. The fourth volume, completed by Professor A. S.Ferguson, came out some years later.

Though essentially a scholar and something of a recluse, Scott'swork at Sydney and Montreal was much appreciated. He was modest,unselfish, and always ready to help a good cause. His combinationof profound and wide scholarship with idealism was a stronginfluence in university and teaching life. He did distinguishedwork as a classical scholar, but the amount of it was limited byhis precarious health.

The Times, 27 February 1925; H. E. Barff,AShort Historical Account of the University of Sydney;Calendar of the University of Sydney, 1891, 1901; H. J. C.The Daily Telegraph, Sydney, 4 March 1925.

SCRATCHLEY, SIR PETER HENRY (1835-1885), major-general,

first special commissioner for New Guinea, son of Dr JamesScratchley, was born at Paris on 24 August 1835. He was educated atParis and under a tutor before entering Woolwich academy in 1850.He passed out at the head of the list in 1854 and obtained acommission as lieutenant in the royal engineers. He served in theCrimea and Indian mutiny, and in October 1859 was made a captain.In 1860 he was sent to Victoria to plan a system of defence forthat colony, but after working on this for over three years hisplan was not adopted as a whole. He had, however, constructedbatteries around the coast of Port Phillip by expending acomparatively small sum. He returned to England and in 1864 becamechief inspector of works at Woolwich and held the office for 12years. He reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1874 and in1876 again went to Australia to act in conjunction with General SirWilliam Jervois in advising the Australian governments upon defencemeasures. He visited the various colonies and drew up schemes, butfound it difficult to persuade the governments concerned to doanything effective. He was retired from the army with the rank ofmajor-general in 1882, returned to England in 1883, and for nearlytwo years was adviser on defence to the Australian colonies exceptWestern Australia. In November 1884 he was appointed specialcommissioner for Great Britain in New Guinea. He went to Australiaimmediately, made financial arrangements with the various colonies,and in August 1885 went to New Guinea to take possession of the newterritory. Port Moresby was made the seat of government, questionsof land tenure and the cultivation of the land were examined, andgood relations were established with many of the natives and withthe missionaries. Everything was shaping well until Scratchleycontracted malaria in November 1885. He died at sea on 2 December.He was created K.C.M.G. earlier in the year. He married and left awidow and children.

C. Kinlock Cooke,Australian Defences and NewGuinea, compiled from Scratchley's papers with Memoir;TheTimes, 4 December 1885.

SEE, SIR JOHN (1844-1907), premier of New South Wales,

son of Joseph See, was born at Yelling, England, on 14 November1844. He was brought to Australia in 1853 by his parents whosettled on the Hunter River in New South Wales. After three yearsat school See worked on the family farm, but in 1863 took up landwith a brother on the Clarence River. In 1865 he went to Sydney andbegan business as a produce dealer. This business became veryflourishing under the name of John See and Company. He also becamea partner in a small coastal shipping company, Nipper and See,which was afterwards floated into a company, as the North CoastSteam Navigation Company. See was a shrewd investor and became verywell known in business circles in Sydney. He entered politics in1880 as member for Clarence and remained its member until heretired in 1904. In October 1885 he joined theDibbs (q.v.) government aspostmaster-general, but Dibbs was defeated before the end of theyear. See was not in office again until October 1891 when he becamefor nearly three years colonial treasurer in the third Dibbsministry. He was in charge of the bill which brought in the firstprotectionist tariff in New South Wales. The whole of his period astreasurer was marked by much financial stress throughout Australia.From August 1894 until September 1899Reid (q.v.) was in power, but whenLyne (q.v.) came in See washis colonial secretary. On Lyne transferring to federal politics inMarch 1901 See became premier and held office until June 1904.Failing health then compelled him to retire. He accepted a seat inthe council but was unable afterwards to exercise much influence inpolitics. He died at Sydney on 31 January 1907. He married in 1876Charlotte May Matthews who died in 1904. He was survived by fourdaughters and three sons. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1902.

See was a self-made man of strong character, an excellentbusiness man and a sound politician. He was a good friend, muchesteemed on both sides of the house, for Labour politiciansremembered that during his administration the establishment of theState clothing factory had a great influence in abolishingsweating, and that women's suffrage was also brought in in histime. He was a director of several well-known companies, a trusteeof the Savings Bank of New South Wales, and president of the RoyalAgricultural Society.

Burke's Peerage, etc., 1907;The SydneyMorning Herald, 1 February 1907;The Daily Telegraph, 1February 1907.

SELWYN, ALFRED RICHARD CECIL (1824-1902), geologist,

was the son of Rev. Townsend Selwyn, canon of Gloucestercathedral, and his wife, Charlotte Sophia, daughter of Lord GeorgeMurray, bishop of St David's, and grand-daughter of the fourth Dukeof Athol. He was born on 28 July 1824 and was educated by privatetutors and afterwards in Switzerland. At the age of 21 he joinedthe English geological survey under Sir Henry de la Beche and (Sir)A. C. Ramsay. He had invaluable experience in the preparation ofgeological maps of western England and north Wales, and earnedgreat commendation from Ramsay. In 1852 he was appointed directorof the geological survey of Victoria, where he built up anexcellent staff includingR.Daintree (q.v.), C. D. H. Aplin,C. S. Wilkinson (q.v.),R. A. F. Murray (q.v.),H. Y. L. Brown (q.v.)andR. Etheridge (q.v.),with(Sir) F. McCoy (q.v.)as palaeontologist. He was a strict disciplinarian and from thebeginning set up a very high standard of work in his department.During his 17 years as director over 60 geological maps were issuedwhich were among the best of their period; they were models ofaccuracy which established a tradition of geological mapping inAustralia. Selwyn was also responsible for several reports on thegeology of Victoria, and added much to the knowledge ofgold-bearing rocks. He discovered the Caledonian goldfield nearMelbourne in 1854 and in the following year reported on coal seamsin Tasmania. In 1869 the geological survey was terminated by thegovernment of Victoria on economical grounds. In the same year, onthe recommendation of the retiring director, Sir W. E. Logan,Selwyn was appointed director of the geological survey ofCanada.

Selwyn took up his duties on 1 December 1869. There was animmense area to be covered, and though the staff was increased, itwas necessarily inadequate.

His period of 25 years as director was full of activity and alarge amount of work was done. In 1870 he made a valuable report onthe goldfields of Nova Scotia, in the following year he was on theother side of Canada exploring in British Columbia, and in the nextyear he was working between Lake Superior and Winnipeg. All thetime he was keeping in mind that however interesting problems mightbe from a scientific point of view, a government survey must beable to collect the facts and bring them to bear on questions ofpublic utility. Every year he presented aSummary of thegeological investigations made by his staff. He retired from hisdirectorship on 1 December 1894 and died at Vancouver, BritishColumbia, on 19 October 1902. He married in 1852 Matilda Charlotte,daughter of the Rev. Edward Selwyn and was survived by three sonsand a daughter (Dict. Nat. Biog. 2nd Supp). He was elected afellow of the Geological Society of London in 1871, of the RoyalSociety of London in 1874, and received the Murchison medal fromthe Geological Society in 1876, and the Clarke medal from the RoyalSociety of New South Wales in 1884. He was made chevalier de lalégion d'honneur, Paris, in 1878, and C.M.G. in 1886. A list of hispublications and maps will be found in theProceedings andTransactions, Royal Society of Canada, vol. X, section IV, pp.191-205. A list relating to his work in Australia will be found inBulletin No. 23 of the geological survey of Victoria.

Selwyn was tall, quick and alert, and somewhat highly-strung.His writings are scholarly and extremely well composed. He hadgreat force of character with a gift for seeing what was reallyimportant in any problem, and no care was too great if it led tothe solution. He belonged to the highest class of structuralgeologists and his work was of the greatest value wherever he wasemployed.

H. W. Ami,Memorial or Sketch of the Life of thelate Dr A. R. C. Selwyn, Proceedings and Transactions Royal Societyof Canada, sec. IV, 1904;Geological Magazine, vol. VI,1899;Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 75;E. J. Dunn,Bulletin No. 23 Geological Survey of Victoria;E. W. Skeats,David Lecture, 1933;Some Founders ofAustralian Geology.

SERVICE, JAMES (1823-1899), premier of Victoria,

was the son of Robert Service and was born at Kilwinning,Ayrshire, Scotland, in November 1823. He was educated at the localschool, and was for some time a schoolmaster before entering oncommercial life in the business of Thomas Corbett of Glasgow. Hebecame a junior partner in this business and when he came toAustralia in 1853 was for a time its representative. However, aboutthe year 1855, he founded the business of James Service andCompany, importers and wholesale merchants, which became a largeand prosperous organization still in business many years after hisdeath. When the suburb Emerald Hill, now South Melbourne, was madea municipality, Service became the first president of the council,and in 1857 was elected to represent Melbourne in the legislativeassembly. At the next election he was elected for Ripon and Hampdenand in October 1859 became president of the board of land and worksin theNicholson(q.v.) ministry. As minister he brought in a lands bill which firstintroduced the principle of deferred payments. It was, however, somutilated by amendments that in 1860 he resigned from the cabinet.In the next parliament he took charge in the assembly, as a privatemember, of the Torrens transfer of real property act which had beenintroduced in the legislative council byGeorge Coppin (q.v.). In 1862Service resigned his seat, was absent in England for some time, andafter his return was three times rejected by the electors when heattempted to enter parliament again.

Service was out of politics for more than 10 years. He was aconvinced free-trader and protection was steadily gaining ground.In 1874 he was returned for Maldon and became treasurer in theKerford (q.v.) ministrywhich only lasted until August 1875. He sat in opposition to theMcCulloch (q.v.)ministry but strongly supported the formation of the Melbourneharbour trust, and as a private member carried an act relating tobills of sale and fraudulent preference to creditors. WhenBerry (q.v.) was elected with alarge following in 1877 he offered Service the treasurership. Thishe could not accept but sat in the ministerial corner for about ayear until he became leader of the opposition. At the election heldearly in 1880 Berry was defeated and Service formed his firstadministration taking the positions of premier and treasurer. Muchtime had been wasted in the past by the quarrels of the two housesof parliament and Service brought in a very reasonable reform billwhich provided that if any bill were passed by the assembly in twoconsecutive sessions and rejected by the council, the governormight dissolve both houses. If the new assembly passed the billagain and the council again rejected it, the two houses would sittogether and the majority would rule. This bill was rejected by twovotes in August, and on going to the country Berry obtained amajority. In the following year Service resigned his seat and wentto England for more than a year. In 1883 he was elected forCastlemaine and the parties being nearly equal a coalitiongovernment was formed, Service becoming premier and treasurer, andBerry chief secretary. This ministry did more useful work than anyother Victorian ministry up to this date. A judicature act waspassed with the object of simplifying and cheapening legalprocedure, a public service act was brought in with a competitiveexamination for applicants, and under the railway management act aboard of commissioners was established with the object of doingaway with parliamentary influence. Other important acts dealt withthe early closing of shops, the regulation of public houses, andthe factories, work rooms and shops act was the fore-runner of muchimportant social legislation. In June 1883, at a banquet at Alburycelebrating the opening of the railway line between Sydney andMelbourne, Service raised again the question of federation. HesupportedSir ThomasMcIlwraith (q.v.) in his action with regard to the annexationof New Guinea, and suggested the inter-colonial conference whichwas held at Sydney in November 1883. There a bill constituting afederal council was framed which was carried by Service through theVictorian parliament in 1884. Service himself desired theestablishment of a federal government, but the other premiers werecomparatively lukewarm and the proposed council was to have verylimited powers. New South Wales, however, stood out and for thisreason the council was able to do little. Yet it was an importantstep in the direction of federation, and Service had shown himselfto be a true leader. His health compelled him to retire from theministry in 1886 and he again visited England. Before his departurea public subscription was made and his portrait byG. F. Folingsby was presented tothe national gallery of Victoria. In the following year he was oneof the representatives of Victoria at the colonial conference,where he was content to let the young and ardentDeakin (q.v.) take the lead.Returning to Australia he entered the legislative council forMelbourne province. He continued to take an interest in thefederation question and at a banquet held in connexion with thefederal conference of 1890 at Melbourne he was selected to proposethe toast of "A United Australasia". He acutely pointed out thatthe lion in the path was the tariff question which federalists musteither slay or be slain by. Henceforth he did not take anyprominent part in public life. When the colony was passing througha troublesome time in 1892 the suggestion was made that he shouldcome back to the legislative assembly and lead a coalitiongovernment, but the state of his health would not permit him to dothis. He had hoped to live long enough to see the adoption offederation and the 1898 referendum showed that it could not be faroff. He died at Melbourne on 13 April 1899.

Service had the respect of all parties. He was a successfulbusiness man, keen and farseeing, but he was also interested inmore recondite matters, such as philosophy, metaphysics, andpolitical economy. In manner he was cautious and self-restrained,in debate he was cool and logical. Never afraid to take theunpopular side, his disinterestedness and personal integrityeverywhere won admiration, and he fully deserved Deakin'sdescription as "a man of large ideas and indomitable courage".Though usually ranked as a conservative, during his secondadministration, in conjunction with Graham Berry, his governmentpassed some of our earliest social legislation of value, and in thefederal sphere, while recognizing the difficulties of the position,he never wavered in his belief that these difficulties could heovercome.

The Age andThe Argus, Melbourne. 13April 1899;The Times, 13 April 1899;Who's Who,1899; H. G. Turner,A History, of the Colony of Victoria; W.Murdoch,Alfred Deakin; Quick and Garran,The AnnotatedConstitution of the Australian Commonwealth; A. PatchettMartin,Australia and the Empire, p. 276; Henry L. Hall,Victoria's Part in the Australian FederationMovement.

SHARP, CECIL JAMES (1859-1924), musician, collector of folk-songs and dances,

was born at Denmark Hill, London, on 22 November 1859. Hisfather was a slate merchant, much interested in archaeology,architecture, old furniture, and music, his mother, Jane Bloyd, wasalso a music-lover. Sharp was educated at Uppingham, but left at 15and was privately coached for Cambridge, where he rowed in theClare College boat and graduated B.A. in 1882. It was necessary forhim to find work and he decided to try Australia. He arrived inAdelaide in November 1882 and early in 1883 obtained a position asa clerk in the Commercial Bank of South Australia. He read somelaw, and in April 1884 became associate to the chief justice,Sir Samuel James Way (q.v.).He held this position until 1889 when he resigned and gave hiswhole time to music. He had become assistant organist at St Peter'scathedral soon after he arrived, and had been conductor of thegovernment house choral society and the cathedral choral society.Later on he became conductor of the Adelaide Philharmonic, and in1889 entered into partnership with I. G. Reimann as joint directorof the Adelaide school of music. He was very successful as alecturer but about the middle of 1891 the partnership wasdissolved. The school was continued under Reimann, and in 1898developed into the Elder conservatorium of music in connexion withthe university. Sharp had made many friends and an address withover 300 signatures asked him to continue his work at Adelaide, buthe decided to return to England and arrived there in January 1892.During his stay in Adelaide he composed the music for two lightoperas,Sylvia, which was produced at the Theatre RoyalAdelaide, on 4 December 1890, andThe Jonquil. The librettoin each case was written byGuy Boothby (q.v.). He alsowrote the music for some nursery rhymes which were sung by thecathedral choral society.

Sharp had intended to devote his time to musical composition andof some 40 songs and instrumental pieces composed between 1885 and1900 most were written after 1891. But very few of them wereactually published. In London he gave lessons in harmony, playedthe pianoforte at musical "At Homes", lectured at schools, and from1893-7 was on the staff of the Metropolitan College, Holloway. Hewas also music-master at Ludgrove, a well-known preparatory school,where the boys were devoted to him. He became principal of theHampstead conservatoire in 1896, collected a fine staff, and heldthis position until July 1905. In the meantime he had found aninterest which was to have important developments. At Christmas1899 he saw a party of men dance the now well-known Morris dance(Laudnum Bunches) which was followed by other dances. He watchedand listened spell-bound and it became the turning point in hislife. For the next 24 years his great work and interest was therecording of the old folk songs of England, and reviving the olddances. The first part ofFolk Songs from Somerset waspublished in December 1904, the first part ofThe MorrisBook andMorris Dance Tunes in 1907, both followed bymany others; a full list of his folk-song collections andfolk-dance collections will be found on pp. 221-3 of his biography.He became director of the English Folk-dance Society in 1911, andin the same year he was granted a civil list pension of £100 ayear, a welcome addition to his income. In December 1914 he visitedAmerica to help Granville Barker with the New York production ofA Midsummer Night's Dream and while in the United States didsome lecturing. During a later visit he recordedFolk-Songs ofEnglish Origin, Collected in the Appalachian Mountains. Heremained two years in America and returned to England in 1918. In1919 H. A. L. Fisher, president of the board of education,discussed with Sharp the best way of instilling a sense of rhythmand a love of English national songs and dances into the minds ofthe children. As a result in April 1919 Sharp accepted the positionof occasional inspector of training colleges in folk-song anddancing. In 1923 a speaker in the house of commons described him asone to whose work in this field British education owes an almostirredeemable debt of gratitude. In 1922 he relinquished his pensionas he now had a fairly adequate income. But he had never been astrong man and was having constant attacks of asthma, bronchitisand fever. On 8 June 1923 his old university, Cambridge, gave himthe honorary degree of master of music. He died on 23 June 1924. Hemarried in 1893 Constance Dorothea Birch who survived him with ason and three daughters. The work of the English Folk-dance Societycontinued after Sharp's death, and by 1932 the number of dancershad quadrupled. In that year the English Folk-dance Society and theFolk-song Society amalgamated. In 1930 "Cecil Sharp House" inRegent's Park Road, which had been built by subscription as amemorial to Sharp was opened and is now the headquarters of thesociety.

A. H. Fox Strangways,Cecil Sharp;TheCentenary History of South Australia, p. 366; E. Morris Miller,Australian Literature, vol. I, p. 384.

SHARP, GERALD (1865-1933), anglican archbishop of Brisbane,

son of Thomas Blatt Sharp, was born at Hooton, Cheshire,England, on 27 October 1865. Educated at Manchester Grammar School,he went on to St John's College, Cambridge, with a scholarship in1883, and graduated B.A. in 1886 with honours in classics. Heentered Lincoln theological college in 1888, and was ordaineddeacon in 1889 and priest in 1890. He was a curate of Rowbarton1889-93 and at Hammersmith 1893-8, became vicar of Whitkirk,Yorkshire, in 1898, and in 1909 was proctor of convocation,archdeaconry of Ripon. He was consecrated bishop of New Guinea on25 April 1910. He attended the Lambeth conference in 1920 and in1921 was elected archbishop of Brisbane in succession toArchbishop Donaldson (q.v.). Hewas enthroned at St John's cathedral, Brisbane, on 16 November1921, and was active in every movement for the good of his churchand the state. He was a member of the university senate from 1923and was several times president of the Brisbane branch of theLeague of Nations Union. He attended the Lambeth conference in 1930and in 1933 was acting-primate of Australia. He died on 30 Augustof that year. He was unmarried.

Sharp was a missionary bishop. He was kindly and charitable andmuch interested in social work. He would have been the last tothink of himself as a great preacher or a great organizer, but hissincerity, kindliness and piety made him a force in Queensland, andhe was sincerely regretted in his own church and outside it.

Crockford, 1933;The Courier-Mail,Brisbane, 31 August 1933;The Daily Standard, Brisbane. 30August 1933;Who's Who in Australia, 1933.

SHENTON, SIR GEORGE (1842-1909), politician and public man,

the son of George Shenton, merchant, was born at Perth on 4March 1842. He was educated in England at Queen's College, Taunton,and, returning to Western Australia in 1858, entered his father'sbusiness at Perth. In 1867, on the death of his father, he tookcontrol of this, business. In 1870 he was elected a member of theold legislative council and in 1871 became a member of the Perthcity council. He visited England in 1874 and in the following yearwas elected to the legislative council for Toodyay and remained itsmember until 1890. He was elected chairman of the Perth citycouncil in 1875, 1876 and 1877 and, when the title was altered tomayor, held that office from 1880-4 and 1886-8. In 1890, he waselected a member of the new legislative council and was colonialsecretary inForrest's(q.v.) ministry from December 1890 to October 1892, when heresigned to become president of the legislative council. He heldthis office until he retired in 1906. Early in 1909 he went toEngland hoping that a voyage would benefit his health but died atLondon on 29 June. He married in 1868 Miss J. T. Eichbaum who diedin 1897 leaving children. He was knighted in 1909.

Shenton was a man of many interests. He was a member of thecommittee of the Perth public library and museum and the firstchairman of the Perth hospital board of management. He also didmuch work in connexion with the founding of the children's hospitaland became its first president. In business he was a leader indeveloping the mining industry and was a director of severalcompanies, including the Western Australian bank. He was on itsboard for 30 years and was chairman for most of the period. He wasmayor of Perth on 11 occasions and was in parliament for 35 years.In spite of these many activities Shenton found time to be organistand choirmaster of a city church, and to be a liberal supporter ofthe Methodist Church generally. His life was spent in constantservice.

The West Australian, 1 July 1909;Who'sWho, 1909;Burke's Peerage, etc., 1909.

SHERBROOKE, VISCOUNT. SeeLOWE, ROBERT.

SHERWIN, AMY (c. 1855-1935), soprano singer,

was born at Forest Home, Huonville, Tasmania, in about 1855 andwas taught singing by her mother. On 1 May 1878 she appeared withan Italian opera company at Hobart as Norina inDon Pasqualeand made an immediate success. Proceeding to Melbourne with thecompany she sang Lucia inLucia di Lammermoor on 3 June1878, and was received with great enthusiasm, though it wasrealized that her voice needed further training. During the nextfew weeks she appeared as Maritana in Wallace's opera, Leonora inIl Trovatore, and in other leading parts. Proceeding toAmerica in 1879 she created the part of Marguerite in the firstperformance in America of Berlioz's opera,Faust, in 1880.She studied under several masters both in America and in Europe,and appeared at the promenade concerts in London in 1883. In 1885she sang at Covent Garden and afterwards with the Carl RosaCompany. In 1887-9 she toured Australia, New Zealand, Japan,America and Germany with much success, in 1896 had a tour in SouthAfrica, was in Australia again in 1897-8 and in 1902-3 toured withKubelik. She subsequently revisited Australia, and in her lateryears taught singing at London where she died on 20 September 1935.She married and was survived by a daughter. Madame Sherwin had anexcellent light soprano voice and for a time had a successfulcareer. She was optimistic and without any sense of business, andher last years were clouded by a struggle with sickness andpoverty. In May 1934 about £200 Was raised for her benefit atHobart.

The Times, 23 September 1935;TheMercury, Hobart, 2 May 1878, 23 September 1935;The Age,Melbourne, throughout June 1878; P. Mennell,The Dictionary ofAustralasian Biography.

SHIELS, WILLIAM (1849-1904), premier of Victoria,

was born in Ireland in 1849. He came to Australia with hisparents when about four years old, and was educated at the ScotchCollege, Melbourne, and the university of Melbourne.. He had abrilliant course at the university, graduated LL.B. in 1873, andafter a short period as a private tutor in South Australia, wascalled to the Victorian bar in the same year. He practised forabout 10 years, but though a capable lawyer had only moderatesuccess. He stood for the Normanby division of the Victorianlegislative assembly in 1877 but was defeated. He, however, wonthis seat in 1880, and held it until his retirement from politicsabout a year before his death. In his first parliament he wasselected to move the address in reply, and made the most brilliantmaiden speech that had been heard for many years. From thebeginning he advocated economy and moderation in nationalexpenditure and taxation, and while in opposition to theService (q.v.) andGillies (q.v.) ministries madevigorous and forceful speeches against the extravagant expenditureof the times. In 1889 as a private member he brought in a bill toamend the divorce laws, afterwards known as the Shiels divorce act,and in spite of great opposition succeeded in carrying it. Theroyal assent had been refused to a somewhat similar act passed inNew South Wales, and Shiels therefore went to London and succeededin getting the Salisbury government to recommend that assent shouldbe given.

On 5 November 1890 Shiels became attorney-general and ministerof railways in theMunro(q.v.) ministry, and when Munro went to London as agent-general,Shiels became premier and treasurer in the reconstructed governmenton 16 February 1892. He made a remarkable policy speech, but thecolony was in the midst of a financial crisis, and Shiels's health,which had never been good, felt the strain. He transferred thetreasurership toBerry(q.v.) at the end of April, and became attorney-general. Shielsretrenched and did what was possible to keep the government goingon sound financial lines, but it was beset with difficulties andwas defeated in January 1893. Shiels was in opposition untilDecember 1899, when he joined theMcLean (q.v.) ministry astreasurer and held office until November 1900. His health compelledhis frequent absence from debates, but he was still a power in thehouse, and his speech against the proposal of thePeacock (q.v.) government thatthere should be a convention to consider the reform of theVictorian parliament, was largely responsible for it being laidaside. On 10 June 1902 he became treasurer in the Irvinegovernment, but a few weeks later gave up this portfolio to becomeminister of railways. When this government resigned in February1904 Shiels's health had become so bad that he was compelled toretire from politics. He went to live in the country in SouthAustralia and died on 17 December 1904. He married Jennie, daughterof John Robertson, who survived him with three daughters and ason.

Shiels suffered from an affection of the heart and was often inmuch pain. It was only by exercising great care that he was able tobe in political life for so long, and he was frequently obliged tomake his speeches while sitting down. He was one of the mostinteresting figures in the house, able, high-minded and chivalrous,but possibly more often winning the respect rather than theaffection of other members. The last of the old school of orators,a coiner of picturesque phrases, a master of literary allusion, hisspeeches were singularly effective and had much influence on thelegislation of his time.

The Argus,The Age andThe Herald,Melbourne, 19 December 1904; H. G. Turner,A History of theColony of Victoria.

SHIRLOW, JOHN ALEXANDER THOMAS, always known as John Shirlow,(1869-1936), etcher,

was born at Sunbury, Victoria, on 13 December 1869. His father,Robert Shirlow, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, had comefrom Ireland and followed many occupations in the new land withoutmuch success. His mother was formerly Miss Rebecca Flanagan.Shirlow was educated at various state schools and Scotch College,Melbourne, and went to work first at Haase Duffus and Company,printers, and then in 1889 with Sands and McDougall. He beganattending evening classes at the national gallery in 1890 andcontinued there for five years. Towards the end of his course,influenced largely by the Rembrandt and Whistler prints at theMelbourne national gallery, he began to practise etching. Hisdifficulties were great for he had to make his own press andcorrect his own mistakes. His first plate was etched in 1895 and hecontinued his craft until the end of his life. Most of his work ispure etching, but he did a few aquatints and mezzotints. In 1913 hejoined the electric supply department of the Melbourne citycouncil, he had studied electricity at the Melbourne technicalschool, and he also began to act as an examiner in drawing for thepublic examinations of the university of Melbourne. In 1917 a smallvolume,Etchings by John Shirlow, with reproductions of 25of his plates was published at Sydney, and had a large sale. Thiswas followed in 1920 byThe Etched Work of John Shirlow,with a biography, by R. H. Croll, and a chronological list of 89 ofhis prints. In 1922 he was made a trustee of the public library,museums and national gallery of Victoria, and soon afterwardsbecame drawing master at Scotch College, Melbourne. In 1932 hepublishedPerspective, a Text Book for the use of Schools.He died on 22 June 1936. He married in 1895, Grace Nixon, whosurvived him with four children. A bronze head of Shirlow byC. Web Gilbert (q.v.) isin the trustees' room at the national gallery, Melbourne.

Shirlow was a man of medium height with a fine rugged head,strong prejudices, and a kindly and generous disposition. He wasinterested in music and literature and did a fair amount ofjournalism on artistic subjects. In his etchings he was not a greatdraughtsman, but his buildings are solidly drawn and his masseswell arranged. He was less successful in his figure work. He isrepresented at the British Museum, the national galleries ofMelbourne, Sydney, Adelaide and Perth, and at Stockholm, Bendigo,Geelong and Castlemaine. The finest collection is at the Mitchelllibrary, Sydney, which has practically all of his important prints.Though a few earlier men had experimented in etching, Shirlow willalways be remembered as the first man in Australia to do work inthis medium with any distinction.

R. H. Croll,The Etched Work of John Shirlow;The Argus, 23 and 27 June 1936; W. Moore,The Story ofAustralian Art; personal knowledge.

SHORT, AUGUSTUS (1802-1883), first Anglican bishop of Adelaide,

was born near Exeter, England, on 11 June 1802. His father,Charles Short, a London barrister, came of an old English countyfamily. Short was educated at Westminster school and Christ Church,Oxford, where he graduated with first-class honours in classics. Hetook orders in the Church of England as deacon in 1826 and priestin 1827 and in the same year accepted the curacy of Culham, nearAbingdon. In 1829 he resigned to become a tutor and lecturer in hisold college; one of his students was W. E. Gladstone. In March 1833he was appointed public examiner in the classical schools, and inJanuary 1834 was made junior censor. In June 1835 he was presentedby the dean and chapter of Christ Church to the living ofRavensthorpe in Northamptonshire. The church and parsonage wereboth badly in need of repairs and restoration, the church was badlyattended, and the education of the children neglected. Short byassiduous visiting and hard work succeeded in making considerableimprovements in all these directions. He published in 1838,Sermons intended principally to illustrate the RemedialCharacter of the Christian Scheme, was appointed Bamptonlecturer in April 1845, and preached the course at Oxford in 1846.The lectures were published in the same year under the titleTheWitness of the Spirit with our Spirit. In July 1847 (sic) thearchbishop of Canterbury offered Short the choice of two newlyestablished sees, Newcastle in New South Wales, and Adelaide. Shortdecided to accept Adelaide and on St Peter's Day, 1847, wasconsecrated at Westminster Abbey. He sailed for Adelaide on 1September and arrived on 28 December 1847, the eleventh anniversaryof the proclamation of the colony. There were then only fivechurches in the diocese, three at Adelaide, one at Blakeston andanother at Gawler. Short travelled through the settled parts ofSouth Australia, and before the end of 1848 went to WesternAustralia, then a part of his diocese. He returned to Adelaideearly in 1849 and on 24 May 1849 laid the first stone of St Peter'sCollege, founded in 1847 by the Society for Promoting ChristianKnowledge andWilliam Allen(q.v.). He was the first president of its council of governors. In1851 the withdrawal of state aid to religion compelled the AnglicanChurch in South Australia to devise a voluntary system ofmaintaining itself. Short, who had prepared a draft constitutionfor the diocese, visited England in 1853 and obtained counsels'opinion, which agreed that it was competent for a colonial dioceseto organize itself without Imperial authority. The constitution wassubmitted in October 1855 to a diocesan assembly and was adopted.In 1856 the diocese of Perth was founded and Short was relieved ofthe oversight of the whole of Western Australia, a difficult taskespecially in view of the limited means of communication. TheAdelaide diocese had been presented with some land in the city byW. Leigh, the income from which became very useful for generaldiocesan purposes, and by the liberality of William Allen thepastoral aid fund was instituted. Other funds for the endowment ofthe diocese and for providing retiring allowances for the clergywere also successfully initiated. The question of building acathedral was long postponed. Soon after his acceptance of the seeShort made inquiries about a site for it and was informed that thecentre of Victoria Square had been allotted for this purpose. Thiswas objected to by the city council and Short decided to have thequestion definitely settled and brought a friendly suit for thispurpose. The decision was against him and eventually the presentsite was bought. Subscriptions were raised but the building was notbegun until 1869. It was consecrated on 1 January 1878. In November1881 Short became ill while preaching and under medical advicedecided to retire. He left Adelaide for London in the beginning ofJanuary 1882. On 30 November he attended the consecration ofG. W. Kennion (q.v.) assecond bishop of Adelaide, and handed him the pastoral staff whichhad been presented to Short by the clergy and laity of Adelaide onthe twenty-fifth anniversary of his consecration. He died atEastbourne on 5 October 1883. He married in December 1835 MillicentPhillips who survived him with several daughters.

Short was a fine scholar and a thoughtful preacher, alwaysendeavouring to convince by argument rather than by the use ofrhetoric. He was interested in education and was electedvice-chancellor of Adelaide university when it was founded in 1874,and chancellor in 1876. Personally he was kind and modest, a goodbusiness man and an excellent administrator who could deal withchurch matters with firmness, wisdom and discretion. A good man anda good colonist, with a great capacity for work, he had all thequalities of a great pioneer bishop.

F. T. Whitington,Augustus Short, First Bishop ofAdelaide;The Register andThe Advertiser,Adelaide, 9 October 1883;British Museum Catalogue; J. W.Bull,Early Experiences of Life in South Australia, p.262.

SIMPSON, HELEN DE GUERRY (1897-1940), novelist,

was born in Sydney on 1 December 1897. She came of a family thathad been settled in New South Wales for over a 100 years. Hergreat-grandfather, Piers Simpson, R.N., was associated withSir Thomas Mitchell(q.v.), and her maternal grandfather, the Marquis de Lauret,settled at Goulburn some 50 years before her birth. Her father,Edward Percy Simpson, was a well-known solicitor at Sydney whomarried Anne de Lauret. Helen Simpson was educated at the Rose Bayconvent, and at Abbotsleigh, Wahroonga, and in 1914 she went toFrance for further study. When war broke out she crossed to Englandand was employed by the admiralty in decoding messages in foreignlanguages. She then went to Oxford, studied music, and failing inher examination for the mus. bach. degree took up writing. Herfirst appearance in print was a slight volume of verse,Philosophies in Little, published at Sydney in a limitededition in 1921. It attracted little notice but was included bySerle in his list of the more important volumes in hisBibliography of Australasian Poetry and Verse, published in1925. Her play,A Man of His Time, based on the life ofBenvenuto Cellini and written partly in blank verse, was aremarkable piece of work for a girl of less than 25. it was playedby McMahon's repertory company at Sydney and published there byAngus and Robertson in 1923. Her first novel,Acquittal,appeared in London in 1925 and was followed byThe BaselessFabric (short stories) in 1925 andCaps, Wands andSwords (1927).The Women's Comedy (a play) was privatelyprinted in 1926. Miss Simpson visited Australia in 1927 and in thesame year married Denis John Browne, F.R.C.S., a fellow Australianpractising in London and a nephew ofT. A. Browne, "Rolf Boldrewood"(q.v.).Mumbudget, a collection of fairy stories, appearedin 1928, followed byThe Desolate House (1929) andVantage Striker (1931). These books were all capably writtenbut had comparatively little success. It was not untilBoomerang was published in 1932 that Helen Simpson came intoher own. Here was a long rambling novel beginning in Paris at theend of the eighteenth century, wandering all over the world,including Australia, and ending in the trenches in France duringthe 1914-18 war, always interesting and vivid, and often exciting.It was awarded the James Tait Black memorial prize. This wasfollowed byThe Woman on the Beast, in 1933, consisting of aprologue, three books and an epilogue. The three books have noconnexion with each other; in reality they form three separateshort novels with the common basis that the most hateful things maybe done for apparently the best of reasons. An admirable historicalnovelSaraband for Dead Lovers, came out in 1935, as didalsoThe Female Felon, a long short story. In 1937 MissSimpson came out to Australia under engagement to the Australianbroadcasting commission. She gave an excellent series of talks andwhile in Australia collected material for a novel set in Sydneyabout a 100 years before,Under Capricorn, which appeared in1937. She was then apparently in perfect health but became ill in1938. She was operated on in 1940, but died after months ofsuffering on 14 October 1940. Her husband survived her with adaughter. Her last novel,Maid No More, was published in1940. In addition to the books already mentioned Miss Simpson wasthe author of two pieces of historical biography,The SpanishMarriage (1933), andHenry VIII (1934).The HappyHousewife, a book of household management was published in1934, andA Woman Among Wild Men, an account of MaryKingsley, came out in 1938.The Waiting City, which appearedin 1933, is an interesting selection from Louis-Sebastien Mercier'sLe Tableau de Paris, translated by Miss Simpson. Threenovels,Enter Sir John (1929),Printer's Devil(1930), andRe-enter Sir John (1932), were written inconjunction with Miss Clemence Dane.

Helen Simpson was tall and handsome with much richness and charmof personality. She was a good musician, widely read, and full ofunusual knowledge; her hobbies ranged from cookery past andpresent, to the collection of books on witchcraft. She was anexcellent broadcaster and public speaker, and was much admired inLondon literary circles where she had made a place of her own. Shewas a natural writer; there is not a touch of the amateur in evenher earliest books. At her best, inBoomerang, in spite ofan occasional flowing with too much facility, in theWoman onthe Beast, and inSaraband for Dead Lovers, she ranksvery high as a novelist. The scenes at the end of the last-named,between the Electress Sophia and Sophia Dorothea, and between theElectress and Clara von Platen, are among the unforgettable thingsin the fiction of this period.

The Times, 15 October 1940;The ManchesterGuardian, 16 October 1940; E. Morris Miller,AustralianLiterature;The Age, Melbourne, 14 December 1940;TheSydney Morning Herald, 16 October 1940;The Herald,Melbourne, 16 October 1940;The Argus, Melbourne, 26 July1937; personal knowledge.

SLADEN, SIR CHARLES (1816-1884), premier of Victoria,

was born in 1816 at Ripple Court, Kent, and was the second sonof John Baker Sladen, deputy-lieutenant of that county. He waseducated at Shrewsbury and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and graduatedLL.B. in 1840. He left England in 1841 and arrived at Port Phillipin February 1842 where he was admitted as an attorney soonafterwards. He practised at Geelong from 1842 to 1854 when heretired. At the end of that year he was nominated to thelegislative council and appointed acting colonial treasurer. WhenHaines (q.v.) formedthe first Victorian ministry in November 1855 Sladen was histreasurer and held office until March 1857. At the general electionheld in 1856 he was elected a member of the legislative assemblyfor Geelong and advocated a public bank of issue and theencouragement of immigration. He lost his seat in 1861 and was outof politics until 1864 when he was elected to the legislativecouncil. WhenMcCulloch(q.v.) resigned in May 1868 on account of the deadlock with theupper house over the Darling grant, Sladen was especially requestedby the governor to form a ministry so that the business of thecountry might be carried on. Sladen found himself in a hopelessminority but he remained in office in spite of adverse votes forabout nine weeks. His ministry, though only a stop-gap one, filleda useful purpose in tiding over a difficult period. Soon afterwardshe retired from politics, but in 1876 was again elected to thelegislative council and became recognized as the virtual leader ofthe upper house in the constant conflicts with the assembly. Thoughextremely conservative he recognized that the franchise for thecouncil must be broadened and this was brought about in 1881. Heretired in 1882 on account of his health and died on 22 February1884. He married in 1840 Harriet Amelia Orton, who survived himwithout issue. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1875. A portrait is atthe national gallery, Melbourne.

Sladen played a prominent part as a leader of the conservativesin the troubled early days of Victorian politics. His patience,courtesy and moderation were of great value when feelings wererunning high, and even his greatest opponents respected hisconsistent and unblemished career.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 23February 1884; H. G. Turner,A History of the Colony ofVictoria; J. H. Heaton,Australian Dictionary of Dates;P. Mennell,The Dictionary of Australasian Biography;Burke's Peerage, etc., 1883.

SMITH, SIR CHARLES EDWARD KINGSFORD (1897-1935), aviator,

was born at Brisbane on 9 February 1897, youngest son of WilliamCharles Smith, bank manager. When he was six years of age thefamily removed to Canada, the father having become a superintendentin the Canadian Pacific railway. On the voyage his youngest son wasdiscovered hanging from the hawse-hole in the bow of the ship. Hewas demonstrating to another boy how it could be done. Havingreturned to Sydney about four years later, he was with difficultyrescued from drowning when bathing off the beach at Bondi. He wasbelieved to be dead but a nurse who worked over him for an hourbrought him back to life. Later on he sang in the choir of StDavid's and attended the cathedral school, but when his voice brokejoined the Sydney technical college and studied electricalengineering. He spent his holidays camping on the Hawkesbury Riverand began his knowledge of navigation on a sailing boat. At 16 hejoined the service of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company in theengineering shop at Sydney. When the war broke out he wanted toenlist and was allowed to do so by his parents on his eighteenthbirthday in February 1915. He was trained as a dispatch rider andserved in Egypt, on Gallipoli, and in France. In October 1916 hewas one of 140 chosen from the ranks of the A.I.F. to go to Englandto train for a commission in the Royal Flying Corps. Before the endof 1917 the boy was in action in France, and early in his careerobtained the military cross for bringing down a two-seater inflames, setting fire to some wooden huts, and machine-gunning acolumn of Germans who were massing for an attack. He was wounded inthe foot a few days later, and three toes had to be amputated. Hehad been engaged in a fight with three German planes, and thoughhis plane had about 180 bullet holes in it and he had momentarilyfainted, he managed to make a moderately good landing. As it wouldbe months before he could fly again he was allowed leave andreturned to Australia to visit his parents. On his return toEngland he was made an instructor and was promoted captain.

When the war ceased Smith and a companion, Cyril Maddocks, didaerial joy-riding in England until both their machines weredisabled. When the £10,000 prize was offered by the Australiangovernment for the first flight to Australia, Smith decided to flywith Maddocks and V. Rendle in a two-engined biplane; but W. M.Hughes as prime minister stopped the flight on the ground that notone of the crew really knew anything about navigation. Smith thenwent to America, worked as a flyer, did aerial stunting, worked formovie-makers, and risked his life in many ways. He was eventuallyrobbed by the promoters of an air circus, and decided to return toAustralia. He arrived in Sydney in January 1921 possessed of littlemore than the clothes he stood in. He obtained work with theDigger's Aviation Company, and shortly afterwards succeeded inlanding himself and his passengers safely in a plane with acollapsed wing, a remarkable feat. Following this Smith obtained aposition in connexion with Australia's first regular air mailservice between Charlton and Derby in Western Australia. Then witha partner a motor truck carrying company was started and carried onsuccessfully. About the end of 1926 Smith sold out of this andreturned to Sydney where he met another great flyer, Charles Ulm.Together they did a remarkable flight round Australia in ten daysfive and a quarter hours, in a seven-year-old Bristol tourer. ButSmith's great ambition was to fly over the Pacific from America toAustralia, and Ulm shared this ambition. The problem was to raisethe money to buy a suitable plane, and the first encouragement camefrom J. T. Lang, then premier of New South Wales, who obtained forthem a grant of £3500.SidneyMyer (q.v.) gave them £1500 but the preparatory costs mountedup, and though help was received from the Vacuum Oil Company, theflight was not possible until Captain G. Allen Hancock of LosAngeles came to the rescue and the purchase of the monoplane,The Southern Cross, was completed. On 31 May 1928 a startwas made with a crew consisting of Smith, Ulm, Captain H. Lyon ofMaine as navigator, and J. Warner of Kansas, as radio operator. The7389 miles of ocean was crossed in three hops including the longestnon-stop ever flown up to that time. The plane arrived at Brisbaneon the morning of 8 June. The actual flying time was 83 hours 11minutes during which Smith piloted for over 50 hours and Ulm forover 30. It was a marvellous feat considering the conditions; howclose they were to disaster may be read inMy Flying LifeandCaesar of the Skies. Many honours and gifts werebestowed on the flyers, the total amount of the subscriptions beingover £20,000

Smith, however, was not tempted to give up flying. A non-stopflight from Point Cook near Melbourne to Perth followed, and afterthe return journey a flight across the Tasman Sea to New Zealand.On this flight ice formed on the wings and fuselage when goingthrough an electric storm, the air-speed indicator was put out ofaction, and for once Smith admitted he was terrified. But they gotthrough safely and at Christchurch completed the first flight fromAustralia to New Zealand. A return flight was made to Australia,and on 31 March 1929 a start was made on a flight to England andfrom there to the starting point in the United States. Soon afterthe start the radio aerial of theSouthern Cross was carriedaway by an accident, and Smith was unable to receive messages ofbad weather ahead sent from Sydney. After crossing the overlandtelegraph line the plane ran into a terrific storm and after flyingblind for some time their destination Wyndharn was over-shot andtheir petrol having nearly given out a forced landing was made on amud flat. There they remained for 13 days before they were found ina practically starving condition, by one of the planes that wassearching for them. Unfortunately Smith's friend, Keith Andersonand his mechanic, H. S. Hitchcock, who were on another of thesearching planes lost their lives during the search. This led to acommittee of inquiry being formed which went into the whole matterand exonerated Smith and his companions from blame. A fresh startwas made on 25 June and London was reached in the then record-timeof 12 days 18 hours. Ulm then returned to Australia in connexionwith the air service company they were forming, and Smith followedby way of America. He was determined, however, to make theeast-west flight across the Atlantic which had never been done. Hereturned to Europe to find theSouthern Cross which had beenre-conditioned by the Fokker Company free of charge, like a newplane. He felt he would like to pay a compliment to the Dutchpeople by asking a Dutchman to act as co-pilot, and obtained theservices of Evert van Dyk. On 24 June 1930 the plane took off fromPortmarnock beach in Ireland and in spite of the usual head windthe flight went well for most of the journey. But after flyingblind for some time in a fog the compasses became affected, and theaviators were temporarily lost and in great danger. A successfullanding was, however, made in Newfoundland, and going on to NewYork Smith and his companions had an enthusiastic reception. Flyingon to California the first journey round the world by air wascompleted.

On returning to Europe Smith and his companions had anotherenthusiastic reception at Amsterdam. Shortly after Smith wasoperated on for appendicitis, but after a short convalescence,decided to endeavour to beatHinkler's (q.v.) record of 15½days for a flight to Australia in a light solo plane. He left on 9October 1930 and landed at Darwin on 19 October having done thejourney in just under 10 days. But within a short time this hadbeen beaten twice, by Charles Scott and then by Mollison, whosetime was 8 days 21 hours.

On 10 December 1930 Smith was married to Mary Powell. On hishoneymoon in Tasmania he was impressed by the desire for a regularair service to the mainland, which his company inaugurated on 16January 1931. There was a regular service between Melbourne andSydney. On 21 March there was a great disaster, the disappearanceof theSouthern Cloud with eight passengers on board. Theloss to the company exceeded £10,000, the financial depression ofthe period prevented many people from travelling by air, and thecompany had practically to cease operating. Smith then decided toendeavour to beat Mollison's record and started from Wyndham on 24September 1931. He had a most unfortunate flight including anattack of sunstroke. A fortnight had passed before he arrived inEngland. Returning to Australia by steamer Smith demonstrated thatan air-mail service between Australia and England was quitefeasible. His company sent a plane with the Christmas mail, whichleft Sydney on 20 November 1931 and crashed six days later. Smiththen followed in another plane and delivered the mail on 16December. A mail from England to Australia was successfully carriedin January 1932. It was, however, impossible to obtain a subsidyfrom the government, and Smith made a living by giving people invarious parts of Australia flights at 10s. each. Another journeywas made to New Zealand where many people had their firstexperience of the air. In September 1933 Smith went to Englandagain, and in October made a record solo flight to Australia inseven days four hours and forty-three minutes. The Commonwealthgovernment made Smith a grant of £3000 and a little later he wasgiven the position of aviation consultant by the Vacuum OilCompany. Early in 1934 Smith made preparations to compete for theprize of £10,000 offered by Sir Macpherson Robertson for the winnerof an air-race from England to Australia. An accident to themachine he had selected, however, made it impossible for him to bea competitor. In October 1934 he flew the reverse journey acrossthe Pacific from Australia to California. He came back to Australiaby steamer, and nearly lost his life when inaugurating a mailservice with New Zealand in May 1935. The plane was only saved bythe heroism of the navigator, "Bill" Taylor, who climbed out on thewing and managed to transfer oil from the crippled starboard engineto the port engine. In July 1935 Smith sold theSouthernCross to the Commonwealth government for £3000 and went toLondon to organize a company to carry mails, Airlines of AustraliaLimited. He had sent the plane he had bought for the air race toAmerica intending to sell it, but he now decided to have it broughtto England and to fly it to Australia. He had much difficulty andworry in connexion with the amount of petrol he would be permittedto carry, and he was not in good health. His biographer believedthat his physical condition was the most probable cause of thedisaster that followed. Smith with his companion, J. T.Pethybridge, left England on 6 November 1935, and on the evening of7 November left Allahabad on their way to Singapore. On that nightor next day Smith and his companion perished. Searches were made byplanes on sea and land for several days, but no vestige of the lostplane was ever found. Smith was knighted in 1932. His wife survivedhim with a son.

Smith was flying for half of his short life of 38 years. He hadimmense vitality, but the strain of his great flights with theirmany dangers was beginning to tell on him towards the end. It wasironical that he should have perished just when flying was about tocome into its own in Australia, and when the necessity forrecord-breaking flights had passed. He was much liked and wasmodest and generous-natured; he was rapid in speech and movement,was a natural mechanic, and had that combination of carefulness,resource and courage that makes a great flyer. When the great Dutchaeronautical designer, Anthony Fokker, wrote his book about 1930 hecalled Smith "the greatest flyer in the world today" (FlyingDutchman, p. 272), and his biographers called him the world's"greatest airman". Smith would not have agreed with these verdicts,but no man of his period approached his record.

Charles E. Kingsford-Smith and Geoffrey Rawson,MyFlying Life; Beau Sheil and Colin Simpson,Caesar of theSkies; C. E. Kingsford-Smith and C. T. P. Ulm,The GreatTrans-Pacific Flight; C. E. Kingsford-Smith,"The OldBus"; P. G. Taylor,Pacific Flight, The Story of the LadySouthern Cross;The Times, 7 December 1935.

SMITH, SIR EDWIN THOMAS (1830-1919), politician and public man,

was born at Walsall, Staffordshire, England, on 6 April 1830. Hewas educated at Queen Mary's Grammar School, Walsall, and onleaving school had business experience with an uncle. When only 20years of age he was taking part in local politics, but in 1853 heemigrated to South Australia and began business as an importer ofironmongery at Adelaide. He subsequently went into brewing and in afew years was in control of the most important brewery in SouthAustralia. He took part in municipal government, was mayor ofKensington and Norwood, 1867-70, and 1871-3, and then was electedto the Adelaide city council. He was mayor of Adelaide in 1879-81,and 1886 and 1887. He had entered parliament in 1871 as member forEast Torrens in the house of assembly, and except for a year whilehe was visiting England, continued to represent this constituencyuntil he retired in 1893. He was elected to the legislative councilin 1894 and remained a member until 1902. During the whole of hisparliamentary experience he never lost an election. Though anactive member of parliament he was not anxious for office, and onlyonce was included in a government; he was minister for education intheBray (q.v.) ministryfrom March to June 1884. He was, however, responsible for someuseful legislation including a first offenders act, and he took aleading part in the promotion of the jubilee exhibition held atAdelaide in 1887. In the city council he was always anxious toimprove the city and it was a result of his advocacy that Adelaidehad its first tramways, King William-street was extended, and theTorrens lake formed. He also gave the statue of Queen Victoriawhich was placed in the centre of Adelaide.

Smith retired from the active conduct of his business in 1888and from parliament in 1902, but he took a great interest in alarge number of institutions to many of which he gave both time andmoney. He was chairman of the national park commissioners, and ofthe Adelaide Savings Bank, and was an active worker in themanagement of the blind, deaf and dumb institution, the Adelaidehospital, the old colonists association, the Elder workmen's homes,the botanic gardens, and the zoological gardens. He was a patron oroffice-bearer in every important Adelaide sporting organization,was president of the South Australian Cricket Association for about30 years, and during that period seldom missed a committee meeting.His public benefactions were many and included £2000 to clear thedebt off the Norwood Oval, £2000 for the Blind, Deaf and DumbInstitution, £1000 to start an insurance fund for the CommercialTravellers' Association, and his private benefactions were withoutend. Without any pretensions to oratory or great learning, but withan excellent conception of what would be worth while and feasible,Smith laboured all his life for the good of his community. He diedon 25 December 1919. He was married twice, (1) in 1857 to FlorenceStock who died in 1862, (2) in 1869 to Elizabeth Spicer who died in1911. He was survived by a son and a daughter of the firstmarriage. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1888.

The Register andThe Advertiser,Adelaide, 27 December 1919.

SMITH, SIR FRANCIS VILLENEUVE (1819-1909), premier and chief justice of Tasmania,

eldest son of Francis Smith, a London merchant and his wife, adaughter of Jean Villeneuve, was born on 13 February 1819 (Dict.Nat. Biog.). He was educated at London university and graduatedB.A. in 1840, having taken a first prize in international law and asecond in equity. He was called to the bar of the Middle Temple inMay 1842, was admitted to the Tasmanian bar in 1844, and in 1848was appointed solicitor-general for Tasmania. He was nominated tothe legislative council in 1851, became attorney-general in 1854,and a member of the executive council in 1855. One of the few menof the time opposed to the granting of responsible government, hewas nevertheless elected as a representative of Hobart to the firsthouse of assembly in September 1856. He was attorney-general in theW. T. N. Champ (q.v.)ministry from 1 November 1856 to 26 February 1857 and in theW. P. Weston (q.v.)ministry from 25 April to 12 May 1857. He then formed a ministrywith himself as premier and attorney-general which lasted nearlythree and a half years until 1 November 1860, when he was made apuisne judge of the supreme court. During this ministryscholarships were established and the land laws were liberalized.Smith had shown ability as an administrator and his translation tothe bench was a loss to the legislature. At the beginning of 1870he succeededSir ValentineFleming (q.v.) as chief justice, and held this position withdistinction until he retired on a pension in 1885 and returned toEngland. He occasionally while chief justice administered thegovernment. He died in England on 17 January 1909. He married in1851 Sarah, daughter of the Rev. George Giles. He was knighted in1862.

The Mercury, Hobart, 20 January 1909;TheExaminer, Launceston, 20 January 1909; J. Fenton,A Historyof Tasmania; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography.

SMITH, SIR GRAFTON ELLIOT (1871-1937), anatomist and anthropologist,

was born at Grafton, New South Wales, on 15 August 1871. Hisfather, S. S. Smith, was headmaster of the government school atGrafton and had originally emigrated from Cambridge. He was a manof many interests and encouraged his son to "cultivate a universalcuriosity". Smith's first interest in science came from a smalltextbook on physiology which his father brought home when he wasabout 10 years old. He tells us in hisFragments ofAutobiography, that while he was still at a high school heattended Professor Anderson Stuart's course of instruction inphysiology held at the school of technology, and of hisintroduction there to Huxley'sElementary Lessons inPhysiology. When he was studying for the senior publicexamination he found that it was permissible to take 10 subjects,and he decided to take physiology and geometrical drawing inaddition to the eight subjects he was doing at school. Rather tothe dismay of his teachers the only medals awarded to students fromhis school were given to Elliot Smith for the two subjects he hadstudied by himself. Though his father would have preferred him toenter an insurance office the boy begged to be allowed to do atrial year at the university. At the end of the year he obtainedthe prizes for physics and natural history, and in consequence ofhis good work he was awarded a bursary which took him through themedical course. It is interesting to record that among hisexaminers were such distinguished men as(Sir) Edward Stirling, F.R.S.(q.v.), and (Sir) Charles Martin, F.R.S.; and that (Sir) AlmothWright, F.R.S. and Professor 1. T. Wilson, F.R.S., were among histeachers. On completing his medical course in 1892 he spent a yearin hospital work, and in 1894 was appointed a demonstrator in thedepartment of anatomy at the university of Sydney. One of theearliest of his papers that on "The Cerebral Commissures of theMammalia with special reference to the Monotremata andMarsupialia", was published this year in theProceedings of theLinnean Society of New South Wales. This was a remarkableproduction for a young man of 23, and it was soon recognized as thework of a brilliant and original mind. In 1895 he became the firststudent to pass the M.D. examination at Sydney, and in thefollowing year was awarded the James King travelling scholarshipwhich took him to Cambridge where he was soon at work in thephysiological laboratory and spent three strenuous years. Part ofhis work was the preparation of about a dozen papers for scientificjournals which established his reputation as an anatomist. InOctober 1897 theJournal of Anatomy and Physiology wasre-organized and he was asked to take charge of "the centralnervous system". In the middle of 1898 the British MedicalAssociation gave him a scholarship of £150 a year. Difficulties,however, arose over the conditions attaching to the scholarship,and as the Sydney scholarship had expired Smith was obliged to takeup a large amount of demonstrating and coaching. He had alreadybegun his studies on the evolution and development of the brain,and was anxious that he should have time in which to do hisresearch work. Fortunately in November 1899 he was elected a fellowof St John's College and he was able to go on with the work heloved without anxiety. On 4 July 1900 Professor Macalister offeredhim the professorship of anatomy at Cairo and Smith immediatelyaccepted the position. During the intervening few weeks he wasmarried to Kathleen Macredie and he arrived in Cairo with his wifein October. He liked his new surroundings, and soon had the schoolof anatomy in running order. He was able to spare time to do a gooddeal of work on his descriptive catalogue of the brains in themuseum of the Royal College of Surgeons, and he also examined andreported on a large mass of human remains collected by thearchaeologists working in Egypt. This work was the basis of hisbook,The Ancient Egyptians, published 10 years later.Anthropology was henceforth to form an important part of his work.In the middle of 1902 he had a holiday in Australia, and returnedto find an immense amount of work waiting for him. In addition tohis other studies he became interested in the technique ofmummification and spent much time on it in the following years. Theeventual result was his book onThe Royal Mummies, publishedin folio in 1912 with many plates. These studies were not merelyarchaeological, they belong to the history of medicine, for thebodies of these ancient Egyptians revealed much of physical andpathological interest.

All the while Elliot Smith was continuing his teaching work inthe school of medicine, which became very efficient. In 1900 he hadundertaken the writing of a textbook of anatomy but time could notbe spared from his many other studies. He visited England in 1906and 1907 and spoke at meetings of the Anatomical Society, and onhis return to Egypt found still more work awaiting him. It had beendecided to raise the level of the Aswan Dam, which meant submerginga large area. A systematic examination of the antiquities wasnecessary and Elliot Smith was appointed anatomical adviser. He wasfortunate in obtaining Dr F. Wood Jones as his assistant, as nofewer than 6000 skeletons and mummies had to be examined. It wasnot merely a question of recording measurements and anatomicalfeatures, for it was found that many of the bodies were in such aremarkable state of preservation that it was possible to performpost-mortem examinations after some five thousand years, and casesof gout, rheumatoid arthritis and the adhesions consequent uponappendicitis, were all discovered in one district. He was stillworking hard in 1908 and realizing that he was handicapped by notbeing in Great Britain. However, early in 1909 the chair of anatomyat the university of Manchester became vacant and soon afterwardsElliot Smith was offered it. Though he had regrets in leaving manyinterests in Cairo, he felt he could do more valuable work inEngland and accepted the position.

Arrived in Manchester Elliot Smith immediately began tore-organize his department. He believed that the teaching ofanatomy had fallen too much into a groove. The dissection of thedead body was as necessary as ever, but he felt much more study ofthe structure and functions of the living body might be made withthe help of X-ray and other appliances. He became very popular withthe students, though it has been said that he occasionally ratedtheir knowledge and intelligence too high and got rather abovetheir heads. He attracted post-graduate students and encouragedresearch. But research students were expected to be able to workwithout constant supervision. Immediately, however, that theyshowed ability and progress there was no lack of help. Thedepartment was soon in a high state of efficiency, but ElliotSmith's ability led to his having to give more and more time toadministration and the various committees to which he becameelected. As dean of the medical school and representative of theuniversity on the general medical council his work was muchappreciated.

In 1914 he attended the meetings of the British Association inAustralia and gave a number of lectures. The war delayed his returnand his department was practically without a teaching staff but hestill managed to do a certain amount of research. In 1915 hisThe Migrations of Early Culture was published by theManchester University Press, and soon afterwards he began doingwar-work in the hospitals. Before the war he had been interested inthe treatment of mental patients and had advocated reforms. In1917, in conjunction with Professor T. H. Pears, he publishedShell Shock and its Lessons, in which the use of psychiatricclinics is advocated for people in the early stages of mentaldisorder. It has been said that probably no one has been moreinfluential than Elliot Smith in securing reforms in the treatmentof mentally disturbed patients.

In 1919 the chair of anatomy at University College, London,became vacant and was offered to Elliot Smith. In hisFragmentsof Autobiography, he mentions that every advancement heobtained was by invitation. At London he continued to be as busy asever. Early in 1920 he mentions having just finished four series ofpublic lectures, and much time had to be given to the organizingwork of his new position. He visited America in 1920 to obtaininformation before starting to build an institute of anatomy, andon his return found time to lecture at the universities of Utrechtand Groeningen for the Anglo-Batavian Society. Towards the end ofthe year he wrote the article, Anthropology, for the twelfthedition of theEncyclopaedia Britannica which has beendescribed as a masterly piece of condensation. It gave greatoffence in orthodox quarters, as indeed Elliot Smith anticipated,and he was in no way disturbed. He was greatly grieved in 1922 bythe untimely death of his friend, Dr W. H. R. Rivers, which upsethis plans for future work. As the literary executor of Dr Rivers heprepared and edited for publication his posthumous works. He wasmuch interested in the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamen andwrote a popular book,Tutankhamen and the Discovery of hisTomb, which had a great success. Early in 1924 he publishedElephants and Ethnologists, and a little later on,Essayson the Evolution of Man. In the same year he gave a course oflectures on anthropology at the university of California. On theway he was consulted by the Rockefeller Foundation as to theestablishment of a department of anthropology in the university ofSydney, and he agreed to discuss the scheme with the federalgovernment. He arrived in Australia in September 1924, and after aconference with the prime minister, Mr Bruce, the department wasestablished. In 1925 he gave a course of lectures at the Ecole deMédecine at Paris, and was very interested in the problems involvedin the discovery ofAustralopithecus and the Lloyd's skull.In 1926 he devoted a great deal of attention to the working out ofa scheme for a school of anthropology, and in 1927 he gave a courseof lectures on the history of man at Gresham College. These werepublished three years later under the titleHuman History,one of the most widely read of his books. In 1928 he publishedIn the Beginning: the Origin of Civilization, and in thefollowing year he attended the Pacific congress at Java. In 1930 atthe request of the Rockefeller trustees he visited China to examinethe newly discoveredSinanthropus at its site.

On his return he lectured to a large audience at UniversityCollege on "The Significance of the Pekin Man". These variousactivities were all associated with the carrying on of his Londonprofessorship and the strain must have been very great. In November1931 he mentioned in a letter that he was desperately busy andworried, but there was no limit to his activities and towards theend of 1932 he finished for publicationThe Diffusion ofCulture. In December of that year he became partiallyincapacitated by a stroke, but after a few months he made a goodrecovery and was mentally as well as ever. But it was impossible towork as he had done before. In 1936 he retired from the chair ofanatomy at University College and he died on 1 January 1937.

Elliot Smith was an honorary member of many leading continentalsocieties and received many degrees and honours. He was elected afellow of the Royal Society, London, in 1907, he was afterwards avice-president and received a royal medal from it in 1912. Hebecame president of the Anatomical Society, he was awarded the hon.gold medal of the Royal College of Surgeons, the Prix Fauvelle,Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, and the decoration of chevalierde l'ordre national de la légion d'honneur. He was knighted in1934. His former colleague, Professor H. A. Harris, could say ofhim when he died--"No one ever accomplished so much with so littleevidence of hurry or effort . . . his influence and his examplewill live in our British school of anatomy for many a century tocome." (British Medical Journal, 9 January 1937). Howeverthat may be it is significant that in 1937 more than 20 of his olddemonstrators were occupying chairs of anatomy throughout theempire and U.S.A. It was one of his assistants, R. A. Dart, whodiscovered in South Africa the Taungs skull,Australopitheca, and another Davidson Black, who found thePekin man,Sinanthropus. He infected his students with hisown zeal. In addition to his books he wrote about 400 papers forvarious scientific publications. A list of these will be found inSir Grafton Elliot Smith, a Biographical Record. He wassurvived by his widow and two of his three sons. A brother, StephenHenry Smith, C.B.E. (1865-1943), was a distinguished public servantin New South Wales. He became director of education (1922-30) andpublished works on the history of education in Australia.

Ed. by Warren R. Dawson,Grafton Elliot Smith by hisColleagues;Nature, 9 January 1937;The BritishMedical Journal, 9 January 1937;The Lancet, 9 January,1937.

SMITH, HENRY GEORGE (1852-1924), economic chemist,

was born at Littlebourne, Kent, England, on 26 July 1852. He waseducated at schools at Ickham and Wingham, and also had privatetuition from the Rev. Mr Midgley, M.A. He went to Sydney in 1883for health reasons, and in 1884 obtained a semi-scientific positionon the staff of the Sydney technological museum. He began studyingscientific subjects and chemistry in particular, in 1891 wasappointed a laboratory assistant at the museum, and in the sameyear his first original paper was published in theProceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Hebecame mineralogist at the museum in 1895, and in the same year incollaboration withJ. H.Maiden (q.v.) contributed a paper on "Eucalyptus Kinos and theOccurrence of Endesmia" to theProceedings of the RoyalSociety of New South Wales. This was Smith's first contribution toorganic chemistry; later on from 1898 to 1911 he lectured on thissubject to evening students at the Sydney technical college. In1896 he began his collaboration withR. T. Baker (q.v.) with aninvestigation into the essential oils of the Sydney peppermint.With Baker working on the botanical side and himself on thechemical, their studies resulted in a remarkable work,AResearch on the Eucalyptus especially in Regard to their EssentialOils which was published in 1902. A revised edition of thiswork embodying later researches appeared in 1920. Anotherauthoritative work of great value by these authors,A Researchon the Pines of Australia, was published in 1910. Smith hadbeen appointed assistant curator and economic chemist at the Sydneytechnological museum in 1899 and held this position until hisretirement in 1921. After his retirement he continued working withBaker and in 1924 they brought out another volume,Wood-fibresof Some Australian Timbers. From about 1914 Smith had beeninformally associated with the organic chemistry department of theuniversity of Sydney, and he continued to work there after hisretirement from the museum. In 1922 he was awarded theDavid Syme prize of theuniversity of Melbourne for original research. He died at Sydney on19 September 1924. He was twice married, and left a widow andfamily, including three sons. He was president of the Royal Societyof New South Wales in 1913, of the New South Wales branch of theAustralian Chemical Institute in 1922-3, and of the chemistrysection of the Australasian Association for the Advancement ofScience at the meeting held in Wellington in 1923. He was theauthor of over 100 papers, 62 of which appeared in theProceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, andothers in theJournal of the Chemical Society. An unselfish,modest man, devoted to the pursuit of knowledge, his pioneeringwork upon the chemistry of the essential oils of the Australianflora achieved a world-wide reputation.

Journal of the Chemical Society, 1925, p. 958;Journal and Proceedings Royal Society of New South Wales,1925, p. 11;Report of the Eighteenth Meeting, AustralasianAssociation for the Advancement of Science, p. 2;The SydneyMorning Herald, 20 September 1924.

SMITH, JAMES (1820-1910), journalist,

was born near Maidstone, Kent, England, in 1820 and was educatedfor the church. He, however, took up journalism and at the age of20 was editing a country newspaper. In 1845 he publishedRuralRecords or Glimpses of Village Life, which was followed byOracles from the British Poets (1849),Wilton and itsAssociations (1851), andLights and Shadows of Artist Lifeand Character (1853). In 1854 he emigrated to Victoria andbecame a leader-writer on theAge and first editor of theLeader. He joined the staff of theArgus in 1856 andwrote leading articles, literary reviews, and dramatic criticism.He also wrote leading articles for country papers. Feeling thestrain of over-work in 1863 he intended making a holiday visit toEurope, but was offered and accepted the post of librarian to theVictorian parliament. Smith was not content to merely carry out theroutine duties of his position, he had always been a tirelessworker, and during his five years librarianship he reclassified andcatalogued about 30,000 volumes. The office was temporarilyabolished in 1868, and Smith resumed his duties on theArgus, and continued to work for it until he retired in 1896at the age of 76. He still, however, did much journalistic work,and even when approaching the age of 90 was contributing valuedarticles to theAge under the initials J. S. He died atHawthorn, a suburb of Melbourne, on 19 March 1910. He married andwas survived by a son.

In addition to the works mentioned Smith was the author ofFrom Melbourne to Melrose (1888), a pleasant collection oftravel notes originally contributed to theArgus, andJunius Unveiled (1909). He also published many pamphlets,some of which are concerned with spiritualism, in which he was veryinterested during the last 40 years of his life. He contributed alarge amount of the letterpress to thePicturesque Atlas ofAustralasia, and editedThe Cyclopedia of Victoria(1903), a piece of hack-work in which he could have taken littlepleasure. He wrote a three-act drama,Garibaldi,successfully produced at Melbourne in 1860, andA Broil at theCafé, also produced at Melbourne a few years later. He was amember of the council of the working men's college and a trusteefor many years of the public library, museums, and national galleryof Victoria. A good linguist he was interested in the AllianceFrançaise and the Melbourne Dante Society, of which he became thepresident. These activities led to his being made an officer of theFrench Academy, and a chevalier of the order of the Crown ofItaly.

Smith was a thoroughly equipped journalist who with hiswell-stored mind and fine library could produce an excellentarticle on almost any subject at the shortest notice. During his 56years of residence at Melbourne he had much influence on thecultural life of the city.

The Argus andThe Age, 21 March 1910;Cyclopedia of Victoria, 1903; British MuseumCatalogue.

SMITH, JAMES (1827-1897), discoverer of Mount Bischoff tin mine, Tasmania, [ also refer toJames SMITH page at Project GutenbergAustralia]

was born at Georgetown, Tasmania, on 1 July 1827. He waseducated at Launceston, and after working for some time in thatcity in 1851 went to the Victorian gold diggings. Returning in 1853he took up land at Westwood on the Forth River, and making this hisheadquarters began exploring and prospecting. There was much barrenand mountainous country to the south of his home, and Smith had toendure many privations. He discovered gold on the Forth River,copper on the west side of the Leven, and silver and iron ore atPenguin. On 4 December 1871 he discovered tin at Mount Bischoff.His specimens when smelted yielded the first tin found in Tasmania,but it took some time for the importance of the find to berealized. In August 1872 Smith took a small party with him to thefield and in 1873 several tons of ore were sent to Melbourne. Inthat year the mine was visited by William Ritchie, a solicitor atLaunceston, and with his help the Mount Bischoff Tin-mining Companywas floated with 12,000 shares of £5 each. Of these 4400 werereserved for Smith who also received £1500 in cash. One expert whovisited the mine at this time pronounced it to be the richesttin-mine in the world. The company, however, had many difficulties,one being that the bush track to the coast for many months of theyear was almost impassable. Eventually a tramway was constructed,the mine became extremely successful, much employment resulted, andan enormous sum was paid in dividends. In February 1878 Smith waspublicly presented with a silver salver and a purse of 250sovereigns. The address which accompanied the gifts stated that asa result of his discovery commerce had developed, property hadincreased in value, and all classes of the community had beenbenefited. About the same period the Tasmanian parliament voted hima pension of £200 a year. In 1886 he was elected to the Tasmanianlegislative council but he resigned his seat in 1888. Smith, whowas an excellent assayer and a close student of geology, continuedhis prospecting for the remainder of his life. He died atLaunceston on 15 June 1897 leaving a widow, three sons and threedaughters. A quiet, somewhat reserved man, benevolent andcharitable, Smith was a natural explorer of much determination,whom no hardship could daunt. His work was of the greatest use toTasmania not only for its own sake, but for the encouragement itgave to others who made further discoveries.

J. Fenton.A History of Tasmania;TheLaunceston Examiner, 16 June 1897; P. Mennell,TheDictionary of Australasian Biography; Sir Henry Braddon.Journal and Proceedings Royal Australian Historical Society,vol. XIX, p. 242.

SMITH, JOHN McGARVIE (1844-1918), metallurgist and bacteriologist,

was born at Sydney in 1844. At 13 years of age he had to makehis own living, and having learned the trade of watchmaker andjeweller, opened a business for himself at Sydney in 1866. Hecarried on this business for about 20 years. He took upphotography, which led to his studying chemistry at the universityof Sydney about 1867, and later, metallurgy. He set tip as anassayer and metallurgist about the year 1888. He developedimprovements in the treatment of refractory ores and his advice wasof great value in dealing with problems of this kind at the SunnyCorner mining-field and at Broken Hill. At Mount Morgan,Queensland, he did important work in connexion with the chlorineprocess of extracting gold. He took up the study of bacteriology,and did a large amount of research endeavouring to find a vaccineagainst the effects of snake bite. He collected a large number ofvenomous snakes which he handled himself when extracting theirvenom. He eventually came to the conclusion that it wasbacteriologically impossible to inoculate against snake-bite, butwhile carrying out his investigations he collected a large amountof information about the relative virulence of the venom ofAustralian snakes. His most important research was in connexionwith anthrax. Pasteur had discovered a vaccine, which, however,would not keep, and Smith after long experimenting found aneffective vaccine which would keep for an indefinite period. Thishe treated as a business secret for many years, but a few monthsbefore his death he handed the formula to representatives of thegovernment of New South Wales. He also gave £10,000 to endow aMcGarvie Smith Institute. While making his investigations Smithtravelled extensively in Europe and the United States and visitedmany laboratories. He was a man of great determination andremarkable personality. All his life he had a passion for work, buthe spared time in his youth to become a good rifle shot. He marriedthe widow ofD. H. Deniehy(q.v.) who died many years before his own death at Sydney on 6September 1918. He had no children.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 September 1918; W.S. Dun,Journal and Proceedings Royal Society of New SouthWales, vol. LIII, p. 11;Industrial Australian and MiningStandard, 12 September 1918;Sydney Directories, 1867,1885, 1889.

SMITH, JOHN THOMAS (1816-1879), politician, seven times mayor of Melbourne,

was born at Sydney in 1816 and educated underW. Cape (q.v.). He was for a timein the service of the recently established Bank of Australasia, butin September 1837 obtained the appointment of schoolmaster at theaboriginal mission station in Victoria at a salary of £40 a year.Shortly afterwards he went into business as a grocer, and was inthe timber trade in 1840, In the following year he became ahotel-keeper and was so successful that in a comparatively shortperiod he obtained a competency. At the first election for theMelbourne city council, held on 1 December 1842, he was elected acouncillor for the Bourke ward, and except for a short interval, hewas on the council for the remainder of his life. In 1851 he waselected mayor of Melbourne and was subsequently elected to thatposition no fewer than six times, his last year of office being1864. In November 1854, at the time of the Eureka stockaderebellion, he took an active part in raising special constables, asthere were rumours that attacks on the treasury and banks werecontemplated. He was especially thanked by the governor,Sir Charles Hotham (q.v.), whosaid there was "no person in the country to whom he was moreindebted". Smith had been elected to the legislative council in1851, and in 1856, when responsible government came in, he waselected a member of the legislative assembly as one of therepresentatives of Melbourne. At subsequent elections he wasreturned for Creswick, and West Bourke, retaining his seat untilhis death on 30 January 1879, when he was the "father of thehouse". His wife and children survived him.

Smith took great interest in various charities moving, forinstance, the motion that was carried in 1848 for the establishmentof a benevolent asylum. He advocated reductions in the hours oflabour and generally was an active and useful member of council andparliament, though he only once attained cabinet rank--he wasminister of mines in theJ. A. Macpherson (q.v.)government from September 1869 until April 1870.

Men of the Time in Australia, 1878; R. D. Boys,First Years in Port Phillip; Letter from Town Clerk,Melbourne, 1939; Kenyon manuscripts, Public Library, Melbourne; P.Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography.

SMITH, ROBERT BARR (1824-1915), business man and philanthropist,

son of the Rev. Dr Smith of the Free Church of Scotland, wasborn at Lochwinnoch, Renfrewshire, Scotland, on 4 February 1824.After leaving school he studied for a time at the university ofGlasgow, but went into business and afterwards emigrated toMelbourne, where he was a member of the firm of Hamilton Smith andCompany in 1853. In 1854 he joinedElder and Company at Adelaide andbecame a partner in the business which from 1863 was known as ElderSmith and Company. This firm became one of the largest inAustralia, connected directly or indirectly with every branch ofcommerce; mercantile, pastoral, mining, shipping and financial.Smith also took up land and became a large owner in SouthAustralia, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. When theWallaroo and Moonta Copper mines got into difficulties, Elder Smithand Company made large advances to them until more profitable timescame. Smith made a reputation as a financial authority, and thoughhe refused to enter political or municipal life, his advice wasfrequently sought by politicians and members of the businesscommunity of Adelaide. It has been stated that at the time of thebank crisis in 1893 he was besieged by crowds of people seekingguidance. He was on the boards of the public library and of thebotanic gardens and was a director of several companies. He was akeen judge and lover of horses, his colours were frequently seen atrace meetings in South Australia and Victoria, and he was presidentfor a time of the South Australian Coursing Club. His privatecharities were very great, few men have had so large a beggingletter mail. These letters were dealt with systematically and alldeserving cases were helped. Among the larger sums distributed were£9000 to buy books for the university of Adelaide library, £10,000to complete the Anglican cathedral, £3500 for a life-boat and £2300for the Trades Hall building. He contributed largely to explorationfunds, the observatory established on Mount Kosciusko was paid forby him, and he was mainly responsible for the expenses of the firstSouth Australian rifle team sent to Bisley. These are only examplesof his liberality; he disliked being thanked and it would beimpossible to estimate the amount of his benefactions. He kept hismind and faculties to the end of his life, and died in hisninety-second year on 20 November 1915. He married Miss Elder,sister ofSir Thomas Elder,who survived him with a son and three daughters. Smith was anupright and modest man with intellectual sympathies. He shrank frompublicity and more than once refused the offer of a knighthood. Inbusiness he was shrewd, enterprising and perfectly honest. In 1920his family gave £11,000 for the endowment of the library of theuniversity of Adelaide and in 1928 his son, Tom Elder Barr Smith,born in 1863 gave £30,000 for the Barr Smith library building.

The Register andThe Advertiser,Adelaide, 22 November 1915.

SMITH, SIR ROSS MACPHERSON (1892-1922), aviator,

was born at Adelaide on 4 December 1892, the second son ofAndrew Smith, manager of Mutooroo station. Both parents were bornin Scotland. Smith was educated at Queen's School, North Adelaide,where he was captain of the eleven in 1908, and at Warriston Schoolin Scotland. In 1910 he was one of the three South Australianrepresentatives chosen to form a company of mounted cadets whichvisited Great Britain and the United States. On leaving school heentered the hardware firm of Harris Scarfe and Company of Adelaide,and when the 1914-18 war broke out enlisted on 10 August. He wasmade a sergeant while in camp, and left Australia on 22 October1914 with the 3rd Light Horse. He was at Gallipoli for four and ahalf months from May 1915, and then was invalided to England. Hehad in the meantime been promoted lieutenant. In April 1916 he wassent to the middle east and in October joined the air force. Hesoon won his wings and during the Palestine campaign showed greatgallantry, being awarded the M.C., and bar, the D.F.C. with twobars, and the A.F.C. He did a large amount of observation andbombing work, was the first aviator to fly over Jerusalem, and inMay 1918 was selected to take Lieut.-colonel T. E. Lawrence to theSherif Nazir's camp to carry out his work of arranging Arabco-operation. He also made a remarkable flight from Cairo toCalcutta in a large Handley-Page machine soon after the armisticewas signed. The distance was 2348 miles, the longest flight thathad been made up to this time.

In 1919 the Australian government offered a prize of £10,000 forthe first machine manned by Australians to fly from London toAustralia in 30 days. Smith decided to enter for the competitionand Messrs Vickers were asked to supply a machine. They agreed todo so in October, and on 12 November Ross Smith accompanied by hisbrother, Keith, and Sergeants Bennett and Shiers, who had been hismechanics during the flight from Cairo to Calcutta, started ontheir long journey. The machine carried 865 gallons of petrol andhad a cruising range of 2400 miles. Bad weather was encounteredsoon after starting and during the five days spent in flying toTaranto most of the time the plane was driving through clouds, snowand rain, and often they were obliged to keep to dangerously lowaltitudes. From Taranto they went to Crete, and then to Cairo,where they arrived on 18 November. Making for Damascus and thenBagdad, a simoon swept up on the night of arrival, and only thehelp of a squadron of Indian lancers prevented the machine beingsmashed on the ground. Keeping to the south of Persia the routetook them to Karachi, Delhi, Calcutta, Rangoon, Bangkok andSingapore. The governor-general of the Dutch East Indies hadordered aerodromes to be constructed at various points on theislands, which proved to be of the greatest use. But at Sourabayathe aerodrome had been made on reclaimed land which was softunderneath. The machine got bogged, and the position seemed almosthopeless. However, with the help of a large number of natives, aroadway of bamboo mats 350 yards long was laid down, the plane wasdug out and hauled on to the mats and a successful take off wasmade with the mats flying in all directions. Darwin was reached on10 December by way of Bima and Timor. The task was completed injust under 28 days, the actual flying time being 135 hours, and thedistance covered 11,340 miles. The journey was continued acrossAustralia and at Melbourne the prize of £10,000 was handed over anddivided equally among the four members of the crew. The machine waspresented to the Commonwealth by Messrs Vickers Ltd as a memorialof the first flight from London to Australia. At the request of theauthorities it was flown to Adelaide, the birthplace of three ofthe crew. The brothers Smith were both created K.B.E. Smith wrote ashort account of the journey which was published in Sydney in March1920, illustrated with photographs, under the title,The FirstAeroplane Voyage from England to Australia. Lecture toursfollowed in Australia and England, and early in 1922 it wasintended to make a flight round the world. On 13 April Ross Smithand Lieutenant Bennett took the machine, a Vickers Vikingamphibian, for a trial flight. The machine developed a spin, nosedived, and both men were killed. Smith was unmarried. His book onthe journey to Australia,14,000 Miles Through the Air,appeared a few weeks after his death.

A man of cheerful and modest disposition, Smith had greatcourage, determination and foresight. He had a remarkable warrecord, and considering the conditions his flight to Australia wasan extraordinary feat. His brother, Sir Keith Macpherson Smith,born in 1890, also had a good war record. He had intended to go onthe flight round the world but returned to Australia and became therepresentative of Vickers Ltd at Sydney.

The Register, Adelaide andTheAdvertiser, Adelaide, 14 April 1922; F. M. Cutlack,TheAustralian Flying Corps; Ross Smith,The First AeroplaneJourney from England to Australia and14,000 Miles Throughthe Air;Who's Who in Australia, 1941.

SMITH, WILLIAM RAMSAY (1859-1937), anthropologist,

son of William Smith and Mary MacDonald, was born at KingEdward, Aberdeenshire, on 27 November 1859. He attended districtschools, and winning a Free Church scholarship, went to Edinburghuniversity and the training college for two years. At 20 he wasappointed head teacher of a school in the north of Scotland, butagain attended Edinburgh university, studying arts and sciencesubjects, and won an entrance scholarship for medicine of £100 ayear for three years. On completing his medical course in 1885 hewas appointed assistant-professor of natural history, anddemonstrator of zoology. In 1889Illustrations of Zoologywas published which he had prepared in collaboration with J. S.Norwell. For two years Smith was demonstrator of anatomy atEdinburgh, and in 1896 was brought to Australia by the SouthAustralian government to fill a position in the Adelaide hospital.Three years later he was appointed city coroner and permanent headof the department of health at Adelaide. He had become associatedwith the military forces soon after his arrival, and during theSouth African war was officer in charge of plague administration atCape Town. Returning to Australia Smith published in 1904AManual for Coroners, and in his spare time made a special studyof the Australian aborigines. He was the author of the excellentarticle, "The Aborigines of Australia", which was printed in volumethree of theOfficial Year Book of the Commonwealth. ofAustralia, published in 1910. In 1913 he publishedMedicalJurisprudence from the Judicial Standpoint, and in 1915 was incharge of the Australian general hospital at Heliopolis, Egypt. Onhis return to Adelaide he took up his duties at the board of healthagain, contributed to theAustralian Encyclopaedia,including a large part of the article on Aborigines, and followinga trip to the South Seas brought out his pleasantly writtenInSouthern Seas in 1924. The second half of this book mostlyrelates to the Australian aborigines. Smith retired in 1929 andpublished in 1930 hisMyths of the Australian Aboriginals,"a collection of narratives as told by pure-blooded aboriginals ofvarious tribes who have been conversant with the subject fromchildhood". In spite of this statement the book must be read withextreme caution, for the aboriginals in question must have had muchcontact with Europeans. One is obliged to ask how much have thesestories been influenced by this contact, and though Smith statedthat "no pains have been spared in the endeavour to find outaccurately what was in the minds of the narrator" how much was hecompelled to add in preparing the stories for his book? This washis last volume, and living quietly among his books at Belair hedied there on 28 September 1937. He married in 1889 Margaret,daughter of James Mackenzie, who predeceased him. There were fourdaughters and one son of the marriage.

Ramsay Smith had many degrees, and was a fellow of the RoyalSociety, Edinburgh. In addition to the volumes already mentioned hepublished some pamphlets and contributed largely to scientificjournals andChambers Encyclopaedia. He was much interestedin literature, philosophy and music, was an excellent publicservant, and, apart from his last volume, earned a high position asan authority on the Australian aborigines.

The Advertiser, Adelaide, 29 September 1937;Who's Who, 1938;The Times Literary Supplement, 19March 1931.

SMITH, WILLIAM SAUMAREZ (1836-1909), first Anglican archbishop of Sydney,

eldest son of the Rev. Richard Snowden Smith, was born at StHelier, Jersey, on 14 January 1836. He was educated at MarlboroughCollege and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A.with first-class honours in classics and theology in 1858. He wasCrosse theological scholar in 1859, Tyrwhitt Hebrew scholar in1860, and on two occasions won the Seatonian prize for poetry. Hegraduated M.A. in 1862, B.D. in 1871, D.D. in 1889, and was afellow of Trinity College, 1860-70. Ordained deacon in 1859 andpriest in 1860, he was vicar of Trumpington, 1867-9, and principalof St Aidan's theological college, 1869-90. He was consecratedbishop of Sydney and primate of Australia at St Paul's cathedral,London, on 24 June 1890, and became archbishop in 1897. At Sydneyhis episcopate was notable chiefly for a great increase inmissionary work, and the home mission fund was also established.There was some advance in education; Moore theological college wasreopened, and the Church of England Grammar School for girls wasestablished in his period. Smith was always accessible to hisclergy and always glad to keep in touch with his parishes. Thoughan extreme evangelical he was broadminded and an advocate for theunion of the churches; and though essentially a man of peace, hespoke strongly against gambling and other evils. He had a dislikeof ceremonial, a passion for accuracy, and was a fine scholar andlinguist, interested also in astronomy and botany. He died atSydney on 18 April 1909. He married in 1870 Florence, daughter ofthe Rev. L. Deedes, who died in 1890, and was survived by a son andsix daughters. He was the author ofThe Bible, its Construction,Character and Claims (1865),Capernaum, A Seatonian Poem(1865),Obstacles to Missionary Success (1868),TheDisciples, a Seatonian Poem (1869),Christian Faith, FiveSermons (1869),Lessons on Genesis (1879),The Bloodof the New Testament (1889). In 1911 his verses were collectedand published under the title,Capernaum and OtherPoems.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 19 April 1909; P.Mennell,The Dictionary of Australasian Biography;Crockford, 1909; Memoir prefixed toCapernaum and OtherPoems; British Museum Catalogue; F. B. Boyce,FourscoreYears and Seven, pp. 142-4.

SMYTH, ROBERT BROUGH (1830-1889), geologist, mineralogist and writer on aborigines,

son of Edward Smyth, mining engineer, was born at Carville, nearNewcastle, England, in 1830. He was educated at a school atWhickam, afterwards studied geology, chemistry and natural science,and worked for five years at the Derwent iron works. He came toVictoria in 1852 and was for a short period on the goldfieldsbefore entering the Victorian survey department as a draughtsman.In 1854 he was placed in charge of the meteorological observations,and in 1860 became secretary for mines. He published in 1863TheProspector's Handbook, and in 1869 a large volume,The GoldFields and Mineral Districts of Victoria. He was alsoresponsible for various pamphlets on the mining resources of thecolony includingHints for the Guidance of Surveyors and OthersCollecting Specimens of Rocks, which appeared in 1871. On 1February 1876 several members of his staff sent a petition to theminister for mines asking that an inquiry should be held into thedespotic conduct of Smyth towards his subordinates. Three membersof parliament were appointed to inquire into the matter, and aftera series of sittings held in February, March and April 1876, Smythresigned from the service. He had been working for many yearscollecting materials for a book on the life of the aborigines,which was published in 1878 at the expense of the Victoriangovernment in two large volumes,The Aborigines of Victoria:with notes relating to the habits of the Natives of Other Parts ofAustralia and Tasmania. Smyth visited India in 1879 and made aReport on the Gold Mines of the South-eastern Portion of theWynaad and the Carcoor Ghat, which was published in 1880. Hedied at Melbourne on 9 October 1889.

Smyth was an able and hardworking man, constitutionally unfittedto be the head of a department. He is remembered for his book onthe aborigines in connexion with which he had the assistance ofmany helpers. A large amount of material was collected but thevalue of his book is now limited, and it has been largelysuperseded by later work.

Men of the Time in Australia, 1878; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of Australasian Biography;The Age, 10October 1889;The Argus, February-April 1876; Letter fromR. H. Horne (q.v.)quoted inThe Bulletin, 20 February 1929.

SOLANDER, DANIEL CHARLES (1736-1782), naturalist,

son of a clergyman, was born in the province of Norrland,Sweden, on 28 February 1736. He took the degree of M.D. at theuniversity of Upsala, was a pupil of Linnaeus and came to London inJuly 1760 with strong recommendations, but found it difficult toobtain an appointment. In 1762 Linnaeus obtained for him the offerof the professorship of botany at St Petersburg, but Solander hadjust obtained some work at the British Museum, and declined theappointment. He was shortly afterward appointed an assistant at themuseum, and in 1764 was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. HemetSir Joseph Banks (q.v.)about this time, and in 1768 was engaged by him as a scientificassistant on the first voyage ofCaptain Cook (q.v.). On hisreturn from this voyage Solander became secretary and librarian toBanks, and lived at his house. His position at the British Museumhad been kept open for him, and in 1773 he became keeper of thenatural history department (Dict. Nat. Biog.). He diedfollowing a stroke of apoplexy, on 16 May 1782.

Solander was a good-humoured, modest man, of much knowledge andability. But he had an indolent procrastinating nature, and did notfulfil the hopes of his great master Linnaeus. He was associatedwith Banks inIllustrations of the Botany of Captain Cook'sVoyage Round the World, and hisThe Natural History of ManyCurious and Uncommon Zoophytes, Collected by the late JohnEllis, was published posthumously in 1786. His name was givento a particular form of box used for holding specimens, andbotanically it is preserved by the genusSolandra.

A. Chalmers,The General BiographicalDictionary, 1816, vol. XXVIII; Biographical Sketch by B. D.Jackson prefixed toJournal of the Right Hon. Sir JosephBanks, ed. by Sir Joseph D. Hooker, 1896.

SOLOMON, ALBERT EDGAR (1876-1914), premier of Tasmania,

was born at Longford, Tasmania, in March 1876. He was educatedat the state school and winning an exhibition went on to HortonCollege, Ross, and Launceston Church Grammar School. He graduatedB.A. in 1895 and LL.B. in 1897 at the university 0 Tasmania, andsubsequently qualified for the degrees of M.A. and LL.M. He wasadmitted to the bar in February 1898. He entered politics as memberof the house of assembly for Ross in April 1909, and almostimmediately became attorney-general and minister for education intheN. E. Lewis (q.v.)second and third ministries, taking the additional position ofminister of mines in October 1909. When Lewis retired in June 1912Solomon became premier, attorney-general and minister of education,but he had a bare majority of one and it required much tact andfinesse to keep the ministry going until April 1914. Attention wasgiven to education and considerable additions were made to thenumber of state and high schools. Never a robust man Solomon feltthe strain of office, his health broke down, and he died at Hobartin his thirty-ninth year on 5 October 1914. He married a daughterof J. Scott who survived him with two sons. He was a man of unusualability, in private life modest and unassuming, a prominent memberof the Methodist Church and a temperance reformer. In politics hewas an upright and sound administrator, and a good speaker andparliamentary tactician. His early death cut short a promisingcareer.

The Mercury, Hobart, 6 October 1914;TheExaminer, Launceston, 6 October 1914.

SORELL, WILLIAM (1775-1848), third governor of Tasmania,

was born in England in 1775, the eldest son of Lieut.-generalWilliam Alexander Sorell. He joined the army in August 1790 as anensign, was promoted lieutenant in August 1793, and saw activeservice in the West Indies. He became a captain in 1795. In 1799 hewas aide-de-camp to Lieut.-general Sir James Murray in the abortiveexpedition to North Holland, and in 1800 took part in the attackson Spanish naval stations. After the peace at Amiens, Sorell wascaptain in the 18th or Royal Irish regiment, and in 1804 waspromoted major to the 43rd regiment. In 1807 he was madedeputy-adjutant-general of the forces at the Cape of Good Hope, andwas promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel. He returned to England in1811 and on 4 February 1813 retired from the army. He had married,but had separated from his wife before going to South Africa. Therehe formed a connexion with the wife of a Lieutenant Kent serving inone of the regiments, and it is believed that this was the reasonfor his being retired. On 3 April 1816 he was appointedlieutenant-governor of Tasmania, arrived in Sydney on 10 March andat Hobart on 8 April 1817. In the meanwhile Lieutenant Kent hadbrought an action against Sorell "for criminal conversation withthe plaintiff's wife", and on 5 July 1817 was awarded £3000damages.

The first problem Sorell had to deal with was the suppression ofbushranging. He at once instituted a system of passports forassigned servants and ticket-of-leave men, rewards were offered forthe apprehension of bushrangers, and a few months later, on 12December 1817,Macquarie (q.v.) reported in adispatch that the bushrangers had been "almost entirely extirpatedthrough the active and energetic measures of Lieut.-governorSorell". Sorell also issued a manifesto relating to the protectionof aborigines stating that "any persons charged with killing,firing at or committing any act of outrage should be sent to Sydneyto take their trial". However well-meant this might be it quitefailed in its purpose. In 1819 he issued a government order,admirably phrased, warning settlers of the causes of the outragesand giving suggestions how to avoid their occurrence. He especiallyordered that the aborigines should not be deprived of theirchildren, as he found young natives were being kept bystock-keepers and pastoralists in a kind of semi-slavery. Anotherordinance brought in regulations for the effective branding ofcattle, a necessary precaution in a country with comparatively fewfences. Sorell also developed education by increasing very much thenumber of schools. The population was increasing, there had beensome emigration of free settlers from New South Wales, and in 1820the colonial office considerably increased the issue of officialpermits to would-be settlers from England. Until then everythingSorell did had to be referred to Macquarie, but he was now informedthat letters from the colonial office respecting land grants wouldbe directed to him so that he could deal with them without theformer delay. In this year about 200 stud sheep arrived from NewSouth Wales which led to a considerable improvement in the qualityof the flocks. In April 1821 Macquarie visited Tasmania, and in adispatch to Earl Bathurst dated 17 July enclosed a government andgeneral order he had published in which he more than once highlycommended Sorell for the work he had done. The years from 1821 to1824 were years of quiet progress, during which Sorell, afterconsultation with the leading business men, succeeded in gettingthe first bank founded, the Van Diemen's Land Bank, and there wasgreat expansion in trade. Various grammar schools in whichsecondary teaching was given were started, and in addition to thoseof the Church of England, clergy from the Roman Catholic andMethodist churches also began to do duty. Sorell also begandividing the convicts into different classes, sending the worst ofthem to Macquarie Harbour. About October 1823 Sorell heardprivately that he was likely to be recalled. He had become verypopular, and in December 1821 a general meeting of the inhabitantshad decided to present him with a service of plate of a value notless than 500 guineas. When the news of his impending recall leakedout another meeting of the colonists was held on 30 October 1823,and an address to the king was prepared praying that he should notbe removed. Similar resolutions were passed at Launceston. But itwas too late for these meetings to have any effect. The dispatchintimating Sorell's recall was dated 26 August 1823 and arrived afew weeks later. His successor,Lieut.-governor Arthur (q.v.),arrived on 12 May 1824, and Sorell left for England on 12 June. Hewas given a pension of £500 a year and died on 4 June 1848. (Deathnotice,The Times, 8 June 1848.) There were several childrenof his marriage, one of whom, William Sorell, junior, was appointedregistrar of the supreme court at Hobart in 1824, and held thisposition until his death in 1860. His daughter married ThomasArnold and became the mother of the novelistMrs Humphrey Ward (q.v.)

Sorell was an excellent administrator. Coming to Tasmania aftera discredited governor and finding everything in confusion, hespeedily set to work to put things in order and win the respect ofeveryone in the community. He was thoroughly honest, active, wise,and intelligent. Courteous to all, he could be determined when itwas necessary. Much exploration was done during the period of hisrule, the population was quadrupled, and the wealth of the colonymuch increased. His recall was thoroughly unpopular, and it wasunfortunate that the same cause which led to Sorell's leaving thearmy should have been brought to the notice of the colonial office,and made an end of the career for which he was so eminentlyfitted.

Historical Records of Australia, ser. III, vols.II to V. ser. I. vols. IX and X: R. W. Giblin,The Early Historyof Tasmania, vol. II; J. West,The History of Tasmania;J. Fenton,A History of Tasmania;The Gentleman'sMagazine, August 1848, p. 204.

SOUTER, DAVID HENRY (1862-1935), artist and journalist,

son of an engineer, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, on 30 March1862. He studied art at the local branch of the South Kensingtonschool, contributed to a local journal,Bon Accord, and wentto Natal in 1881, where he engaged in journalism. He came to Sydneyin 1886, obtained a position with John Sands and Company,contributed cartoons to theTribune, and in 1888 founded the"Brush Club" of which he became president. In 1892 he begancontributing drawings to theBulletin, and for a period of35 years had at least one drawing in every issue. There are variousstories about the cat which so frequently appeared in his drawings,one being that it was evolved from a blot that fell on a drawing atthe last moment, and another that it first appeared to fill in ablank space. When the Society of Artists was established at Sydneyin 1895 Souter was elected to the council, and from 1901 to 1902was its president. He was art editor ofArt and Architecturefrom 1904 to 1911, and for many years was associated with WilliamBrooks and Company and illustrated many of the school books issuedby them. In his later years he was on the editorial staff ofCountry Life. He died suddenly at Sydney on 22 September1935. He married Janet, daughter of David Swanson, who died in1932, and was survived by two sons and three daughters.

Souter was a stocky, kindly, humorous, friendly, courageous man,who wrote short stories, verse, light articles and plays, with acapable and ready pen. His separate publications wereThe GreyKimono: the Libretto of an Operetta, published in 1902, andBush Babs: with Pictures, rhymes for children, with his ownillustrations, which appeared in 1933. He did a fair amount ofpainting in water-colour, 10 examples were shown at the exhibitionof the Society of Artists, held at Melbourne in 1907; but hisreputation rests on his black and white work which considering themass of it was very even in quality. A scrap-book containing acollection of his earlier work from theBulletin is at thepublic library, Melbourne. A collection of hisWar Cartoons,reprinted from theStock and Station Journal, was publishedat Sydney in 1915. He also illustrated volumes written by EthelTurner and other Australian authors.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 24 September 1935;The Argus, Melbourne, 24 September 1935; W. Moore,TheStory of Australian Art; E. Morris Miller,AustralianLiterature;The Bulletin, 25 September1935.

SOUTHERN, CLARA (1861-1940), artist,

was born at Kyneton, Victoria, in 1861. She studied at thenational gallery school at Melbourne underFolingsby (q.v.) and spent muchof her life at Warrandyte, a township on the Yarra some 15 milesfrom Melbourne. She did much sincere painting of this country, butthough her pictures were admired by the artists of her time, theywere not very well known. She died on 15 December 1940. There is anexcellent example of her work in the Melbourne gallery, "The BeeFarm", subtle and refined in colour. Miss Southern married JohnFlinn but usually exhibited under her original name.

W. Moore,The Story of Australian Art;Catalogue of the National Gallery of Victoria, 1943;TheArgus, 19 December 1940.

SPENCE, CATHERINE HELEN (1825-1910), advocate of proportional representation, novelist, journalistand sociologist,

daughter of David Spence, writer to the signet, and HelenBrodie, was born at Melrose, Scotland, on 31 October 1825. Herschoolmistress, Miss Sarah Phin, was a "born teacher in advance ofher own time". Miss Spence had a happy childhood but in herfourteenth year her father met with heavy financial losses andemigrated with his family to the new colony of South Australia.Miss Spence carried with her a letter from her schoolmistresscertifying that she was able "to undertake both the useful andornamental branches of education--French, Italian and music youthoroughly understand". Some years of privation followed herarrival in South Australia at the end of 1839. The family lived ina tent near Adelaide, some cows were bought, and the milk was soldto the townspeople. Her father was then appointed town clerk at£150 a year, but in a little while the position was temporarilydone away with. At 17 years of age Miss Spence became a dailygoverness at sixpence an hour, and spent several years in teaching.She refused one offer of marriage on account of the Calvinisticcreed of her admirer. Her own views were recorded in her volume,An Agnostic's Progress, published anonymously many yearsafterwards. She also began to take an interest in politics and tookpart in the controversy on "State Aid to Religion". Her brother,John Brodie Spence, was the Adelaide correspondent of the MelbourneArgus, and Miss Spence began her journalistic career bywriting his letters for him. In 1854 her first novel,ClaraMorison, was published, which was followed byTender andTrue (1856),Mr Hogarth's Will (1865), andTheAuthor's Daughter (1867). These volumes, like other earlyAustralian books, are practically unprocurable. There are probablynot more than two or three complete sets of them in existence.Another novel,Gathered In, appeared in theAdelaideObserver, but was never published in book form. Her novels aresincere, well-written stories but only one attained muchcirculation, and their author appears to have received little morethan £100 from the four of them. Miss Spence, however, took nolittle comfort from the fact that the reading ofMr Hogarth'sWill byEdwardWilson (q.v.) suggested the founding of the great Edward Wilsontrust that has meant so much to the charities of Melbourne. Thegreatest interest in the life of Miss Spence came to her in 1859when she read an article by John Stuart Mill which appeared inFraser's Magazine supporting Thomas Hare's system ofproportional representation. She wrote a pamphlet on it,Pleafor Pure Democracy, published in 1861, which received theapproval of Hare, Mill, Rowland Hill and Professor Craik, whoconsidered it to be the best argument on the popular side that hadappeared. Until near the end of her life she continued to fight forthis system.

By the kindness of a friend Miss Spence was able to visit Europein 1865. In England she met Mill and Hare and revisited the scenesof her childhood. Returning at the end of 1866 she began to take aninterest in the question of destitute children and the gradualdevelopment of the boarding-out system, doing much work on thecommittee of the Boarding-out Society. In 1871 she began publicspeaking with a lecture on the Brownings, the first of many she wasto deliver, and in 1878 became a regular contributor to theSouth Australian Register. For a period of 15 years shewrote many social and political articles for its columns. MissSpence also wrote many reviews for theSydney MorningHerald, and articles for theMelbourne Review, theVictorian Review, and theCornhill Magazine. Shebegan writing sermons and delivered many in Unitarian churches atAdelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. She had an excellent voice and herevident sincerity had a great effect. In 1880 Miss Spence publisheda little volume for schoolchildren,The Laws We Live Under;she had been the first woman appointed on a board of advice by theSouth Australian education department and realized the necessityfor children learning something about civics. Many years later shewas much interested in the kindergarten movement. She was making agood income as a journalist but a great deal was spent in charity,not always wisely as she herself said. In the earlyeighteen-nineties she found herself able to give much time tolecturing on proportional representation, and in 1893 visited theUnited States as a government commissioner and delegate to thegreat World's Fair congresses at Chicago. A visit to Europefollowed, and soon after her return to Adelaide at the end of 1894she welcomed the success of the women's suffrage movement.

In 1895 Miss Spence became first president of a league formedfor the furtherance of effective voting, and fought hard withoutsuccess for its inclusion in the Australian constitution. She wasalso a candidate for the federal convention of 1897 but was notelected. She paid a visit to Sydney in her seventy-fifth year andthen went on to Melbourne, giving addresses in both cities, and ayear later in 1901 became president of the South AustralianCo-operative Clothing Company, formed for the benefit of operativesin the shirtmaking and clothing trades. In 1903 Miss Spence had thefirst serious illness of her life, but recovered and continued hermany activities. HerState Children in Australia; A History ofBoarding-out and its Developments was published in 1907. Shedied on 3 April 1910.

Miss Spence was short, in later life stout, and homely inappearance. She brought a thoroughly reasonable, wise and acutemind to the social problems of her day, and in private life wasfull of the kindliest human nature, with a charity that enabled her"to help lame dogs over stiles" all her life. Proportionalrepresentation, the dearest wish of her life, has been adopted tosome extent in Tasmania, Western Australia and New South Wales, andthe system of preferential voting now generally in force inAustralia may be regarded as a step towards the effective votingshe so ardently fought for. A great public-spirited citizen shespent her life in working for her country. After her death a fundwas raised by public subscription so that her portrait could bepainted and presented to the national gallery at Adelaide, and thegovernment founded the Catherine Helen Spence scholarship in hermemory. This scholarship is awarded every four years, and one ofthe conditions is that the winner shall spend two years abroad inthe study of social science.

Catherine Helen Spence, An Autobiography; JeanneF. Young,Catherine Helen Spence;South AustralianRegister, 4 April 1910.

SPENCE, PERCY FREDERICK SEATON (1868-1933), artist,

was born at Sydney in 1868. He became a contributor to theBulletin and also exhibited at the Royal Art Society. Hewent to Europe in 1895 and illustrations by him appeared inBlack and White, theGraphic, and other well-knownpublications of the time. He had two pictures in the Royal Academyexhibition of 1899 and his work was also accepted in the threefollowing years. In 1901 he was responsible for the illustrationstoBritain's Austral Empire, mostly portraits of the leadingAustralian politicians of that period. In 1905 he was back inSydney and held a one man show of his work, and in 1910 he provided75 illustrations for the volumeAustralia, in Black's colourseries. These are frankly illustrative, but they show Spence tohave been an artist of ability and variety. He died in London inAugust 1933. He is represented in the national gallery and theMitchell library at Sydney. Pencil sketches of R. L. Stevenson andPhil May are in thenational portrait gallery, London, and other portraits are atSydney university and at the high court, Sydney. The Australianfleet 1913, and. a portrait of Rear-Admiral Patey are at BuckinghamPalace.

W. Moore,The Story of Australian Art;TheStudio, 1906; A. Graves,The Royal AcademyExhibitors.

SPENCE, WILLIAM GUTHRIE (1846-1926), Labour leader and politician,

was born in the Orkney Islands in 1846, and was brought toVictoria in 1853. His family went to the country and at an earlyage Spence was helping to earn his living. At 12 years of age hewas with a co-operative party of miners, and at 17 he was employedas a butcher. In later years he worked in the mines at Ballarat,and in 1878 was one of the organizers and secretary of a miners'union at Creswick. He was engaged in organizing miners' unionsthroughout Australia for some years, and in 1882 became generalsecretary of the Amalgamated Miners' Association. In 1886 anattempt by station owners to reduce the amount paid for shearingsheep from £1 to 17/6 a hundred led to the organization of theAmalgamated Shearers' Union. Spence became treasurer of the newmovement and insisted that the union must ignore all politicalboundaries. Organizers were sent out and in 1887 the struggle beganbetween the owners and the shearers which was to last many years.Spence afterwards claimed that the policy of the union from itsinception was conciliation. Certainly the circular sent to thestation owners in February 1888, could hardly have been morereasonable. It was asked that a conference should be held betweenrepresentatives of the union and of the owners, but very few of thelatter took any notice of the circular and none attended theproposed conference. The struggle went on with varying fortunes butat a conference held with the New South Wales owners in August 1891the shearers practically succeeded in obtaining their terms.

In the maritime strike of 1890 and the Queensland shearers'strike of 1891 Spence was a prominent figure, and though thefinancial depression which followed increased the difficulties ofthe unions on account of the large number of unemployed, someprogress was made. He was president of the Australian Workers'Union for many years, and in 1898 was elected a member of the NewSouth Wales legislative assembly for Cobar. In 1901 he was electedfor Darling in the federal house of representatives and held theseat until 1917. He was a member of the select committee onshipping services in 1905, was postmaster-general in the thirdFisher (q.v.) ministry fromSeptember 1914 to October 1915, and vice-president of the executivecouncil in W. M. Hughes's ministry from November 1916 to February1917. With Hughes and others he was ejected from the Labour partyin 1916 on the conscription issue. He was a Nationalist candidateat the 1917 general election and was defeated, but came in forDarwin, Tasmania, at a by-election in the following June. Heretired from that seat in 1919, and stood for Batman, Victoria, butwas defeated. He died at Terang, Victoria, on 13 December 1926. Hemarried and was survived by his wife and several children. He wasthe author of two books,Australia's Awakening--Thirty Years inthe Life of an Australian Agitator (1909), andHistory ofthe A.W.U. (1911). Both give an interesting, but somewhatone-sided view of social conditions in Australia at the end of thenineteenth century.

Spence has been called the "mildest-mannered man that ever ran astrike". It was ironical that one who had worked so hard and doneso much for the Labour movement should have been cast out of it,but Spence was comparatively philosophical because he consideredthat the battle had practically been won.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 14December 1926;The Bulletin, 16 December 1926. W. G. Spence,History of the A.W.U., andAustralia's Awakening;Commonwealth Parliamentary Handbook, 1926.

SPENCER, THOMAS EDWARD (1845-1911), humorous writer,

was born at London on 30 December 1845. He came to Australiawhen 18 years of age, but soon afterwards returned to England andworked at his trade of stone mason. At the age of 24 he was electedvice-president of the Stonemasons' Society of London, and had someexperience in the settlement of industrial disputes. He went toAustralia again in 1875 and became a successful builder andcontractor. He contributed verse and prose sketches to theBulletin and other journals, and one set of verses "HowMcDougall topped the Score", included in theBulletinReciter, published in 1901, became very popular. A collectionof his work,How McDougall Topped the Score and other Verses andSketches, was published in 1906. This was followed byBudgeree Ballads in 1908, reprinted under the titleHowDoherty Died in 1910, and four volumes of prose humoroussketches,The Surprising Adventures of Mrs Bridget McSweeney(1906),A Spring Cleaning and Other Stories (1908),TheHaunted Shanty and other Stories (1910), andThat DrollLady (1911).Bindawalla: An Australian Story (1912), isin a more serious vein. During the last years of his life Spencerspent much of his time as an arbitrator in industrial disputes.Between 1907 and 1911 he presided over many wages boards, and hisexperience and sense of justice enabled him to do very valuablework. He died at Sydney on 6 May 1911, leaving a widow, three sonsand two daughters.

Spencer was a genial man full of kindliness and wit. The humourof his books is very much on the surface, but it was popular and hehad a large audience. All his books were published at a shilling inthe Bookstall series, and many thousands of each were sold. The10th edition, 44th thousand, ofThat Droll Lady waspublished in 1923, and other volumes continued to be sold for manyyears after the author's death.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 8 May 1911;TheBulletin, 25 May 1911; E. Morris Miller,.AustralianLiterature.

SPENCER, SIR WALTER BALDWIN (1860-1929), biologist and anthropologist,

the second son of Reuben Spencer and his wife, originally a MissCircuit, was born at Stretford, Lancashire, on 23 June 1860. Hisfather who had come from Derbyshire in his youth obtained aposition with Rylands and Sons, cotton manufacturers, and rose tobe chairman of its board of directors when Rylands, became acompany. His son was educated at Old Trafford school, and onleaving entered the Manchester school of art. He stayed only oneyear but never forgot his training in drawing; his power ofillustrating his university lectures with rapid sketches in lateryears often arousing the admiration of his students. After leavingthe school of arts Spencer went to Owens College and, fortunate infinding an enthusiastic teacher, Milnes Marshall, to guide him inhis study of biology, gained a scholarship at Exeter College,Oxford. Before going to Oxford he won the Dalton prize in naturalhistory

Spencer began his studies at Oxford in 1881 and worked hard,resisting the temptation to spend too much time with friends and insport. In June 1884 he qualified for his B.A. degree obtainingfirst-class honours in natural science. In 1885 he became assistantto Professor Moseley and shortly afterwards had valuable experiencehelping him and Professor Tylor to remove the Lane-Fox Pitt-Riverscollection from South Kensington to Oxford. His association withthese distinguished men in this task no doubt largely helped todevelop his interest in anthropology and museum work. In January1886 he obtained a fellowship at Lincoln College. He had alreadycontributed various papers to scientific journals, one of which, onthe Pineal eye in lizards, had aroused much interest, and havingapplied for the professorship of biology at Melbourne in June 1886was elected to that chair in January 1887. A few days later he wasmarried to Mary Elizabeth Bowman and left for Australia where hearrived in March. He immediately set about organizing his newschool, the chair had just been founded, and succeeded in getting agrant of £8000 to begin building his lecture rooms andlaboratories. He showed much capability as a lecturer andorganizer, and also took a full part in the general activities ofthe university. But his interests were not confined to hisuniversity duties, he took a leading part in the proceedings of theRoyal Society of Victoria, the Field Naturalists' Club, and theAustralasian Association for the Advancement of Science, and didvaluable work for those bodies.

In 1894 a new field was opened up for Spencer when he joined theW.A. Horn scientific expedition which left Adelaide in May 1894 toexplore Central Australia. In July he metF. J. Gillen (q.v.) at AliceSprings with whom he was to be so much associated in the study ofthe aborigines. The expedition covered some 2000 miles in aboutthree months and on his return Spencer busied himself with editingthe report to which he also largely contributed. it was publishedin 1896. At this time Spencer must have been a very busy man but hewas never too busy to be unable to give time to a worthy student.In 1896Grafton ElliotSmith (q.v.), then only known as a brilliant student fromSydney university, passing through Melbourne on his way to England,spent a day with Spencer and afterwards spoke of his charm,enthusiasm, modesty and generosity. In November 1896 Spencer wasagain at Alice Springs beginning the work with Gillen whichresulted in theNative Tribes of Central Australia,published in 1899. Gillen was a remarkable man who had won theconfidence of the natives by his kindly understanding of theirpoint of view. He had learned their language, and the blacks hadfaith in him. Spencer too was gifted with patience, understandingand kindliness, and soon gained their confidence also. He continuedthis work with Gillen during the vacations of the two followingyears, encouraged by Professor Tylor and (Sir) James Frazer. Animmense amount of material relating to tribal customs wasaccumulated, and the book, with the names of both Gillen andSpencer on the title page, was seen through the press by Dr Frazer.It created a great sensation in the scientific world, and althoughit could not be expected that there would be general agreement asto the conclusions to be drawn from it, all could agree that herewas a sound and remarkable piece of research work.

Spencer had been appointed a trustee of the public library in1895. WhenSir FrederickMcCoy (q.v.) died in May 1899 he became honorary director ofthe national museum. He was to do an enormous amount of work in thefollowing years, and to present to the museum many valuablecollections of sacred and ceremonial aboriginal objects collectedduring his journeys. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society,London, in 1900 and in 1901 spent 12 months in the field withGillen going from Oodnadatta to Powell Creek and then eastward toBorraloola on the Gulf of Carpentaria. Their experiences andstudies formed the basis of the next book,The Northern Tribesof Central Australia, which appeared in 1904, dedicated toDavid Syme, who had given£1000 towards the cost of the expedition. In this year Spencerbecame president of the professorial board, an office he was tohold for seven years. There was then no paid vice-chancellor atMelbourne university and much administrative work fell on Spencer'sshoulders. He carried it competently and without complaint and evenfound time to take an interest in the sporting activities of theundergraduates. In 1911 at the request of the Commonwealthgovernment he led an expedition in the Northern Territory sent tomake inquiries into conditions there, and in the following year hepublished hisAcross Australia and also accepted theposition of special commissioner and chief protector of aborigines.He explored much little-known territory and got in touch with newtribes. The story of this will be found inNative Tribes of theNorthern Territory of Australia (1914).

In 1914 Spencer was honorary secretary for the meeting of theBritish Association for the Advancement of Science held inMelbourne. He was also contriving to do a great deal of work at thenational museum. In 1916 at the request of the Felton bequest'scommittee he went to England to obtain an art adviser for theFelton bequest. He was also taking an interest in Australianartists and incidentally getting together a remarkable collectionof Australian pictures. He had been made C.M.G. in 1904 and in 1916he was created a K.C.M.G. In 1919 he resigned his professorship andin 1920 became vice-president of the trustees of the public libraryof Victoria. He paid two more visits to the centre of Australia,one in 1923 with Dr Leonard Keith Ward, the government geologist ofSouth Australia, and the Other in 1926. These visits enabledSpencer to revise his earlier researches and consider on the spotvarious opposing theories that had been brought forward. HisTheArunta: a Study of a Stone Age People (1927), confirms the viewthat his earlier conclusions were in essentials correct.Wanderings in Wild Australia, published a year later andslightly more popular in form, completes the list of his moreimportant books; a list of his other published writings will befound inSpencers Last Journey. Spencer went to London in1927 to see these books through the press. Ten years before he hadsaid that he realized he was not getting younger and must regardhis field work as finished. But his eager spirit would not allowhim to rest. In February 1929, in his sixty-ninth year, hetravelled in a cargo boat to Magallanes and then went in a littleschooner to Ushuaia at the south of Terra del Fuego trying to getin touch with the few remaining Indians. In June he went to HosteIsland seeking an old Yaghan woman who was reputed to know a littleEnglish. There he became ill and died of heart failure on 14 July1929. Lady Spencer and two daughters survived him.

Spencer was a man of medium height, spare in form, theembodiment of energy. Never neglecting his university or hisscientific work he yet found time to sit on the councils of suchwidely different bodies as the Royal Humane Society, the VictorianArtists' Society and the Victorian Football League of which he waspresident for some time. As an ethnologist he showed greatpatience, he could understand that the brain of a primitive manmight easily tire, and the thoroughness of his scientific workhelped to give him the first place in Australia in his own field.His sense of justice insisted that full credit should be given tohis co-workers. WhenThe Arunta: A Study of a Stone AgePeople appeared in 1927 Gillen's name as joint author appearedon the title-page though he had died 15 years before. Many degreesand honours came to Spencer, he was very pleased when his oldcollege, Exeter, elected him an honorary fellow. A stained glasswindow in Exeter College hall which commemorates some of the greatmen of that college includes Spencer's name. Close by is hisportrait byW. B. McInnes(q.v.), and another portrait by this artist will also be found atMelbourne university. A vivid presentation of Spencer byG. W. Lambert, A.R.A. (q.v.) is atthe national museum, Melbourne. The unrivalled collection ofimplements and specimens of aboriginal art which he presented tothe national museum are another memorial to him. "His writings willlong survive him for the enlightenment of a distant posterity andfor a monument, more lasting than bronze or marble to his fame"(Sir James Frazer,Spencer's Last Journey, p. 13.)

Ed. by R. R. Marett and T. K. Penniman,Spencer'sLast Journey; E. La T. Armstrong and R. D. Boys,The Book ofthe Public Library of Victoria, 1906-31;Sir Grafton ElliotSmith by his Colleagues; personal knowledge.

SPOFFORTH, FREDERICK ROBERT (1853-1926), cricketer,

was born at Balmain, Sydney, on 9 September 1853, the son of abanker. He was educated at Eglinton College, Sydney, and wasafterwards employed in the Bank of New South Wales. He came intonotice as a member of the New South Wales eighteen in January 1874when he took two wickets for 16 in a match against Grace's Englisheleven. He was a regular representative in the New South Wales teamin intercolonial matches and in the December 1877 game went insecond wicket down and made 25, the highest score in either inningsin a low-scoring match. But though he batted comparatively wellduring the 1878 and 1880 Australian tours in England he henceforthconcentrated on his bowling and established a great reputation. In1878 he took 109 wickets at a cost of less than 12 runs a wicket,but was less successful in 1880, being kept out of several games byan injury. In 1882 he got 188 wickets for an average of just over12 and had his most remarkable achievement in the 1882 test matchat Lords, when for the first time England was beaten by Australia.England was set 85 runs to win, lost two wickets for 50, and thematch appeared to be over. But Spofforth in the last 11 oversbowled 10 maidens, took four wickets for two runs, and theAustralians won by seven runs. Altogether he took 14 wickets for 90runs in this match. He was also very successful in the 1884 and1886 tours. He represented New South Wales from 1874 to 1885 andVictoria from 1885 to 1887. In 1888 he settled in England, playedfor Derbyshire in 1889 and 1890, and in 1896 playing for M.C.C.,though in his forty-third year, took eight wickets for 74 againstYorkshire. He played club cricket for Hampstead for some yearsafter 1890 and secured a large number of wickets at a low cost. InEngland he went into business as a tea-merchant and was verysuccessful. He revisited Australia on more than one occasion andretained his interest in the game to the end. He died at Surbiton,Surrey, on 4 June 1926. He was survived by his wife, two sons andtwo daughters.

Spofforth was well over six feet in height, lean, and verystrong. He began as a fast bowler though he did not have a verylong run, and gradually quietened down to fast medium-pace with anoccasional extra fast ball. He had a sharp break from the off andwas able to disguise changes of pace. His bowling averages infirst-class matches when the comparatively low scoring of theperiod is taken into account, do not suggest that he stood out fromhis fellows, but Lord Hawke who played first-class cricket for agreat many years considered him to be the most difficult bowler hehad ever played against. He is generally considered to have beenthe greatest bowler of his time, and it is difficult to select abowler of any other time to place before him.

The Times, 5 June 1926;The Sydney MorningHerald, 5 June 1926; J. Wisden,Cricketer's Almanack,1927; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography.

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