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PADBURY, WALTER (1820-1907), pioneer and philanthropist,

was born at Stonestill, near Woodstock, Oxfordshire, in 1820. Hearrived in Western Australia with his father in February 1830, butin the following July his father died, and the boy, then only toyears old, had to fend for himself. He followed various occupationsand when 16 was shepherding near York for £10 a year. Later hesaved enough to send for his mother and the rest of his family,took up land, was one of the first settlers to open up thenorth-west of Australia, and in 1863 was sending stock by sailingships to Carnarvon. He retained his interest in the north-west allhis life, but he also established a general store business in Perthand other centres. Late in life he founded a successful flour-millat Guildford. He was much interested in the Royal AgriculturalSociety and was president in 1874, 1875, 1876 and 1885. For manyyears he was a member of the Perth city council, for some time waschairman of the Guildford council, and for five years was anelected member of the old legislative council. He travelled inEurope and the United States of America, and at one time thought ofsettling in England again, but found the climate did not suit him.He died at Perth on 18 April 1907. His wife pre-deceased him byseveral years.

Padbury was a good example of the kind of man who, having noadvantages and no one to help him, rises to a leading place in hiscommunity. Having got into a good financial position he not onlyhelped his own family, he held out a helping hand to many other menless fortunate than himself. He was a generous contributor tocharitable institutions and was particularly interested in orphanchildren. A sincerely religious man he gave largely to his church,and it was principally due to his munificence that it was foundpossible to establish the Anglican diocese of Bunbury. By his willlarge sums of money were left to various Western Australiancharitable institutions.

The West Australian, 19 and 22 April 1907; J. G.Wilson,Western Australia's Centenary.

PALMER, SIR ARTHUR HUNTER (1819-1898), premier of Queensland,

was the son of Lieutenant Arthur Palmer, R.N., and his wife,Emily Hunter. He was born in Armagh, Ireland, on 28 December 1819and was educated at Youghal grammar school. He emigrated to NewSouth Wales in 1838, and for many years worked for H. Dangar on hisstations, eventually becoming his general manager. He went toQueensland and took up land, and in 1866 was returned to Parliamentas member for Port Curtis. On 2 August 1867 he became colonialsecretary and secretary for public works in theR. R. Mackenzie (q.v.)ministry, and in September 1868 secretary for public lands.Mackenzie resigned on 25 November 1868 and Palmer went intoopposition. On 3 May 1870 he became premier and colonial secretaryand in July 1873 secretary for public works. His ministry wasdefeated in January 1874. During his term of office acts werepassed which led to much development on account of new railways.Palmer was colonial secretary and secretary for public instructionin theMcIlwraith(q.v.) ministry which came into power in January 1879, but resignedthese positions on 24 December 1881 to become president of thelegislative council. He remained in that position until the end ofhis life. On several occasions he was administrator of thegovernment between 1881 and 1898. He died at Toowong, Queensland,after a long illness on 20 March 1898. He married in 1865 Miss C.J. Mosman, who died in 1885, and was survived by three sons and twodaughters. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1881.

Palmer had a brusque manner and was a vigorous fighter inparliament. Though his forbears were well-educated people he had arough way of speaking, and it has been suggested that he obtainedhis command of language bullock-driving in his early days. Butbehind his manner was much kindness, strong common sense andcapability, which enabled him to carry out his official dutiesefficiently.

The Brisbane Courier, 21 March 1898; C. A.Bernays,Queensland Politics During Sixty Years;Burke'sColonial Gentry, 1891.

PALMER, SIR JAMES FREDERICK (1803-1871), Victorian pioneer, first president of legislative council,

son of the Rev. John Palmer, was born at Torrington, Devonshire,England, on 7 June 1803. His father was a nephew of Sir JoshuaReynolds. Palmer was educated for the medical profession, practisedin London, and for a time was surgeon at St Thomas's hospital. Hecame to Melbourne at the end of September 1840, and in addition topractising his profession, was proprietor of a cordial manufactory.He was an early member of the Melbourne city council, was electedmayor in 1845, and in that capacity laid the foundation-stone ofthe first Melbourne hospital building on 20 March 1846. In 1848 hewas elected a member of the legislative council of New South Wales,but resigned within a year. When Victoria became a separate colonyin 1851, Palmer was elected a member of the legislative council andits speaker. When responsible government was granted Palmer becamea candidate for the council and was elected in 1856 for the WesternProvince. He was its first president and continued in that positionuntil 1870, when he did not seek re-election to the council onaccount of his failing health. He died at Hawthorn, Melbourne, on23 April 1871. He married on 21 November 1831 Isabella, daughter ofDr John Gunning, C.B. He was knighted in 1857.

Palmer was not a man of outstanding ability, but he was a goodpresident of the council, took much interest in the Melbournehospital, of which he was president for 26 years, and was alsogreatly interested in education; he was president of the nationalboard of education and subsequently of the board of education.Before coming to Australia he edited the four volume edition of theWorks of John Hunter, published in 1835-7, and he alsosupplied the glossary toA Dialogue in the DevonshireDialect, written by his grandmother in the eighteenth century,but not published until 1837.

The Argus, Melbourne, 24 and 25, April 1871;The Age, Melbourne, 24 April 1871; Kenyon Papers at PublicLibrary, Melbourne; E. Finn,The Chronicles of EarlyMelbourne; H. G Turner,A History of the Colony ofVictoria; W. Westgarth,Personal Recollections of EarlyMelbourne and Victoria.

PALMER, ROSINA MARTHA HOZANAH (1844-1932), singer,

daughter of Jerome andMarie Carandini (q.v.) wasborn in Tasmania on 27 August 1844. As a child she accompanied hermother on a concert tour in the east, and at an early age developeda soprano voice of excellent range and quality. She toured widelyin Australia and New Zealand and married Edward Palmer, a bankofficial, and settled at Melbourne. There she became the leadingsoprano singer of her time, taking the soprano part in theperformances of the Philharmonic and other well-known societies.Well trained and a thorough musician, Mrs Palmer could be reliedupon to give an excellent rendering of the music of her part. Thereis a well-known story that on one occasion, the tenor's voicefailing during a performance, Mrs Paltrier sang his music at sightin addition to her own. After her retirement Mrs Palmer was asuccessful teacher of singing. She died at Melbourne on 16 June1932. Her husband had died some years before, and she was survivedby a son and two daughters.

The Argus, Melbourne, 17 June 1932;TheAge, Melbourne, 18 June 1932; personal knowledge; Kenyon Papersat Public Library, Melbourne.

PALMER, THOMAS FYSHE (1747-1802), political reformer,

was born at Ickwell, Bedford, England, in July 1747. He was theson of Henry Fyshe who assumed the additional name of Palmer onmarrying Elizabeth Palmer of Nazeing Park, Essex. The son waseducated at Ely, and at Eton, entered Queen's College, Cambridge,in April 1765, and graduated B.A. 1769, M.A. 1772, B.D. 1781. Hewas a fellow of Queen's College and for a period a curate inSurrey. In 1781 he was apparently in Bedfordshire as he dined withDr Johnson in June of that year. Johnson and Boswell were then on avisit to Squire Dilly at Southill. About 1783 Palmer became aUnitarian and went to Scotland. He formed Unitarian societies atDundee and Edinburgh, and taught occasionally at schools withoutpay. He had some private means apart from his fellowship. In 1793,as a Unitarian minister at Dundee, he was a member of a societycalled the "Friends of Liberty", and was accused of having composedand printed a manuscript "of wicked and seditious import" in theform of an address to their friends and fellow citizens. He wastried at Perth on 12 September 1793, found guilty, and sentenced toseven years transportation. He sailed on theSurprize withThomas Muir (q.v.), andthough he had paid for a cabin travelled under the mostuncomfortable and trying conditions. (A Narrative of theSufferings of T. F. Palmer and W. Skirving, 1797.) To add tohis troubles he was accused of fomenting a mutiny, and was receivedwith much suspicion byLieut.-governor Grose (q.v.) whenthe ship arrived in October 1794.

Palmer resolved to make the best of the conditions in Sydney. Hewas not a convict, though confined to Australia, and he busiedhimself with studying the fauna and flora of the country andworking his land. He had two friends named Ellis and Boston who hadcome with him to Australia. With Ellis he built a small vessel totrade with Norfolk Island, which was profitable until the ship waslost, and the same thing happened to a second vessel. His sentenceexpired in September 1800, and in January 1801 he sailed with histwo friends in a vessel of 250 tons,El Plumier, a Spanishprize. Going first to New Zealand to load timber for Cape Colony,they stayed for some months, changed their plans and went to Fiji.They then went to Guam in the Ladrone group and were detained bythe Spanish governor as prisoners of war. There Palmer contracteddysentery and died on 2 June 1802.

Palmer was a man of wide education and amiable character, whohad the misfortune to become interested in parliamentary reform ata time when the public mind was inflamed by its fear of the Frenchrevolution. The Scottish judges unfortunately were as prejudiced asthe general body of people, and Muir, Palmer and their associates,who were striving for reforms, most of which were granted a fewyears later, earned the name of the "Scottish Martyrs". Theirmonument is on Calton Hill, Edinburgh, and Palmer's name is secondon the list.

The Eton College Register, 1753-90; Postscriptby G. Dyer to G. Thompson'sSlavery and Famine, Punishments forSedition;An Account of the Trial of Thomas FyshePalmer;Historical Records of New South Wales, vol. II,pp. 821-86;Historical Records of Australia, ser. I, vol. I;J. A. Ferguson,Bibliography of Australia; M. Masson,TheScottish Historical Review, 1916.

PANTON, JOSEPH ANDERSON (1831-1913), police magistrate,

son of John Panton of the Hudson's Bay Company service, was bornat Knockiemil, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on 2 June 1831. He had ahigh school education at Aberdeen and afterwards studied geologyand other subjects at the university of Edinburgh, but left withouttaking a degree. He arrived in Australia in 1851 intending to go onthe land, but in May 1852 was appointed a commissioner of crownlands and assistant commissioner of goldfields at Bendigo,Victoria. William Howitt, in hisLand, Labour and Gold; or TwoYears in Victoria, mentions Panton and suggests that he was nota success in this position (vol. I, pp. 402-3), but when troublearose between the Chinese and other diggers Panton prevented acollision, and subsequently was selected to advise on a scheme ofmanagement of the Chinese. The royal commission appointed after theEureka rebellion also commended Panton for his work in the Bendigodistrict. From 1854 to 1858 he was resident commissioner of theBendigo and Sandhurst goldfields, and he then paid a visit toEurope. After his return he did some exploring in the Kimberleydistrict in Western Australia, and in 1862 rejoined the Victorianpublic service as warden and police magistrate for the Wood'sPoint, Heidelberg and Yarra districts. He then became policemagistrate for Geelong and the Western District, and in 1874 wasappointed to Melbourne. For 33 years he conducted the Melbournepolice court with great ability and became a Victorian institution.He had had no training as a lawyer, but he understood human nature.It has been said of him that the most fluent and resourceful liarwas never quite sure of himself when facing the steely eyes andunyielding features of the magistrate. It was equally useless forany lawyer to try to throw dust in the magistrate's eyes. Therewould be a sharp reminder from the bench that it was useless topursue that line of argument any further. The very offendersbrought before him developed a kind of respect for him not farremoved from pride, for here they realized was a man who knew hiswork. Everyone might not agree that his method of conducting caseswas an ideal one, or that his decisions were always correct, buthis integrity and insight were universally recognized and preventedcomplaint. He retired at the age of 76 on 30 June 1907, afterwardspaid a visit to the Solomon Islands and Papua, and lived inretirement at Melbourne until his death on 25 October 1913. He wasalmost blind for the last three years of his life, but retained hisother faculties and his interests to the end. He married in 1869Eleanor, daughter of Colonel John Fulton, who predeceased him. Hewas survived by two daughters. He was created C.M.G. in 1895.

Panton was an upright man of over six feet, with a goodpresence. His early study of geology led to his being associated in1856 withMcCoy (q.v.) andSelwyn (q.v.) on aroyal commission appointed to examine the geological and mineralcharacteristics of Victoria. He was a good amateur artist, wasconnected with the foundation of the Victorian academy of arts in1870, and in 1888, when this society became the Victorian Artists'Society, Panton was elected president. He was also president of theVictorian branch of the Royal Geographical Society at the time ofhis death. He was much interested in music, and was a goodraconteur.

The Age, Melbourne, 27 October 1913;TheArgus, Melbourne, 27 and 28 October, 1913;Men of the Timein Australia, 1878; W. Moore,The Story of AustralianArt.

PARKER, SIR HENRY WATSON (1808-1881), premier of New South Wales,

was the son of Thomas Watson Parker of Lewisham, Kent, England,and was born in 1808. He came to Sydney in 1838 as privatesecretary toSir GeorgeGipps (q.v.), and in 1846 was nominated by the governor as amember of the legislative council of New South Wales. In May ofthat year he was elected chairman of committees and was again andagain reelected to this position until the coming in of responsiblegovernment in 1856. He was a candidate for the speakership in Maybut was defeated by one vote,Daniel Cooper (q.v.) beingelected. In September 1856J.Hay (q.v.) carried a vote of no-confidence in theCowper (q.v.) ministry. Herecommended toGovernorDenison (q.v.) that Parker would be the most likely man toconciliate parties, and that he should be asked to form a coalitiongovernment. Parker offered seats in the cabinet to Cowper andDonaldson (q.v.), thepreceding premiers, but Cowper declined. In March 1857 Parkerpassed an act re-establishing the Sydney municipal council, andother useful legislation was also passed. It had been intended tobring in a land bill but the government was defeated on itselectoral bill, and Parker resigned on 4 September 1857. In 1858 hereturned to England. He does not appear to have ever revisitedAustralia, and died at Richmond on 2 February 1881. He was knightedin 1858 and created K.C.M.G. in 1877. He married in 1843 EmmelineEmily, third daughter ofJohn Macarthur, who survivedhim without issue.

The Times, 5 February 1881;The OfficialHistory of New South Wales;Historical Records ofAustralia, ser. I, vol. XXV.

PARKER, SIR STEPHEN HENRY (1846-1927), chief justice of Western Australia,

was the son of Stephen S. Parker, M.L.C., and was born at York,Western Australia, on 7 November 1846. He was educated at theBishop's School, Perth, and was called to the bar in 1868. Hebecame a member of the legislative council and advocatedresponsible government for the colony. In 1878 he moved for theintroduction of a bill to amend the constitution. His motion waslost, but in 1882 he asked that the governor should obtain definiteinformation from the secretary of state as to the conditions onwhich responsible government would be granted. The reply from theBritish government was, however, discouraging, and nothingeffective was done until Parker succeeded in carrying a series ofmotions in 1888 which dealt with details involved in the generalquestion. The elections held in January 1889 showed that there wasa strong feeling in favour of the proposal. The constitution billwas passed by the legislative council on 26 April, but met withsome opposition in the British house of commons. It was suggestedand agreed that a delegation consisting of the retiring governor,Sir Frederick Broome,Sir T.Cockburn-Campbell (q.v.) and Parker should go to London to seethe bill through the British parliament. This delegation was ableto give a good answer to all objections raised, and the bill becamelaw.

At the first election under he new constitution it was generallyfelt that the choice of the first premier lay betweenForrest (q.v.) and Parker. Theformer secured the larger following, formed the first ministry, andremained in power for over to years from December 1890. Parker wascolonial secretary in this ministry from October 1892 to December1894 when he retired. He went to London early in 1900 as theWestern Australian representative on the Australian delegationappointed to see the Commonwealth bill through the Imperialparliament, and soon after his return to Western Australia he wasappointed puisne judge of the supreme court. He was appointed chiefjustice in 1906 and retired at the end of 1913. His last years werespent at Melbourne where he died after a long illness on 13December 1927. He married in 1872 Amy Katherine Leake whopredeceased him; he was survived by three sons and six daughters.He was knighted in 1908 and created a K.C.M.G. in 1914.

Parker in his youth was a good boxer and amateur rider. As ayoung man he was interested in municipal and political affairs, wasmayor of Perth in 1878, 1880, 1892 and 1901, and was taking aleading part in the government of the colony from 1878 until hebecame a judge in 1901. His most important work was the part hetook in the struggle for responsible government.

J. S. Battye,Western Australia: A History;The Argus, Melbourne, 14 December 1927.

PARKES, SIR HENRY (1815-1896), statesman,

was born at Stoneleigh, Warwickshire, England, on 27 May 1815.His father, Thomas Parkes, was a small tenant farmer. Of his motherlittle is known, but when she died in 1842 Parkes could say of herthat he felt as if a portion of this world's beauty was lost to himfor ever. He received little schooling, and at an early age wasworking on a rope-walk for fourpence a day. His next work was in abrickyard, and later on he tells us he "was breaking stones on theQueen's highway with hardly enough clothing to protect me from thecold". He was then apprenticed to John Holding, a bone and ivoryturner at Birmingham, and probably about the year 1832 joined theBirmingham political union. Between that year and 1838 he wasassociated in the political movements that were then endeavouringto better the conditions of the working classes. He was steadilyeducating himself with much reading, including the British poets,and in 1835 addressed some verses, afterwards included in his firstvolume of poems, to Clarinda Varney, the daughter of acomparatively well-to-do man. On 11 July 1836 they were married andwent to live in a single room. Parkes commenced business on his ownaccount in Birmingham and had a bitter struggle. The two childrenborn to him died, and after a few unsuccessful weeks in London heand his wife sailed for Australia as bounty immigrants in theStrathfieldsaye, which arrived at Sydney on 25 July 1839.Another child had been born two days before.

During his first fortnight in Sydney Parkes looked vainly forwork. He and his wife had only a few shillings when they arrived,and they existed for a time by selling their belongings. Parkesthen engaged as a labourer withSir John Jamison (q.v.) nearPenrith at £25 a year and a ration and a half of food, principallyrice, flour and sugar, for the meat was sometimes unfit to eat. Sixmonths afterwards he returned to Sydney and obtained work at lowwages, first in an ironmongery store and then With a firm ofengineers and brassfounders. About a year after his arrival he wasappointed a customs house officer and his position was now muchbetter, though he was burdened with old debts. He was still in thisposition in 1843, but in 1844 he had opened in business as an ivoryand bone turner in Kent-street. He afterwards removed toHunter-street where he also kept a stock of writing-desks,dressing-cases, fancy baskets, ornaments and toys. He had fewfriends, but when his volume of verse,Stolen Moments, waspublished in 1842, the list of subscribers included many of themost distinguished people in Sydney. About this time he metCharles Harpur (q.v.)and W. A. Duncan, then editor of theWeekly Register; hementions in hisFifty Years of Australian History that thesemen were his "chief advisers in matters of intellectual resource".He began to take an interest in the public proceedings of thecolony and the burning question of the day, the stoppage oftransportation. Self-government was another important question, thefirst step having been made in 1843 when the new legislativecouncil was appointed consisting partly of nominated and partly ofelected members, and the powers of the governor were muchrestricted. The third question was the land laws over which thestruggle was to last for many years. Parkes began writing for theAtlas and thePeople's Advocate, but it was not until1848 that he first began to speak in public. In that yearRobert Lowe (q.v.), afterwardsViscount Sherbrooke, was a candidate for the representation ofSydney as the champion of the anti-transportation cause. Parkesbecame a member of his committee, was appointed one of hissecretaries, and wrote the address to the electors which helped tosecure Lowe's return. This was the beginning of Parkes's politicalcareer. In 1849 he was active at a meeting got up to petition bothhouses of parliament for a reduction of the suffragequalifications. He made his first political speech, and advocateduniversal suffrage, which was not to come for many years. Parkesthought his own speech a very weak performance. As a result of thepetition the qualification was reduced to £10 household and £100freehold. The transportation question was raised again by thearrival of the convict shipHashemy on 8 June 1849. Despitethe pouring rain a huge public meeting was held on Circular Quayprotesting against transportation, and the agitation was kept upuntil success was achieved in 1852. At the various meetings heldParkes spoke continually and also aided the cause by his writingsin the press. In December 1850 he established theEmpirenewspaper, at first only a broadsheet published weekly, but it soonbecame a daily. Parkes as editor was strong in his loyalty to theBritish empire, but felt that an honest independent journal thatwould not be blind to the faults of the government could do a veryuseful work. It so happened that the governor,Sir Charles Fitzroy (q.v.), hadneither the ability nor the industry of his predecessors, and theEmpire's vigorous articles did not hesitate to point out hisshortcomings nor those of the men surrounding him. Parkes as editorand proprietor became a figure of great importance, and while hehad control of this paper he worked unceasingly in writingarticles, procuring news, and managing the business side of thepaper. It would indeed have been better if he could have employed amanager for he never became a good business man. In his paper hefought for a new constitution, and on the platform spokestrenuously against the views ofW. C. Wentworth (q.v.).Wentworth in 1853 obtained the appointment of a sub-committee whichbrought forward a scheme for a constitution that was hotly debatedin August of that year and carried by 33 votes to 8. Parkes has,however, pointed out that the minority represented the party to becreated by the bill, and destined to rule the country. Long yearsafter he was able to say that "in the heated opposition to theobjectionable parts of Mr Wentworth's scheme, no sufficientattention was given to its great merits". Wentworth went to Englandto support the bill in its passage through parliament in 1854, andresigned his seat as a representative of Sydney. Charles Kemp andParkes were nominated for the vacancy and the latter was successfulby 1427 votes to 779. Parkes in his speeches advocated theextension of the power of the people, increased facilities foreducation, and a bold railway policy.

Parkes began his political career very quietly. He was with theminority in the legislative council and they could afford to bidetheir time until the new constitution came in. His work at theEmpire office was very heavy, and in December 1855 heannounced his intention of retiring from parliament. He waspersuaded to alter his mind, and a month later became one of theliberal candidates for Sydney in the legislative assembly. Thefirst parliament was opened on 22 May 1856 and for some monthslittle was done. Ministry after ministry was formed only todisappear in a few weeks. Parkes was once offered office butdeclined as he felt he would be deserting his friends. TheEmpire was not paying its way in spite of its reputation,and if it was to be saved Parkes would have to give his whole timeto it. About the end of 1856 he resigned his seat. Considering theshort period he had been in parliament the response was remarkable.The press and public men of the period united in deploring hisloss, and more than one effort was made to start a testimonial forhim, but he resolutely declined to accept one. It is clear that hissincerity and power had made a great impression on the community.He put all his energies into an attempt to save his paper. therewas no limit to the number of hours he worked in each day, but hewas unsuccessful. The liabilities of the paper amounted to fully£50,000 and, though his friends rallied round him and tried to easethe situation by advancing the sum required to pay off a mortgageof £11,000 in 1858 the position became hopeless. Early in that yearParkes had entered the legislative assembly again as member for theNorth Riding of Cumberland. An interesting sidelight on his growingreputation is the fact that before this election(Sir) Charles Gavan Duffy (q.v.)wrote to a friend in Sydney urging the desirability of Parkes beingelected. With remarkable prescience, he said: "I am confident that10 years hence, and I do not doubt that 10 generations hence, thename which will best personify the national spirit of New SouthWales in this era will be the name of Henry Parkes". Parkes sat inthis parliament for about six months and then resigned at the endof August 1858 on account of his insolvency. His liabilities wereestimated at £50,000 and his assets at £48,500. On the literaryside theEmpire was an excellent paper, but only a man ofgreat business ability could have made a financial success of it atthis period. The issuing of a certificate of insolvency wasbitterly opposed and the proceedings were long drawn out. It isevident that Parkes had resorted to the usual shifts of a man infinancial difficulties, but it was shown that, in some cases atleast, he had acted under the advice of his banker, and he wasultimately exonerated by the chief commissioner in insolvency ofany fraudulent intent.

Relieved of his heavy work on theEmpire, which wascontinued in other hands, Parkes stood for parliament and waselected for East Sydney on 10 June 1859. He stood as an independentcandidate but in the list of candidates elected he was described bytheSydney Morning Herald as a "radical". He was generallyin favour of(Sir) JohnRobertson's (q.v.) land policy, of the extension of education,and of free trade. He was not a bigoted freetrader as he was asstrongly in favour of developing manufactures as he was ofencouraging agriculture. He also believed in immigration, and hiswell-known powers as an orator led to his being sent to EnglandwithW. B. Dalley (q.v.) ascommissioners of emigration at a salary of £1000 a year each in May1861. Their duties were confined to diffusing information, andParkes spoke at about 60 meetings at towns in the west and north ofEngland and in Scotland. He felt that he had done good work, but itwas difficult to say how much effect his words had. During the 14months he was in England he met many interesting people, and becamein particular friendly with Carlyle and his wife. He returned toAustralia in January 1863. In August he opposed J. B. Darvall atEast Maitland and was defeated, but in the following year waselected for Kiama. In January 1866 the premier,Charles Cowper (q.v.), resignedin consequence of an amendment moved by Parkes having been carried.Strictly speaking the governor should have asked Parkes whether hecould form a government, but(Sir) James Martin (q.v.) wassent for and Parkes was given the position of colonial secretary.This ministry remained in office for nearly three years, fromJanuary 1866 to October 1868. An important piece of legislationcarried through was the public schools act of 1866 introduced byParkes, of which an essential part was that no man or woman wouldbe allowed to act as a teacher who had not been properly trained inteaching. Provision was also made for the training of teachers, andthe act marked a great advance in educational methods. A council ofeducation was formed, and for the first four years after thepassing of the act Parkes filled the office of president. In spiteof the fears of some of the religious bodies the act worked well,and many new schools were established all over the colony.

In March 1868 the Duke of Edinburgh, while on a visit toAustralia, was shot by an Irishman named O'Farrell. Parliamenttemporarily lost its head and passed a treason felony act of greatand unnecessary severity. This led to much ill-feeling, and Parkes,who as minister in charge of the police force was much concernedwith the incident, was unable to free himself entirely from thehysteria of the time. About the middle of 1868 after the prince hadrecovered and left Australia, Parkes unwisely brought up thesubject again in the course of a speech to his constituents. Heinferred that O'Farrell was only the instrument in a plot to murderthe prince. It is not impossible that there may have been a plot toavenge the execution of some Fenians at Manchester in 1867. But anyevidence Parkes may have had was not definite enough to havewarranted a public statement, and as a result he incurred enmityfrom a large number of people for the remainder of his life. Heresigned from the Martin ministry in September 1868, and for thenext three and a half years was out of office. In the first year oftheRobertson (q.v.)government he moved a want-of-confidence motion which was defeatedby four votes. Parkes continued to be one of the most conspicuousfigures in the house, and at the 1869 election was returned at thehead of the poll. A much larger proportion of assisted Irishimmigrants than English or Scotch had been arriving in the colonyfor many years and Parkes felt there was an element of danger inthis. He stated that he had no feeling against the Irish or theirreligion, but his protestations were without avail and the Irishsection of the community became hostile to him. Whatever may havebeen the merits of the question it would appear that in this matterParkes put convictions before policy. In 1870 he was again infinancial difficulties and was obliged to resign his seat. He hadbeen in business as a merchant in a comparatively large way, andwhen declared insolvent he had liabilities of £32,000 and assets of£13,300. He was at once re-elected for Kiama, but an extremelyhostile article in theSydney Morning Herald led to hisresigning again. The suggestion had been made that his presence inthe assembly while in the insolvency court might influence theofficials. It was not until December 1871 that a seat could befound for him and he was then elected at a by-election for Mudgee.The Martin-Robertson ministry had involved itself in a pettysquabble with the colony of Victoria over a question of borderduties, and Parkes effectively threw ridicule on the proceedings.When parliament met the government was defeated and a dissolutionwas granted. In the general election which followed Parkes wasgenerally recognized as the leader of the people's party, and theministry was defeated at the polls. When parliament assembledParkes was elected leader of the opposition. The acting-governorhad sent forMr Forster(q.v.) before parliament met, but he was unable to form a ministry,and in May 1872 Parkes formed his first ministry which was to lastfor nearly three years.

Parkes had always been a free-trader and no doubt hisconvictions were strengthened when in England by contact withCobden and other leading free traders. During his firstadministration he so reduced the duties in New South Wales thatpractically it became a free trade colony. Generally there was aforward policy. Railway and telegraph lines were much extended, andat the same time there was some reduction in taxation. In 1873 theretirement ofSir AlfredStephen (q.v.), the chief justice, led to an incident whichraised much feeling against Parkes. It seems clear that Parkes atfirst encouraged his attorney-general, E. Butler, to believe thathe would be appointed chief justice. Opposition developed in manyquarters and Parkes gradually realized that Sir James Martin wasgenerally considered to be the most suitable man and offered himthe position. When the announcement of his appointment was made on11 November 1873 Butler took the opportunity to make a statement,read the correspondence between Parkes and himself, and resignedhis seat in the cabinet. However much Parkes may have been to blamefor his early encouragement of the aspirations of his colleague,there appears to be no truth in the suggestion then made that hehad, by appointing Martin, found means of getting rid of aformidable political opponent. The ministry went on its way thoughunable to pass bills to make the upper house elective and to amendthe electoral law. The council was jealous of its position andsucceeded in maintaining it for the time being. Two or threeunsuccessful attempts were made to oust the government withoutsuccess, but in February 1875 the release of the bushrangerGardiner (q.v.) led tothe defeat of the ministry.

When Parkes was defeated Robertson came into power, and for thenext two years little was done of real importance. Parkes becametired of his position as leader of the opposition and resignedearly in 1877. In March the Robertson ministry was defeated andParkes formed one which lasted five months. The parties wereequally divided and business was sometimes at a standstill. Parkessaid of this ministry that it had "as smooth a time as the toadunder the harrow". Robertson came in again from August to December,and thenJ. S. Farnell(q.v.) formed a stop-gap ministry which existed for a year fromDecember 1877 to December 1878. In the middle of this year Parkesmade a tour of the western districts of the colony speaking at manycountry centres. This gave him many opportunities of criticizingthe government then in power. At the end of the year it wasdefeated, but the situation was still obscure, because the partiesled by Robertson and Parkes were nearly equal. Robertson tried toform a government but failed, and tired of the unsatisfactoryposition resigned his seat in the assembly. He was then approachedby Parkes, and a government was formed with Robertson asvice-president of the executive council and representative of thegovernment in the upper house. The combination was unexpected, aseach leader had frequently denounced the other, but everyone wasglad to escape from the confusion of the preceding years, and theministry did good work in its four years of office. It amended theelectoral law, brought in a new education act, improved thewater-supply and sewerage systems, appointed stipendiarymagistrates, regulated the liability of employers with regard toinjuries to workmen, and made law other useful acts. When it leftoffice there was a large surplus in the treasury. Towards the endof 1881 Parkes was in bad health. He still kept up his habit ofworking long hours, and except for week-end visits to his house inthe mountains he had no relaxation. It was suggested that a grantshould be made by parliament to enable him to go away on a voyage,but he declined to allow this to be brought forward. Be also vetoeda suggestion that a substantial testimonial should be presented tohim by his friends. He decided to visit England at his own expense,and at a banquet given by the citizens just before sailing he drewa picture of what he hoped to do in the coming to years. He wasnever able to carry it out but at least he had the vision to seewhat was needed. He stayed in America for about six weeks on hisway to Europe and did his best to make Australia better known. InEngland he was received everywhere as an honoured guest, and whileeverywhere he insisted on the desirability of preserving the tiesbetween England and her colonies, he asked always that they shouldbe allowed to work out their own salvation; "the softer the cords"he said "the stronger will be the union between us". Among thefriends he made in England was Tennyson, and Lord Leigh, beingaware that Parkes had been born at Stoneleigh, invited him to stayat Stoneleigh Abbey. Parkes was much interested to see again thefarmhouse in which he was born and the church in which he waschristened. On his way home he visited Melbourne where he was givena banquet on 15 August 1882. Two days later he was back inSydney.

When Parkes returned the government was apparently in no danger,but there was a general feeling that an amendment of the land lawswas necessary. Far too much of the land was falling into the handsof the large graziers and dummying was a common practice. As farback as 1877 Parkes had realized that the land laws were notworking well, and Robertson's bill only proposed comparativelyunimportant amendments. Robertson, however, was a strong man in thecabinet and Parkes unwisely took the line of least resistance. Theministry was defeated, a dissolution was obtained, and at theelection the party was not only defeated, Parkes lost his own seatat East Sydney. Another constituency, Tenterfield, was found forhim but he took little interest in politics for some time. He wentto England as representative of a Sydney financial company and didnot return until August 1884, having been absent 14 months. Shortlyafterwards he resigned his seat and announced his retirement frompolitics. He was now in his seventieth year. He opened an office inPitt-street as representative of the financial association whichhad sent him to England, and remained in this position until 1887.He could not, however, keep long away from politics. At thebeginning of 1885W. B.Dalley (q.v.), while acting-premier, offered a contingent oftroops to go to the Soudan and the offer was accepted. Parkesstrongly disapproved and, though public opinion was against him, on31 March he won the Argyle seat. When he took his seat in Septemberobjection was taken to reflections he had made on parliament, andSir Alexander Stuart(q.v.) moved a resolution affirming that the words he had used werea gross libel on the house. His motion was carried by four votesand Parkes was quite unrepentant, but the ministry did not dare goany farther. One of the supporters of the ministry moved thatParkes should be expelled but only obtained the support of hisseconder. In October 1885 parliament was dissolved, the governmentwas reconstructed andG. R.Dibbs (q.v.) became premier. At the election Parkes stoodagainst Dibbs at St Leonards and defeated him by 476 votes. It was,however, pointed out that this success was due not a little toParkes's advocacy of a bridge across the harbour, and a railwayline going inland from North Shore. The ministry was defeated andwas succeeded by a Robertson ministry which lasted only two months.The next ministry, underSir Patrick Jennings (q.v.),had a life of nine months but was defeated in January 1887. In themeantime Robertson had retired from politics and Parkes, as leaderof the opposition, formed a ministry and obtained a dissolution. Hefought a strenuous campaign pointing out that in the four yearssince he was last in office the public debt had more than doubledand the surplus of £2,000,000 had become a deficit of £2,500,000.He proposed to do away with the recent increase in duties, to bringin an amended land act, and to create a body to control therailways free of political influence. Parkes had made enemies invarious directions, but generally his personal popularity wasgreat. His speeches, not always free from personal attacks, werereceived with enthusiasm, and his party was returned with a two toone majority. When parliament met free trade was soon restored andthere was a well-meant but abortive inquiry into the state of thecivil service. The question of Chinese immigration was much beforethe public in Australia, and Parkes was opposed to their coming,but not as his biographer asserts because he considered them to bean inferior race. Indeed some years before he had said of them"They are a superior set of people . . . a nation of an old anddeep-rooted civilization. . . . It is because I believe the Chineseto be a powerful race capable of taking a great hold upon thecountry, and because I want to preserve the type of my own nation .. . that I am and always have been opposed to the influx ofChinese". In spite of some discouragement from the Britishgovernment he succeeded in passing an act raising the entrance taxto £100 per head. Though Parkes was personally opposed to it apayment of members act was passed, and two important and valuablemeasures, the government railways act and the public works act bothbecame law. The government, however, was defeated on a question ofthe appointment of railway commissioners. At the ensuing electionParkes was returned with a small majority and formed his fifthadministration, which came in in March 1889 and lasted untilOctober 1891. In October 1889 a report on the defences of Australiasuggested among other things the federation of the forces of allthe Australian colonies and a uniform guage for railways. Parkeshad come to the conclusion that the time had come for a new federalmovement. So far back as 1867 Parkes at an intercolonial conferencehad said: "I think the time has arrived when these colonies shouldbe united by some federal bond of connexion." Shortly afterwards abill to establish the proposed federal council was introduced byhim and passed through both the New South Wales houses. This wasafterwards shelved by the action of the secretary of state for thecolonies. Various other conferences were held in the next 20 yearsat which the question came up, in which Parkes took a leading part,but in October 1884 he was blowing cold and suggesting that itwould be "better to let the idea of federation mature in men'sminds", and New South Wales then stood out of the proposed federalcouncil scheme. He now felt more confidence in the movement and on15 October 1889 telegraphed to the premiers of the other coloniessuggesting a conference. This was held in February 1890 and may beconsidered the first real step towards federation. In May he movedresolutions in the assembly approving of the proceedings of theconference that had just been held in Melbourne, and appointinghimself and three other members delegates to the Sydney federalconvention of 1891. On 18 May he broke his leg and was laid up forsome time. It was 14 weeks before he was able to be assisted to hisseat in the house. When the convention met on 2 March 1891 Parkeswas appointed president "not only as the premier of the colonywhere the convention sat, but also as the immediate author of thepresent movement". The next business was the debating of a seriesof resolutions proposed by Parkes as a preliminary interchange ofideas and a laying down of guiding principles. It was at thisconvention that the first draft of a bill to constitute theCommonwealth of Australia was framed. When it was about to besubmitted to the New South Wales assemblyReid (q.v.) on the address-in-replymoved an amendment hostile to the bill. Parkes then announced thatin view of Reid's amendment he proposed to put the federal billthird on the list. Dibbs moved a vote of no confidence, defeatedonly on the casting vote of the speaker, and Parkes resigned on 22October 1891.

Parkes was now in his seventy-seventh year and his politicalcareer had practically ended. He was never to be in office again,and it was a blow to him that when he notified his supporters thathe did not desire the position of the leader of the opposition,Reid was elected to lead his party. After that Parkes becamepractically an independent member. In 1895 he opposed Reid at thegeneral election and was unsuccessful by 140 votes. He had foughtReid because he felt that the question of federation was beingneglected by the government, but Reid was too popular in hisconstituency to be defeated. Parkes's second wife died in thecourse of the election and he had many other anxieties. In 1887 asum of £9000 had been collected by his friends and placed in thehands of trustees for investment. From this fund he had beenreceiving an income of over £500 a year, but the financial crisisof 1893 reduced this to little more than £200. Parkes was obligedto sell his collection of autograph letters and many other thingsthat he valued, to provide for his household. A movement was madein December 1895 to obtain a grant for him from the government butnothing had been done when he fell ill in April 1896 and died inpoverty on the twenty-seventh of that month.

Parkes married (1) Clarinda Varney, (2) Eleanor Dixon, (3) JuliaLynch, who survived him with five daughters and one son of thefirst marriage and five sons and one daughter by the second. Hiseldest son, Varney Parkes, entered parliament and waspostmaster-general in the Reid ministry from August 1898 toSeptember 1899. The children of the second marriage were faithfullybrought up by Julia Lady Parkes and one of them, Cobden Parkes,born in 1892, eventually became New South Wales governmentarchitect. Parkes had left directions that his funeral should be assimple as possible, but though a state funeral was declined, a verylarge number of people attended when he was placed by the side ofhis first wife at Faulconbridge, in the grounds of his former homein the Blue Mountains. His portrait byJulian Ashton is at the nationalgallery, Sydney. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1877 and G.C.M.G. in1888.

Parkes's literary work includes six volumes of verse,StolenMoments (1842),Murmurs of the Stream (1857),Studiesin Rhyme (1870),The Beauteous Terrorist and Other Poems(1885),Fragmentary Thoughts (1889),Sonnets and OtherVerses (1895). It has been the general practice to laugh atParkes's poetic efforts, and it is true that his work couldsometimes be almost unbelievably bad. Yet though he had no realclaims to be a poet he wrote some strong, sincere verse which hasoccasionally been included in Australian anthologies. His prosework includesAustralian Views of England (1869), and hisautobiographicalFifty Years in the Making of AustralianHistory (1892), extremely interesting in places but necessarilygiving a partial view of his own work. A collection of hisSpeeches on Various Occasions, delivered between 1848 and1874, was published in 1876, and another collection dealing mostlywith federation appeared in 1890 under the title ofThe FederalGovernment of Australasia. In 1896, shortly after his death,An Emigrant's Home Letters, a small collection of Parkes'sletters to his family in England between 1838 and 1843, waspublished at Sydney, edited by his daughter, Annie T. Parkes.

Parkes was tall, rugged in features, commanding in personality.He was a fine orator who eschewed flights of rhetoric and spoke asa plain man to plain men, with great effect, in spite of occasionaldifficulties in controlling his aspirates. He had no schoolingworthy of the name but had read widely. It has been said of himthat he lacked gracious manners and was too conscious of hissuperiority, but his kindly reception by the Carlyles and Tennysonsuggests that he was not without charm. He was interested in earlyAustralian literary men, having been a friend of bothHarpur (q.v.) andKendall (q.v.). He was a badmanager of his own affairs; what he had he spent, and he diedpenniless. Yet he evidently knew a good financier when he saw him,for he had able treasurers in his cabinets and their financialadministration was good. He was vain and temperamental, andfrequently resigned his parliamentary seat only to seek electionagain soon afterwards. He was not a socialist but he had strongviews about the rights of the people and for most of hisparliamentary life was a great leader of them. In his later years,however, he seems to have been worn down by the strong conservativeopposition he encountered, and he was responsible for less sociallegislation than might have been expected. Early to recognize theneed for federation, when he saw that it had really become possiblehe fought strongly for it, when many leading politicians in NewSouth Wales were fearful of its effect on their colony. Hisindomitable character which had raised him from a farm labourer topremier of his colony, and his recognition of the broader view thatwas required in a great movement like federation, had an immenseeffect when its fate was in doubt, and turned the scale in itsfavour.

Parkes,An Emigrant's Home Letters; C. E. Lyne,Life of Sir Henry Parkes; Parkes,Fifty Years in theMaking of Australian History; Sir Thomas Bavin,Sir HenryParkes, His Life and Work; Quick and Garran,The AnnotatedConstitution of the Australian Commonwealth; G. H. Reid,MyReminiscences; Bruce Smith,Honour to Whom Honour isDue; H. V. Evatt,Australian Labour Leader;TheSydney Morning Herald andThe Daily Telegraph, Sydney.28 April 1896; See also K. R. Cramp,Journal and ProceedingsRoyal Australian Historical Society, vol. XXIII, pp. 205-20;Joseph Jackson,ibid, pp. 221-8.

PATERSON, ANDREW BARTON (1864-1941), poet, [ also refer toA. B. 'Banjo' PATERSON page at ProjectGutenberg Australia]

was born at Narrambla. near Molong, New South Wales, on 17February 1864. He was the son of Andrew B. Paterson, grazier, andwas related toEdmundBarton (q.v.). Educated at Sydney Grammar School and theuniversity of Sydney, he was admitted as a solicitor and practiseduntil 1900 at Sydney. He began contributing verse to theBulletin and in 1895 publishedThe Man From Snowy Riverand Other Verses. It was an immediate popular success, was inits tenth thousand a year later, and 40 years afterwards the numberof copies sold was over 100,000. Paterson was a war correspondentduring the South African war, in China after the Boxer rebellion,and at the Philippine Islands. Another collection of his work,Rio Grande's Last Race and Other Verses, appeared in 1902,and this also has been frequently reprinted. In 1904-6 he editedtheSydney Evening News and in 1907-8 theSydney Town andCountry Journal. Paterson also made a collection of popularAustralian songsThe Old Bush Songs: Composed and Sung in theBushranging, Digging and Overlanding Days. This was publishedin 1905 and by 1924 had gone into its fourth edition. In 1906Paterson published a novelAn Outback Marriage, whichreached a fourth edition in 1924. He became a pastoralist near Yassfor some years, but when the 1914-18 war broke out went to Europeas correspondent for theSydney Morning Herald, was anambulance driver in France, and in 1915 joined the remount servicein Egypt, where he reached the rank of major. In 1917 a furthercollection of his work was made and published under the titleSaltbush Bill, J.P., and Other Verses. In the same year acollection of his short stories appeared under the title ofThree Elephant Power and Other Stories. After his returnfrom the war Paterson remained in journalism for the rest of hislife. In 1921 appeared theCollected Verse of A. B. Paterson(9th edition, 1938), and in 1933 a book of verse for children,The Animals Noah Forgot. In 1934Happy Dispatches,describing his meetings with well-known people appeared, and in1936The Shearer's Colt (fiction). He died at Sydney on 5February 1941. In 1903 he married Alice W Walker who survived himwith a son and a daughter. He was made a C.B.E. in 1939.

Paterson was an able journalist who met many notabilities in along life and graphically drew them in hisHappy Dispatches.His novels and short stories are readable, but he will beremembered only for his verse;The Man from Snowy River ishis best volume and there is no better volume of Australian popularpoetry. "The Man from Ironbark" and "An Idyll of Dandaloo" stillkeep their humour in spite of the years, and "Old Pardon, the Sonof Reprieve" stands in the highest class as racing verse. The samequality is found in "The Man from Snowy River", a fine swingingballad, and in a different way "The Travelling Post Office" and"Black Swans" are both excellent.Saltbush Bill, J.P.,though otherwise a disappointing volume, contains one poem,"Waltzing Matilda", which bids fair to become an Australian folksong. Paterson's attempt to preserve the local songs of thepioneering days, published asOld Bush Songs, was also avaluable piece of work.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 February 1941;The Herald, Melbourne, 6 February 1941; E. Morris Miller,Australian Literature; Who's Who in Australia,1933.

PATERSON, JOHN FORD (1851-1912), artist,

was born at Dundee, Scotland, in 1851. He attended the RoyalScottish Academy schools at Edinburgh and began exhibiting at itsexhibitions while still in his teens. He went to Melbourne in 1872,stayed three years, and then returned to Scotland. He came toMelbourne again in 1884 and gradually established a reputation as alandscape painter. His work was included in collections ofAustralian art sent to London in 1886 and 1898, and attractedfavourable notice from R. A. M. Stevenson and other critics. In1902 he was elected president of the Victorian Artists' Society,and in the same year was appointed a trustee of the public library,museums and national gallery of Victoria. He held this positionuntil his death on 30 June 1912. He never married. A nephew, LouisEsson, became well-known as a poet and dramatist and a niece,Esther Paterson, as a painter.

Paterson was short in stature, quiet in manner, thoughtful andkindly. He was purely a landscape painter, with a beautifulunderstanding of the Australian countryside, a delicate sense ofcolour, sound drawing, and poetical feeling. He was not a prolificpainter and was never a popular one, but he ranks among the moreimportant artists working in Australia about the end of thenineteenth century. He is represented at the national galleries atMelbourne, Sydney, Perth and Brisbane and at the Bendigogallery.

The Argus, Melbourne, 1 July 1912; W. Moore,The Story of Australian Art;The Age, Melbourne, 24September 1932; personal knowledge.

PATERSON, WILLIAM (1755-1810), explorer and lieutenant-governor of New South Wales,

was born on 17 August 1755. As a young man he became interestedin botany, visited South Africa in 1777, and made four expeditionsinto the interior. An account of these,Narrative of FourJourneys into the Country of the Hottentots and Caffraria, waspublished in 1789. He returned to England and became an ensign inthe army in 1781. After service in India he joined the New SouthWales Corps and was gazetted captain in June 1789. He arrived atPort Jackson in October 1791, and a few days later sailed toNorfolk Island to take up the command of the military. He returnedto Sydney in March 1793 and six months later became second incommand of the New South Wales Corps. In September he made anunsuccessful attempt to find a way through the Blue Mountains. InDecember 1794, on the departure ofFrancis Grose (q.v.), he becameadministrator of the government until the arrival ofHunter (q.v.) in September1795. Paterson obtained sick leave and went to England in 1796, andremained there until 1799. He had been promoted major in 1795 andlieutenant-colonel in January 1798. In March 1799 he was instructedto return to New South Wales, and on 29 September 1800King (q.v.) appointed himlieutenant-governor. In the trouble that arose out of the trial ofJames Marshall, Paterson supported his officers in their refusal toreconsider the trial, but would not agree to Macarthur's proposalto withdraw from intercourse with the governor. Shortly afterwardshe challengedMacarthur(q.v.) to a duel on account of Macarthur having disclosedinformation in a private letter. Macarthur wounded Paterson in theshoulder. On account of this duel Macarthur was sent to Englandunder arrest in November 1801. In May 1804 King received a dispatchinstructing him to found a new settlement at Port Dalrymple andplace it under the charge of Paterson. On 15 October Patersonsailed with a detachment of military and 74 convicts. He firstselected a site at the Western Arm and named it York Town, butsubsequently removed the settlement to the present site ofLaunceston. He had the usual difficulties at new settlements andthe hardships injured his health. On 2 February 1808Major Johnston reported toPaterson the arrest ofGovernor Bligh (q.v.). Patersonreplied ordering H.M.S.Porpoise to be sent to PortDalrymple to convey him to Sydney. He was evidently temporizing,for on one plea or another he did not reach Sydney until 1 January1809. He assumed government on 9 January and held it for nearly 12months. His administration was a weak one, he was in a bad state ofhealth, he was drinking heavily, he could easily be imposed upon bymen of stronger will, and he made grants of land to almost anyonewho applied. He was superseded byMacquarie (q.v.) on 1 January1810. Paterson left New South Wales on 12 May and died at sea on 21June 1810.

Paterson, a fellow of the Royal Society, was a better man ofscience than an administrator. He kept in touch withBanks, often forwarding specimensto him. His botanical collections are in the natural history museumat South Kensington, London. As an officer he was not withoutcourage, but he showed little ability in his conduct of the affairsof the colony. An amiable but weak man, his lavish grants of landwere not to his own advantage: he died a poor man, and his widowwas granted two thousand acres of land by Macquarie.

F. Watson, Introduction vol. VII,Historical Recordsof Australia, ser. I; See also vols. III to VI;HistoricalRecords of New South Wales, vols. II, VII; G. Mackaness,TheLife of Vice-Admiral William Bligh; Mrs Marnie Bassett,TheGovernor's Lady.

PATON, JOHN GIBSON (1824-1907), missionary,

son of James Paton, a stocking manufacturer in a small way, wasborn in the parish of Kirkmahoe near Dumfries, Scotland, on 24 May1824. He went to the parish school at Torthorwald, then helped hisfather at his trade, and having earned a little money, went toDumfries Academy for a short period. He worked for the OrdnanceSurvey of Scotland and as a harvester, and then applied for aposition at Glasgow at £50 a year as a district visitor and tractdistributor. There were two candidates and it was decided that theyshould share the wages and the work, and study at the Free NormalSeminary. Paton later taught at a school for a season before beingappointed an agent in the Glasgow City Mission. He worked atGlasgow for 10 years among the poorest and most degraded people inthe city with much success, and carried on his studies at the sametime at the university of Glasgow, and the Reformed PresbyterianDivinity Hall. In December 1857 he was licensed as a preacher, inMarch 1858 was ordained, and in April he set sail to the NewHebrides as a missionary. On 30 August he arrived at the harbour atAneityum. He established himself on the island of Tanna, thenatives of which were savage cannibals who had previously killed ordriven away other missionaries. He had married before leavingScotland, Mary Ann Robson, and in February 1859, about three monthsafter landing, she and her infant son both died. Paton though illand depressed stayed on, as he feared if he once left the island hemight not be allowed to land again. He was in constant danger ofdeath, at one meeting of the warriors it was proposed that Patonand his associates should be killed, and they were only saved bythe advocacy of one of the chiefs. He had recurring attacks offever and ague, the natives blamed him for every misfortune whichbefell them, and the bad behaviour of white traders, often engagedin the kanaka traffic, increased his difficulties. He risked hislife frequently in endeavouring to persuade the natives to give uptheir tribal wars. Eventually the mission station was attacked, andPaton, after spending a night in a tree surrounded by savagesseeking his life, just succeeded in making his way to another partof the island, where he was found by a vessel sent to rescuehim.

Paton had made up his mind that the mission must have a ship ofits own. He went to Sydney, toured Australia and raised £5000 forthe mission, and in May 1863 sailed for London. In Scotland he wasappointed moderator of the supreme court of the ReformedPresbyterian Church, and made a successful tour of the country onbehalf of the missions. In 1864 he married Margaret Whitecross, andin January 1865 arrived in Australia again. He found that themission ship for which he had worked so hard had been able to douseful work, but there was a considerable debt for the crew'swages. Paton promptly obtained subscriptions sufficient to pay thedebt. Thereafter the Sunday Schools of Australia provided for theupkeep of the vessel. In 1866 Paton was transferred from his churchin Scotland to the Presbyterian Churches of Australia, and inAugust of that year was sent to Aniwa, an island less savage thanTanna. There he steadily made way, though the first church builtwas blown down during a hurricane, and the mission ship was wreckedin 1873. Paton went to Australia and New Zealand and raised themoney for a new ship. As time went on it was found necessary tohave a vessel with steam power, and Paton travelled to GreatBritain where he frequently addressed nine meetings in a week andcarried on an immense correspondence. In 18 months he collected£9000, of which £6000 was spent on the new ship, and the other£3000 formed into a fund for the training of missionaries. In 1889he published his autobiography,John G. Paton Missionary to theNew Hebrides, written at the request and with the help of hisyounger brother, the Rev. James Paton. It had an immediate successand ran into several editions. Paton was spending much of his timefrom 1886 to 1892 between the islands and Australia, and found thetrading in intoxicants and firearms was causing immense harm tonative populations. He felt that Great Britain, France and theUnited States, should make a joint effort to stop it. In 1892 hewas sent to the Pan-Presbyterian council which assembled atToronto. Going on to New York and Washington he endeavoured to havean agreement made between the three powers, but the negotiationsfell through. He then went to Great Britain where he was everywherereceived with enthusiasm. He returned to Australia towards the endof 1894 and handed to the moderator of the Presbyterian Church ofVictoria the sum of £13,527, of which £1000 represented part of theprofits from his autobiography. In 1900 he again visited the oldworld with equally successful results. His eightieth birthday wascelebrated at Melbourne on 24 May 1904 by a great meeting at theScots church. He made his last visit to Aniwa in June 1904, and on16 May 1905 his devoted wife died. She was the author ofAnecdotes on the Shorter Catechism, Letters and Sketches fromthe New Hebrides, andHelen Lyall, a BiographicalSketch. Always hoping that he might be able to visit theislands again, Paton died at Canterbury, a suburb of Melbourne, on28 January 1907. He was survived by five sons and one daughter. Oneof his sons, the Rev. Frank H. L. Paton, also a missionary to theNew Hebrides, was the author ofLomai of Lenakel,Patteson of Melanesia, and with A. K. Langridge,John G.Paton, Later Years and Farewell.

Paton was a great missionary, fearless, sincere, seeking nothingfor himself, completely wrapped up in his work. He was a marvellouscollector for missions, often working to the limit of hisendurance, and only anxious that none of the money collected shouldbe wasted in unnecessary expenses.

John G. Paton, missionary to the New Hebrides. AnAutobiography; A. K. Langridge and F. H. L. Paton,John G.Paton, Later Years and Farewell; C. D. Michael,John GibsonPaton, D.D.;The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 29January 1907.

PATTERSON, SIR JAMES BROWN (1833-1895), premier of Victoria,

youngest son of a district road-inspector at Alnwick,Cumberland, England, was born on 18 November 1833. He was educatedat Alnwick and in 1852 emigrated to Victoria. He worked on thegoldfields and then took up farming for about four years.Subsequently he opened a cattle and slaughtering business atChewton, near Castlemaine, took an interest in municipal affairsand became mayor of Chewton. In December 1870 he was elected amember of the legislative assembly for Castlemaine, and held theseat until his death nearly a quarter of a century later. He wasminister of public works in the firstBerry (q.v.) ministry fromAugust to October 1875, held the same position in Berry's secondministry from May 1877 to March 1880, and was minister of railwaysin his third ministry from August 1880 to July 1881. Patterson wasa leading member in these cabinets, counselled moderation in thedisputes with the legislative council, and as minister of railwaysendeavoured to check political influence being used in connexionwith railway extensions. He had much to do with the bringingtogether ofService(q.v.) and Berry which resulted in their coalition government. Hevisited England, and returning in 1885 sat for a time in oppositionto theGillies (q.v.)government. He, however, joined this ministry in April 1889 ascommissioner of trade and customs, and later for short periods waspostmaster-general and vice-president of the board of land andworks and commissioner of public works. He took a strong stand forlaw and order during the maritime strike in 1890. He became premierin January 1893 and a few weeks later the colony was plunged intothe greatest financial crisis it had ever known.H. G. Turner (q.v.), who had beena bank manager himself, is very severe in hisHistory of theColony of Victoria on Patterson and his treasurer G. D. Carterfor proclaiming a moratorium in the shape of a bank holiday from 1to 5 May. Carter was admittedly not a strong man, but it was askinga great deal from the premier that he should at once produce aremedy for a state of things arising from gross over trading andreckless speculation. Patterson endeavoured to increase theproduction of primary products by placing people on the land andattempted many government economics. These were largely responsiblefor the defeat of his government at the 1894 election. When theTurner (q.v.) ministrycame in Patterson led the opposition, and as Turner also began toeconomize Patterson steadily regained his position as a leader. Hewas by now the father of the house and the most picturesque figurein it. Though apparently in vigorous health he contractedinfluenza, and died after a short illness on 30 October 1895. Hemarried about 1857 Miss Walton, who predeceased him, and wassurvived by a daughter. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1894.

Though not an orator Patterson was an excellent debater with agift for the telling phrase. An able and shrewd administrator, hetook a leading place among the Victorian politicians of histime.

The Age andThe Argus, Melbourne, 31October 1895; H. G. Turner,A History of the Colony ofVictoria; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography.

PEACOCK, SIR ALEXANDER JAMES (1861-1933), three times premier of Victoria,

the son of James Henry Peacock, was born at Creswick, Victoria,on 11 June 1861. He passed the civil service examination at 13years of age, and was an assistant schoolmaster at Creswick forfive years. He found himself in ill-health and went to Melbournewhere he obtained work in a grocer's shop. His next position was inthe office of a legal manager of mining companies, and throughouthis life he kept up his connexion with gold-mining. At one time hewas legal manager for about 50 companies with offices in Melbourne,Ballarat and Creswick. He took a great interest in the AustralianNatives' Association of which he became president, and was also aprominent freemason. He was elected to represent Clunes andAllandale in the legislative assembly in March 1889, and inNovember 1890 joined theMunro (q.v.) ministry as aminister without portfolio. He became minister of publicinstruction in theShiels (q.v.) ministry in April1892 and for a few weeks was also postmaster-general. When theTurner (q.v.) ministrytook office in September 1894, Peacock became chief secretary andminister of public instruction until Turner resigned in December1899. In 1895 Peacock brought in important factory legislation, aspecial feature being the wages board system. He has been spoken ofas the "father of factory legislation in Victoria", but the actsbrought in byDeakin (q.v.)in 1885 and 1893 must not be forgotten. These, however, were soamended by the legislative council as to lose much of their force.Peacock's act showed a distinct advance, he had gone to muchtrouble to obtain his facts, and is entitled to great credit forthe work he did. He worked for federation, was one of the Victorianrepresentatives at the 1897 convention, and sat on the judiciarycommittee, but did not take an important part in the debates.

When Sir George Turner formed his second government in November1900 Peacock was given the portfolios of chief secretary andminister of labour, and when Turner went over to federal politics afew weeks later, Peacock became premier, treasurer, and minister oflabour. He was subsequently treasurer and minister of labour in theBent (q.v.) ministry from1904 to 1909; minister of labour in the Watt ministry 1912;minister of public instruction and of labour in the second Wattministry 1913; premier and treasurer again for over three years,beginning in June 1914; minister of labour in the Lawson ministry1920 to 1923; minister of public instruction, forests, and labourin the second and third Lawson ministries; premier, treasurer andminister of labour from April to July 1924; and treasurer, ministerof public instruction and of labour in theAllan (q.v.) ministry 1924 to 1927.In July 1928 he was elected speaker in succession to O. R.Snowball, obtained the complete confidence of the house, andremained in that position until his death at Creswick on 7 October1933. He married Miss M. Holden in 1901 who survived him withoutissue.

Peacock had a hearty, jovial disposition, with an infectiouslaugh which became famous, much tact and kindness of heart. He hadmany friends and few, if any, enemies and was never defeated at anelection. He represented practically the same electorate for 44years, and was in 14 ministries including three terms as premier.He was a capable speaker but scarcely a man of outstanding ability,though he did valuable work in social legislation and was a goodminister of public instruction in times of great educationalexpansion.

The Age, Melbourne, 9 October 1933:TheHerald, Melbourne, 7 October 1933;The Cyclopaedia ofVictoria, 1903.

PEAKE, ARCHIBALD HENRY (1859-1920), premier of South Australia,

was born in London on 15 January 1859. He came to Australia withhis parents in 1862 and lived at Geelong, Victoria. In 1864 hisfather moved to South Australia where he entered the educationdepartment. Peake was educated at state schools under his father,but in later life widened his education by much reading in Englishhistory and literature. He entered the service of the districtcouncil of Narracoorte, became district clerk in 1878, and tookmuch interest in the affairs of the town. In 1893 he contestedAlbert in an election for the house of assembly and was beaten by50 votes, but four years later won the seat by two votes. Theelection was contested and as some irregularity was found it washeld again. Peake was successful and represented the constituencyuntil 1902. He resigned his position as district clerk when heentered politics, and afterwards was in business at Mount Barker asa member of the firm of auctioneers, Monks and Peake. From 1902 to1915 he was member for the Victoria and Albert electorate, andbecame a minister for the first time on 26 July 1905 when acoalition was made between the Liberal and Labour members,Price (q.v.) the Labour leaderbecoming premier with Peake as treasurer and attorney-general ashis right-hand man, faithful and ever helpful. Price died on 31 May1909, and on 5 June Peake formed a new cabinet in which he waspremier and minister of education, and from 22 December 1909 whenhe handed over the treasurership toButler (q.v.), commissioner ofcrown lands and immigration. His ministry was defeated at the nextelection and he resigned on 3 June 1910. On 17 February 1912 heformed another ministry, again holding the positions of treasurerand minister of education. He exchanged the education portfolio forthat of industry in January 1915, and three months later hisministry was defeated. Losing his seat at a general election in1915, his leadership was considered so essential to the Liberalparty that one of his followers resigned his seat in his favour. Hecame into power again on 14 July 1917 as premier and chiefsecretary. Various rearrangements were made during the currency ofthis ministry, and Peake for part of the time was attorney-generaland afterwards treasurer. He was working very hard, and thoughoutwardly cheerful was feeling the strain. A coalition made betweenthe Liberal and Nationalist parties had come to an end a few daysbefore, when Peake died suddenly on 6 April 1920. He married Annie,daughter of the Rev. H. Thomas, who survived him with three sonsand four daughters.

Peake was quiet and modest with none of the hail fellow well metfamiliarity of many politicians. Sincerely religious and a strictteetotaller, he was loyal to his party and his country, and hadlittle thought for himself. He has been charged with indolence, butthere appears to be no evidence for this, and his extremeconscientiousness would not have allowed him to neglect any duty.Though patient and forbearing he was a good debater, able to giveand take hard knocks; though possibly more of a director than anoriginator, his generalship was excellent, and, though alwayswilling to discuss and appreciate the opposing view, he was a goodleader.

The Register andThe Advertiser,Adelaide, 7 April 1920.

PEARSON, CHARLES HENRY (1830-1894), historian and statesman,

was born in London on 7 September 1830. His father, the Rev.John Norman Pearson, M.A., was then principal of the ChurchMissionary College, Islington. His mother, Harriet Puller, wasdescended from the famous Lord Clarendon. There were 12 otherchildren of the marriage, of whom two rose to be judges of thesupreme court. Pearson's childhood was spent at Islington andTunbridge Wells. He was a handsome and intelligent child who didnot go to school until he was 12 years old. Until then his fatherwas his tutor. At Rugby he at first did well, but later on, cominginto conflict with one of the masters, he was withdrawn by hisfather and sent first to a private tutor and then to King'sCollege, London, where he came under the influence of F. D.Maurice. In 1849 he matriculated at Oriel College, Oxford. Hiscareer at Oxford was successful scholastically, he was eminent as aspeaker at the Union Society, and was associated with some of themost distinguished men of his period. He decided to study medicine,but two years later had a serious attack of pleurisy while onholiday in Ireland. He was long in recovering, and was stronglyadvised not to continue his studies and enter on the arduous lifeof a medical man.

In 1855 Pearson became lecturer in English language andliterature at King's College, London, and shortly afterwards wasgiven the professorship in modern history. The salary was notlarge, and Pearson did a good deal of writing for theSaturdayReview, theSpectator, and other reviews. In 1862 he waseditor of theNational Review for a year. He travelled inRussia in 1858 and in 1863 spent some time in Poland. His healthwas not good and in the following year he took a trip to Australia,returning much the better for it. But his connexion with King'sCollege and the press was broken and a fresh start was necessary.He continued working on hisHistory of England during the Earlyand Middle Ages, an able work begun in 1861 and published in1868. During a trip to the United States, in contrast with theearlier views of Dickens and others, he found "the well-bredAmerican is generally pleasanter than a well-bred Englishman . . .I agree in an observation made to me by an Englishman that theAmerican's great advantage over the Englishman is his greatermodesty". On his return he devoted himself to what he regarded "asthe best piece of historical work I have done, my maps of Englandin the first 13 centuries", which was eventually published in 1870.In 1869 he became lecturer on modern history at Trinity College,Cambridge, but found the work unsatisfactory. "My class was filledwith men who were sent into it because it was known they could notsucceed in any other subject. . . . At the same time the longingfor the Australian bush came over me almost like homesickness as 1walked out day by day along the dull roads and flat fields thatsurround Cambridge." His father had died some years before and helost his mother in February 1871. Shortly afterwards he decided tomake Australia his permanent home and combine a light literary lifewith farming. He arrived in South Australia in December 1871.

Pearson enjoyed the next three years on his farm at Haverhill,South Australia, and revelled in the hot dry conditions whichsuited his constitution. He married in December 1872 Edith Lucille,daughter of Philip Butler of Tickford Abbey, Buckinghamshire;unfortunately her health gave way and she became very ill, and,greatly to their regret, they had to give up their bush home.Pearson then accepted a position as lecturer in history at theuniversity of Melbourne. His salary was not high and he decided toaugment it by writing for the press.The Argus rejected hisarticles as being too radical, butThe Age began to acceptthem and he became a valued contributor. He found, however, thathis position at the university was not satisfactory, and decided toaccept the position of headmaster of the newly formed PresbyterianLadies College at a much increased salary. He was greatlyinterested in his new work, but after two and a half years, from1875 to 1877, a section of the governing body objected to his viewson the land question. He had advocated a progressive land tax in apublic lecture, and thus incurred the wrath of the moneyedinterests. It was these interests after all that supported theschool, and Pearson decided to resign. The Liberal party of theperiod felt that here might be a valuable recruit and pressedPearson to stand for parliament. He was afraid his health would notstand the strain, but accepted nomination, made a good fight, andwas defeated. In May 1877 theGraham Berry (q.v.) governmentcommissioned him to inquire into the state of education in thecolony and the means of improving it. The report for which hereceived a fee of £1000 was completed in 1878. It was a valuabledocument, especially as he was the first to advocate theestablishing of high schools to make a ladder for able childrenfrom the primary schools to the university. This found littlefavour at the time, and 30 years and more passed before this partof his scheme was fully developed. Another valuable part of thereport dealt with technical education and foreshadowed the manytechnical schools since established in the state of Victoria.

On 7 June 1878 Pearson was returned as one of the members forCastlemaine and thus began his political career. Almost immediatelyhe was plunged into the quarrel between the two houses which hadarisen over Berry's appropriation bill. The government determinedto try to obtain the consent of the home authorities to thelimiting of the rights of the legislative council. In December 1878Pearson was appointed a commissioner to proceed to London with thepremier. The mission was not successful, the feeling being in thatit was the business of both houses to settle questions of this kindthemselves. In August 1880 Pearson became minister without salaryor portfolio. On 4 July 1881 he declined the offer of agent-generalin London believing that the administration was doomed, and on 9July the cabinet resigned. He remained a private member until 18February 1886 when he became minister of public instruction in theGillies (q.v.)-Deakin (q.v.) coalition ministry,and in 1889 succeeded in passing an education act Which introducedimportant changes, but did not proceed far in the direction oftechnical education. It did, however, introduce the kindergartensystem, and 200 scholarships of from £10 to £40 a year wereestablished to help clever boys and girls to proceed from theprimary schools to the grammar schools. In November 1890 theGillies-Deakin government resigned and Pearson again became aprivate member. He took some interest in federation, but realizingits difficulties adopted a cautious attitude. He retired fromparliament in April 1892 declining to stand for election again, andbegan to work seriously on his book,National Life andCharacter: a Forecast. His indifferent health may have been oneof the reasons preventing him from being offered theagent-generalship. Like everyone else he had suffered heavy lossesfrom the land boom and its after effects, and in August 1892 heleft for England and accepted the secretaryship to theagent-general for Victoria. He worked hard and successfully, butthough he did not complain, it must have been a great shock to himwhen he received a cablegram to say he was to be superannuated inJune. He caught a chill in February which settled on his lungs, anddied on 29 May 1894, leaving a widow and three daughters. MrsPearson was given a civil list pension of £100 a year in 1895.

Pearson's book,National Life and Character: a Forecast,had been published at the beginning of 1893, and created greatinterest. It can still be read with profit, and his views on thepossible dangers of eastern races to European civilization havereceived much confirmation in the half century that has elapsed.Among his other publications not already mentioned were:Russiaby a recent traveller (1859),Insurrection in Poland(1863),The Canoness: a Tale in Verse (1871),History ofEngland in the Fourteenth Century (1876),BiographicalSketch of Henry John Stephen Smith (1894). A selection from hismiscellaneous writings,Reviews and Critical Essays, waspublished in 1896, with an interesting memoir by his friend,Professor H. A. Strong(q.v.).

Pearson had a remarkable memory and a fine knowledge of theclassic and modern European languages; he read Ibsen and Gogol intheir original tongues. Slender in form he had the appearance of ascholar, but being of a shy disposition he found it difficult to besuperficially genial. In his associations with his friends he waskindness itself, and his excellent sense of humour made him adelightful companion. Of his honesty it has been said "he was oneof the small class of persons whose practical adhesion to theirconvictions is only made more resolute by its colliding withpopular sentiment or with self-interest". His health was alwaysuncertain, probably his sojourn in Australia prolonged his life.But the debt he owed Australia was more than repaid by the publicservices he rendered.

W. Stebbing,Charles Henry Pearson; H. A.Strong, Memoir prefixed toReviews and Critical Essays;The Age, Melbourne, 4 and 6 June 1894.

PEDDER, SIR JOHN LEWES (1784-1859), first chief justice of Tasmania,

eldest son of John Pedder, a barrister, was born in 1784. He wasadmitted to the middle temple in 1818 and called to the bar in1820. He graduated LL.B. at Cambridge in 1822, and was appointedchief justice of Tasmania on 18 August 1823. He arrived at Hobartwith his wife, a daughter of Lieut.-colonel Everett, on 15 March1824. On 24 MayJ. T.Gellibrand (q.v.), the first Tasmanian attorney-general, in aninaugural address at the supreme court, spoke of trial by jury asbeing "one of the greatest boons conferred by the legislature uponthis colony". It was questioned, however, whether this right wasnot taken away by section 19 of the "act for the betteradministration of justice in New South Wales and Van Diemen'sLand", and Pedder in a long and weighty judgment took this view. Hebecame a member of the legislative council and the executivecouncil, which brought him into very close relationship withGovernor Arthur (q.v.) andhas even led to him being spoken of as having belonged to the"government party". He should never have been put into such aposition. In 1851, when the new legislative council was formed, thechief justice was no longer a member. Fenton referring to this saysthat although Pedder was "a very useful member of the old council"he was "now wisely removed from the disturbing arena of politicalstrife". In July 1854 Pedder had a paralytic seizure while on thebench, and shortly afterwards retired on a pension of £1500 a yearunder an act passed in the previous May. He returned to England anddied in 1859. He was knighted in 1838. As a judge he has beencalled slow in decision and fearful of over-stepping the writtenword of a statute. He was certainly not a great lawyer, but he wasupright and thorough, always careful that the accused should sufferno injustice. In estimating his career it must be remembered thathis being both a member of the executive and chief justice made hisposition a difficult and anomalous one. Fenton, who had personalknowledge, says that his "prudence and foresight often preventedgrave injustice and dangerous blunders in the administration ofaffairs under the peculiar and difficult conditions of a colonyhalf bond and half free".

R. P. Dod,The Peerage, Baronetage andKnightage, 1857; R. W. Giblin,The Early History ofTasmania, vol. II; J. Fenton,A History of Tasmania;The Argus, Melbourne, 9 and 24 August 1854.

PEEL, THOMAS (c. 1795-1864), pioneer,

was a second cousin of Sir Robert Peel and was born probablytowards the end of the eighteenth century. In 1828 with threeothers he formed an association to found a colony at Swan River, bysending 10,000 settlers there with stock and necessary materials.They asked that a grant of 4,000,000 acres should be made to them.The government would not agree to this, but proposed to limit thegrant to 1,000,000 acres on certain specified conditions. Early in1829 all the members of the association withdrew except Peel. Freshconditions were made, the final arrangement being that if Peellanded 400 settlers before 1 November 1829 he was to receive250,000 acres. If the conditions were fulfilled further grantswould be made. He arrived in Western Australia in December with 300settlers, and as he had not fulfilled the conditions found hisgrant was no longer reserved for him. The land eventually granted,250,000 acres, extended from Cockburn Sound to the Murray River,but Peel had little organizing ability and was soon indifficulties. Within less than two years he had spent £50,000, someof his settlers had deserted him, and he eventually discharged allbut a few from their indentures. In September 1834 a large grant ofland was made to Peel, but he had little success in developing it.He died at Mandurah in 1864 in comparatively poorcircumstances.

Peel was doomed to failure from the start. If he had begun in avery much smaller way it might have been possible to develop hisventure into a comparative success. But the amount of really firstclass land near Perth was not large, and capable men like theHenty (q.v.) brothers,who obtained a grant of land at Swan River in 1829, soon decided tocut their losses and start again in Tasmania and the Port Phillipdistrict. It took many years to discover what was possible inWestern Australia, and progress was slow for a long period.

R. C. Mills,The Colonization of Australia; J.S. Battye,Western Australia, a History; F. C. Irwin,TheState and Position of Western Australia, chapter III. See alsoThe Story of the Rockingham by Cygnet, Swan River BookletsNo. 9.

PERRY, CHARLES (1807-1891), first anglican bishop of Melbourne,

third son of John Perry, shipbuilder, by his second wife, Mary,daughter of George Green, was born at Hackney, Middlesex, on 17February 1807. He was educated at Harrow, where he played in theschool eleven, and was a contemporary of Bishop Charles Wordsworthand Cardinal Manning. After four years at Harrow, on account ofsome youthful folly, the headmaster asked Perry's mother to takehim away and send him to private tutors. In 1824 he went to TrinityCollege, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1828 as seniorwrangler, first Smith's prizeman and 7th in the first class of theclassical tripos. He was elected a fellow of Trinity College in1829 and began reading for the bar, but his health broke down, andin 1832 he returned to Trinity College as assistant-tutor and latertutor. While at Cambridge he was ordained deacon in 1833 and priestin 1836, and having purchased the advowson of the living ofBarnwell, vested the patronage in trustees and secured the erectionof two churches. Of one of these, St Paul's, he became the firstvicar in 1842, and five years later was appointed the first bishopof Melbourne. He sailed on theStag on 6 October 1847 andarrived in Port Phillip Bay on 14 January 1848. He found that therewas one over-burdened clergyman in Melbourne, another at Geelong,and another at Portland. He had brought three clergymen with him,and there were two catechists, thus making with the bishop a totalof nine persons to minister to a district as large as GreatBritain.BishopBroughton (q.v.) of Sydney had given up £500 a year towards thestipend of the new bishop, but there were no diocesan funds, andthe whole organization of the diocese had to be worked out andbuilt up. The government offered the bishop two acres of land for asite for his house a little more than a mile from the post office,or alternatively five acres farther out, and set aside £2000 forthe building of a house. Perry decided it would be better to bewithin easy walking distance of the city. His house, however, wasnot completed until 1853.

In July 1851 Victoria was constituted a separate colony, and afew weeks later the discovery of gold led to an enormous influx ofpopulation. Perry had succeeded in obtaining about £10,000 for theorganization of his diocese from societies and friends in England,but there was little prospect of receiving any substantial amountin the future. Several new churches and schools had been built, andthe number of clergy had more than trebled. It was, however,difficult to obtain additional clergy, and the cost of building fora time was exceedingly high. Perry visited the goldfields and inthe meanwhile made what arrangements he could. Another problem wasthe framing of a constitution for the Church of England inVictoria. In this he had the valuable assistance of(Sir) William Foster Stawell(q.v.). A bill was prepared and brought before the legislativecouncil and eventually passed. But there had been some determinedopposition to it, and it was known that a petition had been sent toEngland praying that the royal assent should not be given. Perrywas therefore sent to London in 1855 to be able to answer anyobjections that might be made, and though difficulties wereencountered, the assent was eventually given, and Perry returned toMelbourne in April 1856. Another question dealt with by Perry inEngland was the choice of a headmaster for the Melbourne Church ofEngland Grammar School.DrJ. Bromby (q.v.) was eventually appointed. On 30 July 1856 thefoundation-stone of the school building was laid, and less than ayear later the building for the Geelong Church of England GrammarSchool was also begun. In 1863 Perry again visited Englandprincipally to arrange for clergy to come to his diocese, but itwas strongly felt that it would be necessary to provide better forthe training of their own clergy in Victoria. On 10 January 1870Perry laid the foundationstone of Trinity College at Melbourneuniversity, but it was not untilAlexander Leeper (q.v.) wasappointed warden in 1876 that the college made a fair start. Sincethen several Australian bishops and many clergy have been among itsold students. It was decided in 1872 that the diocese should bedivided and a bishop appointed at Ballarat, and in February 1874Perry went to England to find a suitable man for the position. TheRev. Samuel Thornton was selected and consecrated in May 1875 andPerry abandoned his intention of returning to Melbourne andresigned early in 1876. In 1878 he was made a canon of Llandaff,and in the same year a prelate of the order of St Michael and StGeorge. In his last years he did much committee work in connexionwith missionary societies and was one of the founders of WycliffeHall, Oxford, and Ridley Hall, Cambridge. He died on 2 December1891 and was buried at Harlow, Essex. He married in 1841 Fanny,daughter of Samuel Cooper, who survived him. He had no children. Hepublished in 1856Five Sermons preached before the University ofCambridge in November 1855, and in 1864,Foundation Truths:Four Sermons. Various addresses and sermons were also publishedseparately .

Perry was a fine scholar and a good administrator who showedmuch wisdom in the conduct and building up of his diocese. When heleft it, the number of his clergy had grown to 90. He was anextreme Evangelical and his fear that his church might be Romanizedbecame overimportant with him. But he had the courage of hisconvictions, great conscientiousness, courtesy and kindliness. Hemade no claim to being a theologian, but was "content to believe inthe bible". His portrait by Henry Weigall is at the nationalgallery, Melbourne.

G. Goodman,The Church in Victoria during theEpiscopate of the Right Reverend Charles Perry;TheTimes. 1 December 1891; H. Willoughby,The Critic inChurch; Ed. by R. Perry,Contributions to an AmateurMagazine;Admissions to Trinity College, Cambridge, vol.IV.

PETHERICK, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1847-1917), book-collector and bibliographer,

son of Peter John Petherick, was born at Burnham, Somerset,England, on 6 March 1847. He went to Australia with his parents in1852 and was educated at Melbourne. He entered the employment ofGeorge Robertson (q.v.),the Melbourne bookseller, in 1862, and in 1870 was sent to Londonas buyer and English representative. In 1882 he prepared aCatalogue of the York Gate Library, afterwards reissued andextended. A few Years later he went into business for himself as awholesale bookseller at Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide, and alsoissued a "Colonial Library". The financial disasters of 1893 led tothis business being wound up. Petherick had collected a valuablelibrary of books by Australians, or relating to Australasia,including also many documents and charts. In 1909 this collectionwas given to the Commonwealth government and became the basis ofthe great collection of Australiana now at the Commonwealthnational library at Canberra. Petherick was appointed archivist tothe federal parliament in the same year, and held this positionuntil his death at Melbourne on 17 September 1917. He had done muchwork on aBibliography of Australasia, but did not live tocomplete it. Sections of it were published in theVictorianHistorical Magazine in 1911 and 1912. He was created C.M.G. in1916.

The Argus, Melbourne, 18 September 1917;Debrett's Peerage, etc., 1917; P. Mennell,The Dictionaryof Australasian Biography.

PETRIE, THOMAS (1831-1910), Queensland pioneer,

was born at Edinburgh on 31 January 1831. His father, AndrewPetrie (1798-1872), was born in Fife, Scotland, and went into thebuilding trade at Edinburgh. He emigrated to Sydney in 1831 andentered the government service as a supervisor of building. He wassent to Brisbane in 1837 to direct the building work of convicts,and in 1838 was lost for three days when out in the country withMajor Cotton, the commandant. In 1840 he was the first to discoverthe bunya bunya tree,Araucaria Bidwilli, and in 1841 withH. S. Russell and others he explored the Mary River. He made otherexploratory journeys, but in 1848 he had an opthalmic attack andlost his sight. He was then working for himself as a builder, andin spite of his disability continued to direct this business formany years. He died at Brisbane on 20 February 1872. Petrie's Bightand Mount Petrie were named after him. Of his sons, Thomas becamethe best known. When a child he ran away from home and was found ina black's camp. He never lost his interest in the aborigines andbecame an authority on their language and customs. When only 15years of age he was sent with a letter to Wivenhoe station on theBrisbane River, and spent the night at an aborigine camp both goingand returning. He was trusted by the aborigines and oftenaccompanied expeditions into the bush, as his knowledge of thelanguage of the district enabled him to keep on good terms with thenatives. In 1859 he left Brisbane looking for cattle country andtook up land near the Pine River. There he built his houseMurrumba, which was to be his home for the rest of his life. He didmuch gratuitous work in opening up tracks, and in 1877 hisexperience was very useful in organizing the first reserve foraborigines at Bribie Island. It was apparently working well, buttwo years later a new government did away with it. Towards the endof Petrie's life his daughter, Constance C. Petrie, recorded hisreminiscences of the aborigines and the early days of Queenslandfor publication in theQueenslander. Encouraged byDr W. E. Roth (q.v.), who in a letterto the editor stated that the articles showed "an intimate andprofound knowledge of the aboriginals", Miss Petrie published themwith additions in 1904 under the title ofTom Petrie'sReminiscences of Early Queensland. Petrie died on 26 August1910, and was survived by sons and daughters. He was of a modestand retiring disposition, but likeChristison (q.v.) did veryvaluable work by demonstrating that it was possible to live withthe aborigines if they were treated fairly. His records ofaboriginal customs have particular value, in that he was reallyintimate with the aborigines before their lives were affected bytheir proximity to white people.

C. C. Petrie,Tom Petrie's Reminiscences;TheBrisbane Courier, 21 February 1872, 29 August 1910; H. S.Russell,The Genesis of Queensland; J. J. Knight,In theEarly Days.

PHILLIP, ARTHUR (1738-1814), admiral, and first governor of New South Wales, [ also refer toArthur PHILLIP page at Project GutenbergAustralia]

was born in the city of London on 11 October 1738. His father,Jacob Phillip, who came from Frankfurt, was first a steward andthen a teacher of languages in London, his mother, originallyElizabeth Breach, had previously married Captain Herbert, R.N. Itwas possibly the influence of her first husband's family thatenabled Arthur Phillip to obtain entrance to Greenwich school, asstrictly speaking only the sons of seamen were admissible. At theage of a little more than 15 he was apprenticed to William Readheadof the shipFortune. Two years later he was released fromhis indentures and entered the navy on H.M.S.Buckingham. Hefought at the action off Minorca on 6 April 1756, and in February1757 was promoted midshipman on theNeptune. He served onvarious ships, but it was not until December 1760 that he became amaster's mate, and in 1762 lieutenant. He saw a considerable amountof active service, and, the war having come to an end, was placedon half pay in April 1763. He then married and spent some yearsfarming near Lyndhurst in southern England. Between November 1770and July 1771 he was serving in the navy again and in 1774, havingobtained permission to fight on the Portuguese side in the war withSpain, was given a commission as captain in their navy. He remainedin this service for three and a half years, and gained thereputation of being one of the best officers in the service. In1778 England was again at war with Spain and Phillip was on activeservice as first lieutenant on H.M.S.Alexander. About 12months later he obtained his first ship as master of the fire-shipBasilisk. He became a post captain in November 1781, and inDecember 1782 was given command of H.M.S.Europe, on whichvessel was alsoLieutenantPhilip Gidley King (q.v.). He was on half pay again in May 1784and in October 1786 was appointed captain of theSirius andgovernor-elect of New South Wales. Great Britain was no longer ableto send convicts to America, the jails were full, and it wasdecided to send them to New South Wales.

The reasons why Phillip was selected for this difficult task arenot known, but possibly the fact that he knew something of farmingwas an influence. The choice was certainly a wise one and if someof Phillip's ideas had been adopted his task would have been muchlightened. His suggestion that ships with artisans on board shouldprecede the convict ships by some time was an excellent onealthough not acted upon, and he had some very wise views aboutkeeping the more vicious of the convicts on one ship, so that allmight not be contaminated. Everything had to be thought of inadvance, for if provisions, or indeed anything else, failed, theycould only be replenished after long delay. The total number ofpersons involved was 1486, of whom 778 were convicts, and on 13 May1787 the fleet of 11 ships set sail. The leading ship reachedBotany Bay on 18 January 1788 and two days later the remainderarrived. A few hours stay satisfied Phillip that the site was notsuitable, it was decided to go on to Port Jackson, and on 26January some of the marines and convicts were landed. Phillip hadtaken great care of his people, he had given them liberal suppliesof fresh meat and fruit at Rio de Janeiro and the Cape, andconsidering the difficulties and the state of health of some of theconvicts, it was remarkable that there were no more than about 30deaths during the voyage of eight months. After the landing therewas much apparent confusion, everyone was busy, but there were fewskilled artisans and real progress was slow. Sickness broke out andfresh vegetables were badly needed, it was long before a sufficientsupply was grown. On 7 February, in the presence of the whole ofthe convicts and the military,Captain Collins (q.v.), thejudge-advocate, read the commission appointing Captain ArthurPhillip as captain-general and governor in chief of New SouthWales. The power given to the governor was practically unlimited.Phillip addressed the convicts, pointed out that every individualmust do his share, and that those who did not labour should noteat. Justice was promised, but they were warned that those whocommitted faults would be severely punished.

Phillip's troubles soon began. The convicts would not workexcept under strict supervision, they would sometimes straggle fromthe camp, and the marines and seamen found the women's quartersattractive. The wood used for building was hard, unseasoned anddifficult to work, and an outbreak of scurvy was a serioushindrance. Various offences were at first treated leniently by thegovernor, but in the circumstances of the colony, stealing from thestores was a very serious crime, and for this severe floggings weregiven. On 2 March Phillip started in his long boat to examine somecountry to the north of Port Jackson. He had hoped to find betterland than that surrounding the settlement. What he did find wasPitt Water, now one of the beauty spots near Sydney. He adopted theright attitude to the aborigines, and walked unarmed among themthough they were armed. He had determined that he would never fireon them except in the last resort. He had trouble with the militaryofficers who wanted grants of land which Phillip would not make,though each was allowed the use of two acres for growing grain. Healso had trouble with the lieutenant-governor, Major Ross, whichcontinued during the next two years. Explorations were made roundSydney, and Phillip showed great courage by walking unarmed up toabout 200 apparently hostile aborigines. In October 1788 theSirius sailed for the Cape of Good Hope for supplies, and inthe meantime everyone was rationed. The situation was relieved tosome extent when theSirius returned seven months later, butin October 1789 rationing began again. By January 1790 everyone hadbeen lodged in huts or barracks and vegetables had been grown,which had a good effect on the health of the community. On 2 June1790 the first vessel of the second fleet arrived with 222 femaleconvicts, and before the end of the month a storeship and threeconvict transports also reached port. But the shocking overcrowdingof the convicts had resulted in the death of a fourth of theirnumber, and the remainder in most cases were so ill that they hadto be helped ashore. There were 86 more deaths in the next sixweeks. Phillip was quite unprepared for this influx but he facedthe position bravely. In September he was seriously wounded by aspear thrown by a native, but fortunately recovered six weekslater. Though Phillip himself had shown great forbearance and tactin dealing with the aborigines, some of the convicts hadundoubtedly misbehaved in their relations with them and severalconvicts had been killed. In December 1790 a punitive expeditionwas ordered, but the natives prudently kept out of the way. Therewas a partial drought, the crops at Sydney failed, and operationswere largely transferred to Rose Hill. Phillip showed himself to bea good town planner in his original design of Sydney, butunfortunately his plan was never carried out and for a time thetown grew in an almost haphazard way. He was much troubled by thefact that many men claimed to have completed their sentences, butas he had not been supplied with proper records, he could only keepthem working on rations. In December 1790 Lieutenant King reachedLondon with dispatches from Phillip and was able to give thegovernment full particulars about the position at Sydney. In replyto his dispatches Phillip was informed that the government intendedto send out two shipments of convicts annually, and that therewould be no danger in future of a shortage of supplies. Some of theofficers had complained against Phillip, but he was supported, andhis sending of Major Ross to Norfolk Island was approved. Philliphad applied for leave of absence to do urgent private business inEngland, but was requested to continue in his position until hispresence in the colony could be better dispensed with. In March1791James Ruse (q.v.) thefirst successful farmer in Australia, advised Phillip that he wasable to maintain himself on the land he was farming and was granted30 acres at Parramatta, the first grant of land in Australia. This,however, was exceptional, in April the settlement was running shortof food again, and Major Ross was in the same position at NorfolkIsland. Matters continued to grow worse until July, when thevessels of the third fleet began to arrive, but Phillip had to makearrangements for housing and feeding nearly 2000 more people. Thefood available was limited, and he immediately sent one of thetransports to Calcutta for provisions. Other problems kept arisingsuch as the question of currency. The Spanish dollar was the mostcommon coin and Phillip decided that its value should be fiveshillings English. The beginnings of a whaling industry was made,men whose sentences had expired were encouraged to settle on theland, and a certain amount of live stock was brought from the Capeof Good Hope. Vine cuttings were also procured from the same placeand did well. The great needs were practical farmers who couldproperly develop the land and live stock, and overseers for theconvicts, who continued to give great trouble. Trouble was alsobrewing among the military officers who were already forming themilitary caste that was to cause so much mischief in later years.Phillip was again faced with famine early in 1792, and there wasgreat mortality among the convicts. Vegetables were fortunatelyplentiful and the vines and fruit trees were beginning to bear, butthere was a shortage of everything else. On 26 June the first ofthree store ships arrived from England, and the new colony wasnever again in such straits for want of food. Articles ofmerchandise began to come from England, but the "rum traffic" gavemuch trouble. The issuing of a licence for the sale of wine andspirits did not improve matters, and drunkenness and debaucheryshowed no signs of diminishing. Phillip would not allow hisoptimism to be quenched, and one of his last acts before leavingwas the giving of what government live stock could be spared to thesettlers. On 11 December 1792 he sailed for England in theAllantic taking with him two aborigines and many specimensof plants and animals. The population of the settlement was then4221 of whom 3099 were convicts. The death rate had been very high,but the worst was past. Phillip had done his work well, and it musthave been a great satisfaction to him to know that hisadministration had the approval of the king's ministers. He arrivedin London on 22 May 1793.

Phillip had suffered much in Australia from a pain in his side,and he was advised that he was not fit for active service. In July1793 he resigned his governorship, and was granted a pension of£500 a year. He was then nearly 55 years of age. He had married in1763 Margaret Charlott, the widow of John Denison, who had someprivate fortune. She remained in England while Phillip was inAustralia, and died apparently about the middle of 1792. Her willprovided for a legacy of £100 to her husband and the return to himof the marriage bond. He lived for a time at Bath and London, andin May 1794 married Isabella Whitehead. In 1796 he was placed incommand of H.M.S.Alexander of 74 guns and did patrol andconvoy work, in October was transferred to H.M.S.Swiftsure,and in September 1797 he was in command of theBlenheim of98 guns. In February 1798 he was superseded in the command of theBlenheim in circumstances involving no reflection on him. Hewas at Lisbon at the time and immediately returned to London. InApril 1798 he received an appointment as commander of the HampshireSea Fencibles. In January 1799 he became rear-admiral of the blue,and in 1803 was in command of the whole of the sea fencibles. In1805 he retired from this command and spent most of the rest of hislife at Bath. His correspondence shows that he continued to keep uphis interest in New South Wales. He was promoted rear-admiral ofthe red on 9 November 1805, vice-admiral of the white on 25 October1809, vice-admiral of the red on 31 July 1810, and on 4 June 1814admiral of the blue. With his pension of £500 a year for hiscolonial services, and his half pay, he was in comfortablefinancial circumstances. He had a severe illness in 1808 butrecovered, and so late as 1812 we find him taking an interest inF. H. Greenway (q.v.) thearchitect. On 31 August 1814 he died at Bath. His wife survived himbut there appear to have been no children by either marriage. Hewas buried in St Nicholas's Church Bathampton. The story thatPhillip committed suicide by throwing himself from his window isnot supported by any evidence. Portraits of him will be found inthe national portrait gallery, London, and the William Dixsongallery, Sydney. A monument to his memory in Bath Abbey Church wasunveiled on 3 June 1937. Another is at St Mildred's Church,Bread-street, London, and there is a statue by A. Simonetti in thebotanic gardens, Sydney.

Phillip was a slight, dark complexioned man of below mediumheight, quick in manner, self-controlled and courageous. His taskwas to make a settlement in a wilderness with few and imperfecttools, and a host of broken men to use them. He had, however, thedetermination that enables a man to make the best of theconditions. His strong sense of duty did not help to make himpersonally popular, and he received little help from some of hissubordinate officers. His second in command, Major Ross, was apositive hindrance to him. Steadfast in mind, modest, without selfseeking, Phillip had imagination enough to conceive what thesettlement might become, and the common sense to realize what atthe moment was possible and expedient. When almost everyone wascomplaining he never himself complained, when all feared disasterhe could still hopefully go on with his work. He was sent out tofound a convict settlement, he laid the foundations of a greatdominion.

G. Mackaness,Admiral Arthur Phillip, with goodbibliography; M. Barnard Eldershaw,Phillip of Australia;Historical Records of New South Wales, vols. I and II;Historical Records of Australia, ser. I, vols. I and II;National Historical Memorial to Admiral Arthur Phillip R.N.,St Mildred's Church;The Voyage of Governor Phillip toBotany Bay; Eris O'Brien,The Foundation of Australia.See also Ed. by Owen Rutter,The First Fleet, The Record of theFoundation of Australia, and G. D. Milford,Governor Phillipand the Early Settlement of New South Wales.

PHILP, SIR ROBERT (1851-1922), premier of Queensland,

was born at Glasgow on 28 December 1851, the second son of JohnPhilp and his wife, Mary Ann Wiley. His father was the proprietorof a lime kiln at Glasgow. Robert Philp was educated at theAnderston Presbyterian Church School, and in 1862 his fatheremigrated with his family to Queensland, arriving at Brisbane on 6August. The boy was sent to the national school and in November1863 entered the service of Bright Brothers, afterwards GibbsBright and Company. He remained with them for 11 years and was thenemployed byJames Burns(q.v.). In January 1875 he was sent to Townsville, then a verysmall place. While there he took part in the development of themining industry in Queensland, but his main interest lay in thebuilding up of the business in which he became a partner under thewell-known name of Burns Philp and Company. As agents dealing withthe wool, wood and gold from the inland country the business becamevery prosperous, and gradually got together a large fleet ofsteamers. The management at Sydney was in the hands of James Burns,while Philp was in control at Townsville. He became a member of thetown council, in December 1885 was asked to become a candidate forthe newly-formed electorate of Musgrave, was duly elected early in1886, and shortly afterwards removed to Brisbane. As arepresentative of a North Queensland electorate he made his firstspeech in favour of the forming of a new colony there. In October1893 he reached cabinet rank as secretary for mines in theH. M. Nelson (q.v.) ministry, andin April 1898 he became treasurer and secretary for mines in theT. J. Byrnes (q.v.)ministry. When Byrnes died in September 1898, Philp was given thesame positions in the succeedingJ. R. Dickson (q.v.) ministry.This was defeated on 1 December 1899, but the Labour ministry whichtook its place lasted less than a week. Philp had been electedleader of the opposition, and on 7 December formed a ministry,taking the portfolios of premier, treasurer, and secretary formines. He showed himself to be an excellent administrator and wonthe respect of both sides of the house. The 1900 session producedno fewer than 34 acts of parliament including several railway acts,a factories and shops act, and others dealing with the amendment ofthe land laws. In 1901 Philp paid a visit to South Africa duringthe recess to see his son who had contracted enteric fever whilewith the Australian forces. On his return he had to face thedifficulties arising from a four years drought, during which thesheep in the state were reduced from 21,000,000 to 7,000,000.Various ameliorative measures were passed by the government toassist the graziers, but though an improvement in the miningindustry helped matters to some extent, nothing could stop theheavy falling off in revenue and consequent deficits. The coming offederation, of which Philp had been a consistent advocate, was notat first helpful to Queensland, and Philp had many difficulties tocontend with. He pursued a policy of economical and carefuladministration and in an endeavour to balance the budget brought inan income tax, the first direct taxation to be imposed inQueensland. On 8 September 1903, being deserted by some of hissupporters, he was able to carry a bill to amend the stamp act byonly two votes, and the government resigned. He was in oppositionuntil November 1907 when he was asked to form a new ministry on thedefeat ofW. Kidston(q.v.). But the Labour party held the balance of power and Philpwas almost at once defeated. A few months later, after an election,a coalition was made between the Philp and Kidston parties, butPhilp declined to accept office. Practically the effect was thathis party was amalgamated with Kidston's but he felt that a threeparty system was unworkable, and henceforth worked loyally forKidston as a private member and was never in office again. InAugust 1912 a Philp scholarship was founded at the newly formeduniversity of Queensland by public subscription as a permanentmemorial of the work Philp had done for Queensland. In the sameyear he visited Europe and while in Edinburgh his portrait, now inthe national gallery at Brisbane, was painted by Sir James Guthrie.After his return to Queensland Philp took up his duties as aprivate member again and in January 1915 was made a K.C.M.G. In thefollowing May the Labour party was successful at the generalelection and Philp was defeated by something under 200 votes. Hehad represented his electorate for 27 years. He devoted himself tobusiness pursuits, but in 1920 formed one of a delegation sent toEngland asking for the appointment of a governor of Queensland.Shortly after the arrival of the delegation Sir Michael Nathan wasappointed to the position. This was Philp's last act of publicservice and he died following an operation on 17 June 1922. He hadmarried (1) Miss Campbell, (2) Miss Munro, who survived him withhis two sons and five daughters.

Philp was modest, shrewd and amiable. He was a successfulbusiness man, and as a politician was always thinking first of hiscountry. He did excellent work in the development ofQueensland.

Harry C. Perry,Memoirs of the Hon. Sir RobertPhilp, K.C.M.G.;The Brisbane Courier, 19 June 1922; C.A. Bernays,Queensland Politics During SixtyYears.

PIGOT, EDWARD FRANCIS (1858-1929), astronomer and seismologist,

was born at Dundrum, Ireland, on 18 September 1858. He graduatedB.A. and M.B. at Trinity College, Dublin, and after a post-graduatecourse at London practised at Dublin for some years as a physician.He then entered the Jesuit order, and coming to Australia about1890 was appointed science master at Riverview College, Sydney. In1899 he went to China as a missionary, but his health broke downand for six years he was attached to the observatories ofZi-kai-wei and Zo-se near Shanghai. His interest in astronomy hadbeen aroused when, as a student at Dublin, he had attended lecturesgiven by Sir Robert Ball. He returned to Sydney in 1905 and took uphis old position at Riverview. There he founded an observatorywhich though ill-equipped at first (it was not Until 1922 that hehad a first-rate telescope), eventually became widely known. Pigothad given particular attention to seismology, and in 1914 visitedEurope as a delegate of the Commonwealth government to theinternational seismological congress which was to have been held atPetrograd, but had to be abandoned on account of the war. He waselected a member of the Australian national research council in1921, and was a delegate to the International Astronomical Union atRome in 1922, and the Pan-Pacific Science Congress at Tokyo in1926. He was a past president of the New South Wales section of theBritish Astronomical Association, and was a member of the councilof the Royal Society of New South Wales for seven Years from 1921.He died at Sydney on 22 May 1929.

Pigot was a man of somewhat frail physique, with many interestsand great learning. He was an excellent musician, had a charmingpersonality, and was much loved. For many years he devoted himselfto his observatory, and partly by personal sacrifice got togetherthe collection of instruments which enabled it to be ranked amongthe best seismological observatories in the world. His own work inthis direction was of the highest order, and towards the end of hislife he was engaged in research in weather problems of greatinterest. He believed that eventually it might be possible toconsiderably increase the range and certainty of weatherforecasting, by the systematic collaboration of meteorologists andastronomers in different parts of the world.

Journal and Proceedings Royal Society of New SouthWales, 1930, p. 5;The Sydney Morning Herald, 22 and 23May 1929;The Advocate, 30 May 1929.

PIGUENIT, WILLIAM CHARLES (1836-1914), artist,

was born at Hobart on 27 August 1836 (Aust. Ency.). Hisfather, Frederick de Geyh Piguenit, came of an old Huguenot family.Piguenit entered the survey department at Hobart and became adraftsman. He received some lessons in painting from Frank Dunnett,a Scottish painter, who was working in Hobart, and gave all hisspare time to painting. In 1872 he retired from the public serviceto take up the life of an artist, but had little success in findingpatrons untilSir JamesAgnew (q.v.) gave him a good price for a picture. About 1880 hemoved to Sydney and was one of the founders of the Art Society ofNew South Wales. He spent much time in the country seekingsubjects, and during a visit to Tasmania came under the notice ofthe governor's wife, Lady Hamilton. On her suggestion a largenumber of his drawings were purchased by the government for theHobart gallery. In 1895 his "Flood in the Darling" was purchasedfor the national gallery at Sydney, and in 1898 and 1900 he visitedEurope where he exhibited both at London and Paris. Returning toAustralia he won the Wynne prize in 1901 with his "Thunder storm onthe Darling", and two years later he was commissioned by thetrustees to paint his "Mount Kosciusko" for the Sydney gallery. Hedied on 17 July 1914. He is represented in the Sydney, Hobart andGeelong galleries.

Piguenit was the first native-born landscape painter inAustralia of any importance. His thoroughly painstaking and sincerework belongs to the Victorian tradition, now out of fashion butsound within its limits.

W. V. Legge,The Tasmanian Mail, 6 May 1915; W.Moore,The Story of Australian Art.

PIPER, JOHN (1773-1851), pioneer,

was born at Maybole, Ayrshire, Scotland, in 1773, the son ofHugh Piper, a doctor of Cornish descent. In April 1791 he enteredthe army as an ensign in the New South Wales Corps, and he arrivedat Sydney in thePitt in February 1792. In 1793 he was sentto Norfolk Island and by 1795 had become a lieutenant. He went toEurope on leave in 1797, returned to Sydney in 1799, and in 1800received the local rank of captain. He was friendly withJohn Macarthur (q.v.) and actedas his second in the duel withPaterson (q.v.) in September1801. Piper was put under arrest and there was some intention ofsending him to be tried in England. He was, however, tried bycourt-martial at Sydney and acquitted. At the beginning of 1804 hewent to Norfolk Island again and in September, whenFoveaux (q.v.) left the island onsick leave, was appointed acting-commandant.Joseph Holt (q.v.), who had beensent to Norfolk Island merely on suspicion of having been concernedwith the abortive rebellion in April, was very grateful to Piperfor releasing him from working as a convict. He described Piper asa "perfect gentleman and excellent officer". But the expense ofmaintaining Norfolk Island was too great, it was graduallyevacuated, and Piper left for Sydney towards the end of 1809. Hismild rule of the settlement was much to his credit, but he wasfortunate in not being at Sydney during the deposition ofBligh. He went to England inSeptember 1811 and in May 1813 was appointed naval officer at PortJackson. Piper resigned from the army and arrived at Sydney inFebruary 1814. His office developed into a combination of being incharge of the custom house, harbour trust and water police. Hecollected the harbour dues and customs duties, and was paid acommission of 5 per cent on the amount collected. With Sydneyincreasing rapidly in importance as a port his fees rose rapidly,and he eventually received £4000 a year or more. He also receivedvarious grants of land and built a beautiful house near Point Piperwhich became a centre of hospitality in Sydney. Piper wasinterested in horse-racing and aquatics and he spent much money onrelatives and friends less fortunate than himself. He becamechairman of directors of the Bank of New South Wales, a member ofmany committees, and a magistrate. But he was of too easy-going adisposition to be able to also attend properly to his duties asnaval officer, and in spite of his large income had private moneydifficulties. Soon after the arrival ofGovernor Darling in December 1825,inquiries were held into the conduct of the bank and of the navaloffice, and neither turned out satisfactorily for Piper. The bankhad made large advances to the friends of the directors, and thestaff of the naval office was found to be inadequate and manyduties had not been collected. Piper was superseded and attemptedto commit suicide by jumping out of his boat. He was rescued by oneof his men in an unconscious state but recovered.

Piper was almost a ruined man. He had many properties, but itwas a bad time for selling them and some realized much below theirvalue. His friends stood by him, and enough was saved from thewreck for him to make a fresh start on his property of 2000 acres,Alloway Bank near Bathurst. A house was built and in 1829 GovernorDarling and his wife paid the Pipers a visit, thus demonstratingthat dishonesty had not been the cause of Piper's disaster. If hehad been constitutionally able to live within his income hisstation might have been very successful. It certainly gave Piperand his family a good living for many years. But he had noreserves, and when the depression of 1844 came he lost AllowayBank. All that was left was a fund in the hands ofW. C. Wentworth (q.v.). Thishad been subscribed at the time of the first crash by some ofPiper's friends, and with it a property of 500 acres was secured atWestbourne. Piper was now over 70, and at Westbourne he graduallyfaded out of life. He died there on 8 June 1851. He married MaryAnn Shears, who survived him with a large family of sons anddaughters. When Piper died he was already almost forgotten, hisbiographers searched in vain for obituary notices in thenewspapers. Yet during the eighteen-twenties he was one of thebest-known men in Sydney. His misfortunes largely arose from hislack of business sense, and an inability to say no to people whosponged on him. But it was also said of him that he was "toonoble-minded to desire to make a fortune from the labour of thesettler, the plunder of the soldier, or from the sweat of theconvict's brow" (Holt).

M. Barnard Eldershaw,The Life and Times of CaptainJohn Piper;Historical Records of Australia, ser. I,vols. III to XIII; T. Crofton Croker,Memoir of Joseph Holt;Philip H. Morton,Journal and Proceedings Royal AustralianHistorical Society, vol. XV, pp. 368-79; Flora Eldershaw,ibid, vol. XXVI, pp. 479-98.

PLAYFORD, THOMAS (1837-1915), premier of South Australia and federal senator,

was born in London in 1837. His father, the Rev. ThomasPlayford, was in the army before joining the church and fought withthe Guards at Waterloo. Thomas Playford was brought to SouthAutsralia in 1844, and had comparatively little schooling, butafterwards read widely. He began working on a farm in early lifebut afterwards took up market gardening with success. He became amember of the East Torrens district council, was chairman for 21years, and for several years was president of the Association ofDistrict Chairmen. He was elected to parliament for Onkaparinga in1868 as a Liberal and land reformer, and held the seat for fouryears. In 1875 he was elected for East Torrens and in the followingFebruary became commissioner of crown lands in theBoucaut (q.v.) ministries fromMarch to June 1876, and October 1877 to September 1878; in theMorgan (q.v.) ministrySeptember 1878 to June 1881; and from February to June 1885 in theColton (q.v.) ministry.He was also commissioner of public works in Colton's ministry fromJune 1884 to February 1885. He became premier and treasurer in June1887 and held office until June 1889, when he was succeeded byJ. A. Cockburn(q.v.). He formed his second ministry in August 1890, was alsotreasurer until January 1892, and commissioner of crown lands untilJune 1892, when the ministry resigned. He was one of the tworepresentatives of South Australia at the federal conference heldin Melbourne in 1890, and came into conflict withSir Henry Parkes (q.v.) on theground that his proposals were too vague and indefinite. He was arepresentative at the Sydney convention of 1891, sat on theconstitutional committee, and took an active part in theproceedings. He was treasurer and minister controlling the NorthernTerritory inKingston's(q.v.) ministry from June 1893 until April 1894, when he wasappointed agent-general for South Australia in London. Returning toAustralia four years later he was elected one of the senators forSouth Australia to the first federal parliament in 1901, wasvice-president of the executive council and leader of the senate inthe firstDeakin (q.v.)ministry from September 1903 to April 1904, and minister fordefence in the second Deakin ministry from July 1905 to January1907. He lost his seat at the December 1906 election and retiredfrom politics. He died at Adelaide on 19 April 1915. He married in1860, Mary Jane, daughter of the Rev. W. Kinsman, who survived himwith five sons and five daughters.

Playford was physically a big man, considerably over six feet inheight and burly in proportion, with a resounding voice and a bluntmanner. An astute politician who, however, fairly earned hisnick-name of "Honest Tom", he left a long record of useful workbehind him. One of his grandsons, Thomas Playford, born in 1896,became premier and treasurer of South Australia in 1938.

The Register, Adelaide, 20 April 1915; B. R.Wise,The Making of the Australian Commonwealth; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of Australasian Biography;Who's Who inAustralia, 1941.

PLUNKETT, JOHN HUBERT (1802-1869), attorney-general of New South Wales,

son of George Plunkett, was born at Mount Plunkett, countyRoscommon, Ireland, in June 1802. He entered Trinity College,Dublin, in November 1819, graduated B.A. in 1824 and in 1826 wascalled to the Irish bar. He practised as a barrister with success,fought for Catholic emancipation, and had much influence on thesuccess of his party's candidates at the election for Roscommonheld in 1830. In 1831 he was appointed solicitor-general of NewSouth Wales where he arrived in June 1832. The thenattorney-general, J. Kinchela, was so extremely deaf that it wasdifficult for him to do his work, and Plunkett had to undertakemost of his duties. Early in 1836 Kinchela retired from hisposition, Plunkett took his place, and in the same year wasassociated withGovernorBourke (q.v.) in bringing about a new church and schools act.Plunkett obtained leave of absence to attend to private business inIreland in 1841, and did not return to Sydney until August 1843. InOctober 1844 he applied for the vacant position of chief justicewhich was, however, given toAlfred Stephen (q.v.).Plunkett was offered the judgeship vacated by Stephen but declinedit. He was made a member of the executive council in March 1847,and in 1848, when the national school system was founded, wasappointed chairman of the board of education. He gave up theattorney-generalship and retired on a pension of £1200 a year in1856. In the same year he was elected a member of the legislativeassembly at the first election under the new constitution. Heresigned his seat in January 1857, was nominated to the legislativecouncil, and elected its president. In February 1858, on account ofthe board of education having issued regulations whichCharles Cowper (q.v.), thenpremier, disapproved of, Plunkett was dismissed from his positionas chairman and he thereupon resigned from the council. There wasmuch public sympathy with Plunkett, and the government offered toreinstate him if he would withdraw statements he had made inletters which were considered offensive. This he declined to do.Plunkett was again a member of the legislative assembly fromSeptember 1858 to November 1860, in June 1861 was nominated to thecouncil, and from October 1863 to February 1865 was vice-presidentof the executive council in the firstMartin (q.v.) ministry. He wasthen reconciled with Cowper, and from August 1865 to January 1866was attorney-general in the fourth Cowper ministry. He was alsovice-chancellor of the university of Sydney from 1865 to 1867. Forthe last two years of his life he lived much at Melbourne onaccount of his wife's health, and he made his last publicappearance there in 1869 as secretary to the provincial council ofthe Roman Catholic Church. He died at Melbourne on 9 May 1869leaving a widow but no children. Plunkett was the author ofTheAustralian Magistrate; a Guide to the Duties of a Justice of thePeace, first published in 1835 and reissued in at least threesubsequent editions;The Magistrate's Pocket Book (1859),andOn the Evidence of Accomplices (1863).

Plunkett was dignified and somewhat austere in manner, though hecould relax on occasions. He had much ability and exercised greatinfluence in the early days of education in New South Wales and inconnexion with the anti-transportation movement.John Fairfax (q.v.) said he was"the greatest friend of civil and religious liberty in the colony",and he was in advance of his time in his attitude to the landquestion, and in his advocacy of manhood suffrage.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 11th May 1869;Historical Records of Australia, ser. I, vols. XVI to XXVI;P. S. Cleary,Australia's Debt to Irish Nation-builders;Aubrey Halloran,Journal and Proceedings Royal AustralianHistorical Society, vol. X, pp. 328-37.

POLDING, JOHN BEDE (1794-1877), first Roman Catholic archbishop of Sydney,

was born on 18 October 1794 at Liverpool, England. His motherwas a sister of the Very Rev. Father Bede Brewer, president generalof the English Benedictine congregation. Polding's father died whenhe was eight and his education was supervised by an uncle. He wassent to the Benedictine school at Acton Burnell and received thereligious habit in his seventeenth year. In 1814 he went toDownside near Bath, and continuing his studies was eventuallyordained priest on 4 March 1819. He was appointed prefect, and hissympathetic nature gave him much influence over the boys in hiscare. In 1824 he became novice-master in 1826 secretary to thepresident general, and on 29 June 1834 was consecrated the firstAustralian bishop. He had previously declined the see of Madras. Hereached Sydney in September 1835. He had brought some clergy withhim to reinforce the few already in the colony, and retaining oneat Sydney he divided the interior into large missionary districtsand placed a priest in charge of each. He had been received byUllathorne (q.v.),the vicar-general, who was able to tell him of the moraldegradation of most of the convicts, and though Polding realizedthat his greatest hope must he with the rising generation, for manyyears much of his time was taken up in missionary work with theconvict population. His other chief tasks were the provision ofschools and the building of churches. In his earlier days in Sydneyhe had the valuable help of Ullathorne, who by looking after thebusiness of the diocese, was able to free Polding for hismissionary labours. Another pressing matter was the completion ofthe building of the first St. Mary's cathedral, the funds for whichhad to be collected from a comparatively small community. In 1840Ullathorne left Australia and Polding went with him to Europe toobtain more clergy, for though the number of priests had increasedfrom eight to nineteen in five years, many more were required. AtRome the question of an Australian Hierarchy was brought forward,and by March 1842 it had been decided that Australia should havethree episcopal sees, Sydney, Hobart and Adelaide. Polding had beenmade an archbishop before he left for Sydney, where he arrived on 9March 1843. During this visit he was made a Count of the Holy RomanEmpire. His title "Archbishop of Sydney" was protested against bythe Anglican bishopW.G. Broughton (q.v.) without effect.

Polding found that his boundaries were constantly widening. Thenew settlement at Melbourne had to be provided with clergy, and anew see had been erected at Perth. He visited Europe again in 1847and the needs of Melbourne were brought before the propagandaauthorities. It was arranged that Polding should have a coadjutor,and the Right Rev. Henry Charles Davis was given this position withthe title of bishop of Maitland. Polding returned to Sydney inMarch 1848 and towards the end of that year a new diocese wascreated at Melbourne. With all his merits Polding was not a strongadministrator and had much worry over financial matters, though DrDavis was now taking these in hand. In 1854 Polding again visitedRome and it has been stated that his simple and touching wordsduring the discussion upon the dogma of the Immaculate Conceptionhad a great effect upon the assembled bishops. Unfortunately thehealth of his coadjutor, Bishop Davis, broke down and he died on 17May 1854. While Polding was at Rome the sending of a petition fromsome members of the community of St Mary's at Sydney praying forthe removal from all authority over them of Dr Gregory, thevicar-general, led to Polding asking to be allowed to resign hissee. He was, however, assured that there was the fullest confidencein his diocesan administration. He was much interested after hisreturn in the erection of St John's College at the university ofSydney, and following that the completion of the cathedral of StMary. The work was steadily carried on and much had been done whenon 29 June 1865 the cathedral was laid in ruins by a fire.Undeterred by this disaster the foundations of the new cathedralwere laid a few months later. But Polding was now past 70 years ofage and felt the need of a vigorous coadjutor. Going to Europeagain in November 1865 he was much attracted toRoger William Bede Vaughan(q.v.) and asked that he might be given that position. His requestwas not granted until 1873. From the end of that year he was freedfrom the active duties of the diocese. He died on 16 March1877.

Polding's overflowing kindness, sympathy and humility, helpedhim to do wonderful work among the neglected convicts during hisearly days in Australia. But these very qualities led at times toindecision and weakness in administrative work. A dignified,scholarly and eloquent preacher, he was loved by all his flock andrespected by all outside it.

H. N. Birt,Benedictine Pioneers in Australia;P. F. Moran,History of the Catholic Church in Australasia;The Catholic Encyclopaedia, vol. XII;The Sydney MorningHerald, 17 March 1877.

POLLOCK, JAMES ARTHUR (1865-1922), physicist,

was born at or near Cork, Ireland, in 1865. He studied at theManchester Grammar School and the royal university of Ireland,where he graduated as bachelor of engineering. He came to Sydney in1884 and obtained a scientific appointment on the staff of theobservatory, but gave this up to attend the university of Sydney.He graduated B.Sc. in 1889 with the university medal for physics,and in the following year became a demonstrator in physics underProfessor Threlfall(q.v.). He held this position for nine years, occasionally actingas Threlfall'slocum tenens, and in April 1899 was appointedprofessor of physics. He was president of section A of theAustralasian Association for the Advancement of Science in 1909,became a member of the council of the Royal Society of New SouthWales in the same year, and two years later was elected one of thehonorary secretaries to this society. When the Australian miningbattalion was formed in 1915 Pollock, though well past militaryage, enlisted in it and was given a captain's commission. On thewestern front in France he was in charge of an officers' school,for training in the use of geophones and other listening devices.He was afterwards transferred to an experimental air station atFarnborough, England, where he helped in the work of findingmethods of indicating deviations from a set course. He returned toAustralia in 1919 and died at Sydney on 24 May 1922 after a shortillness.

Pollock was one of the most modest and retiring of men, he wasseveral times asked to accept the presidency of the Royal Societyof New South Wales but always refused. He was content in feelingthat as one of the secretaries of the society and as editor of theProceedings, he was able to do some work for science inaddition to his duties as a professor at the university. He wasprobably quite unaware of the affection, high regard for hischaracter, and respect for his great abilities felt by hiscolleagues. He was one of the founders of the Australian nationalresearch council in 1919, and an original member of its council andexecutive committee. His published work includes some 20 papersincluding research on the relations between the geometricalconstants of a conductor and the wave-length of theelectro-magnetic radiation obtained from it, the specific inductivecapacity of a sheet of glass at high frequency, the application ofthe ionic theory of conduction to the carbon arc, andinvestigations of the ions of the atmosphere. Some of hismeasuremerits of specific inductive capacity can claim to be themost exact and trustworthy extant. He was elected a fellow of theRoyal Society, London, in 1916.

Journal and Proceedings, Royal Society of New SouthWales, 1923;The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 May 1922;Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol. 94, seriesB;Calendar of the University of Sydney, 1923, p.777.

POWERS, SIR CHARLES (1853-1939), judge of the high court,

was born at Brisbane on 8 March 1853. Educated at BrisbaneGrammar School he was admitted to practise as a solicitor in 1876and was called to the bar in 1894. He entered the Queenslandparliament in June 1888 as a member of the legislative assembly, inNovember 1889 became postmaster-general and minister for educationin theMorehead(q.v.) ministry, and held these positions until August 1890. He wasleader of the opposition in 1894-5. In 1894 he brought in anelectoral reform bill which provided for women's franchise and theabolishing of plural voting. It did not, however, go beyond thesecond reading stage, and he had no success with his industrialconciliation and arbitration bill which he brought forward in thesame year. He was crown solicitor for Queensland from 1899 to 1903,and was then appointed as the first solicitor-general for theCommonwealth. He held this position for to years and was then madea justice of the high court of Australia. He was president of theCommonwealth court of conciliation and arbitration in 1921, butreturned to the high court bench in 1926. He retired in 1929 and inthe same year was created K.C.M.G. He died on 25 April 1939. Hemarried in 1878 Kate Ann Thornburn who survived him with children.Powers was a good cricketer in his youth and on one occasioncaptained a Queensland team against an English eleven. He was muchinterested in social questions. In the early days of federalgovernment he was associated with many important constitutionalproblems, and before being raised to the bench conducted severalappeals to the privy council on behalf of the Commonwealthgovernment.

C. A. Bernays,Queensland Politics during SixtyYears;The Argus, Melbourne. 26 April 1939;Who'sWho, 1938.

PRAED, ROSA CAROLINE (1851-1935), generally known as MrsCampbell Praed, novelist,

was born at Bromelton, Queensland, on 27 March 1851. Her father,Thomas Lodge Murray-Prior (1819-1892), was born in England and cameto Sydney in May 1839. He afterwards took up grazing country inQueensland and became a member of the legislative council. He waspostmaster-general in the secondHerbert (q.v.) ministry in1866, in theMackenzie(q.v.) ministry, 1867-8, and thePalmer (q.v.) ministry, 1870-4,and was elected chairman of committees in the council in July 1889.He married (1) Matilda Harpur in 1846 who died in 1868 and (2) NoraC. Barton. Rosa Caroline was the eldest daughter of his first wifeand was educated at Brisbane, where she gathered the materials forthe political and social life of her early books. She married on 29August 1872 Arthur Campbell Bulkley Mackworth Praed, a nephew ofWinthrop Mackworth Praed the poet. Mrs Praed spent about four yearson the land and in 1876 went to London. Except for a visit toAustralia made some 18 years later, England was henceforth herhome. In 1880 she published her first book,An AustralianHeroine, which had been twice returned to her for revision byChapman and Hall's reader, George Meredith; he probably gave heradvice of great value. This book was followed byPolicy andPassion (1881), one of the best of her earlier books, whichwent into at least three editions. An Australian reprint was issuedin 1887 under the title ofLongleat of Kooralbyn.Nadine;the Study of a Woman, was published in 1882,Moloch; a Storyof Sacrifice, in 1883, andZero; a story of Monte Carlo,in 1884. In that year began her friendship with Justin McCarthywhich continued for the rest of his life. He was 20 years hersenior, with an established reputation as a literary man. Theycollaborated in three novels,The Right Honourable (1886,4th ed. 1891),The Rebel Rose (issued anonymously in 1888but two later editions under the title,The Rival Princess,appeared in their joint names), andThe Ladies' Gallery(1888). Another joint work wasThe Grey River, a book on theThames, illustrated with etchings byMortimer Menpes (q.v.). MrsPraed continued to write a novel a year for a long period. Of thesethe following appeared before the end of the century:AustralianLife (1885),The Head Station (1885),Affinities(1886),The Brother of a Shadow (1886),Miss Jacobsen'sChance (1886),The Bond of Wedlock (1887),TheRomance of a Station (1889),The Soul of Countess Adrian(1891),The Romance of a Chalet (1891),Outlaw andLawmaker (1893),December Roses (1893),ChristinaChard (1894),Mrs Tregaskis (1895),Nulma (1897),The Scourge Stick (1898),Madam Izan (1899), andAs a Watch in the Night (1900). Mrs Praed's husband died in1901, and in 1902 she publishedMy Australian Girlhood, anaccount of her life in the country before her marriage. It containsmany interesting memories, especially those relating to theaborigines. She then resumed novel-writing and publishedTheInsane Root (1902),Dwellers by the River (1902),Fugitive Anne (1903),The Ghost (1903),The OtherMrs Jacobs (1903),Nyria (1904),Some Loves and aLife (1904),The Maid of the River (1905),The LostEarl of Ellan (1906),The Luck of the Leura (1907),Stubble before the Wind (1908),By Their Fruits(1908),A Summer Wreath (Short Stories), (1909),TheRomance of Mademoiselle Aissé (1910),Opal Fire (1910),The Body of His Desire (1912),The Mystery Woman(1913),Lady Bridget in the Never Never Land (1915), andSister Sorrow (1916). After a friendship of nearly 30 yearsJustin McCarthy died in April 1912. Towards the end of that yearMrs Praed publishedOur Book of Memories; Letters of JustinMcCarthy to Mrs Campbell Praed, with connecting explanations.Mrs Praed's last years were spent at Torquay. In 1931 she publishedThe Soul of Nyria, which purports to be an intimate accountof life in Rome over 1800 years ago as set down by a modern womanin a mediumistic state. This record was written down by Mrs Praedbetween 1899 and 1903, but was not published until nearly 30 yearslater. Her novel,Nyria, was based on these experiences. Shedied at Torquay on 10 April 1935 and was survived by adaughter.

Mrs Campbell Praed never lost her interest in her native countryand though most of her life was passed in England, a largeproportion of her novels were based on her Australian experiences.Others dealt with the occult, with spiritualism, or with abnormalstates of mind. Mrs Praed was much interested in psychologicalproblems, her character-drawing is good although her women arebetter than her men, she had some sense of humour, and she couldtell a story. She is entitled to a leading place among theAustralian novelists who developed in the nineteenth century.

Burke's Colonial Gentry, 1891; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of Australasian Biography; E. Morris Miller,Australian Literature;The Times 15 April 1935;The Argus, Melbourne, 16 April 1935;Who's Who,1935.

PRENDERGAST, GEORGE MICHAEL (1854-1937), politician,

was born at Adelaide on 6 May 1854. His parents had arrived fromIreland in the previous year. The family came to Victoria, andPrendergast served his apprenticeship as a printer at Stawell. Heafterwards went to Sydney and worked on the SydneyDailyTelegraph, and later managed the NarranderaArgus.Returning to Victoria in 1888, he took much interest in his union,and in 1890 was appointed its delegate on the Trades Hall council.In 1892 he became the first secretary of the newly-formed VictorianLabour party, and in 1894 he was elected a member of thelegislative assembly for North Melbourne. Defeated by W . A. Wattat the 1897 election, he regained the seat in 1900, and held ituntil the constituency was abolished in 1927. He was elected leaderof the Labour party in 1904, but resigned early in 1913 and went ona trip to the old world. On his return he took office on 9 December1913 as chief secretary in the Elmslie government, which was,however, defeated less than a fortnight later. He again becameleader of the Labour party in 1918, and on 18 July 1924 formed agovernment, taking himself the portfolios of premier and treasurer.His party, however, did not have a majority in the house and he wasable to pass little legislation of importance. In 1926 Prendergastresigned the leadership of the Labour party on account of hishealth and advancing years; but he still took an active part in thework of parliament, and in May 1927 was given the position of chiefsecretary in the Hogan ministry which remained in power untilNovember 1928. When Hogan formed his second ministry in December1929, Prendergast, who was now in his seventy-sixth year, was not acandidate for office. After the North Melbourne electorate had beenabsorbed under a redistribution act, Prendergast was elected forFootscray and represented it until his death on 28 August 1937. Hemarried Mary Larrad in 1876, who survived him with two sons and adaughter.

Prendergast was a fluent speaker, a good debater, honest andenthusiastic for his cause. Personally liked on both sides of thehouse he was largely responsible for the building up of the Labourparty in Victoria. He was on the council of the Royal Zoologicaland Acclimatization Society from 1912, and was a trustee of thepublic library, museums, and national gallery of Victoria from1921. In private life he was interested in pottery and porcelain,and in the work of Australian artists and writers.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 30August 1937;Who's Who in Australia, 1935.

PRICE, THOMAS (1852-1909), first Labour premier of South Australia,

son of a stone mason, was born at Brymbo near Wrexham, NorthWales, on 19 January 1852. The family moved to Liverpool where hewas educated at the St George's Church of England penny school. Atnine years of age he began to work at his father's trade, and at 10was practically supporting himself. At 16 he was a Sunday-schoolteacher and a political student. Three years later he completed hisapprenticeship, and soon afterwards joined his father incontracting for work on their own account. The family had passedthrough hard times but was now, comparatively speaking, prosperous.Price married Anne Lloyd on 14 April 1881 and found a worthyhelpmate. He was now as a contractor paying £60 a week in wages andwas beginning to save money. But his health unfortunately brokedown, and being advised to seek a warmer climate, he sailed forAustralia with his wife and child and arrived at Port Adelaide inMay 1883.

Price had paid the passages out himself and when he arrivedfound that there was a good deal of unemployment in Adelaide andcomparatively little of his money remained. When he did obtain workhe quickly showed his ability as a workman, and not the leastinteresting thing was that he cut many of the stones for theparliament house in which he was subsequently premier. He becameclerk of works and foreman at the workshops built at Islington forthe railway department, and was able to show that it was possibleto do work of this kind by day labour cheaper than by tender. Inprivate life he continued his church work, took up temperancereform, joined literary and debating societies, and wasparticularly active in connexion with the newly-forming tradeunions. In 1891, during the election campaign, he made a mostsuccessful speech in place of the advertised speaker who by someaccident was unable to appear. Two years later he was selected as aLabour candidate for parliament. He had the advantage of living inthe district and headed the poll by the narrow margin of onevote.

In his early days in parliament Price was looked upon by hisopponents as a dangerous man. He then had little finesse, he wasfull of the wrongs of downtrodden people, and no doubt appeared tosome as merely a dangerous demagogue. That was far from his realcharacter, and in later years, while in no way sacrificing hisprinciples, he became more temperate in the expression of them.Early in his career in parliament he had a great triumph. TheKingston government hadintroduced a factories bill and parties were so equally dividedthat one vote would turn the scale. When Price spoke he exhibitedsamples of work done by women, and spoke with such feeling of theirhours of work and miserable pay, that immediately he finished hisspeech the minister in charge had the question put,G. C. Hawker (q.v.) crossed thefloor from the opposition, and the bill was passed. In 1901 hebecame leader of the Labour party, then very small in number, andin July 1905 premier of a coalition government with a majority ofLabour members, taking also the portfolios of commissioner ofpublic works and minister of education. He was never afraid totackle difficult problems and used much tact and skill in passing atramway bill and in advancing the principle of wages boards. Hegrappled with the Murray waters difficulty and set in train thetransfer to the Commonwealth of the Northern Territory, long aburden to South Australia. In 1908 he visited England, and had aremarkable send off. In England he met many important peopleincluding the royal family and politicians of all parties, and lostno opportunity of forwarding the cause of Australia. Soon after hisreturn he showed signs of ill-health and died on 31 May 1909 amiduniversal regret. He was survived by his wife, four sons and threedaughters.

Price was a man of medium height and build, keen-eyed and strongchinned. He was simple in manner, fond of a joke, and had greatcommon sense, sagacity and energy. As a speaker, in spite ofoccasional slight lapses in grammar and pronunciation, he was mosteffective, and the stress of his emotion and sincerity grew intoreal eloquence. In his early days necessarily partisan, and oftenimpetuous, he afterwards became a leader with the outlook of astatesman, thoroughly realizing that legislation must aim at thegood of the whole community.

Price's eldest son, John Lloyd Price (1882-1941) educated atAdelaide, was in the South Australian public service from 1898 to1915. He was M.H.A. for Port Adelaide from 1915 to 1925,agent-general for South Australia in London, 1925 to 1928, andM.H.R. for Boothby from 1928 until his death on 22 April 1941. Hewas secretary to the federal parliamentary Labour party fromOctober 1929 to March 1931, when he resigned and followedLyons (q.v.) when he left theScullin ministry. Price then became secretary to the IndependentAustralian party, and later secretary of the United Australiaparty. He was survived by a son and a daughter.

T. H. Smeaton,From Stone Cutter to Premier;The Register, Adelaide, 1 June 1909;The Herald,Melbourne, 23 April 1941;Commonwealth ParliamentaryHandbook, 1938.

PRICE, THOMAS CARADOC ROSE (1842-1911), generally known asColonel Tom Price, founder of the mounted rifles movement,

was born at Hobart on 21 October 1842. His father, John Price(1808-1857), the fourth son of Sir Rose Price, baronet, went toTasmania in 1835. In 1838 he was appointed police magistrate atHobart, and in 1848 became chief superintendent of convicts atNorfolk Island, where his severity gave him an evil reputationamong the prisoners. He became chief inspector of convictestablishments in Victoria in 1853, and on 26 March 1857 was stonedby convicts employed at Williamstown near Melbourne and died nextday. He had married a niece ofSir John Franklin (q.v.) and hisson, after some preliminary education at Hobart, went to ScotchCollege, Melbourne, in 1854. Going on to a military college inEngland he entered the British army in 1861 and service in India;in 1872 he was given the thanks of the government for his "untiringenergy and resource" during the cyclone of 2 May 1872. Retiringfrom the army in 1883 Price returned to Australia and in 1885,having been given much discretion bySargood (q.v.), then ministerfor defence, re-organized the Victorian military forces. Heoriginated the mounted rifles, afterwards called the light horse,and was largely responsible for the spread of the rifle clubmovement. Early in 1900 he went to South Africa in command of thesecond Victorian contingent and was engaged in much front lineservice. After his return he was for a short period in command ofthe Victorian forces, and in July 1902 took command in Queensland.He retired on 1 August 1904 and lived for the remainder of his lifeat Warrnambool, Victoria. His health had been impaired by hisservices in India and South Africa, and he died at Warrnambool on 3July 1911. He married (1) Mary, daughter of Thomas Baillie and (2)Emeline Shadforth, daughter of the Hon. R. D. Reid, who survivedhim with three sons and a daughter by the first marriage. He wascreated C.B. in 1900.

Price was an enthusiastic, capable and outspoken soldier. He waswell-liked by his men and had many friends but he incurred muchodium during the maritime strike in Melbourne in 1890 when themilitary were called out, for telling his men that if they werecommanded to fire it would be their duty to do so, and in that casethey should "fire low and lay them out". Price strenuously defendedthis on the ground that if the troops fired low they would be farless likely to hit vital spots.

The Argus, Melbourne, 4 and 6 July 1911;TheAge, 4 July 1911;The Bulletin, 13 July 1911;Historyof Scotch College;Burke's Peerage, etc., 1911, pp. 1529and 2339;Who's Who, 1911; P. Mennell,The Dictionary ofAustralasian Biography.

PROPSTING, WILLIAM BISPHAM (1861-1937), politician,

son of Henry Propsting, was born at Hobart on 4 June 1861. Hewas educated at the Derwent school, Hobart, and going to SouthAustralia in 1879 entered the education department as a pupilteacher. He studied at the training college and at Adelaideuniversity, and rose to be first assistant at the Sturt-streetschool, Adelaide. He returned to Tasmania in 1886, studied law, andwas admitted to the bar in 1892. In February 1899 he enteredpolitics as member for Hobart in the house of assembly, and inAugust 1901 was elected leader of the opposition. He became premierand treasurer on 9 April 1903, his party being known as the liberaldemocratic party. He succeeded in re-organizing the educationdepartment and established a training college at Hobart, but mostof his party's attempts to bring in democratic legislation wereblocked by the legislative council. Propsting resigned on 11 July1904 and was leader of the opposition until December 1905. He wasthen elected a member of the legislative council, and in May 1906joined the (Sir) John W. Evans ministry as attorney-general andminister for education. This ministry resigned in June 1909. FromApril 1916 to August 1922 Propsting was attorney-general andminister for railways in Sir W. H. Lee's ministry, and wasattorney-general in the Hayes ministry which succeeded it untilAugust 1923. He was elected president of the legislative council inJuly 1926 and held this position with distinction until his deathat Hobart on 3 December 1937. He married (1) in 1893, Caroline EmmaColes, (2) in 1925, Lilias Macfarlane, who survived him with a sonand two daughters of the first marriage. He was made a C.M.G. in1932. A fluent and persuasive speaker Propsting made his mark earlyin his parliamentary career. He worked for federation andsubsequently frequently represented his state at federalconferences. He was a good administrator who earned a reputationfor his earnestness, integrity and sound judgment.

The Mercury, Hobart, 4 December 1937;TheExaminer, Launceston, 4 December 1937.

PROUT, JOHN SKINNER (1806-1876), artist,

was born at Plymouth, England, in 1806. He painted chiefly inwater-colour, and came to Australia towards the end of 1840. Helectured on art at Sydney with success and endeavoured to arrangean exhibition of pictures, but was obliged to abandon the project.In 1844 he went to Hobart and organized the first exhibition ofpictures held in Australia in January 1845. A second exhibition washeld in 1846 and a third at Launceston in the beginning of 1848.Prout returned to England in that year and lived first at Bristoland then at London. He was elected a member of the New Water ColourSociety (now the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-colour). Hedied at London on 29 August 1876.

Prout was a capable enough artist in water-colour thoughover-shadowed by his uncle Samuel Prout. Besides illustrative workin England he published during his residence in Australia,Sydney Illustrated (1844),Tasmania Illustrated(1844), andViews of Melbourne and Geelong (1847). Examplesof his work in water-colour will be found in the national galleriesat Sydney and Hobart, at the Mitchell library, Sydney, and at theCommonwealth national library, Canberra. He has the distinction ofhaving been the first to organize art in Australia, and had nolittle influence in its early days both as a lecturer and as apainter.

The Art Union, November 1848; W. Moore,TheStory of Australian Art;Bryan's Dictionary of Painters andEngravers.

PURVES, JAMES LIDDELL (1843-1910), advocate,

was the son of James Purves, an early colonist fromBerwick-on-Tweed, who became an importer and station-owner inVictoria. J. L. Purves was born at Melbourne on 23 August 1843 andin 1853 was a student at the Melbourne diocesan grammar school. In1855 he was taken to Europe, and his education was continued inGermany and at Brussels where he obtained an excellent knowledge ofboth French and German. At London he went to King's College school,and entered Trinity College Cambridge in 1861. (Admissions toTrinity College, Cambridge, vol. V). He did not obtain a degreeat Cambridge, but in the same year entered at Lincoln's Inn, andwas called to the bar in 1865. In 1866 he returned to Melbourne andwas admitted to the Victorian bar. While he was in England he haddone some writing for the press, and as a young barrister inMelbourne he wrote a column in a local newspaper under the pen-nameof "Asmodetis". In 1871 his defence of Martin Wyberg, charged withthe robbery of 5000 sovereigns from the steamerAvoca,brought him into prominence, and at a comparatively early age heestablished a great reputation as an advocate. In 1872 he became amember of the Victorian legislative assembly for Mornington andretained this seat until 1880.McCulloch (q.v.) andBerry (q.v.) each offered himthe post of attorney-general in their ministries, but the offerswere declined. From 1880 until the end of his life Purves wasengaged in nearly every important case tried in Melbourne. Much ofhis work was in criminal and divorce cases, but he was leadingcounsel forSyme (q.v.)in the famous Speight versus Syme libel case which lasted fromMarch 1892 until February 1894. He was also much interested in theAustralian Natives' Association of which he was president of theVictorian board of directors. This association threw all itsinfluence in favour of federation and had much to do with thegradual growth of the feeling for union in Victoria. Purves died atMelbourne on 24 November 1910. He was married twice (1) to MissGrice, (2) to Miss Brodribb, who survived him with one son of thefirst marriage, and two sons and three daughters of the second.

Purves was a man of great versatility. In the early days of lawntennis in Victoria he was a well-known doubles player, and heafterwards under the name of "Gundagai" became known as one of thebest pigeon-shots in Australia. He was a great advocate, with animmense knowledge of human nature which enabled him to size up hiswitnesses almost at a glance. His methods at times were not gentle,it would be going too far to think of him merely as a bully, butsome unpopularity resulted, and when a man who had suffered underhim as a witness afterwards assaulted him in the street thesympathy of the public was not entirely with the barrister. Purves,however, would have claimed that in duty to his client he wascompelled to use the methods most effective for each particularcase. With juries he was tactful, and would sometimes introducehumorous illustrations while getting on good terms with them. Hiswit was proverbial: one illustration may be permitted: Once W. T.Coldham, who had often devilled when younger for Purves, at lastgot him in the witness-box. He began silkily "Your name is JamesLiddell Purves. What is your profession?" "Profession sir!" saidPurves, "I am a trainer of puppies." No one would have enjoyed thismore than Coldham, and though Purves could be brusque, and had somequickness of temper, he was in reality a friendly man much liked byhis associates and by the junior members of the bar. As to thealleged Rabelaisian character of his wit, there is some differenceof opinion. Some light was thrown on this by a letter from B. A.Levinson which was published in theArgus on 12 October1935, and another from F. C. Purbrick which appeared a weeklater.

The Argus andThe Age, 25 November 1910;J. L. Forde,The Story of the Bar in Victoria, p. 276;personal knowledge.

QUICK, SIR JOHN (1852-1932), politician and author,

was born in Cornwall, England, on 14 April 1852, the son of Johnand Mary Quick. The father was a farmer who emigrated to Victoriain 1854 and immediately went to the Bendigo goldfields. He died afew months later. His son was educated at a state school and at theage of 10 went to work in an iron foundry at Long Gully. Other workfollowed as an assistant in the printing room of the BendigoEvening News, as a feeder of a quartz battery, and as ajunior reporter on the BendigoIndependent. The last was hisreal starting point, for he became an expert shorthand-writer andbegan to improve his general education. He removed to Melbourne andin 1873 passed the matriculation examination of the university ofMelbourne. He entered on the law course and with the help ofscholarships, was able to attend regularly at the university, andin 1877 obtained the degree of LL.B. Quick was called to the bar inJune 1878, but continued his association with journalism and becameleader of the parliamentary staff on the MelbourneAge. In1880 he stood for parliament at Bendigo and was elected a member ofthe legislative assembly as a supporter of(Sir) Graham Berry (q.v.). Hethen resigned his position on theAge, went to live atBendigo, and practised as a solicitor. In 1882 he received thedegree of LL.D. by examination. He was making his mark inparliament and had been offered a portfolio in theGillies (q.v.)-Deakin (q.v.) government in 1886,but a redistribution of the electorates led to his defeat at the1889 election. In the meanwhile he had become interested inAustralian federation, and it was largely through his efforts thatit was taken up by the Australian Natives' Association. In August1893 he attended a federal conference of intercolonial delegatesheld at Corowa, and suggested that a national convention should beheld at which the six Australian colonies should each berepresented by 10 delegates, to consider the framing of aconstitution. In November of the same year an enabling bill wasdrafted by Quick which eventually became the basis for thedeliberations of the convention held at Adelaide in 1897. He wassecond on the poll for the 10 Victorian representatives, and whenfederation was inaugurated on 1 January 1901 he was knighted inrecognition of his many services to the federal cause. On the samedayThe Annotated Constitution of the AustralianCommonwealth, written in collaboration with Robert R. Garran,was published with an interesting historical introduction.

In the Commonwealth parliament Sir John Quick sat for 12 yearsas a member for Bendigo. He was chairman of the first federaltariff commission and was postmaster-general in the third Deakincabinet. In 1904, in conjunction withLittleton E. Groom (q.v.), hepublishedThe Judicial Power of the Commonwealth ofAustralia, and in 1919 his treatise onThe LegislativePowers of the Commonwealth and the States of Australiaappeared, a valuable exposition on the large mass of legislationpassed during the first 18 years of federation. In the followingyear another volume, written in conjunction with Luke Murphy, waspublished,The Victorian Liquor License and Local Option LawsAbridged and Consolidated. In 1922 Quick was appointed deputypresident of the federal arbitration court, and held this positionuntil his retirement on 25 March 1930. He was especially fitted forthis work for he knew both sides of the question and proved himselfto be a wise, impartial and tactful arbitrator. On his retirementhe gave his attention to a volume to be calledThe Book ofAustralian Authors. With the help of various assistants hecollected a large amount of bibliographical information, but he didnot live to complete the work. It was eventually taken up byProfessor E. Morris Miller and, with some alterations in the plan,was published in 1940 under the titleAustralian Literature.Quick died on 17 June 1932. He married Catherine Harris in 1883 whosurvived him without issue.

Quick made his way entirely by his own ability and energy. Hewas barely three years old when his father died, and before he was11 he was helping his mother by working in an iron foundry. He wasa great worker, simple and unaffected by his success. An excellentspeaker who never lost confidence in the future of his country, hewas a great influence in the federal movement, and in addition tobeing a sound lawyer he brought to his duties as an arbitrationjudge the qualities of justice, understanding, and tact. When heretired he was able to say that "the awards he had made, with oneexception, had been loyally observed without strikes, or threats ofstrikes". In addition to the books already mentioned Quick was theauthor of several pamphlets and, with D. Berriman, ofTheVictorian Magistrate.

Charles Daley,Sir John Quick;ADistinguished Australian, a reprint from theVictorianHistorical Magazine, December 1934;The Age andTheArgus, 18 June 1932; private information and personalknowledge.

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