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MACALISTER, ARTHUR (1818-1883), premier of Queensland,

was born in 1818 at Glasgow, Scotland. He emigrated to Australiain 1850, and settled in the Moreton Bay district, then part of NewSouth Wales. He practised as a solicitor, took part in the movementfor separation, and was elected a representative for Ipswich in theNew South Wales parliament. When the new colony of Queensland wasfounded in 1859, he was elected to the first parliament as memberfor his old district and was made chairman of committees. In March1862 he joined theHerbert (q.v.) ministry assecretary for public lands and works, and when Herbert resigned on1 February 1866, became premier. His ministry only lasted until 20July 1866, when he resigned owing to the governor,Sir George Bowen (q.v.),refusing to sanction a proposed issue of "inconvertible governmentnotes". Bowen called on Herbert to form a new ministry whichimmediately carried an act authorizing the issue of exchequerbills. This carried the colony through a financial crisis caused bythe failure of the Agra and Masterman's bank, which had arranged aloan for railway extensions. Herbert had to leave for Englandalmost at once, a reconstruction of the ministry was made, andMacalister again became premier on 7 August 1866. He resigned ayear later and was again elected chairman of committees WhenCharles Lilley (q.v.)became premier in November 1868, Macalister took office assecretary for public lands and works, and for the goldfields. Thisministry resigned in May 1870 and in November Macalister waselected speaker. He lost his seat in June 1871 but was re-electedfor Ipswich in 1873. He formed his third ministry in January 1874and resigned in June 1876 to become agent-general for Queensland inLondon. His health failing in 1881 he resigned his office asagent-general, and was granted a pension of £500 a year. He died on23 March 1883. He was created C.M.G. in 1876.

Macalister was a ready speaker and a capable and energeticpolitician, who was always in a prominent position in the earlydays of Queensland politics.

P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography; C. A. Bernays,Queensland Politics During SixtyYears; G. F. Bowen,Thirty Years of Colonial Government;Our First Half-Century, a Review of Queensland Progress;The Times, 24 March 1883.

MACARTHUR, SIR EDWARD (1789-1872), lieutenant-general,

eldest son ofJohnMacarthur (q.v.), and his wife Elizabeth, was born at Bath,England, in 1789. He arrived at Sydney with his parents in 1790 andreturned to England to be educated in 1799. He came to Australiaagain at the beginning of 1807, and apparently took part with hisfather in the deposition ofBligh, as Bligh, in his dispatchto Viscount Castlereagh of 30 April 1808, requested that "two ofthe rebels Charles Grimes and Edward Macarthur who have gone homein theDart may be secured, in order to be tried in duetime". On Macarthur's arrival in England he entered the army as anensign in the 60th regiment, and in the following year was promotedto the rank of lieutenant. He fought with distinction in thepeninsular war and in France and in 1820 became a captain. In 1824he paid a visit of 10 months to Australia, and after his return toEngland was for some years secretary to the lord chamberlain. In1826 he was promoted to the rank of major and in 1837 he was on thestaff in Ireland. He evidently retained his interest in Australia,as on 3 July 1839 he addressed a long communication to the RightHon. H. Labouchère, suggesting that regular lines of steamersshould be established in Australia to trade between the variousports. This was referred to the governor,Sir George Gipps (q.v.), who in May1840 replied that government aid was unnecessary, as a largecompany had been formed to establish a line of steamers of whichJames Macarthur (q.v. [under entry forJohn Macarthur]) was chairman.In August 1840 he made a protest against the regulations thatpersons desiring to take up land in the Port Phillip districtshould have to proceed to Melbourne where all charts of land werekept for public inspection. He was made a lieutenant-colonel in1841 and afterwards went to New South Wales as deputy adjutantgeneral. He became colonel in 1854, and was appointedcommander-in-chief of H.M. forces in Australia in 1855. On 1January 1856, after the death ofSir Charles Hotham (q.v.), hebecame lieutenant-governor of Victoria for 12 months. He wascreated a K.C.B. in 1862, returned to London, and died there on 4January 1872. He had married in 1862 Sarah, daughter ofLieut.-colonel Neill, who survived him without issue.

Burke's Colonial Gentry;Historical Recordsof Australia, ser. I, vols. VI and XX; S. Macarthur Onslow,Some Early Records of the Macarthurs of Camden; H. G.Turner,A History of the Colony of Victoria, vol.II.

MACARTHUR, JOHN (1767-1834), pioneer and founder of the wool industry,

was born in 1767 near Plymouth, Devonshire. His father,Alexander Macarthur, had fought for Prince Charles Edward in 1745,and after Cullodon had fled to the West Indies. Some years later hereturned to England and established a business at Plymouth. His sonJohn was educated at a private school and entered the army in 1782as an ensign, but having been placed on half pay in 1783, went tolive at Holsworthy in Devonshire. He spent some time in study andthought of reading for the bar, but in 1788 was in the army againand, about this time, married Elizabeth, daughter of a countrygentleman named Veale. In June 1789 he was appointed a lieutenantin the New South Wales Corps. He sailed for Australia on 14November 1789 in theNeptune with his wife and child andimmediately quarrelled with the captain with whom he fought a duel,without injury to either, at Plymouth. After a long and tryingvoyage theNeptune arrived at Port Jackson on 28 June 1790.Mrs Macarthur was the first educated woman to arrive in Australia,and for some time was the only woman received at the governor'stable. Later on in this year Macarthur was involved in a disputewith his brother officer, Captain Nepean. The details have beenlost, but a court-martial could not be held on account of theabsence of some of the other officers. The matter was patched upand the two men became reconciled. In February 1793, during theadministration ofFrancisGrose (q.v.), Macarthur was appointed an inspector of publicworks and received his first grant of land, 100 acres adjoining thesite of Parramatta. An additional grant of 100 acres was made inApril 1794. He was promoted captain between June and October 1795.On 25 OctoberGovernorHunter (q.v.), in a dispatch to the Duke of Portland, informedhim that he had judged it necessary for the good of the service tocontinue Macarthur in his office of inspector of the public works,"a situation for which he seems extremely well qualified". However,in September 1796, the governor in another dispatch stated that"scarcely anything short of the full power of the governor would beconsidered by this person (Macarthur) as sufficient for conflictingthe duties of his office". The governor found it necessary to checkhim in his interfering with other officers not responsible to him,and Macarthur promptly sent in his resignation. Hunter "withoutreluctance" accepted. But Macarthur had other interests. InSeptember 1795 he was working his land with a plough, the first tobe used in the colony, and experimenting in the breeding of sheep.He had imported sheep from both India and Ireland and produced across-bred wool of some interest. In 1796 he obtained a few merinosheep from the Cape of Good Hope, the progeny of which werecarefully kept pure-bred. A few years later he purchased nine ramsand a ewe from the Royal flock at Kew, and eventually raised aflock from which has grown the Australian wool industry. It wasMacarthur's greatest achievement. He was engaged in a quarrel withRichard Atkins who had succeeded him as an inspector of publicworks, in connexion with Atkins having reported that soldiers werestealing turnips from the governor's garden. Atkins objected as amagistrate to not being given the title of esquire. Macarthur inreply wrote to the governor complaining that he had been grosslyinsulted, and stating that Atkins could be proved to be "a publiccheater, living in the most boundless dissipation, without anyvisible means of maintaining it than by imposture on unwarystrangers".DavidCollins (q.v.) as judge-advocate held an inquiry and reportedin favour of Atkins, and having been vindicated Atkins wrote afurious letter to Macarthur. Hunter was about to appoint Atkins asjudge-advocate, when Macarthur requested that he might institutecriminal proceedings for libel in respect to Atkins's letter.Hunter, however, saw that Macarthur's real motive was to embarrassthe civil power, and so reported to the English authorities. ButMacarthur was a dangerous man to quarrel with. He wrote a longletter to England with many complaints against Hunter, whicharrived in England early in 1797 and was sent out for reply toHunter. His answering letter was dated 25 July 1798, but Macarthurhad had a long start and undoubtedly was largely responsible forHunter's recall. Hunter had only done his duty in endeavouring torestore to the civil administration the control of the land and thelaw courts, but this did not suit Macarthur and the other officers,who had been in full power between the departure ofPhillip and the coming ofHunter, and in the fight that ensued Macarthur was the leadingfigure.

In 1798 when Dr Balmain while carrying out his duties came intoconflict with the officers, Balmain found that his only resort wasto challenge Macarthur to a duel. Macarthur's reply was that thecorps would "appoint an officer to meet him, and another, andanother, until there is no-one left to explain". In August 1801 hisquarrel with Lieutenant Marshall led to Macarthur endeavouring toget the officers of the corps to unite in refusing to meetGovernor King (q.v.). Hiscommanding officer,ColonelPaterson (q.v.) refused to join in, and eventually Patersonchallenged Macarthur to a duel and was severely wounded. King sentMacarthur to England under arrest to stand his trial bycourt-martial, and prepared a formidable indictment of him. Kingtook every precaution he could for the safety of this document, butit was stolen on the way to England. Mr Justice Evatt in hisRumRebellion says, "The inference is irresistible that either he(Macarthur) or some close associate of his arranged that thedamning document should be stolen and destroyed". Whoever wasresponsible Macarthur arrived in London able to exercise hispersonality to his own advancement. He could be friendly when hewanted to be, and managed to become on good terms with officials inthe colonial office. Samples of the fine wool he had produced hadpreviously been sent to England, and he was able to show howvaluable the development of its production would be. He proposedthat a company should be formed to "encourage the increase offine-woolled sheep in New South Wales" but it was never formed.Having addressed a memorial to the committee of the privy councilappointed for the consideration of all matters of trade and foreignplantation, Macarthur gave evidence before this committee whichdecided that his plan should be referred to the governor of NewSouth Wales, with instructions to give every encouragement to thegrowth of fine wool. Another recommendation was that Macarthurshould be given a conditional grant of lands of a reasonableextent. The theft of King's dispatch was not investigated,Macarthur resigned his commission, and was allowed to return to NewSouth Wales where he arrived on 9 June 1805. Apparently Macarthurhad so impressed his views on the English authorities that longbefore this they had decided to recall Governor King. Hissuccessor,William Bligh(q.v.), was appointed in 1805, but did not arrive at Sydney untilAugust 1806.

Bligh, a stronger man than either Hunter or King, proceeded tocarry out his instructions to suppress the rum trade. But thistouched the pockets of the officers and other monopolists, and lessthan six months after the governor's arrival Macarthur in a letterdescribed him as "violent, rash, tyrannical". Apparently thesettlers on the Hawkesbury took another view, for on the very dayof Macarthur's letter, a large number of them signed a letter inwhich they spoke of the governor's "just and humane wishes for thepublic relief", and promised "at the risk of their lives andproperties" to support the "just and benign" government under whichthey were living. (Sydney Gazette 8/2/1807). In Bligh'sdispatch to Windham dated 7 February 1807 he stated that he had"considered this spirit business in all its bearings, and am cometo the determination to prohibit the barter being carried on in anyway whatever. It is absolutely necessary to be done to bring labourto a due value and support the farming interest" (H.R. ofN.S.W., vol. VI, p. 250). In September of the same yearprincipal surgeon Jamison a friend of Macarthur's was dismissed byBligh from the position of magistrate, and Macarthur was evidentlybecoming openly hostile to the governor. Before the end of the yearMacarthur was charged with sedition and committed for trial. Evattin hisRum Rebellion examines the evidence and the law, andcomes to the conclusion that a jury should have found Macarthurguilty on two out of the three counts. When the trial began on 25January 1808 Macarthur objected to Atkins, the judge advocate,sitting on various grounds, mostly absurd or irrelevant. During thereading of Macarthur's speech Atkins intervened and said thatMacarthur was defaming him and should be committed to prison.Atkins eventually left the court and proceeded to government houseto consult Bligh. Gore the provost marshal also left and orderedaway the constables on duty. The six officers who had been sittingwith Atkins agreed that Macarthur's objections to Atkins werevalid, and asked the governor to appoint an acting judge-advocatewhich Bligh refused to do. The officers then allowed Macarthur outon bail. Next morning the officers met in the court room at 10a.m., but in the meantime Macarthur had been arrested by theprovost marshal and put in gaol. The officers took up a perfectlyillegal position and announced that they intended to bring Gore theprovost marshal to justice. Bligh on the previous day had sent forColonel Johnston who declined to come on the ground of illness, andhe now wrote to the six officers summoning them to government housenext day. Johnston apparently was now well enough to come to townand sign an order to release Macarthur, and that evening the NewSouth Wales Corps marched in military formation to government houseand arrested Bligh. It is generally admitted that Macarthur was theleading spirit in the deposing of Bligh, and undoubtedly he and hisassociates were guilty of high treason. Macarthur, always fullyconscious of his own rectitude, wrote an affectionate note to hiswife to tell her that he had been "deeply engaged all day incontending for the liberties of this unhappy colony. . . . Thetyrant is now no doubt gnashing his teeth with vexation at hisoverthrow". At a new trial for sedition held seven days after therebellion Macarthur was acquitted.

Immediately the rebel government was formed Macarthur wasappointed colonial secretary, and until after the arrival ofPaterson was the real ruler of the colony. The rum traffic wasrestored, and though inThe Early Records of the Macarthurs ofCamden it is stated that "the public expenditure was greatlyreduced by Macarthur exchanging surplus cattle from the governmentherds for grain", Evatt refers to it as a "system of peculation".It seems clear that the recipients of government cows and oxen werepractically all officers or supporters of the rebel administration.On 31 March 1809 Macarthur left for England with Johnston wherethey arrived in October 1809. In the previous May ViscountCastlereagh had given instructions that Johnston was to be sent toEngland to be tried, and that Macarthur was to be tried at Sydney.Johnston was tried by court-martial. Legally his position wasextremely bad, and the defence made was that the extreme measurestaken were necessary to save the colony. Macarthur in his evidencedid his best to discredit Bligh, and no doubt helped Johnston inpreparing his defence, which has been described as a masterpiece ofspecious insinuations against Bligh. On 2 July 1811 Johnston wasfound guilty and cashiered, the mildness of his punishment no doubtbeing on account of the full realization that he had been a meretool of Macarthur.

Macarthur was quite aware that if he returned to Sydney the newgovernor,Macquarie(q.v.), would arrest him. In October 1812 he writes to his wifethat he is in great perplexity and doubt as to whether he shouldreturn to the colony or withdraw her from it. In August 1816 hesent to his wife a copy of two letters he had sent to LordBathurst. The first which attempted to justify his conduct wasshown to Lord Bathurst's secretary, who suggested that a differenttype of letter might be more likely to succeed. In the secondletter Macarthur asked "whether after the lapse of so many years,when all the harsh and violent feelings which formerly distractedthe different members of the community in Port Jackson have beenworn out" an act of oblivion might not be passed which would enableMacarthur to return to his home. Lord Bathurst consented butincluded in his letter a clause "that you are fully sensible of theimpropriety of conduct which led to your departure from thecolony". Macarthur would not, however, accept permission to returnon such terms, but Lord Bathurst in his letters of 14 August and 14October 1816 stood firm and would not withdraw the passage.However, on 18 February 1817 Macarthur wrote to his wife to saythat "all the obstacles which have so long obstructed my return toyou . . . have this day been removed". He was still pursuing hiscampaign against Bligh, for in the same letter he tells her that hehad told the under-secretary of state that Bligh was a "brutalruffian governed by no principle of honour or rectitude, andrestrained by no tie but the wretched and despicable one of fear".Macarthur arrived in Sydney in September 1817 having been absenteight and a half years.

Macarthur, now possibly the richest man in New South Wales,settled down to the management of his estates, and his lifehenceforth was comparatively tranquil. His great interest was thedevelopment of the fine wool industry. In September 1818 hementions that he is trying to break in his sons, James and William"to oversee and manage his affairs", but fears characteristicallyenough that they "have not sufficient hardness of character tomanage the people placed under their control" and that "they settoo little value upon money, for the profession of agriculturewhich as you know requires that not a penny should be expendedwithout good reason". In 1820, writing to his son John in England,he emphasizes the necessity of the colony providing exports to payfor its imports by developing the wool industry, and in 1821 he wassuggesting to CommissionerJ. T. Bigge (q.v.) theadvisability of really respectable settlers, men with capital,being encouraged to come out to New South Wales. In January 1822the governor,Sir ThomasBrisbane (q.v.), invited Macarthur to become a magistrate, butthe two judges, John Wylde andBarron Field (q.v.), wrote toBrisbane questioning the advisability of this in view of the parttaken by Macarthur in the rebellion. Macarthur was unable to obtaina copy of the letter for some time but when he did the old firesrevived, and he wrote an abusive and insulting letter to Field whoquite properly took no notice of it. In 1828 disagreeing with adecision of the chief justice,Francis Forbes (q.v.), Macarthurthreatened to impeach him, but apparently thought better of it. Hehad been appointed a member of the legislative council in 1825 andhe was again appointed in February 1829 when the number of memberswas increased. The death of his son John in 1831 was a great sorrowto him, and towards the end of 1832 his mind began to fail. He diedon 10 April 1834 at the cottage, Camden Park, and was survived byhis wife, three sons, of whomEdward is noticed separately,and three daughters.

Macarthur had the slightly tilted nose and determined chin of aborn fighter. His son James in some notes on his characterdescribed him as "a man of quick and generous impulses, loth toenter into a quarrel but bold and uncompromising when assailed andat all times ready to take arms against opression or injustice".The trouble was that Macarthur who always had a keen eye for hisown interests, firmly believed that he was always in the right, andwas ever ready to vehemently point out how much in the wrong hisopponents were. By some process they immediately became dishonestscoundrels. The 20 years after his sailing for Australia in 1789 isfull of his quarrels. He broke three governors, and the verdict ofhistory is that they were honest men doing their duty and thatMacarthur was in the wrong. His conduct to them and his share inthe liquor traffic are blots on his character that cannot beforgotten. He even quarrelled with Phillip. (Rum Rebellion,p. 64). He was not unforgiving especially if he had obtained hisobject, and it says something for his personal charm that he becameafterwards reconciled with both Hunter and King. In his family lifehe was affectionate and beloved, and in his development of the woolindustry he did a great work for his country. His knowledge,ability and foresight, joined with a tremendous force of character,made him the greatest personality of his time in Australia.

Macarthur's fourth son, James Macarthur, was born at Parramattain 1798. He was educated in England and afterwards assisted hisfather in managing his property. In 1837 he publishedNew SouthWales Its Present State and Future Prospects, an interestingwork with valuable statistics. In 1839 James Macarthur wasnominated to the legislative council and in 1859 was elected to thelegislative assembly. He died on 21 April 1867. He married in 1838Emily, daughter of Henry Stone, whose daughter, Elizabeth, marriedCaptain Arthur Alexander Walton Onslow, R.N.

Sir William Macarthur (1800-1882), the fifth son of JohnMacarthur, was born at Parramatta in December 1800. He was educatedin England, returned to Australia with his father in 1817, andassisted in the management of his estates. In 1844 he published asmall volume,Letters on the Culture of the Vine, Fermentation,and the Management of the Cellar. In 1849 he was made a memberof the legislative council, and represented New South Wales at theParis exhibition of 1855. Shortly afterwards he was knighted. Afterhis return to Australia in 1857 he was again a member of thelegislative council for some time, but never took a prominent partin politics. He died unmarried on 29 October 1882.

S. Macarthur Onslow,Some Early Records of theMacarthurs of Camden;Historical Records of Australia,ser. I, vols. I to XVI;Historical Records of New SouthWales, vols. I to VII; H. V . Evatt,Rum Rebellion; G.Mackaness,Life of Admiral Bligh;Sydney Gazette, 8February 1807; Harold Norrie,Journal and Proceedings RoyalAustralian Historical Society, vol. XV, which must be read withcaution as the evidence is against many of Dr Norrie's conclusions.For James Macarthur,The Sydney Morning Herald, 24 April1867; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of Australasian Biography;For Sir William Macarthur,Burke's Colonial Gentry, 1891;The Sydney Morning Herald, 31 October 1882.

MacCALLUM, SIR MUNG0 WILLIAM (1854-1942), scholar,

son of Mungo MacCallum, was born at Glasgow on 26 February 1854.He was educated at Glasgow high school and university (M.A. 1876,Hon. LL.D. 1906), and at Leipzig and Berlin universities. AtGlasgow he was awarded the Luke Fellowship for literature,philosophy, and classics. He was appointed professor of Englishliterature and history at the University College of Wales in 1879,and in 1884 published his first book,Studies in Low German andHigh German Literature. About the end of 1886 he was appointedprofessor of modern languages at the university of Sydney. He heldthis chair for 34 years, and saw the number of students at theuniversity grow from about 250 to 3300. In 1894 he published hisTennyson's Idylls of the King and Arthurian Story from the XVIthCentury, in which he discussed the sources of the legends andthe Arthurian literature in English from Malory to Matthew Arnoldand Tennyson. His most interesting and important volume, however,was hisShakespeare's Roman Plays and their Background,published in 1910 and reprinted in 1925, which gave him an assuredplace in Shakespearian scholarship. In 1913 he publishedInMemory of Albert Bythesea Weigall, an excellent example of ashort biography, in which eulogy is tempered by humour and sense ofproportion. He was taking much interest in the administrative sideof the university, was a member of the senate from 1898, dean ofthe faculty of arts from the same year to 1920, and outside theuniversity, had other appointments, including that of trustee ofthe public library of New South Wales. He was chairman of trusteesfrom 1906 to 1912.

When MacCallum gave up his chair in 1920 he was appointedprofessor emeritus and continued his interest in his school and theuniversity. He was acting-warden and warden in 1923-4,vice-chancellor 1924-7, deputy-chancellor 1928-34, and chancellor1934-6. When he resigned the chancellorship at the end of 1936, aspecial meeting of the senate was held so that testimony could begiven, not only concerning the remarkable work of MacCallum duringhis 50 years connexion with the university, but also his influenceas a teacher and a man. During these years of administrative workhis interest in literature never flagged. He gave addresses to theEnglish Association at Sydney, and in 1925 at the invitation of theBritish Academy he gave the Warton lecture, taking as his subject,"The Dramatic Monologue in the Victorian Period". He was also giventhe honorary degree of D.Litt. by Oxford University in this year.In 1930 he brought outQueen Jezebel; Fragments of an ImaginaryBiography in Dramatised Dialogue, his least successful piece ofwork. It has its better moments, but there is often a curiousdisregard of the nuances of blank verse. His prose addresses ofthis period, however, show no falling off in his mental powers. Thelast of these to be published was his address on"Scott'sEquipment in Attainments and Character for his Literary Work",which was delivered in his seventy-eighth year. He died at Sydneyon 3 September 1942. He married in 1882 Dorette Margaretha Peterswho survived him with a daughter and a son, Colonel W. P.MacCallum. Another son, who was Rhodes scholar in 1906, died in1934. MacCallum, was created K.C.M.G. in 1926. He was a greatinfluence in the rapidly-growing university of his time, and hiseloquence, scholarship and wisdom left a lasting impression on it.His portrait byLongstaff (q.v.) is in the GreatHall of the university of Sydney.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 4 September 1942; E.Morris Miller,Australian Literature, which lists hispublished addresses;Calendars of the University of Sydney,1937 and earlier Years;Debrett's Peerage, etc., 1940;Burke's Peerage, etc., 1937.

McCAUGHEY, SIR SAMUEL (1835-1919), pastoralist and public benefactor,

was born near Ballymena, county Antrim, Ireland, on 30 June1835. He came to Australia with an uncle, Charles Wilson, a brotherofSir Samuel Wilson(q.v.) and landed at Melbourne in April 1856. He immediately wentto the country and began working as a jackeroo, in three months wasappointed an overseer, and two years later became manager of Kewellstation while his uncle was on a visit to England. In 1860, afterhis uncle's return, he acquired an interest in Coonong station nearUralla with two partners. His brother John who came out laterbecame a partner in other stations. During the early days ofCoonong station McCaughey suffered much from drought conditions,but overcame these by sinking bores for artesian water andconstructing large tanks. He was thus a pioneer ofwater-conservation in Australia. In 1871 he was away from Australiafor two years on holiday, and on his return did much experimentingin sheep-breeding, at first seeking the strains that could producethe best wool in the Riverina district, and afterwards when themutton trade developed considering the question from that angle. In1880 whenSir SamuelWilson went to England, McCaughey bought two of his stations,Toorale and Dunlop. He then owned about 3,000,000 acres. In 1886when he again visited the old world he imported a considerablenumber of Vermont sheep from the United States, and he alsointroduced fresh strains from Tasmania. In 1900 he bought NorthYanco and at great cost constructed about 200 miles of channels andirrigated 40,000 acres. The success of this scheme is believed tohave encouraged the New South Wales government to proceed with theBurrenjuck dam. McCaughey had become a member of the New SouthWales legislative council in 1899, and in 1905 he was knighted. Heretained his health through a vigorous old age and died at NorthYanco on 25 July 1919. He never married. He is stated to have left£600,000 for the technical training of the children of deadsoldiers, £300,000 to the university of Sydney, £250,000 to theuniversity of Queensland, £250,000 to the Presbyterian Church, arich endowment to a Presbyterian orphanage in Sydney, £10,000 eachto four Sydney secondary schools and £5000 each to three Sydneyhospitals. (Australia's Debt to Irish Nation-builders.)This, however, is not strictly accurate, for instance thebenefaction to the two universities takes the form of a yearlyincome of about £17,000 to Sydney and about £11,000 to Queensland;but up to the time of his death no other Australian had left somuch in public benefactions. His portrait byLongstaff (q.v.) is in the GreatHall of the university of Sydney.

McCaughey believed in the gospel of work and attributed hissuccess to this. He had too a shrewd mind, great foresight and knewwhen to take a risk. Personally he was a modest man of unboundedgenerosity, hundreds of men benefited by his kindness and hiscontributions to public funds were also large. He was an importantforce in the development of the wool industry, and may fairly beconsidered one of the great builders of Australia.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 30 June 1915, 26 July1919;The Argus, Melbourne, 26 July 1919; P. S. Cleary,Australia's Debt to Irish Nation-Builders.

McCAWLEY, TH0MAS WILLIAM (1881-1925), chief justice of Queensland,

son of James McCawley, was born at Toowoomba Queensland, on 24July 1881. Educated at St Patrick's boys' school, Toowoomba,McCawley at 14 years of age began working as a teacher, but shortlyafterwards entered a solicitor's office. He studied shorthand andbecame so proficient that he taught it to evening students at theToowoomba technical college. He passed the public serviceexamination, entered the service of the Queensland governmentsavings bank, and was successively transferred to the offices ofthe public service board and the department of justice. Studyingafter office hours, he passed the prescribed examinations and wasadmitted to the Queensland bar in the beginning of 1907. In thesame year he was appointed certifying barrister under the friendlysocieties and trade union acts, and as first clerk in thedepartment of justice he earned the complete confidence of thesuccessive ministerial heads of the department. In 1910, when only28 years of age, he was appointed crown solicitor, and soonestablished a remarkable reputation. At one sitting of the highcourt at Brisbane the state of Queensland was concerned in sixappeals, and the court upheld McCawley's opinion in each case. Inthe Eastern case argued byT. J.Ryan (q.v.) before the privy council in England, McCawley ascrown solicitor instructed Ryan and accompanied him to England.Their contentions were upheld by the privy council, and theimmediate consequential saving to Queensland was in theneighbourhood of £70,000. In 1915 McCawley was appointedunder-secretary for justice.

McCawley had always been interested in industrial arbitration,and so far back as 1906 had collaborated with (Sir) J. W. Blair andT. Macleod in the preparation of a work onThe Workers'Compensation Act of 1905. In January 1917 McCawley wasappointed president of the court of industrial arbitration, and afew months later he was made a judge of the supreme court. Therewas much opposition to these appointments, and technical objectionswere raised by some members of the Queensland bar and some of thejudges of the supreme court. A majority of the Queensland fullcourt upheld these objections, and on an appeal being made to thehigh court of Australia there was again a majority verdict againstMcCawley. The privy council, however, reversed both thesedecisions. McCawley found that the work of the arbitration courtwas both heavy and difficult, but he had never been afraid of work.On 1 April 1922 he was made chief-justice of Queensland on theretirement ofSir PopeCooper (q.v.). McCawley carried on his offices until 16 April1925, when he died suddenly at Brisbane in his forty-fourth year.He married in 1911 Margaret Mary, daughter of Thomas O'Hogan, whosurvived him with three sons and a daughter.

McCawley started with no advantages and by sheer force ofability and character reached one of the highest positions in theland. He easily wore down the feeling that arose when he was made ajudge and earned the respect and affection of all his associates.He never lost his simple and unassuming manner, he remained astudent all his life, and he gained a remarkable knowledge of law.His earnestness, courtesy and acuteness made him a greatarbitration judge. His too early death was lamented by all classesin Queensland.

The Brisbane Courier, 17 and 18 April 1925;Who's Who, 1925.

McCAY, SIR JAMES WHITESIDE (1864-1930), politician and soldier,

son of the Rev. A. R. Boyd McCay, was born at Ballynure,Ireland, on 21 December 1864. His mother was a woman of remarkableability. He was brought to Victoria by his father, who became thePresbyterian minister at Castlemaine, and was educated at ScotchCollege, Melbourne, where he was dux of the school in 1881. At thematriculation examination he won the classical exhibition anddivided the mathematical exhibition withJ. H. Michell (q.v.). Hegraduated M.A. at the university of Melbourne and for some yearswas a teacher at the Castlemaine grammar school. He took up thestudy of law, graduated LL.M. and in 1895 was called to the bar. Inthe same year he was elected a member of the legislative assemblyfor Castlemaine. In December 1899 he became minister for educationand commissioner of trade and customs in theMcLean (q.v.) ministry, but ongoing before the electors was defeated. He was elected a member ofthe house of representatives for Corinella, Victoria, at the firstfederal election in 1901, and was minister for defence from August1904 to July 1905 in the Reid-McLean ministry. He contested the newdivision of Corio at the 1906 election and was defeated. He was anunsuccessful candidate for the senate in 1910, and did not againattempt to enter politics.

McCay had always been interested in the volunteer, and later,militia, forces. He obtained a commission as a lieutenant in 1886.He reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1903, joined theintelligence corps in 1907, and was director of intelligence from1909 to 1913. He was an early volunteer in the 1914-18 war, andleft with the first expeditionary force in command of the secondinfantry brigade. In Egypt he showed ability in training his men,but the heavy work he gave them did not make him popular. He ledhis men at the landing at Gallipoli and was in much heavysubsequent fighting. Early in May during the struggle for Krithiahe was wounded in the leg by a bullet while he was in a forwardposition, and two months later while descending a steepcommunication trench his leg snapped where the bone had previouslybeen injured, and he was invalided to Australia. In March 1916 hereturned to Egypt, took over command of the fifth division with therank of major-general, and in July 1916 went to France with hismen. At the battle of Fromelles very heavy losses were incurred,and McCay was severely blamed on this account. The Australianofficial historian, C. E. W. Bean, however, entirely exoneratesMcCay. "The case of McCay may stand as a classic example of thegross injustice of such popular verdicts, he having been loadedwith the blame for three costly undertakings--the charge of the 2ndbrigade at Cape Helles, the desert march of the 5th division, andthe attack at Fromelles--for none of which was he in fact any moreresponsible than the humblest private in his force, while in thecase of the desert march he had actually protested against theorder" (Official History of Australia in the War, Vol. III,p. 447.) In December McCay was invalided to England and wasappointed general officer commanding the Australian forces in GreatBritain. On his return to Australia he retired from the legal firmof McCay and Thwaites, and until 1922 was business adviser to theCommonwealth. He was also a commissioner of the States savingsbank. During his last years he contributed many able leadingarticles upon political and economic subjects to theArgusnewspaper. He died at Melbourne on 1 October, 1930. He married in1896 Julia Mary O'Meara who died in 1915. He was survived by twodaughters. He was created C.B. in 1915, K.C.M.G. in 1918, andK.B.E. in 1919.

McCay was a man of great ability, widely read, and a good man ofbusiness. In parliament, he had a high reputation as a speaker andadministrator, as a soldier he was a good disciplinarian, a capableofficer, and a thoroughly brave man. But though he was unfortunatein the reputation he obtained, he does not appear to have had thequalities which make a great army leader.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 2October 1930;The Official History of Australia in the War,1914-1918, vols. I to V;Burke's Peerage, etc., 1929;Commonwealth Parliamentary Handbook, 1901-1930;Historyof Scotch College.

McCOLL, HUGH (1819-1885), pioneer of irrigation,

eldest son of James McColl, was born at Glasgow on 22 January1819. In 1836 he went to North Shields, Northumberland, and in 1840opened a business as bookseller and printer at South Shields. Hewas appointed secretary of the Tyne conservancy committee, whichprobably led to his interest in the conservation of water, and in1852 left for Australia, arriving in January 1853. From 1856 heresided mostly at Bendigo where he had a business as a printer andnewspaper proprietor. In 1865 he became secretary of the Colibanwater supply committee until it was taken over by the government.For many years he was a commercial traveller, and on his waythrough the country in dry seasons became convinced of the value ofirrigation. In 1874 he became associated with Benjamin Hawkins Dods(1834-1896), civil engineer, and the North-western Canal Companywas projected with a capital of £1,500,000. Government aftergovernment was approached, but for one reason or another thepromoters were put off. In April 1877 permission for a survey wasgiven and this was carried out in 1878. It showed that so far asthe configuration of the country was concerned the scheme waspracticable, but it was another matter to raise the large capitalrequired, and in this the promoters were not successful. In 1880McColl was elected a member of the legislative assembly forMandurang, and for the next five years in season and out of seasoncontinued to bring the water question before parliament. He wasoften derided, but eventually succeeded in impressing theService (q.v.)-Berry (q.v.) ministry with hisviews, and in 1884 a royal commission was appointed withAlfred Deakin (q.v.) as chairman.Part of the inquiry was that the commission should endeavour toascertain "whether provision can be made for the conservation anddistribution of water for the use of the people". Deakin went toAmerica, Europe and Asia to make inquiries, but, before the reportwas completed McColl died on 2 April 1885. He had done a greatpiece of work for his country. He was married twice (1) to Jane,daughter of Joshua Hiers, and (2) to Mary, daughter of AdamGuthrie, who survived him with his eight children. His son,James Hiers McColl, isnoted below.

The Age andThe Argus, Melbourne, 4 April1885;Men of the Time in Australia, 1878; James H. McColl,The Victorian Historical Magazine, June 1917, pp.145-63.

McCOLL, JAMES HIERS (1844-1929), politician,

son ofHugh McColl(q.v.), was born at South Shields, England, in 1844. He waseducated at Scotch College, Melbourne, and afterwards became amechanical engineer. He gave this up to become a member of the firmof McColl and Rankin, legal managers. In 1886 he was elected amember of the Victorian legislative assembly for his father's oldconstituency, Mandurang, and in 1889 became member for Gunbower. Hewas minister of mines and of water supply in thePatterson (q.v.) ministry fromJanuary 1893 to September 1894, and commissioner of crown lands intheMcLean (q.v.) ministryfrom December 1899 to November 1900. In March 1901 he was electedto the federal house of representatives for Echuca, and in 1906resigned his seat to contest the senate, to which he was electedsecond on the poll. He was vice-president of the executive councilin the Cook ministry from June 1913 to September 1914. At thesenate election held in 1914 he was defeated after an unbrokencareer of 28 years in parliament and retired from politics. Hepurchased an irrigated property at Gunbower, lived there for someyears, and then spent his last days in retirement at Melbourne. Hedied on 20 February 1929. He was twice married (1) to Emily,daughter of D. Boyle, and (2) to Sadie, daughter of W. K. Thomaswho survived him with his two sons and three daughters.

McColl was a fluent speaker and a good debater. He was anauthority on land and mining questions, and following in hisfather's footsteps was a strong advocate for irrigation and closersettlement. He took pride in the fact that as minister for lands hehad purchased the first Victorian estates to be divided for closersettlement.

Cyclopedia of Victoria, 1903;The ArgusandThe Age, Melbourne, 21 February 1929.

McCOY, SIR FREDERICK (1817-1899), geologist and naturalist,

the son of Simon McCoy, M.D., was born at Dublin in 1817. Thedate usually given is 1823, but the MelbourneArgus in itsobituary notice stated that he was born in 1817. The earlier dateis probably correct as McCoy had a scientific paper published intheMagazine of Natural History in 1838 and married in 1843.He was originally educated for the medical profession at Dublin andCambridge, but natural history and the study of fossil organicremains became his chief interest. About the year 1841 he preparedand published aCatalogue of the Organic Remains exhibited inthe Rotunda Dublin, in 1844 appearedA Synopsis of theCharacter of Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ireland, and in1846A Synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland. He wasworking on the geological survey in 1845 and in 1846 began his fouryears' association with Professor Sedgwick at Cambridge, duringwhich he determined and arranged the whole series of British andforeign fossils in the geological museum of the university. McCoyworked at his task with the greatest zeal and five years laterSedgwick spoke of him In the highest terms "an excellentnaturalist, an incomparable and most philosophical palaeontologist,and one of the steadiest and quickest workman that ever undertookthe arrangement of a museum. You have seen his Cambridge work andwhere is there anything to be named with it, either in extent, orperfection of arrangement". McCoy joined the Imperial survey ofIreland, and after completing the maps of the districts he hadsurveyed in the field, was appointed in 1850 to the chair ofgeology and mineralogy at Queen's College, Belfast. In hisvacations he continued to work at Cambridge. In 1854 he acceptedthe position of professor of natural sciences at the university ofMelbourne. He was just able to finish hisDescription of theBritish Palaeozoic Fossils in the Geological Museum of theUniversity of Cambridge before sailing for Australia.

When McCoy began his work at the university of Melbourne therewere few students, and for many years he took classes in chemistry,mineralogy, botany, zoology, comparative anatomy, geology andpalaeontology. In endeavouring to cover so much ground it wasimpossible for him to keep his reading up to date in all thesesciences, and he remained most distinguished as a palaeontologist.There was a small national museum housed at the crown lands office,which in spite of opposition he managed to get transferred to theuniversity. In 1863 he persuaded the government to build a museumin the university grounds, and the national museum became the greatinterest of his life. In 1870 the control of the museum was vestedin the trustees of the public library but it was impossible tocontrol McCoy. Behind the veil of his courtesy and politeness wasgreat determination, and it was seldom that he failed to have hisown way. He knew what he wanted, and whether he was dealing withthe university council or the trustees of the public library, inthe end he usually succeeded in getting it. In addition to hisduties as professor and director, McCoy did useful work as chairmanof the first royal commission on the goldfields of Victoria, asgovernment palaeontologist, and as a member of various cornmittees.He published two works for the government of Victoria,Prodromusof the Palaeontology of Victoria, 1874-82 (only seven out of 10decades published), andProdromus of the Zoology of Victoriain 20 decades, 1878-90. In 1880 he was elected a fellow of theRoyal Society of London. He died on 13 May 1899. He married in1843, Anna Maria Harrison of Dublin, who predeceased him, as didalso an only son who left descendants, and an only daughter. He wascreated K.C.M.G. in 1891 and had the D.Sc. honorary degree ofCambridge and other universities. He received the Murchison medalfrom the Geological Society of London, and many other distinctions.A list of 69 of his scientific papers is given in theGeologicalMagazine for 1899, p. 285.

McCoy was a fair, strongly built man, always well-dressed andshowing no trace of the arduous work he was doing. He was inclinedto be conservative in his views, and strongly opposed some ofDarwin's theories when they were first brought forward. He was,however, a fine all-round scientist, a distinguishedpalaeontologist, and a great museum director who did remarkablework in the building up of the national museum at Melbourne.

The Geological Magazine, 1899, p. 283;Nature, 1899, p. 83; J. W. Clarke and T. McK. Hughes,TheLife and Letters of the Rev. Adam Sedgwick; E. La T. Armstrong,The Book of the Public Library, Museums, and National Gallery ofVictoria; Sir Ernest Scott,A History of the University ofMelbourne;The Argus, Melbourne, 15 May 1899; E. W.Skeats,David Lecture 1933,Some Founders of AustralianGeology;Debrett's Peerage, etc., 1899.

McCRAE, GEORGE GORDON (1833-1927), poet,

was born near Leith, Scotland, on 29 May 1833. His father,Andrew Murison McCrae, was a writer to the signet, Edinburgh, hismother,Georgiana HuntlyMcCrae, is noticed separately. His father sailed for Australiain advance in 1838, and George Gordon McCrae arrived at Melbournewith his mother on 1 March 1841. They lived for a time atAbbotsford, about two miles out of Melbourne, and then at Arthur'sSeat, where his father had taken up land. Here the boy was educatedby a private tutor, John McClure, M.A., who remained with thefamily for nine years. When about 17 years of age, McCrae joined asurveying party as a probationer, and narrowly escaped being caughtin the flames of "Black Thursday". After being in one or twooffices to obtain business experience, he was appointed to aposition in the government service on 1 January 1854. He remainedin the service for 39 years becoming eventually deputyregistrar-general, and retired with a pension in 1893, havingreached the age limit.

McCrae began to contribute verse to theAustralasian andother papers, and gradually became acquainted with all the literarymen of his period includingGordon (q.v.),Kendall (q.v.),Horne (q.v.), andClarke (q.v.). Some of these hemet at Dwight's second-hand bookshop in Bourke-street, Melbourne,and it was Dwight who published in 1867, McCrae's two littlevolumes,The Story of Balladeädro andMämba, bothbased on aboriginal legends. He had hoped to publish a third bookwith an aboriginal setting,Karakorok, but it remained inmanuscript. He became very friendly with Gordon, who praised hisverse, and Kendall, whom he was able to help during his troubleddays in Melbourne. In 1873 appeared a long poem in blank verse,The Man in the Iron Mask, from which Longfellow selectedsome lines for an anthrology of sea poems. McCrae was always fondof the sea and by saving up his leave was enabled to visit GreatBritain, and to make two voyages to the Seychelles in which islandshe became very interested. He did much preliminary work for ahistory of the Seychelles which was never completed, and began towork on a novel,John Rous, a badly arranged but readablestory of the reign of Queen Anne, which was not published until1918. He also wrote a poem, Don César, in ottava rima, as long asDon Juan, several extracts from which appeared in theBulletin. In 1915 a small selection of his poems waspublished,The Fleet and Convoy and Other Verses. Thislittle volume is full of misprints and scarcely represents the poetat his best. An opportunity was lost to include some of McCrae'smore distinguished work, such as "A Rosebud from the Garden of theTaj", now buried in old papers and journals. He died at Hawthorn,Melbourne, on 15 August 1927, in his ninety-fifth year, his mindstill quite unimpaired. Of few men has it been so truly said thathe was universally loved and regretted. He married in July 1871,Augusta Helen Brown, who predeceased him. He was survived by a sonand three daughters. Another son was killed in the 1914-18 war.

McCrae was well over six feet in height and in his youthstrikingly handsome. He had a gift for writing musical verse, oftencharming and at times rising into poetry. He was apparently quiteincapable of self-criticism, and never realized how much his workmight have gained by pruning and condensation. His son, HughRaymond McCrae, born in 1876, became the author ofSatyrsandSunlight, and other volumes which proclaimed him one ofthe finest poets produced in Australia. He also published somevolumes in prose of whichMy Father and My Father's Friendsgives a very pleasant picture of his father's associates. One ofMcCrae's daughters, Dorothy Frances McCrae, also publishedverse.

Short autobiography in manuscript; Hugh McCrae,MyFather and my Father's Friends; personalknowledge.

McCRAE, GEORGIANA HUNTLY (1804-1890), née GORDON, artist and diarist,

was born at London, on 15 March 1804. She was educated at aconvent school and later at Claybrook House, Fulham, and the NewRoad boarding school. After leaving school, Miss Gordon had lessonsin music from a daughter of Thomas Holcroft, in landscape paintingfrom John Varley, and in miniature painting from Charles Hayter.She proved to be an apt pupil. On 25 September 1830 she was marriedto her cousin, Andrew Murison McCrae, and on 26 October 1840 shesailed for Australia in theArgyle with her four smallchildren. Her husband had preceded her. She arrived at Melbourne on1 March 1841. After living for about a year in the city, the familymoved to Abbotsford, about two miles away, where a brick house wasbuilt from Mrs McCrae's own drawings. Three years later her husbandtook up land at Arthur's Seat as a cattle station. They remainedthere until most of the children were grown up: four more were bornbetween 1841 and 1851. On removing to Melbourne, Mrs McCrae's housebecame the meeting-place of the leading literary and artisticpeople of the time. In 1857 she showed some excellent miniatures inthe exhibition of the Victorian Society of Fine Arts, but thebringing up of a large family in pioneer days left her littleleisure for artistic work. Mrs McCrae is not represented in any ofthe national galleries of Australia, but some miniatures, sketchbooks, and a few drawings are in the possession of her descendants.A list of her miniatures painted in Great Britain is given in herdiary. Some suggestion of her ability as a miniaturist may be foundin the reproductions of the portraits of herself and her husband inGeorgiana's Journal which, edited by her grandson, HughMcCrae, was published in 1934. This transcript of her diary from1841 to 1846 proved to be a most interesting first-hand record ofhow the pioneers lived in the early days of the colony of Victoria.As a contribution to the social history of the time it can neverlose its its value. Mrs McCrae was a woman of great courage,personality and ability, who was prevented by the conditions of herlife from reaching her full height as an artist. She died atHawthorn, near Melbourne, on 24 May 1890, and was survived by sevenchildren. Her son,GeorgeGordon McCrae, is noticed separately.

Edited by Hugh McCrae,Georgiana's Journal;private information.

McCUBBIN, FREDERICK (1855-1917), artist,

was born at West Melbourne, on 25 February 1855. His father,Alexander McCubbin, was a master baker. The son was educated at MrWilmot's school, West Melbourne and St Paul's school,Swanston-street, Melbourne. On leaving school he became an officeboy in a solicitor's office, but after a few months gave this up toassist his father in his business. He was then apprenticed to acoach painter, but not long after the completion of his indenturesin 1875, his father died and he had to take charge of his business.Some years before he had begun to work in the evening at a schoolof design, where he became acquainted withC. Douglas Richardson (q.v.).They quickly exhausted the possibilities of this school, and thetwo of them passed on to the newly established drawing school ofthe national gallery. McCubbin afterwards joined the painting classbut made little progress until the advent ofG. F. Folingsby (q.v.) asdirector in 1882. He soon began to improve, and a little later wonthe first prize of £30 in a students' competition for a compositioncalled "Home Again". In 1886 he was appointed acting-master of theschool of design at the national gallery and afterwards wasappointed master. He remained in this position to the end of hislife. If it restricted the time available for painting, his salaryat least provided the element of safety. On the death of Folingsbyin January 1891, McCubbin was appointed acting-director and heldthe position until the arrival ofBernard Hall (q.v.) in March1892. In 1894 one of his pictures, "Feeding Time", was bought forthe national gallery at Melbourne. Six years later this wasexchanged for another of his pictures, "A Winter Evening". In 1897he exhibited at the Paris Salon and at the Grafton gallery, London.He was elected president of the Victorian Artists' Society in 1902,and again held the position in a later year. In 1906 his largetriptych, "The Pioneer", was acquired under the terms of theFelton (q.v.) bequest forthe national gallery of Victoria.

In 1907 McCubbin obtained leave of absence, visited Europe, andmade his first acquaintance with the great masters of painting,hitherto seen only in reproductions. He enjoyed it very much, buthis visit was too short to have much influence on his work thoughfor a time afterwards he seemed to feel a difficulty in settlingdown, and occasionally his tendency to neglect drawing and thinkonly of colour became accentuated. The visit had been a great eventfor him and left him many happy memories. Towards the end of 1911there was a quarrel in the artists' camp, and McCubbin left theVictorian Artists' Society and joinedWalter Withers (q.v.), MaxMeldrum,Edward Officer(q.v.) and others in forming the Australian Art Association. In1915 he fell into bad health, he had two sons at the war and hisnatural anxiety may have contributed to this. In 1916 he wasgranted six months' leave of absence from the national galleryschool, and he died on 20 December 1917. He had married in 1890,Annie Moriarty, who with two daughters and four sons, survived him.One of his sons, Louis McCubbin, born 18 March 1891, became anartist of ability and was president of the Victorian Artists'Society, 1933-5. He was appointed director of the national galleryat Adelaide in 1936.

Frederick McCubbin's enthusiasm and kindliness had a greatinfluence for good on his students, though strictly speaking he maynot have been a great teacher. His portraits were unequal, but inhis landscape painting he showed great sincerity, good colour,sound cornposition and much poetical feeling. Examples of his workmay be found in the Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide, Perth, Geelong andCastlemaine galleries.

A. Colquhoun,Frederick McCubbin;The Art ofFrederick McCubbin, but neither of these books is alwaysaccurate; W. Moore,The Story of Australian Art; personalknowledge.

McCULLOCH, ALLAN RIVERSTONE (1885-1925), zoologist,

son of Herbert Riverstone McCulloch, was born at Sydney, on 20June 1885. At the age of 13 he began working as an unpaid assistanttoE. R. Waite (q.v.), atthe Australian museum, who encouraged him in the study of zoology.In 1906 McCulloch was appointed assistant in charge of vertebratesat the museum, and soon afterwards began to specialize in the studyof Australian fishes and fish-like animals. His first paperappeared in theRecords of the Australian Museum in 1906,and until his death papers by him were published every year in thator some other scientific journal. Though never of robust physiquehe was a great worker, and made several trips to the Great BarrierReef and various Pacific islands, obtaining fresh information abouthis work. In 1922 he made an adventurous journey through Papua withCaptain Frank Hurley. His unremitting work undermined his health,which broke down badly in 1923. At the time of his death atHonolulu on 1 September 1925, McCulloch was on 12 months' leave inthe hope that rest and change might benefit him. By his prematuredeath, a scientific worker of unusual distinction was lost, whoheld the first place in his subject in Australia. He was also anexcellent organizer and trainer of younger members of the staff ofthe Australian museum. HisCheck List of Fishes and Fish-likeAnimals of New South Wales was published by the RoyalZoological Society of New South Wales in 1922, and nearly fiveyears after his death,A Check List of the Fishes Recorded fromAustralia, prepared from McCulloch's materials, and edited byGilbert P. Whitley, was published as Memoir V of the Australianmuseum of Sydney. A monument to his memory was placed on Lord HoweIsland, a place held in great affection by McCulloch.

C. Anderson,Records of the Australian Museum,1926-7, which includes a list of McCulloch's papers;Proceedingsof the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 1926, p. VI;Introduction toA Check List of the Fishes Recorded fromAustralia.

McCULLOCH, SIR JAMES (1819-1893), four times premier of Victoria,

son of George McCulloch, was born at Glasgow m 1819. He had aprimary education at a local school and obtained employment in thebusiness of Dennistoun Brothers, merchants. He showed suchdiligence that he gradually rose, was made a junior partner, and in1853 was sent to Melbourne to organize an Australian branch of thebusiness. In 1854 he was nominated a member of the old legislativecouncil of Victoria. In 1856, under the new constitution, he waselected a member of the legislative assembly for Wimmera, and inApril of the next year was called upon by the governor to form aministry. He attempted a coalition withO'Shanassy (q.v.), but thenegotiations broke down and eventuallyW. C. Haines (q.v.) becamepremier with McCulloch holding the position of commissioner oftrade and customs. In October 1859, when theW. Nicholson (q.v.) governmentcame in, McCulloch was treasurer, but the early governments ofVictoria had no lasting qualities and he was out of office again inSeptember 1860. In June 1863 he was asked to form a ministry andsucceeded in getting together the strongest cabinet that had heldoffice up to that time. It lasted for nearly five years, and therewere opportunities to bring in valuable legislation which were notfully availed of. In fact much of the time was taken up with aconstitutional struggle relating to the powers of the legislativecouncil. The governor, Sir Charles Darling, was not a strong man,and his conduct of affairs did nothing to improve matters. At theelection held in August 1864, the government obtained a largemajority, including many men who were strong democrats looked uponas dangers to the community by the conservative legislativecouncil. Both McCulloch andHiginbotham (q.v.), hisattorney-general, were free-traders, but to the astonishment ofeveryone a large number of protective duties were introduced aspart of the government policy under the guise of "revenue duties".Knowing that these would be strongly opposed in the council, thetariff bill was tacked on to the appropriation bill, passed throughthe assembly, and sent to the council which promptly rejected it.The government now being unable to pay the civil servants, theingenious device was adopted of borrowing money from a bank,getting the bank to sue for the amount owing, and allowing judgmentto go by default. The treasury repaid the amount to the bank, whichlent the money to the government again. The struggle went on foryears, McCulloch showing a grim determination that would have beenmore useful in a better cause. On the one hand McCulloch was ableto say that he had the people behind him, and that they shouldrule, and on the other the council claimed that the "tacking" of abill was a breach of constitutional usage. A full account of thestruggle will be found in Turner'sHistory of Victoria andin Rusden'sHistory of Australia.

McCulloch resigned in May 1868 andSladen (q.v.) formed a stop-gapministry which lasted only two months. The question then at issuewas a proposed grant of £20,000 to Darling, the late governor.Darling, however, having been given a pension of £1000 a year bythe British government, ended the matter by stating that neither henor Lady Darling could accept the proposed grant. McCulloch becamepremier again in July 1868 and was also chief secretary andtreasurer. He was succeeded byJ. A. Macpherson (q.v.) inSeptember 1869 but again was in power in April 1870 and was able toform a strong cabinet. He passed an act doing away with state aidto religion, but an attempt to bring in a property tax withoutexemptions, resulted in the downfall of his ministry in 1871. In1872 he became agent-general for Victoria in London for about twoyears. In October 1875 he formed his fourth ministry. His term ofoffice was marked by much bitter feeling, and the government, beingopposed by persistent stonewalling from the opposition underBerry (q.v.), was ableto do business only by the application of the closure. At theelection held in May 1877 the government was badly defeated, thoughMcCulloch retained his seat. He retired from politics in 1878,devoted his time to business interests, and had an important sharein the development of the frozen meat trade. Early in 1886 hefinally left Australia for England, where he died on 31 January1893. He married 1) Susan Renwick and (2) Margaret Inglis, whosurvived him. There were no children of either marriage. He wastwice president of the Melbourne chamber of commerce, a director ofseveral important financial institutions, and was a vice-presidentof the trustees of the public library, museums, and nationalgallery of Victoria. He was knighted in 1870 and created K.C.M.G.in 1874.

McCulloch was a man of robust physique and energetic character.He had great determination, and was a forcible debater with a clearand unvarnished style. As a politician, he became something of anopportunist, and towards the end of his career was rebuked byService (q.v.) for theintrigues by which "he had successively turned two governments outof office and wasted four months of public time, without havinganything better to offer than an imperfect adaptation of theproposals submitted by those governments". However true that mayhave been, McCulloch's force of character and sagacious intellecthad made him an important and often dominating figure during thefirst 20 years of politics in Victoria.

P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography; H. G. Turner,A History of the Colony ofVictoria; G. W. Rusden,History of Australia;TheArgus andThe Age, Melbourne, 1 February 1893;Debrett's Peerage, etc., 1893.

McDONALD, CHARLES (1861-1925), speaker, Commonwealth house of representatives,

was the son of Charles Thomas Young McDonald, and was born atMelbourne in 1861. He was educated at state schools, and at acomparatively early age was taken by his parents to ChartersTowers, Queensland. He became a watch-maker and as a young manshowed an interest in social questions. He was president of theAustralian labour federation 1890-2, and in 1893 was elected forFlinders in the Queensland legislative assembly. He began to beinterested in parliamentary practice and was soon an expert uponthe standing orders. As he was a born fighter and knew the exactlimits of his rights, he was frequently in conflict with thespeaker. His experiences were useful to him, however, in lateryears when he became a presiding officer himself.

McDonald left Queensland politics in 1901 to enter the federalhouse of representatives and from 1906 to 1910 was chairman ofcommittees. In July 1910 he was elected speaker and held theposition until June 1913, when the secondFisher (q.v.) government resigned.He was again speaker from September 1914 to early in 1917.Originally a very strong man, tireless after riding around hiselectorate on a bicycle during election campaigns, he fell intoill-health in his later days, and died at Melbourne on 13 November1925, the day before a federal election at which he was again acandidate. In 1892 he married Miss Tregear, who survived him with adaughter.

McDonald was in parliament for a continuous period of 33 years.He was not a good public speaker though at times a vigorous andvoluminous one. Known in his younger days as "Fighting Mac" headvocated the views of his party with great persistency, and showedthat he had given much attention to financial questions. As speakerof the house of representatives he declined to wear the robes ofoffice, but he carried out the duties with dignity, ability andimpartiality. In private life his hobby was painting in both oilsand water-colours.

The Brisbane Courier, 14 November 1925;TheAge Melbourne, 14 November 1925;The Australian Worker,18 November 1925; C. A. Bernays,Queensland Politics DuringSixty Years; H. G. Turner,The First Decade of theAustralian Commonwealth.

MACDONALD, DONALD (1857-1932), journalist,

son of Daniel Macdonald, was born at Fitzroy, a suburb ofMelbourne on 6 June 1857. His earlier days were spent at Keilor,where he was educated at the state school, and there he developedhis love for nature and became a good cricketer and footballer. Fora time he was a teacher in the Victorian education department, andthen obtained a position on theCorowa Free Press and had agood training as a reporter. In October 1881 he came to Melbourneand joined the staff of theArgus for which he continued towrite until more than 50 years later. He first made his mark as acricket reporter, and for a great many years under the name of"Observer" he reported all the important matches at Melbourne, andmany test matches played in other states. Before his time, matcheswere often reported over by over, but Macdonald dropped much of thedetail and yet made the account much more vivid. He completelyrevolutionized cricket reporting, and was also an able reporter offootball matches until increasing age made him unable to face thewinter weather. His nature work appeared in both theAustralasian and theArgus, and in 1887 aninteresting collection of his sketches was published under thetitleGum Boughs and Wattle Bloom. When the South Africanwar broke out Macdonald was one of the earliest war correspondentsto go to the front. He unfortunately got shut up in Ladysmith, andfound it impossible to send his reports through the Boer lines.Like many others of the beseiged, he suffered from dysentery, andreturning to Australia after Ladysmith was relieved, was but ashadow of his earlier self. His accounts of the siege werepublished in theArgus and, in 1900, as a volume,How WeKept the Flag Flying, excellent work of its kind. WhenMacdonald had recovered he took a year's leave and lectured on hisexperiences in Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain. After hisreturn he established a column in theArgus, "Nature Notesand Queries", which brought him many letters. Noticing that many ofthese came from boys, another column "Notes for Boys" was startedin February 1909, which became very popular. This column suggestedhis next bookThe Bush Boy's Book, first published in 1911.The second edition was much enlarged and by 1933 three othereditions had been printed. In 1922 appearedAt the End of theMoonpath, stories about Australian birds and animals forchildren. Towards the end of his life Macdonald became practicallybed-ridden, but he continued his writing up to the last day of hislife. He died at Black Rock, a seaside suburb of Melbourne, on 23November 1932, and was survived by a daughter, Mrs Elaine Whittle.In 1933 Mrs Whittle made a selection of his writings from theArgus,The Brooks of Morning Nature and ReflectiveEssays, with a good portrait of Macdonald in his later days. Inaddition to the volumes mentioned, Macdonald wrote a novel incollaboration with J. F. Edgar,The Warrigal's Well, a NorthAustralian story published in 1901. He was also responsible for aTourists' Handbook of Australia published in 1905.

Macdonald was a lovable and attractive man who made many friendsand kept them. As a journalist he was always interesting, whetherhe might be writing about cricket or his kitchen garden, about boysor the Australian countryside. He had a great influence through his"Nature Notes" and "Notes for Boys" on the youth of his own state.Many of the boys he influenced have since carried on his work bothas journalists and teachers.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 24November 1932; private information and personalknowledge.

MacDONNELL, SIR RICHARD GRAVES (1814-1881), governor of South Australia,

was the son of the Rev. Dr MacDonnell, provost of TrinityCollege, Dublin, 1852-67. His mother was the daughter of DeanGraves, senior fellow of Trinity College. He was born at Dublin on3 September 1814, and studying at Trinity College, graduated withdistinction in classics and science. He took up law, was called tothe Irish bar in 1838, and to the English bar at Lincoln's Inn,London, in 1840. In 1843 he was appointed chief justice of theGambian settlement and in 1847 governor. In 1852 he was transferredto the governorship of St Lucia and St Vincent, and in 1854 toSouth Australia. He arrived at Adelaide on 7 June 1855, and wasimmediately confronted with an unusual problem. A large number ofsingle emigrant women had been sent to South Australia and over 800of these had been unable to find work. The new governor decidedthat their maintenance should be a charge against the land fund,and measures were taken to ensure that there should not be an unduesupply of female labour in future. The really important problem ofthe moment, however, was the form the new constitution should take.MacDonnell himself favoured one chamber, but though at timesinclined to be impatient and autocratic, he came to the conclusionwhen his proposal was rejected, that in this matter it would bebetter to respect the general feeling of the colonists which wasevidently in favour of two houses. Eventually the new constitutionprovided that both chambers should be elective, that the wholecolony should be the electorate for the council, and that it wouldbe divided into 36 districts for the house of assembly. The councilvoters required a money qualification, but there was manhoodsuffrage for the assembly. The bill was passed on 2 January andgiven the royal assent on 24 June 1856.

With the passing of this act the power. and importance of thegovernor were much decreased. MacDonnell's period was, however, amost important one for South Australia, and quite apart from thequestion of responsible government, the colony showed greatdevelopments. When he arrived there was not a mile of railways openand scarcely 60 miles of made roads, and both were being vigorouslyformed when he left. Land in cultivation and exports from thecolony had both increased nearly 200 per cent, and there were greatdevelopments in copper mining. MacDonnell's term of governorshipcame to an end at the close of 1861, and he left the colony forEngland early in 1862 after greeting his successor, Sir DominickDaly, "as a private individual", when he arrived at Adelaide on 4March. He was appointed governor of Nova Scotia in 1864 and in 1865became governor of Hong Kong. Ill-health compelled his retirementin 1872, when he returned to England and was not further employedby the British government. He died on 5 February 1881. He marriedin 1847 Blanche, daughter of Francis Skurray. He was given thehonorary degree of LL.D. by Trinity College, Dublin, in 1844, andwas created C.B. in 1852, Kt Bach. in 1855, and K.C.M.G. in 1871.Finniss (q.v.), who ascolonial secretary and first premier of South Australia, wasclosely in touch with MacDonnell, says in hisConstitutionalHistory of South Auslralia, that MacDonnell used every meanswhich his position gave him to weaken the effect of responsiblegovernment, and was reluctant to yield the great prerogative of thegovernor of a crown colony. He had been used to rule, and no doubtfound it difficult to abandon his belief that the office of agovernor is to govern. He was a conscientious and able official whoshowed much administrative ability throughout his career as agovernor of crown colonies, and though he had some conflict withhis advisers in South Australia, he was otherwise a thoroughlyefficient and popular representative of the crown in thatcolony.

The Times, 8 February 1881; B. T. Finniss,The Constitutional History of South Australia; E. Hodder,The History of South Australia;The Statesman'sYear-Book, 1872;Debrett's Peerage, etc.,1879.

MacFARLAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1851-1935), chancellor of the university of Melbourne,

son of John MacFarland, draper, and his wife, Margaret Jane,daughter of the Rev. Dr Henry, was born at Omagh, County Tyrone,Ireland, on 19 April 1851. He was educated at the Royal AcademicalInstitution, Belfast, Queens College, Belfast, and St John'sCollege, Cambridge, where he graduated with a first class in themathematical tripos in 1876. He was a master at Repton school until1880, when he was chosen to be the first master of Ormond Collegein the university of Melbourne. At the opening of the college on 18March 1881, MacFarland in replying to a speech of welcome said that"while there would be a freedom from those petty rules which aftera certain age cease to be beneficial and become only irksome, thestudents would enjoy--he hoped he might say enjoy--a healthydiscipline". This was the keynote of his success as master. Therewas a legend that he saw and heard everything that went on in thebuilding, but he seldom interfered, he never harassed the students,and there were few disciplinary difficulties. Before the end of thefirst year 27 students were in residence, and an enlargement of thebuilding was begun in January 1884. A few years later the number ofresident students rose to 90, making it the largest college of itskind in Australia. MacFarland could be very firm with a studentwhen the occasion demanded it, but he could also be very kind, andthough always careful to do nothing that would undermine a properspirit of independence, there were many occasions when he was ableto give help to students who needed it. In 1899 he was a valuablemember of the royal commission on technical education, and in 1902,when serious defalcations were discovered in the universityaccounts, MacFarland, who had been a member of the council since1886, was appointed chairman of the finance committee. Hevigilantly supervised the accounts for some years until graduallythe position was straightened, and the amounts lost had been repaidto the trust funds. In 1910 he was elected vice-chancellor of theuniversity, and four years later resigned his mastership of Ormond.In 1918 he was elected chancellor, and until the appointment of afull-time paid vice-chancellor, less than a year before his death,he gave the greater part of his time to the work of the university.He was also able to do much work for the Presbyterian Church, forwhich he was chairman of the board of investment, and of thecouncils of the Scotch College, and the Presbyterian LadiesCollege, Melbourne. He was also a member of theFelton (q.v.) bequest committee,which decides on the spending of a large sum annually in charity,and in buying objects of art for the national gallery of Victoria.He became ill in 1934, and operations giving him little relief, hedied at Melbourne on 22 July 1935. He was given the honorary degreeof LL.D. by the Royal university of Ireland, Queen's university ofBelfast, and the university of Adelaide. He was knighted in 1919.There is an excellent portrait of him byLongstaff (q.v.) at theuniversity of Melbourne.

MacFarland was tall and spare, brisk of mind and body, andsparing of words. There is a story that he was asked to decide onone of three courses of action which were lettered A.B.C. and thathis reply was Dear--, B. J.H.M. His quickness of speaking sometimessuggested brusqueness, but his disarming smile and evident goodhumour soon removed any impression of that kind. It has been saidthat his success with his students was based on the fact that hethought of them as boys, and treated them as men. He was an idealchancellor who believed in and encouraged the self-government ofthe students whenever it was possible. To the staff he was a firmrock to lean against when required, wise in council when a decisionhad to be made. There was no room for petty jealousy at auniversity with MacFarland at its head, for it was assumed thatwhatever was being done was for the good of the whole institution.He left a tradition of wisdom, justice, and virtue, anddistinguished old students of his college have carried on histradition in many parts of the world.

MacFarland never married and so long as he could get some golfduring the week, and a trout-fishing holiday in New Zealand duringthe long vacation, his wants and expenses were few. He was able togive away a good deal of money in an unostentatious way, includingthe cost of a swimming pool for the boys at Scotch College and£1000 to a university appeal. After his death it was disclosed thatan anonymous gift of £8200 made to Ormond College in 1932 to foundscholarships had come from its former master. His will was provedat over £60,000 of which about £20,000 was eventually destined togo to Ormond College, while most of the remainder will be devotedto educational and other institutions of the PresbyterianChurch.

The Argus andThe Age, 23 July 1935;The Ormond Chronicle, 1935; Sir Ernest Scott,A Historyof the University of Melbourne;Calendar of OrmondCollege, 1882; personal knowledge; privateinformation.

McGOWEN, JAMES SINCLAIR TAYLOR (1855-1922), first labour premier of New South Wales,

was born of English parents at sea on 16 August 1855. His fatherwas on his way to Melbourne under contract to the Victoriangovernment as a bridge builder, and the family landed at Melbournethree weeks later. Removing afterwards to Sydney, McGowen wasapprenticed to a firm of boiler-makers. At 19 years of age hebecame secretary to the Boilermakers Society and held this positionuntil he was 25. He entered the railways department, in 1888 waselected president of the executive of Trades Hall committee, andworked hard and successfully to raise funds to build the TradesHall at Sydney. He was elected as member of the legislativeassembly for Redfern in 1891, and three years later succeededJoseph Cook as leader of the parliamentary Labour party. At theelection for representatives of New South Wales at the federalconvention of 1897 McGowen polled highest of the Labour group with39,000 votes. In October 1910 he became premier and colonialtreasurer in the first Labour government to come into power in NewSouth Wales. In the following year he visited England at the timeof the coronation of King George V, in November 1911 gave up thetreasurership, and in June 1913 resigned the position of premier infavour ofHolman (q.v.)and was given the portfolio of minister of labour and industry. In1917 he was in favour of conscription and consequently lost theparty nomination at the election held in that year. He stood as anindependent Labour candidate but was defeated. He had representedRedfern for 26 years. He regretted his defeat but said that if hewere faced with the same question again he would take the samecourse. "A man's country should always be before his party." He wasnominated to the legislative council, and remained a member untilhis death, still fighting for the same principles that he hadalways held to be right. He was chairman of the housing board untilshortly before his death, and for some time acted as censor ofmoving pictures. He died on 7 April 1922 and was survived by hiswife, five sons and two daughters.

McGowen took a keen interest in cricket in his younger days, andhelped to establish electorate cricket in Sydney. He was an earnestSunday-school and church worker, a man of absolute sincerity andhonesty, who made personal friends of his most extreme politicalopponents. He was not a great leader neither had he unusualability, but the rising Labour party was much feared in those days,and wisdom was shown in selecting as leader a moderate man with alikeable personality and a reputation for rugged honesty.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 8 April 1922;TheAustralian Worker, 12 April 1922; H. V. Evatt,AustralianLabour Leader;Who's Who, 1922.

MACGREGOR, SIR WILLIAM (1846-1919), administrator, governor of Queensland,

was born in the parish of Towie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on 20October 1846 (Dict.Nat.Biog.). He was the eldest son of JohnMacgregor, a farm labourer. Educated at the school at Tillyduke,and encouraged by his master and the local minister who recognizedthe boy's ability, he studied for and obtained a bursary which tookhim to Aberdeen and Glasgow universities. He graduated M.B. andC.M. of Aberdeen university in 1872, and obtained his M.D. in 1874.He helped to pay for his university course by obtaining farm workduring his vacations. In 1873 he became assistant medical officerat the Seychelles, and in 1874 he was appointed resident at thehospital and superintendent of the lunatic asylum at Mauritius.This brought him under the notice of Sir Arthur Gordon who was thengovernor of the island, and on Gordon being transferred to Fiji in1875, he obtained Macgregor's services as chief medical officer ofFiji. There he had to grapple with a terrible epidemic of measles,which resulted in the death of 50,000 natives. In 1877 he was madereceiver-general and subsequently a variety of other offices wasadded, including the colonial secretaryship. On more than oneoccasion he acted as governor, and was also acting highcommissioner and consul-general for the western Pacific. In 1884the shipSyria, with coolies for Fiji, ran ashore about 15miles from Suva. Macgregor organized a relief expedition andpersonally saved several lives. His report made no mention of hisown doings, but they could not remain hidden, and he was given theAlbert medal, and the Clarke gold medal of the Royal Humane Societyof Australasia for saving life at sea. In January 1886 herepresented Fiji at the meeting of the federal council ofAustralasia held at Hobart. His experience with native races led tohis being appointed administrator of British New Guinea in 1888.Here he had to deal with a warlike people cut up into many tribes,and his great problem was to get them to live together inreasonable amity. It was necessary at times to make punitiveexpeditions, but bloodshed was avoided as much as possible, and bytact and perseverance Macgregor eventually brought about a state oflaw and order. He did a large amount of exploration not only alongthe coast but into the interior. In 1892 the position wassufficiently settled to enable him to publish aHandbook ofInformation for intending Settlers in British New Guinea. Hewas appointed lieutenant-governor in 1895, and retired from thisposition in 1898. From 1899 to 1904 he was governer of Lagos wherehe instituted a campaign against the prevalent malaria, drainingthe swamps and destroying as far as possible the mosquitoes whichwere responsible for the spread of the disease. Much otherimportant work in developing the country was done by making roadsand building a railway. His efforts to improve the health of hiscommunity led to his being given the Mary Kingsley medal in 1910 bythe Society of Tropical Medicine. He had been transferred in 1904to Newfoundland of which he was governor for five years. Here againhis medical knowledge was most useful in the combating oftuberculosis which was then very prevalent in Newfoundland. He alsodid valuable work in dealing with the fisheries question,persuading the contending parties to refer the dispute to the Hagueinternational tribunal which brought about an amicable settlement.Towards the end of 1909 he became governor of Queensland. The claimthat he was largely responsible for the founding of the universityof Queensland cannot be justified, as the university act had beenpassed by theKidston(q.v.) government before he arrived. He, however, did all that waspossible to help in the actual inauguration of the university. Heacquiesced in the handing over of government house to be its firsthome, and one of his first acts was to attend the dedicationceremony on 10 December 1909. He also became the first chancellorand took great pride in the early development of the university. In1914 he retired and went to live on an estate in Berwickshire,Scotland. During the 1914-18 war he was able to do a certain amountof war work, and also lectured on his experience of German rule inthe Pacific. He died on 3 July 1919 and was buried beside hisparents in the churchyard of Towie, the village where he was born.He married in 1883 Mary, daughter of R. Cocks, who survived himwith one son and three daughters. He was created C.M.G. in 1881,K.C.M.G. in 1889, C.B. in 1897, G.C.M.G. in 1907, and was made aprivy councillor in 1914. He had the honorary degrees of D.Sc.Cambridge and LL.D. Aberdeen, Edinburgh, and Queensland.

Macgregor was a man of immense physical strength, it has beensaid of him in his early days that he was like a "great block ofrough unhewn granite". He began life with no advantages except hisinnate ability, and rose to be one of the really great men of histime. He was a fine linguist; apart from his home universities hehad studied at Paris, Berlin and Florence, and he was an excellentscientist, as his medical work done at Fiji, Lagos and Newfoundlandshowed. He was a great administrator--always working for the goodof the subject races and helping them to develop, and yet able onmore than one occasion to save his own life by his excellence as arifle shot. Contact with a world of men gradually softened acertain roughness of manner, until he became the courteous man ofhis later years. But he was always a great personality, a greatfighter, striving continually for the cause of right and justice,and using his scientific knowledge for the good of humanity.

R. W. Reid,Aberdeen University Review, November1919;Who's Who, 1919; G. B. Fletcher,The NewPacific; C. A. Bernays,Queensland Politics During SixtyYears;The Brisbane Courier, 5 July 1919.

McILWRAITH, SIR THOMAS (1835-1900), premier of Queensland,

son of John McIlwraith, was born at Ayr, Scotland, in 1835. Hewas educated at Ayr academy and the university of Glasgow, where hestudied civil engineering. He emigrated to Victoria in 1854 andobtained a position as a civil engineer in the railways department,and afterwards with Messrs Cornish and Bruce, railway contractors.In 1862, having acquired interests in pastoral property in theMaronoa district, he went to Queensland, and in 1868 was elected asrepresentative of that constituency in the legislative assembly. InJanuary 1874 he became secretary for public works and mines in thethirdMacalister(q.v.) ministry but resigned in the following October. In January1879 he formed a ministry in which he was premier and successivelycolonial treasurer and colonial secretary, at a time when thecolony was emerging from a depression brought on by three badseasons. The year 1878-9 closed with a serious deficit, butMcIlwraith, helped by good seasons and partly by loan expenditure,brought about an increase in revenue which turned the deficit intoa surplus. Immigrants too were pouring in and the colony wasdeveloping very rapidly. The population, however' in 1883 was stillunder 300,000 scattered over a very large area, and the necessityfor some general system of local government led to the passing ofthe divisional boards act. Another important event was theestablishment of the British India postal service via Torres Straitbut what caused most stir was the annexation of New Guinea carriedout under McIlwraith's instructions on 4 April 1883. This met withgeneral approval in Australia, but was disallowed by Lord Derby thesecretary of state for the colonies. The result was that the waywas left open to Germany to annex a large part of the island. Butthe incident brought home to the Australian colonies, how hamperedthey were in making representations to the British government bythe absence of any central authority that could speak with onevoice for all of them. The executive council of Queensland in July1883 decided to invite the home government to inaugurate a federalmovement.Service(q.v.), the Victorian premier, however, took the more practicalstep of proposing that an inter-colonial conference should be held,which accordingly took place at the end of November. This was thefirst real step in the direction of federation, with whichMcIlwraith was warmly in sympathy. His ministry was defeated inNovember 1883, on the question of his proposal to construct theQueensland portion of a trans-continental railway line on a landgrant system. McIlwraith had been made a K.C.M.G. in 1882 and in1884 visited Great Britain, where he was given the freedom of hisnative town, and Glasgow university conferred on him the honorarydegree of LL.D.

McIlwraith temporarily retired from politics in 1886 but in 1888was elected for Brisbane North. His party had a majority, and on 13June 1888 he formed his second ministry with the portfolios ofpremier and colonial treasurer. Failing health obliged hint toresign these positions in November, though he was able to be aminister without portfolio in theMorehead (q.v.) governmentformed at the end of that month. During his short term of office hecame into conflict with the governor, Sir Anthony Musgrave, on thequestion whether in the exercise of the prerogative of mercy thegovernor must accept the advice of his advisors, or use his ownjudgment. The colonial office supported McIlwraith's contentionthat the first course must be followed. When the governor died inOctober McIlwraith represented to the home authorities that hisgovernment should be consulted before Musgrave's succcessor wasappointed. Lord Knutsford refused to agree to this and appointedSir Harry Blake. McIlwraith protested on behalf of his government,and the matter was only settled for the time being by the voluntaryretirement of Sir Harry Blake. McIlwraith then took a trip to Chinaand Japan for the benefit of his health. When he returneddifferences arose with his colleagues, and in August 1890 he made acoalition with his former opponentSir Samuel Griffith (q.v.) andbecame colonial treasurer in his government. He was one of therepresentatives of Queensland at the federal convention held atSydney in 1891, and was on the finance committee. He succeededGriffith in March 1893 and became premier in a new government,holding also the positions of secretary for railways andvice-president of the executive council. On 24 October he handedover the premiership to Sir Hugh Nelson and became chief secretary.He, however, resigned his seat towards the end of 1895. He wasoffered the agent-generalship of Queensland but declined it. He hadbecome involved in the financial crisis of 1893, and spent his lastyears in broken health trying to piece together his shatteredfortunes. He died at London on 17 July 1900. He married in 1879Harriette Ann, daughter of Hugh Mosman, who survived him with threedaughters.

McIlwraith was a big man with big ideas, but his indifferenthealth did not allow him to successfully carry the full burden ofthem. He was rugged and masterful, possibly on occasions notover-scrupulous, with a habit of getting his own way by sheer forceof character rather than by intellectual ability. For nearly 25years he was one of the greatest personalities in Queensland.

The Brisbane Courier, 19 July 1900;Our FirstHalf-century, A Review of Queensland Progress; Quick andGarran,The Annotated Constitution of the AustralianCommonwealth;The Bulletin, 28 July 1900; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of Australasian Biography.

McINNES, WILLIAM BECKWITH (1889-1939), artist,

was born at Ringwood near Melbourne, on 18 May 1889. He was asomewhat delicate child who wanted to draw from the time he couldfirst handle a pencil. At the age of 14 he entered the drawingschool at the national gallery of Victoria underFrederick McCubbin (q.v.), andlater on graduated into the painting school underL. Bernard Hall (q.v.). When only17 he submitted a very promising painting for the scholarshipcompetition, but three years later the picture he sent in did notdo him justice, and though probably the ablest student of his time,he was not placed either first or second. In 1908 he won the firstprizes for drawing the figure from life, and for painting a headfrom life, and shared the prize for a landscape. Soon afterwards heheld a successful show of his paintings at the Athenaeum gallery inconjunction with F. R. Crozier, which was followed in 1911 by ajourney to Europe, where he did much landscape painting and madeacquaintance with the masterpieces of Rembrandt, Velasquez andRaeburn. He never wavered in his allegiance to these men and theirmethods. He was represented in London at the exhibition of theRoyal Institute of Painters in oils in 1913, and returned toMelbourne in the same year. He held a one man show at the Athenaeumgallery and nearly everything was sold. In 1916 he acted as locumtenens for Frederick McCubbin, master of the school of drawing atthe national gallery, Melbourne, during his six months' leave ofabsence, and after his death was temporarily appointed to theposition in 1918. In 1920 he was permanently appointed. In 1921 hewon the Archibald prize for portraiture, a success repeated in thethree following years. He revisited Europe in 1925 and on hisreturn found he was in great demand as a portrait painter. For manyyears he was unable to spare time to do landscape work. In 1928 oneof his portraits was well hung at the Royal Academy, and in 1933 hevisited England again to paint the Duke of York, afterwards KingGeorge VI. In the following year, on Bernard Hall leaving forEngland as adviser for the Felton bequest, McInnes was appointedacting-director of the national gallery of Victoria, and on MrHall's death was appointed head of the painting school. McInnes hadsuffered from an imperfect heart all his life, his general healthbecame affected' and in July 1939 he resigned his position asmaster of the school of painting. He died on 9 November 1939. Hemarried in 1915 Violet Muriel Musgrave, a capable flower painter,who survived him with four sons and two daughters.

McInnes was a man of slightly under medium height stockilybuilt. He was kindly in his disposition, had no enemies and manyfriends. He was quiet in manner and somewhat inarticulate. Thoughhe was for a great many years on the council of the VictorianArtists' Society, and president for one year of the Australian ArtAssociation, he was content to leave problems of administration toother people. He was interested in the newly-formed AustralianAcademy of Art, because he considered it was necessary to have abody which could speak for Australian artists as a whole, and saton its council for two or three years before his death. But hispainting was his life and he had practically no recreations orinterests outside his art. Somewhat conservative in his outlook, hewas opposed to the extreme wing of the modernist school, and wouldnot allow the movement to have any influence on his own work. As alandscape painter be was excellent in composition and sound indrawing, with a fine feeling for air and sunlight. His portraitswere finely modelled, soundly painted, excellent likenesses and inmany cases fine studies of character. He is represented in nationalgalleries at Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth, andat Canberra, Castlemaine and other galleries. A self-portrait is inthe Sydney gallery.

A. Colquhoun,The Work of W. Beckwith McInnes;W. Moore,The Story of Australian Art;The Herald,Melbourne, 9 November 1939;The Age andThe Argus,Melbourne, 10 November 1939;The Book of the Public Library,1906-31; personal knowledge.

McKAY, HUGH VICTOR (1865-1926), inventor of the Sunshine harvester,

was born at Raywood, Victoria, on 21 August 1865. He was thefifth of the 12 children of Nathaniel McKay who had been astonemason and then a miner, before becoming a small farmer aboutthe end of 1865. He built a house of rough slabs roofed with barkand there his son grew up, became an efficient ploughman, and beganto manage his father's farm at 18 years of age. His education hadbeen confined to a comparatively short period at the little countrystate school at Drummartin, supplemented by some tuition at home.His father had a hard struggle, but everyone in the family helped,conditions improved, a reaper and binder was purchased, and lateron a stripper. This had been invented byJohn Ridley (q.v.) many yearsbefore, and as the boy drove it he began to consider whether itmight be possible to make a machine which would gather, thresh, andclean the grain as it went through the crop. He was only 17 when hetold his father that he was confident that a machine of this kindcould be built. With the help of his brother a rough hut was putup, and there the two young men made a machine with parts from oldstrippers and winnowers, forging other iron parts, and shaping thewood-work themselves. Their father was able to help them insquaring and setting the frame, and adjusting the bearings. Eachproblem was tackled and worked out as it occurred, and in February1884, drawn by two horses, the little machine stripped, threshedand cleaned the grain from two acres of land. It worked almostperfectly, the parts co-ordinating and running smoothly from thebeginning.

McKay had, however, no capital and the problem was how to puthis invention on the market. A few were made by McCalman and Garde,plough makers, and by other manufacturers, but it was not until1887, when he obtained a premium from the Victorian government forthe best combined harvesting machine, that McKay was able to thinkseriously of starting for himself. He worked with one fitter forsome time, and in 1891 was established in Dawson-street, Ballarat,under the name of McKay's Harvesting Machine Co. Ltd. About 1892-3the model which afterwards became known as the Sunshine Harvestertook shape. Gradually the business grew until in 1905 about 400hands were employed at Ballarat. In the following year the factorywas removed to Braybrook, afterwards known as Sunshine, partlybecause an export trade was growing and the question of freightbecame more important; and partly because the new site beingoutside the then metropolitan area, the factory did not come underwages board regulations. It was not that McKay objected to paying afull wage, but because he liked to feel that the factory was underhis own control. For a similar reason he fought his men when thestrike took place in 1911. He believed in the open shop and thoughonly twelve out of his 1000 employees were not unionists, he tookthe stand that he would not himself force any man to join a unionnor would he allow anyone else to force him. He was, however,thoroughly interested in the welfare of his men and parcelled outland at Sunshine into allotments with 50 feet of frontage, and paidfor the roads, water reticulation, and electric lighting. By 1926Sunshine was to become a town with over 4000 inhabitants. In 1913McKay stood for the house of representatives at Ballarat but wasbeaten by the Labour candidate by a few votes. In the same year hemade possible the erection of a technical school at Sunshine, andduring the 1914-18 war he converted his factory to themanufacturing of transport and ambulance wagons, water-carts,portable kitchens, trenching tools, and munitions. He was a memberof the business board of administration, defence department1917-18, and was chairman of the stores disposal board in London in1919. He was also for some Years vice-president of the chamber ofmanufacturers, Melbourne, and a director of well-known companies.In March 1925 he went to England and became seriously ill. He wasbrought back to Australia, but never recovered his health and diedat Sunbury on 21 May 1926. He married Sarah Irene Graves, whosurvived him with two sons and a daughter. He was created C.B.E. in1918. His will was proved at over £1,400,000. Under it provisionwas made for a charitable trust expected to have an income of about£10,000 a year. This was to be devoted to improving the conditionsof life in inland Australia, the advancement of agriculturaleducation, and charitable works in Sunshine or any other placewhere manufacturing may be established by the company.

McKay was a man of great tenacity of purpose and strength ofcharacter. He was a strict disciplinarian but scrupulously just. Hebuilt up the largest agricultural implement manufactury in thesouthern hemisphere, the buildings of which covered 28 acres ofland in the year of his death. In the garden [in] front of thefactory is the original small bark-roofed hut in which the firstharvester was fashioned in 1884.

The Argus, Melbourne, 22 May and 6 August 1926;A Farm Smithy: A Record of Vision and Pluck.

MACKELLAR, SIR CHARLES KINNAIRD (1844-1926), physician and public man,

son of Dr Frank Mackellar, was born at Sydney, on 5 December1844. He was educated at Sydney grammar school and on leavingschool had some experience on a station. About 1866 he went toGlasgow, did a distinguished course, and graduated M.B., Ch.M. in1871. On returning to Australia he again went on the land, but in1875 went to Sydney and established a very successful practice as aphysician. In 1882 he was appointed the first president of thenewly formed board of health, which brought him in touch with thepoor of Sydney and the conditions in which they lived. He took muchinterest in his new position, and gave the department an excellentstart. He resigned his office in 1885, and in the following yearwas nominated to the legislative council of New South Wales. He wasvice-president of the executive council in theJennings (q.v.) ministry fromFebruary to December 1886, and then minister for justice until thegovernment was defeated on 19 January 1887. But though a goodadministrator, Mackellar was not a party man, and possibly for thatreason did not hold parliamentary office again. In 1903 Mackellarwas appointed a federal senator whenR. E. O'Connor (q.v.) was madea judge of the high court. He found, however, that he had too manyinterests in Sydney to be able to spare the time to attend thesittings which were then held at Melbourne, and not long afterwardsresumed his seat in the legislative council of New South Wales. Hehad been chosen as president of a royal commission on the declineof the birth rate, and was largely responsible for the admirablereport that was issued. He had for some time been interested in thecare of delinquent and mentally deficient children and in 1902 wasappointed president of the state children's relief department. Hepublished this year as a pamphlet,Parental Rights and ParentalResponsibility, which was followed in 1907 by a thoughtfulshort treatise,The Child, The Law, and the State, anaccount of the progress of reform of the laws affecting children inNew South Wales, with suggestions for their amendment and morehumane and effective application. His little book was wise andstatesmanlike; Mackellar was no mere visionary, he recognized thatthere were times when punishment was the only remedy, but he feltstrongly that little good would be done by punishing a child foracts which were merely the results of his environment, and thatchildren could not be given the influence of a good home by beingherded in barracks or reformatories. In 1912 he visited Europe andthe United States to study the methods of treatment of delinquentand neglected children, and issued a valuable report on his returnin 1913. He resigned his presidency of the state children's reliefboard in 1916, being then in his seventy-second year. He still,however, retained his interest and in 1917 published an open letterto the minister of public health on "The Mother, the Baby, and theState", and a pamphlet onMental Deficiency, in which hisclear grasp of the subject was still apparent. He died at Sydney,on 14 July 1926. He was knighted in 1912 and created K.C.M.G. in1916. He married in 1877, Marion, daughter of Thomas Buckland, whosurvived him with two sons and a daughter.

Mackellar was a good companion and a staunch friend, kindly andjust in all life's relations. He was a combination of soundbusiness man and altruist, and his social work in New South Waleshad far-reaching consequences for good. His daughter, DorotheaMackellar, did distinguished work as a poet and prose-writer. Alist of her books will be found in Miller'sAustralianLiterature.

The Medical journal of Australia, 7 August 1926;The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 July 1926;Debrett'sPeerage, etc., 1926.

MACKENNAL, SIR EDGAR BERTRAM (1863-1931), the first name wasdropped at an early age, sculptor,

son of John Simpson Mackennal, was born at Melbourne on 12 June1863. His father was also a sculptor and both parents were ofScotch descent. He received his early training from his father, andat the school of design at the Melbourne national gallery which heattended from 1878 to 1882. Marshall Wood, the English sculptor,who visited Australia in 1880, strongly advised the boy to goabroad. He left for London in 1882 to study at the national galleryschools, and for a time shared a studio withC. Douglas Richardson (q.v.)andTom Roberts (q.v.). In1884 he visited Paris for further study and married a fellowstudent, Agnes Spooner. On returning to England he obtained aposition at the Coalport china factory as a designer and modeller.In 1886 he won a competition for the sculptured reliefs on thefront of parliament house, Melbourne, and returned to Australia in1887 to carry these out. While in Australia he obtained othercommissions, including the figure over the doorway of MercantileChambers, Collins-street, Melbourne. He also met Sara Bernhardt,who was on a professional visit to Australia, and strongly advisedthe young man to return to Paris, which he did in 1891. In 1893 hehad his first success, when his full length figure "Circe", now atthe national gallery at Melbourne, obtained a "mention" at theSalon and created a good deal of interest. It was exhibited laterat the Royal Academy where it also aroused great interest, partlybecause of the prudery of the hanging committee which insisted thatthe base should be covered. Commissions began to flow in, amongthem being the figures "Oceana" and "Grief' for the Union Club,Sydney. Two Melbourne commissions brought him to Australia again in1901, the memorial to Sir W. J. Clarke at the treasury gardens,Melbourne, and the figure for the mausoleum of Mrs Springthorpe atKew. He returned to London, and among his works of this period werethe fine pediment for the local government board office atWestminster, a Boer War memorial for Islington, and statues ofQueen Victoria for Ballarat, Lahore, and Blackburn. In 1907 hismarble group "The Earth and the Elements" was purchased for thenational gallery of British art under the Chantry bequest, and in1908 his "Diana Wounded" was also bought for the nation. This dualsuccess brought Mackennal into great prominence, and he was electedan associate of the Royal Academy in 1909. In the following year hedesigned the Coronation medal for King George V and also the newcoinage which gave general satisfaction. His next important pieceof work was the memorial to Gainsborough at Sudbury, which wasfollowed by the memorial tomb of King Edward VII at St George'sChapel, Windsor. He also did statues of King Edward for London,Melbourne, Calcutta and Adelaide. He was created a Knight Commanderof the Victorian Order in 1921, and was elected R.A. in 1922. Amonghis later works were the nude male figure for the Eton warmemorial, the war memorial to the members of both houses ofparliament at London, the figures of the soldier and the sailor forthe cenotaph in Martin Place, Sydney, the bronze statue of KingGeorge V at parliament house Canberra, and the head of "Victory",presented to the Commonwealth by the artist, also at Canberra. Hecompleted the Anzac memorial at the Suez Canal from the designs ofWeb Gilbert (q.v.) alittle while before his death. He died suddenly at his house,Watcombe Hall, near Torquay, on 10 October 1931, and was survivedby Lady Mackennal and a daughter.

Mackennal, though a good business man, never lost his ideals orenthusiasm. He considered that the fraternity of artists were to beenvied as men who had chosen their own careers, and were everstriving to express their individuality. He had many friends andoften showed his sympathy with young and promising artists. He waswell read and his sense of humour made him a good companion. Hiswork showed much variety, he has been described as a "classicalrealist, with a strong decorative bent". His figures are gracefuland dignified, his decorative detail often charming. He ranks asthe most distinguished Australian sculptor of his time. Referencehas already been made to many of his works; other examples will befound at the national galleries at Melbourne and Sydney.

Records of Drawing School, National Gallery, Melbourne;The Bulletin, 13 April 1901;The Times, 12 October1931;The Argus, Melbourne, 13 October 1931.

MACKENZIE, SIR ROBERT RAMSEY BART. (1811-1873), premier of Queensland, [In theAustralian Dictionary of Biography the spelling is'Ramsay', and his father's middle name is shown as 'Steuart'.Ed.]

the son of Sir George Stewart Mackenzie, F.R.S., and his wife,Mary McLeod, was born on 21 July 1811. He emigrated to New SouthWales before 1830, and afterwards went to Queensland. He waselected a member of the first Queensland parliament for Burnet in1860, and was colonial treasurer in the first cabinet until 4August 1862. He was colonial secretary in theMacalister (q.v.) ministryfrom 1 February to 20 July 1866, and on 15 August 1867 becamepremier and colonial treasurer. He resigned on 25 November 1868,and succeeding his brother on 21 December, became a baronet andreturned to Scotland. He died in London on 19 September 1873. Hemarried in 1846, Louisa Jones of Sydney, and there was a family ofone son and three daughters. Mackenzie was not a man of greatability, but he was a good organizer and administrator of someprominence in the early days of Queensland, before his succeedingto the family estates led to his leaving Australia.

Burke's Peerage, etc., 1873; C. A. Bernays,Queensland Politics During Sixty Years;The Times, 23and 24 September 1873; J. F. Campbell,Journal and ProceedingsRoyal Australian Historical Society, vol. VIII, p.262.

MACKENZIE, SIR WILLIAM COLIN (1877-1938), he was seldom knownby his first name, anatomist,

was the youngest son of John and Anne Mackenzie. He was born atKilmore, Victoria, on 9 March 1877, obtained a scholarship at thelocal state school, and continued his education at Scotch College,Melbourne. He qualified for matriculation with honours in Greek atthe end of 1893, and beginning his course at the university ofMelbourne soon afterwards, graduated M.B., B.S., with first classhonours in surgery in 1899. He had a year's hospital practice atthe Melbourne hospital, for two years was senior resident medicalofficer at the Children's hospital, and was in general practice forsome time at North Melbourne. In 1904 he paid his first visit toEurope and obtained by examination his fellowship of the RoyalCollege of Surgeons, Edinburgh. At the Children's hospital,Melbourne, he had been much interested in the problem of the aftertreatment of infantile paralysis, and while in Europe worked withProfessor Vulpius at Heidelberg, and studied the work being done bySir Robert Jones at Liverpool. Coming back to Australia, he foundthere was then a severe epidemic of infantile paralysis, and wasable to use his newly acquired knowledge of the principles ofmuscle rest and recovery. He was not, however, content to merelyfollow other men. He felt that the main problem was how to bringthe muscles into normal use again, and however commonplace hismethods may seem today, at the time, they appeared to berevolutionary. He was the first to Speak of "muscle re-education"and to realize the importance of the action of gravity in attemptsto regain muscle function. A few years later Sir Arthur Keith inhisMenders of the Maimed, (1919), paid a tribute toMackenzie's work in this direction. "Dr Mackenzie," said, "makes noclaim to be the discoverer of the 'minimal load' treatment ofdisabled muscles, but I am certain that no one has realized itspractical importance more than he, and no one has realized andapplied the right methods to the restoration of disabled muscleswith a greater degree of skill." This recognition, however, camemany years later, and during the first decade of this centuryMackenzie had to do much research in finding out what could bedone. Mackenzie was appointed Caroline Kay scholar and demonstratorin anatomy at the university of Melbourne in 1907 under ProfessorR. J. A. Berry, and about this time became much interested in thefauna of Australia. He leased land at Badger Creek, nearHealesville, Victoria, which subsequently became the ColinMackenzie sanctuary, and he spent much time on the unravelling ofthe anatomical details of the koala, the platypus, the wombat, andother Australian animals. Early in 1915 he went to England, didfurther work in anatomy, and assisted Sir Arthur Keith in thecataloguing of war specimens. In 1917 he organized a musclere-education department for Sir Robert Jones at the orthopaedicmilitary hospital at Shepherd's Bush, London, and in 1918 publishedhisThe Action of Muscles (reprinted in 1919, second ed.1930). Another book published in 1918 was the seventh edition ofTreves'sSurgical Applied Anatomy, in the revision of whichMackenzie had collaborated with Sir Arthur Keith. He returned inthe same year to Melbourne and gave his time more and more tocomparative anatomy, and the collecting of Australian faunalspecimens. He published in 1918,The Gastro-Intestinal Tract inMonotremes and Marsupials, andThe Liver, Spleen, PancreasPeritoneal Relations and Bileary System in Monotremes andMarsupials; in 1919 with W. J. Owen,The Glandular System inMonotremes and Marsupials, andThe Genito-Urinary System inMonotremes and Marsupials. His collection of specimens becamevery large and valuable, and he refused an American offer of alarge sum for it because he preferred to give it to the nation. In1924 an act was passed establishing the Australasian Institute ofAnatomical Research to house the collection at Canberra, andMackenzie was made the first director with the title of professorof comparative anatomy. He published in this year a short volume onIntellectual Development and the Erect Posture. In his lateryears he did some work in anthropology which was less successfulthan his anatomical work. He had badly over-worked himself, he hadsevere blood pressure, and his mind was losing its powers. Therewas progressive deterioration, and in October 1937 Mackenzie wasobliged to give up his position. He returned to Melbourne and diedthere on 29 June 1938. He was president of the zoological sectionof the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancementof Science in 1928, was a fellow of the Royal Society, Edinburgh,and was knighted in 1929. He married in 1928, Dr Winifred Smith,who survived him. There were no children. He founded. before hisdeath, the Anne Mackenzie Annual Oration at the Institute ofAnatomy, Canberra, in memory of his mother, formerly Anne MacKay, awoman of great character.

Mackenzie had two brothers who were well-known footballers, andhe retained his interest in the game throughout his life. In hislatest book he suggested that the Australian game was an importantelement in the health of the community. He was, however, chieflyinterested in the relief of human suffering, and the furtherance ofscience. His work in connexion with the after-treatment of cases ofinfantile paralysis was of remarkable value, as was also his studyof the anatomy of the Australian fauna. His monument is his greatcollection of specimens housed at Canberra, which has since hadmany valuable additions made to it.

Dr C. V. MacKay,The Medical Journal ofAustralia, 1 October 1938, which has a short list ofMackenzie's more important papers, and other tributes in the sameissue;The British Medical Journal, 20 August 1938;TheLancet, 9 July 1938;The Scotch Collegian, August 1938;The Herald, 29 June 1938;The Age andTheArgus, Melbourne, 30 June 1938; privateinformation.

McKINLAY, JOHN (1819-1872), explorer, [ also refer toJohn McKINLAY page at Project GutenbergAustralia]

was born at Sandbank on the Clyde, Scotland, in 1819, andemigrated to Sydney when 17 years of age. He began his colonialexperience with an uncle who was a squatter, and afterwards madehis way to near the border of South Australia, where he took upland between there and the Darling. He was interested in theaborigines of the district, and his knowledge of their ways was ofgreat use to him when he became an explorer. In 1861 he was askedby the South Australian government to organize an expedition tosearch for theBurke(q.v.) andWills (q.v.)party about whose fate there was then much anxiety. McKinlay leftAdelaide on 16 August 1861 with nine other men, 70 sheep, twopackhorses and four camels. On 20 October the grave of Gray wasfound near Cooper's Creek. McKinlay sent word of this to thegovernment, and soon afterwards learned that the remains of Burkeand Wills had also been found. He decided to explore in thedirection of Mount Stuart, but was driven back by heavy rains andfloods. McKinlay then decided to make for the Gulf of Carpentaria,hoping to find the vessel which had been sent to meet Burke'sparty. The shores of the Gulf were thought to be only four or fivemiles away, on 20 May 1862, but the intervening country was verydifficult, and it was decided to turn in an easterly direction andmake for Port Denison on the shores of northern Queensland. Astation on the Bowen River near Port Denison was reached on 2August, and, after a few days rest, Port Denison. The party thenreturned by sea to Adelaide. McKinlay received a grant of £1000from the government and a gold watch from the Royal GeographicalSociety of England.

In 1863 McKinlay married Miss Pile, the daughter of an oldfriend, but was not allowed to settle down for long. In September1865 he was sent to explore the Northern Territory and to report onthe best sites for settlement. It was an exceptionally rainy seasonand while on the Alligator River the expedition was surrounded byflood waters. With great resource McKinlay, having killed hishorses, constructed a raft with their hides and made a perilousjourney to the coast. He reported favourably on the country nearAnson Bay as being suitable for settlement. After his return hetook up pastoral pursuits near the town of Gawler in SouthAustralia, and died there on 31 December 1872. A monument to hismemory was erected at Gawler in 1875.

McKinlay was a man of fine physique, 6 feet 3½ inches high,modest and unassuming. He was an excellent bushman, making littleof his privations, knowing when to push on and when to be cautious,and though he made only two expeditions, he ranks among the greatexplorers of Australia.

G. E. Logan,The Gawler Handbook, p. 161; JohnDavis,Tracks of McKinlay and Party Across Australia;McKinlay's Journal of Exploration;The South AustralianRegister, 1 January, 1873.

McLAREN, DAVID (1785-1850), pioneer,

was born at Perth, Scotland, in 1785. He had been intended forthe ministry but adopted a business life. In 1836 he was appointedmanager of the South Australian Company, and arrived at Adelaide inApril 1837, at a time when the whole settlement was in a state ofconfusion. Hampered at first by the inefficiency of the formermanager, S. Stephens, who was retained in a subordinate capacity,McLaren had many anxieties and difficulties. He knew nothing aboutwhaling and the company made losses in that department, but heshowed great ability in developing its banking and pastoraldepartments. He was responsible for the construction of the PortAdelaide Road, a valuable piece of work, and built a wharf whichstill bears his name. In 1841 he returned to England, having firmlyand successfully established his company. He was made manager inLondon and died on 22 June 1850.

An austere, deeply religious man, McLaren was a good influencein the little community at Adelaide, and did very valuable work asa pioneer. His son, Alexander McLaren (1826-1910), became a famousBaptist divine in England.

A. Grenfell Price,Founders and Pioneers of SouthAustralia; Rev. J. Blacket,History of SouthAustralia.

McLAREN, SAMUEL BRUCE (1876-1916), mathematician,

son of Samuel Gilfillan McLaren, was born at Tokyo, Japan, wherehis father was a missionary, on 16 August 1876. His father came toAustralia in 1885, and in 1889 was appointed principal of thePresbyterian ladies' college, Melbourne. His son was educated atBrighton grammar school and Scotch College, Melbourne, where he wasdux in mathematics in 1893 and gained a scholarship at OrmondCollege, university of Melbourne. He qualified for the B.A. degreeat the end of 1896 with first class final honours, and the finalhonours and Wyselaskie scholarships in mathematics. He also sharedthe Dixon scholarship in natural philosophy. Proceeding to Englandin 1897 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, was elected into amajor scholarship in 1899, and was third wrangler in the same year.Taking part 2 of the mathematical tripos in his third year he wasplaced in the second division of the first class. He was awarded anIsaac Newton studentship in 1901, and graduated M.A. in 1905. Hehad been appointed lecturer in mathematics at University College,Bristol, in the previous year, and in 1906 obtained a similarposition at the university of Birmingham. Between 1911 and 1913 hewrote some important papers on radiation which were published inthePhilosophical Magazine, and he presented some of themore fundamental parts of his work to the mathematical congress atCambridge in 1912. J. W. Nicholson, professor of mathematics in theuniversity of London, writing in 1918 said McLaren "undoubtedlyanticipated Einstein and Abraham in their suggestion of a variablevelocity of light, with the consequent expressions for the energyand momentum of the gravitational field". In 1913 he was madeprofessor of mathematics at Reading, and took much interest in thedevelopment of the young university. In this year he shared theAdams prize of the university of Cambridge. In 1914 he visitedAustralia with other members of the British Association for theAdvancement of Science, and met his parents again. War broke outwhile he was in Australia, and on his return to England he enlistedand was given a commission as lieutenant in the royal engineers. Hedid valuable work in charge of signalling and electricalcommunications, but on 26 July 1916 was shot while endeavouring toclear a pit of bombs threatened by an adjacent fire. He tried tocontinue this work, but was hit again, and died of his wounds inhospital on 13 August 1916. He was unmarried.

McLaren was a man of much force of character, modesty, andcourage. His death and that of H. G. J. Moseley were spoken of asperhaps the two most irreparable losses to British science causedby the 1914-18 war. A volume of hisScientific Papers Mainly onElectrodynamics and Natural Radiation was published by theCambridge University Press in 1925.

The Scotch Collegian, December 1916; J. W.Nicholson,Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society,1918, reprinted with "a personal appreciation" by Hugh Walker inMcLaren'sScientific Papers.

MacLAURIN, SIR HENRY NORMAND (1835-1914), physician and public man,

son of James MacLaurin, M.A., a schoolmaster, was born atKilconquhar, Fife, Scotland, on 19 December 1835. When 15 he won abursary at the university of St Andrews and, after a brilliantcourse, took the degree of M.A. at 19 years of age. Going on to theuniversity of Edinburgh, he qualified M.D. in 1857. In thefollowing year he entered the royal navy as an assistant-surgeon,and remained in the service for 13 years. He came to Australia in1871 and settled at Parramatta, but in the following year moved toMacquarie-street, Sydney. He had neither friends nor influence, butestablished a good practice, from which he did not retire until hewas 70 years of age. He was appointed a fellow of the senate of theuniversity of Sydney in 1883, in 1885 was elected president of theboard of health, and in 1889 was nominated as a member of thelegislative council of New South Wales. In April 1893 he becamevice-president of the executive council in theDibbs (q.v.) ministry, and in thefinancial crisis with which it was almost immediately facedsuggested to the premier that all bank notes should be made legaltender. This suggestion was adopted and helped very much to allaythe panic. The ministry was defeated in August 1894, but MacLaurinhad established a reputation as a man of strong common sense andgreat financial capacity. He subsequently became a director of suchimportant companies as the Bank of New South Wales, the ColonialSugar Refining Company, the Commercial Union Insurance Company, andthe Mutual Life and Citizens Company. He retained his position onthe board of health and was also chairman of the immigration boardof New South Wales. During the final years of the federationcampaign, MacLaurin was a strong critic of the bill, was presidentof a citizens' committee at Sydney which took much exception to itsfinancial provisions, and was one of the commission of threeappointed by the New South Wales government to report on thefinancial clauses.

MacLaurin's greatest work was in connexion with the university.He was vice-chancellor in 1887-9, was elected again in 1895, and in1896 became chancellor. Here he was in his element. His knowledgeof finance made him an invaluable member of the finance committee,as a scholar he could meet the staff on equal terms and understandthe nature of their problems, as a man of the world he could be theworthy representative of the university in any company. When hefirst became chancellor there were fewer than 500 students, but thenumber was almost quadrupled during his 18 years of office. He wasknighted in 1902 and died at Sydney on 24 August 1914. He marriedin the beginning of 1872, Eliza, daughter of Charles Nathan,F.R.C.S., who died in 1908. He was survived by five sons.

MacLaurin was a man of fine character and much kindliness andcharm. As a physician he was one of the early men to realize theimportance of the psychological condition of the patient. He was athoroughly capable business man, and at the university his tact andsympathy, wisdom and courage, made him a great administrator andleader. Of his sons, the eldest, Charles MacLaurin (1872-1925),educated at Sydney grammar school and the university of Edinburgh,became a well-known Sydney surgeon. He published in 1923,PostMortem: Essays Historical and Medical, and in 1925MereMortals: Medico-historical Essays. These books were republishedin 1930 in one volume under the titleDe Mortuis: EssaysHistorical and Medical. They consist of interestingspeculations about famous people and the effects of their health,or want of health, on their lives, and on history. CharlesMacLaurin died at Sydney on 19 April 1925. His younger brother,Colonel Henry Normand MacLaurin (1878-1915), a most promisingsoldier, was killed at Gallipoli on 27 April 1915.

Medical Journal of Australia, 5 September 1914,9 May 1925;Sydney Morning Herald, 25 August 1914;SydneyDaily Telegraph, 25 August 1914; Robert A. Dallen,Journaland Proceedings Royal Australian Historical Society, vol. XIX,pp. 233-6, H. A. H. MacLaurin,ibid, vol. XXI, pp. 209-26;Who's Who, 1914;Burke's Peerage, etc., 1914;Official History of Australia in the War, vol. I; Quick andGarran,The Annotated Constitution of the AustralianCommonwealth, p. 209; B. R. Wise,The Making of theAustralian Commonwealth, p. 276.

McLEAN, ALLAN (1840-1911), politician,

was born in the Highlands of Scotland, on 3 February 1840. Hisfather, Charles McLean, emigrated to Australia in 1842, took upland near Tarraville, Gippsland, Victoria, and engaged in cattlegrazing. Allan McLean was educated by private tutors and at thestate school, Tarraville. He assisted his father on his stations,and for a short period in his twenties was on the staff of theGippsland Times. About 1870 he took The Lowlands, a sheepstation about nine miles from Sale, and in 1872 formed the firm ofA. McLean and Company, Stock and Station Agents, at Maffra. Thebusiness flourished and branches were afterwards established atTraralgon, Bairnsdale, Warragul, Mirboo and Melbourne. McLeanbecame a shire councillor at Maffra in 1873, and afterwards aspresident of the council was active in forming the MunicipalAssociation of Victoria. In 1880 he was elected as member forGippsland North in the Victorian legislative assembly and held thisseat until 1901. He first held office in 1890 when he was given theportfolios of president of the board of land and works and ministerof agriculture in theJamesMunro (q.v.) ministry, and was chief secretary from April 1891to February 1892 when theWilliam Shiels (q.v.) ministrycame in. In the new cabinet McLean was given his old positions ofchief secretary and president of the board of land and works andheld them until January 1893. He became a minister withoutportfolio in theGeorgeTurner (q.v.) cabinet in September 1894, but resigned in April1898 and in December 1899 moved and carried a vote ofno-confidence. McLean then came into power as premier and chiefsecretary in the new cabinet, which, however, lasted less than ayear.

McLean was an opponent of federation and was not a member of theconventions which shaped the constitution. In March 1901, havingresigned his state seat he was elected a member of the federalhouse of representatives for Gippsland, and sat as a supporter ofDeakin (q.v.). In August1904Reid (q.v.) formed agovernment which had the support of Deakin and a section of hisfollowers. McLean, a staunch protectionist, came into the cabinetas minister for trade and customs and equal in all things withReid. It was an unhappy ministry, constantly being assailed by theLabour party and the extreme protectionist section of Deakin'sfollowers who had formed a fourth party. The ministry lasted forless than 11 months, and McLean was much hurt when his old chiefDeakin withdrew his support. At the election held in December 1906McLean lost his seat by a small majority, his supporters thoughthis position to be so safe that they relaxed their efforts.

McLean, who had suffered for many years with a rheumaticaffliction and did not feel capable of doing justice to hisconstituents, declined to allow himself to be nominated as acandidate at subsequent elections. He died at Melbourne on 13 July1911. He was twice married (1) in 1866 to Miss Shinnock of Maffraand (2) to Mrs McArthur (née Linton), who survived him withfive sons and two daughters by the first marriage.

McLean, an early pioneer, who had lived in Gippsland beforethere was even a road to Melbourne, understood the difficulties ofthe man on the land. As a member of parliament the needs of hisconstituents became almost a personal matter, and his honesty,unfailing courtesy and sympathy, inspired not only the respect butthe affection of those who came in contact with him. Sir GeorgeReid said of him that "no public man in Victoria was more widely ormore affectionately esteemed" (My Reminiscences, p. 238). Hewas a capable debater and could bring a touch of fervour into hisoratory which made it very effective. As premier of Victoria heshowed himself to be a good leader who could keep a tight hand onthe finances.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 14 July1911;The Cyclopaedia of Victoria, 1903; H. G. Turner,The First Decade of the Australian Commonwealth; W. Murdoch,Alfred Deakin: A Sketch.

MACLEAY, ALEXANDER (1767-1848), scientist and official, the "father of Zoology" inAustralia,

was born in the county of Ross, Scotland, on 24 June 1767. Hewas the eldest son of William Macleay, provost of the town of Wick.Nothing is known of his early years but he received a goodeducation, and on 17 March 1795 was elected a fellow of the LinneanSociety, London. In the same year he was appointed chief clerk inthe prisoners of war office, in 1797 head of the department ofcorrespondence of the transport board, and in 1806 secretary of theboard. He remained in this position until 1818 when he retired on apension of £750 a year. He had taken a special interest in theLinnean Society having become secretary in 1798, and continued tohold this position until in 1825 he was appointed colonialsecretary of New South Wales, at a salary of £2000 a year. Hearrived in Sydney in January 1826 and was immediately appointed amember of the executive council. He was an extremely valuable andhard-working official whose services were much valued byGovernor Darling (q.v.). He didnot succeed in working so well withGovernor Bourke (q.v.), andseveral protests were made by residents of Sydney against hispension of £750 a year being a charge on the colony in addition tohis salary. Macleay having mentioned that he had some thought ofretiring, Bourke, in August 1835, suggested to the Earl of Aberdeenthat this was desirable and that an admirable successor wasavailable inDeasThomson (q.v.), who was accordingly given the position in spiteof Macleay's protestation that he had had no intention of retiring.Deas Thomson took over the office on 2 January 1837. Macleaypublished the correspondence with Bourke and other papers relatingto his retirement as a pamphlet in 1838. Though he was nearly 70years of age he felt his enforced retirement keenly. He had,however, in addition to his salary received grants of valuableland, one of which, some 56 acres of land in Elizabeth Bay,established the fortunes of his family. On his retirement hispension was raised to £1000 a year. He was elected a member of thelegislative council in 1843, and though now 76 years of age waselected speaker and admirably carried out his duties until 19 May1846, when he resigned the office.

Macleay was so busy after he arrived in Sydney that it must havebeen extremely difficult to keep up his interest in science. Beforehe came to Australia he had accumulated a remarkable collection ofentomological specimens, largely British and European. In Australiahe extended his interest to ornithology, and presented a largenumber of skins of Australian birds to the Linnean Society ofLondon. He took much interest in the Australian museum during itsearly years, and is sometimes spoken of as its founder (SydneyMorning Herald, 26 July 1848), although it is now impossible toestablish this. His garden at Elizabeth Bay became famous for itsvaluable and rare specimens of plants. He frequently welcomedvisiting scientists at his house, and his success as a gardener ona comparatively sterile soil is said to have given marked stimulusto ornamental gardening in Sydney. The family records relating tothe garden show that it was a great interest to Macleay in hisdeclining years. He died following. a carriage accident on 19 July1848. He married in London Eliza Barclay by whom he had 17children. His wife died in 1847. of his surviving children two[George Macleay andWilliam Sharp Macleay]are noticed separately. He was elected a fellow of the RoyalSociety, London, in 1809. His collections, much enlarged by his sonand nephew, eventually became the property of the university ofSydney.

Macleay was much liked and respected throughout his active andbusy life. He was an excellent official, a first-rate entomologistand a good botanist. Though he published nothing himself he had animportant influence on the early study of biology in Australia.

J. J. Fletcher,The Macleay Memorial Volume, p.VII; J. J. Fletcher,Proceedings of the Linnean Society of NewSouth Wales, vol. XLV, p. 569;Historical Records ofAustralia, ser. I, vols. XII, XIII, XIV, XVI to XIX; R. Therry,Reminiscences, 2nd edition, pp. 55-6.

MACLEAY, SIR GEORGE (1809-1891), explorer and politician, [ also refer toGeorge MACLEAY page at Project GutenbergAustralia]

was the third son ofAlexander Macleay (q.v.). He wasborn at London in 1809, educated at Westminster School, and came toAustralia with his father in January 1826 or not long after him. InNovember 1829 he went withCharles Sturt (q.v.) on hissecond expedition, "as a companion rather than as an assistant",and shared in the difficulties and dangers of the journey to themouth of the Murray and back. Early in April 1830, when the wholeparty was practically exhausted, Sturt recorded that "amidst thesedistresses Macleay preserved his good humour and did his utmost tolighten the toil and to cheer the men". Their provisions had justabout come to an end when they were fortunately able to kill someswans. They subsisted on these until two of the party, who had beensent on ahead, returned with supplies from a depot they hadestablished on their outward journey. After a short rest Macleaywas sent on with dispatches, but Sturt thought it wise to keep therest of the party on the plain for a fortnight to allow them torecover from their exertions. Macleay had proved himself to be ahardy and excellent explorer, and he and Sturt formed a closefriendship only broken by Sturt's death. After his return Macleaywas on the land at Brownlow Hill near Camden about 40 miles fromSydney, and made his home there for nearly 30 years. He appearsalso at one time to have had a station on the Murrumbidgee. Hischief interests were farming and horticulture and, though not aworking zoologist, he had an interest in the subject. In 1836 hewas appointed to the committee of the Australian Museum andbotanical garden, and later on he was made a trustee of the museum.In 1854 he became a member of the old legislative council, and atthe first election of the legislative assembly in 1856 he waselected as member for the Murrumbidgee. In 1859 he removed toEngland, was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1860, and amember of the council in 1864. He died at Mentone in the south ofFrance on 24 June 1891. He married (1) in 1842 Barbara St ClairInnes, who died in 1869, and (2) in 1890 Augusta Annie Sams, whosurvived him. There were no children of either marriage. He wascreated C.M.G. in 1869 and K.C.M.G. in 1875.

J. J. Fletcher,Proceedings of the Linnean Societyof New South Wales, vol. XLV, p. 630; Mrs N. G. Sturt,Lifeof Charles Sturt; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography;Burke's Peerage, etc., 1891.

MACLEAY, SIR WILLIAM JOHN (1820-1891), politician and scientist,

in later life the second name was not used, was born at Wick,Scotland, on 13 June 1820. He was the second son of Kenneth Macleayand a nephew ofAlexanderMacleay (q.v.). Educated at the Edinburgh academy he began tostudy medicine at the university, but when he was 18 years old hiswidowed mother died, and he decided to go to Australia with hiscousin,W. S. Macleay(q.v.). They arrived at Sydney in March 1839. William Macleay tookup land at first near Goulburn, and afterwards on the MurrumbidgeeRiver. Like other landowners of the period he went through manyhardships and anxieties, but by 1855 he was well established and ina good financial position. In that year he was elected to the oldlegislative council as member for the Lachlan and Lower Darling,and in April 1856 was elected to the legislative assembly for thesame constituency. He was a member of the assembly for nearly 20years, generally took an independent attitude, was a constantadvocate for the extension of the railways, and sat on severalspecial committees. In December 1864, when returning to Sydneyafter an election, he showed courage in resisting a notorious bandof bushrangers. Some 10 years later Macleay was one of seven men towhom the government awarded gold medals "for gallant and faithfulservices" during the bushranging period. He had been living inSydney since 1857, the year of his marriage to Susan EmmelineDeas-Thomson, and was now able to develop his interest in science.He had made a small collection of insects, and in 1861 began toextend it considerably. In April 1862 a meeting was held at hishouse and it was decided to found a local Entomological Society.Macleay was elected president and held the position for two years.The society lasted 11 years and, not only was Macleay the author ofthe largest number of papers, he also bore most of the expense. Hehad succeeded to the Macleay collection on the death of W. S.Macleay in 1865, and in 1874 decided to extend it from anentomological collection into a zoological collection. In this yearthe Linnean Society of New South Wales was founded, of which he waselected the first president, and in May 1875, having fitted up thebarqueChevert, he sailed for New Guinea, where he obtainedwhat he described as "a vast and valuable collection" of zoologicalspecimens.

After his return from New Guinea Macleay spent much time infostering the Linnean Society. He presented many books andmaterials for scientific work to it, which were all destroyed whenthe garden palace was burnt down in September 1882. In spite ofthis blow the society continued on its way and gradually built upanother library. In 1885 Macleay erected a building for the use ofthe society in Ithaca-road, Elizabeth Bay, and endowed it with thesum of £14,000. He had contributed several papers to theProceedings of the society, and in 1881 hisDescriptiveCatalogue of Australian Fishes was published in two volumes.Three years later aSupplement to this catalogue appeared,and in the same year hisCensus of Australian Snakes wasreprinted from theProceedings. He had hoped to make adescriptive catalogue of the Dipterous insects of Australia, buthis health began to fail and he did not get far with it. Herealized that much could be done to prevent diseases like typhoidfever and strongly urged the appointment of a governmentbacteriologist. Receiving little support he eventually left £12,000to the university of Sydney for the foundation of a chair orlectureship in bacteriology. In 1890 the government having provideda building in the university grounds he handed the valuable Macleaycollection to the university, together with an endowment of £6000to provide for the salary of a curator. Macleay died on 7 December1891; his wife survived him but there were no children. He wasknighted in 1889. By his will he left £6000 to the Linnean Societyfor general purposes and £35,000 to provide four Linnean Macleayfellowships of £400 per annum each, to encourage and advanceresearch in natural science. In leaving £12,000 to the universityfor bacteriology Macleay was in advance of his time, as theuniversity was not prepared to carry out the conditions relating tothe teaching of bacteriology in the medical course, and returnedthe money to the executors. Nearly 40 years later a professorshipin bacteriology was established from theBosch (q.v.) fund. The moneyreturned was handed to the Linnean Society which employed abacteriologist with the income.

Macleay in his unostentatious way did much for the colony. Hedid not come into prominence as a politician though he didconscientious work. In addition to nearly 20 years in the lowerhouse he was from 1877 a nominated member of the upper house forabout 10 years, and was more than once usefully employed as achairman of royal commissions. As a scientist he would have made noclaim to valuable original work though he did much that was useful.References to his papers contributed to the entomological andLinnean Societies of New South Wales will be found on page 709 ofthe 1891 volume of theProceedings of the Linnean Society of NewSouth Wales. Over a long period he steadily helped andencouraged the pursuit of science, and his benefactions have beenof great use in enabling the work to continue to be carried onwithout financial anxiety.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 8 December 1891; J.J. Fletcher,The Macleay Memorial Volume;Calendars ofthe University of Sydney.

MACLEAY, WILLIAM SHARP (1792-1865), naturalist,

eldest son ofAlexanderMacleay (q.v.), was born in London on 21 July 1792. He waseducated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge,where he graduated with honours in 1814. He was appointed attachéto the British embassy at Paris, and secretary to the board forliquidating British claims on the French government, and followinghis father in taking an interest in natural history became friendlywith Cuvier, and other celebrated men of science. In 1819 hepublished at LondonHorae Entomologicae; or Essays on theAnnulose Animals, Parts 1 and 2. He returned to England in 1825and publishedAnnulosa Javanica; or an Attempt to illustrate theNatural Affinities and Analogies of the Insects collected in Javaby T. Horsfield No. 1 (all published). In 1825 he was madeH.B.M. Commissioner of Arbitration to the British and Spanish courtof commission for the abolition of the slave trade, at Havana, andlater judge to the mixed tribunal of justice. He remained there for10 years and retired on a pension of £900 a year. He hadestablished a reputation as a scientist and in 1837 was elected tothe council of the Linnean Society and to the council of theZoological Society. He was president of section D at the meeting ofthe British Association for the Advancement of Science held atLiverpool in September of the same year. In 1838 in a paper on the"Annulosa of South Africa", he mentioned his intention of going toAustralia "for the next three or four years". He arrived in Sydneyin March 1839 and it became his home for the remainder of his life.For a time he was interested in marine fauna on which he did somework, and he made large additions to his natural historycollections. He took a great interest in the Australian Museum andwas first a committee-man and then a trustee from 1841 to 1862.This kept him in touch with everyone in Sydney really interested inscience, and visiting scientists made a point of meeting him. Hewas particularly friendly with Robert Lowe, afterwardsLord Sherbrooke (q.v.), andMrs Lowe in a letter quoted inMartin's (q.v.) life of herhusband speaks with enthusiasm of the beauty of Macleay's house andgarden at Elizabeth Bay, Sydney. He fell into ill-health about1862, and died on 26 January 1865. He was unmarried.

Macleay was studious and somewhat retiring in his habits. He wasan excellent classical scholar, had a wide knowledge of history andbiography, and his powers as a scientist struck everyone he met.The mass of his work is not great, his two volumes have beenmentioned and in addition he wrote a comparatively small number ofpapers for scientific journals. His health was affected by hisresidence at Havana, and it is probable that after he came toAustralia he found it difficult to make sustained efforts. Hisposition as a scientist was, however, early recognized, Huxley in1848 spoke of him as "the celebrated propounder of the Quinarysystem". The reference is to theories brought forward in his firstbook. In another place Huxley refers to him as "a great man in thenaturalist world". His obituary notice in theProceedings ofthe Linnean Society, London, 1864-5, stated that hisHoraeEntomologicae "contained some of the most importantspeculations as to the affinities or relations of various groups ofanimals to each other ever offered to the world, and of which it isalmost impossible to overrate the suggestive value".

The Sydney Morning Herald, 30 January 1865; J.J. Fletcher,The Macleay Memorial Volume, p. IX; J. J.Fletcher,Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New SouthWales, vol. XLV, p. 591; A. P. Martin,Life and Letters ofViscount Sherbrooke.

MACLEOD, WILLIAM (1850-1929), artist, and partner in theBulletin,

was born in London on 27 October 1850. His father was ofHighland stock, his mother was partly Cornish and partly German.Brought out to Australia in his fifth year his father died about ayear later. His mother went to Sydney where she married JamesAnderson a portrait painter of the period. Unhappily Andersonbecame a drunkard and the boy had a miserable childhood. At 12years of age he obtained a position with a photographer, and hebegan studying at a school of arts where he won prizes. Five yearslater he was earning enough to be able to make a home for hismother. He did much work as a painter and as a designer in stainedglass, and for a time was a drawing master at schools. When stillin his early twenties he began contributing drawings to theSydney Mail, theIllustrated Sydney News, theTownand Country Journal, etc. He also obtained a reputation as aportrait painter whose work was hung at exhibitions of the ArtSocieties in both Sydney and Melbourne. For many years he washardworking and successful. When theBulletin was started in1880 he had a drawing in the first number, and for the next twoyears was a regular contributor. He then became one of the artistsfor thePicturesque Atlas of Australasia and did a largenumber of illustrations for it, including most of the portraits.When he was approaching the end of this workJ. F. Archibald (q.v.), who hadbeen impressed by his business methods when a contributor to theBulletin, asked him to join the staff. He became businessmanager in September 1887, soon acquired an interest in the paper,and for nearly 40 years was actively engaged in the management ofit. He also read all the proofs with a watchful eye for possiblelibel actions. At one period he owned three-fourths of the paper,but recognizing the value of Archibald's work for it, he handedover to him one-fourth as a gift. He practically gave up working asan artist, but took a special interest in the cartoonists. Hisgreatest discovery was David Low. Towards the end of his life hetook up painting again, became interested in sculpture, and did agood deal of modelling. In 1926 he retired from theBulletinand died on 24 June 1929. He married (1) Emily Collins in 1873 and(2) in 1911 Conor O'Brien, who survived him with one son and twodaughters of the first marriage.

Macleod was a man of medium height, bearded, and kindly inexpression. He was a first-rate business man, shrewd and just, witha genius for friendship. One of the employees in the printingoffice of theBulletin said that if all employers were likehim the legal machinery for the settlement of industrial disputeswould go out of use. His illustrations in thePicturesque Atlasof Australasia are excellent. Stained glass windows from hisdesigns will be found in St Benedict's, Sydney, St John the Baptistat Queanbeyan, the Church of England at Duntroon and the chapel atLong Bay penitentiary. Many of his original drawings for thePicturesque Atlas are at the Mitchell library, Sydney.

Mrs Macleod,Macleod of the Bulletin;TheLone Hand, 1907 and 1908;The Bulletin, 26 June1929.

McMAHON, GREGAN (1874-1941), actor and theatrical producer,

the eldest son of John Turner McMahon and his wife, ElizabethGregan, was born at Sydney on 2 March 1874. His father was in thecivil service, and both parents were Irish. Educated at SydneyGrammar School and St Ignatius College, Riverview, Sydney, McMahonplayed in the Riverview football team, and took first-class honoursin classics at his matriculation examination. Going on to theuniversity, Sydney, he graduated B.A. in 1896 and during his courseestablished a reputation as an amateur actor. A critic on oneoccasion spoke of his performance being so artistic that he seemedlike a professional in a company of amateurs. At the conclusion ofhis university course McMahon was articled to a firm of solicitorsat Sydney, and remained with them for some years, but in May 1900was invited by Robert Brough to join his comedy company. His firstprofessional appearance was as the waiter inThe Liars atBrisbane in the beginning of June, and during the next 12 months hetoured in the east playing a variety of small parts. Returning toAustralia he played with the W. F. Hawtrey and Brough companies,and by 1902 was receiving important parts, his Horace Parker, inA Message from Mars, was highly praised in this year.Seasons followed in New Zealand and Australia, largely in companiesunder theJ. C.Williamson (q.v.) management. Early in 1911 McMahon, who hadbeen playing in Melbourne, organized a repertory theatre movement.The first performances took place in June, the plays selected beingSt John Hankin'sThe Two Mr Wetherbys, the second act ofSheridan'sThe Critic, and Ibsen'sJohn GabrielBorkman. It was soon realized that McMahon was a producer witha wide knowledge of his craft, able to get the best out of hiscast. Though mostly amateurs, under his direction they were quickin learning the finer points, and in most cases gave performancesof great distinction. Among the plays produced during the next sixyears wereCandida, Getting Married, Major Barbara, The Doctor'sDilemma, Man and Superman, Fanny's First Play, You Never CanTell andPygmalion by Shaw;Rosmersholm andAnEnemy of the People by Isben;The Voysey Inheritance andThe Madras House by Granville Barker;The Pigeon,Strife andThe Fugitive by Galsworthy;TheSeagull by Tchekhov;The Mate by Schnitzler, many otherplays by leading dramatists of the period, and several byAustralian authors. The 1914-18 war, however, made difficulties,several leading actors enlisted, and by 1918 the public was givingdistinctly less support to the movement which had to be abandonedfor a period.

McMahon then returned to the professional stage and acted asproducer for Williamson and other managers. In 1920 he arrangedwith the Messrs Tait to start a repertory movement in Sydney. Thiswas carried on for several years, the productions includingTheDover Road by Milne;Abraham Lincoln by Drinkwater;Ibsen'sJohn Gabriel Borkman; Franz MoInar'sLiliom;Galsworthy'sFoundations,Loyalties, andWindows; and many others. Back in Melbourne again in 1929McMahon revived the repertory movement under the name of the"Gregan McMahon Players" and in 11 years placed about 90 plays onthe stage, including several of the later Shaw plays; Pirandello'sRight You Are andSix Characters in Search of anAuthor; several plays by James Bridie; and others byGalsworthy, Drinkwater, Somerset Maugham, Chesterton, EugeneO'Neill, Sean O'Casey, Daviot and Casella, in the presentation ofwhich a generally high standard was reached. In spite ofdifficulties caused by war breaking out again, McMahon was stillkeeping up his standard of production when he died suddenly on 30August 1941. He married in 1899 Mary Hungerford who survived himwith a son and a daughter. He was created C.B.E. in 1938.

A man of kindly and generous nature with artistic sensibilities,McMahon deliberately chose the type of work that could not bringgreat financial success. As a producer and actor he possibly hadone fault. If he felt that a part was not going over, he wasinclined to try to put more into it than the part would hold, butfrom the beginning of his career he had always striven to get thebest out of every part however small it might be. Starting withBrough he inherited the Brough andBoucicault (q.v.) traditionof attention to detail and complete harmony in presentation.Whether McMahon should be called a great actor may be a matter ofsome doubt. He was certainly a most intelligent and finished actorwith a wide range of parts. His Mr Burgess inCandida was adelightful study of a comparatively small part, and having seenthat his excellent rendering of Sylvanus Heythorp inOldEngland was quite to be expected. But such diverse parts asJohn Tanner inMan and Superman; Louis Ferrand inThePigeon; the father inSix Characters in Search of anAuthor; Shaw's Charles II, and King Magnus inThe AppleCart; Lob inDear Brutus, Ulric Brendel inRosmersholm and a host of other characters, revealed anactor who was much more than merely competent, because essentiallyhe was an artist who loved and respected his craft.

The Herald, Melbourne, 30 August 1941;Souvenir Repertory Theatre Ball, 1914; S. Elliott Napier,The Sydney Repertory Theatre Society; information fromfamily; personal knowledge.

McMILLAN, ANGUS (1810-1865), explorer, [ also refer toAngus McMILLAN page at Project GutenbergAustralia]

was born at Glenbrittle, Skye, off the west coast of Scotland,in 1810. He was the fourth son of Ewan McMillan, a farmer. Littleis known of his early life, but he was a man of some education,with strong religious feelings. His diary, which in 1925 was inprivate keeping at Sale, Victoria, shows that he left Scotland on13 September 1837 as a cabin passenger in theMinerva, andarrived at Sydney on 23 January 1838. He had letters ofintroduction to Captain Lachlan Macalister who gave him a positionon his station in the Goulburn district. The years 1838-9 weredrought years, and McMillan was instructed to try and find newpastures in Victoria. Taking an aborigine, Jimmie Gibber, with himMcMillan rode south on 28 May 1839. Five days later he had crossedthe Snowy River and was in eastern Victoria. But his companion wasafraid to venture farther into the territory of the Warrigalblacks, and McMillan thought it wise to go west by north to anoutstation near the site of Omeo. He returned and reported progressto Macalister, who encouraged him to make another attempt. A fewmonths later McMillan formed a cattle station on the Tambo nearEnsay. Using this as a base McMillan, with a party of five othersof whom two were aborigines, made his way down the Tambo, and aftera most difficult journey reached the lowlands near the coast. Therehe found his way blocked by the Macalister River and returned toEnsay. He began to make a road for stock, but a few weeks later wasinstructed not to form any more stations until a way was found toCorner Inlet. In July 1840 with Lieutenant Ross, R.N., and some ofhis former party, he made another effort, but found the rivers inflood and was unable to proceed any farther than before. Anotherattempt brought McMillan to a hill known as Tom's Cap where densescrub blocked the way. On 9 February 1841, with T. Macalister, fourstockmen and an aborigine, McMillan tried again, forced a waythrough the scrub, and on 14 February stood on the beach at PortAlbert a little to the east of Corner Inlet.

During the next few years McMillan built up an export trade ofcattle from Corner Inlet to Tasmania. He established himself atBushy Park near Stratford, where he was well known for hishospitality and public spirit. In 1856 he was given a public dinnerat Port Albert, and a portrait in oils was subscribed for, which isnow in the council chamber at Yarram. In 1864 he was requested bythe Victorian government to open up the rugged country to a newgoldfield. A start was made 74 miles from Stratford and McMillanmarked a track through to Omeo where 700 men were at work on thediggings. His health, however, had become impaired, and he died onhis way home to Bushy Park on 18 May 1865. He was survived by twosons.

McMillan was a natural leader whose tact, good sense andkindliness enabled him to get on well with his men, including theaborigines, and he has long been recognized as one of the greatpioneers of Victoria. His hospitality no doubt prevented him frombecoming a rich man, but he valued very much the esteem in which hewas so generally held. He took particular pride in his election aspresident of the Caledonian Society of Victoria.

A. W. Greig,The Victorian Historical Magazine,May 1912; Chas Daley,The Victorian Historical Magazine,March 1927; John King,Our Trip to GippslandLakes.

McMILLAN, SIR ROBERT FURSE (1858-1931), chief-justice of Western Australia,

eldest son of John McMillan, barrister-at-law was born at Londonon 24 January 1858. He was educated at Westminster School, where hewas a Queen's scholar, and Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He graduated in1880 and became a member of the Inner Temple, where he held acommon law scholarship and the Inns of Court studentship. He wascalled to the bar in 1881 and practised with success. On 1 December1902 he was appointed a judge of the supreme court of WesternAustralia, was acting chief-justice in 1913, and chief-justice from1 January 1914. He was appointed lieutenant-governor on 7 June 1921and administered the government in 1922, 1924 and 1929. He diedsuddenly on 23 April 1931. He was knighted in 1916 and createdK.C.M.G. in 1925. He married in 1887 Miss M. A. Elder who survivedhim with two sons and two daughters.

McMillan, an able and wise man, was an excellent public speaker.It has been said of him that he could not be dull. As a judge hewas thoroughly capable and hard-working, and had the esteem both ofhis colleagues and the legal profession generally.

Who's Who, 1931;The West Australian, 24April 1931.

McNESS, SIR CHARLES (1853-1938), philanthropist,

was born at Huntingdon, England, in 1853. He came to Australiawhen about 30 years of age, and started in business in Perth as anironmonger. He later became an estate agent and invested largely incity properties which became very valuable. He retired in 1915 andhenceforth spent much of his time in travelling, and the disposalof his fortune in charity by giving large subscriptions topatriotic funds, hospitals, religious bodies, the State warmemorial, and Anzac House. In 1930 he founded the McNess fund forthe relief of unemployment, and in 1932 gave £20,000 for thispurpose. In 1937 he gave about £12,000 for the construction of aroad in memory of his wife who died in February of that year. Healso built the McNess Hall for the Presbyterian church at Perth. Hedied at Perth on 21 June 1938 and was survived by a son. He wasknighted in 1931. He was of a somewhat retiring disposition andtook no part in public life, though much interested in the problemof the housing of the poor. It has been estimated that hisbenefactions may have exceeded £150,000.

The West Australian, 23 and 24 June1938.

MACONOCHIE, ALEXANDER (1787-1860), prison reformer,

was born in 1787. He entered the royal navy in 1803 and attainedthe rank of commander in 1815. He arrived in Tasmania on 6 January1837 as private secretary toSir John Franklin (q.v.). InOctober of that year he sent a report on convict discipline toEngland which was laid before parliament in April 1838, and in thesame year published a volume at Hobart,Thoughts on ConvictManagement and other Subjects connected with the Australian PenalColonies. He added a shortSupplement in 1839, and thesheets were sent to England and published with a new title-pagewith the wordAustraliana prefixed to the title. In thisvolume he enunciated his views that all criminals should bepunished for the past, and trained for the future in governmentemploy. He so impressed the colonial office that in May 1839 itsuggested that he should be offered the position of superintendentof Norfolk Island. Maconochie was willing to accept the position,but pointed out that he did not consider Norfolk Island suitablefor a trial of his methods.Governor Gipps (q.v.) could,however, offer him nothing better. On 6 March 1840 Maconochie beganhis duties, and almost at once came in conflict with the governor,concerning the extent of his powers. There was much correspondencebetween Gipps and Maconochie and the colonial office, but in April1843 Lord Stanley informed Gipps that Maconochie was to be relievedof his position, and that Captain Childs was on his way out to takehis place. Maconochie returned to England and in 1846 published apamphlet of 74 pages,Crime and Punishment. The Mark System.This gave an account of the system he had endeavoured to develop onNorfolk Island. He was appointed governor of Birmingham jail inOctober 1849, and held the position for two years. He publishedother pamphlets on his system and on emigration, and died atMorden, Surrey, England, on 25 October 1860. He married and left awidow and family.

Maconochie was a thoroughly earnest and sincere man in advanceof his time. He believed that prisoners should be treated withhumanity, that their education should be extended, and that many ofthem could be persuaded to live honest lives if given a fairopportunity. He would probably have been more successful at NorfolkIsland if he could have been content to bring in his innovationsgradually.

F. Boase,Modern English Biography;Historical Records of Australia, ser. I, vols. XIX toXXIII.

MACPHERSON, JOHN ALEXANDER (1833-1894), premier of Victoria,

was born in 1833 or early in 1834 as he died aged 60 on 17February 1894 (death notice,The Argus, 23 February 1894).He came of a squatting family and having studied law was admittedto the Victorian bar, but did not practise. He was elected a memberof the legislative assembly for Portland in 1864, and in thefollowing year for Dundas. He held this seat for 12 years. When thesecondMcCulloch (q.v.)ministry was defeated in September 1869, Macpherson formed aministry which was in office until 9 April 1870. The thirdMcCulloch ministry then came in and Macpherson was included in itas president of the board of lands and works. This ministry wasdefeated in June 1871 and Macpherson was not in office again untilMcCulloch formed his fourth ministry in October 1875 when he waschief secretary. He was elected unopposed at the election held inMay 1877 when the McCulloch party had a crushing defeat, butshortly afterwards retired from politics. He died in England on 17February 1894.

P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography; H. G. Turner,A History of the Colony ofVictoria.

McPHERSON, SIR WILLIAM MURRAY (1865-1932), premier of Victoria and public benefactor,

was born at Melbourne on 19 September 1865, the son of ThomasMcPherson, iron and machinery merchant. On leaving school heentered his father's business and gained a leading position inMelbourne commercial circles. He became president of the Melbournechamber of commerce, and was a Melbourne harbour trust commissionerfrom 1902 to 1913. He was also a member of the Hawthorn citycouncil and in 1913 was elected to the legislative assembly forthat electorate. He was treasurer in theBowser (q.v.) ministry fromNovember 1917 to March 1918, and held the same position in thesucceeding Lawson ministry until February 1924. He became leader ofthe Nationalist party in 1927, and premier and treasurer on thedefeat of the Hogan government in November 1928. The effect of theworld depression on Australia, which began soon afterwards, causedMcPherson much anxiety and the strain affected his health.Legislation passed by his ministry included acts liberalizing theconditions for the purchase of land by settlers and extending thebenefits under the workers' compensation act; but it was difficultto do much in the financial conditions of the period. McPherson wasdefeated at the general election at the end of 1929, took a holidayin 1930, but never fully regained his health. He died suddenly on26 July 1932. He married in 1892 Emily Jackson and was survived bya son and two daughters. Lady McPherson died in 1929. He wascreated K.B.E. in 1923.

McPherson was a highly successful man of business who became asound, cautious, and far-sighted state treasurer. He was a man ofgreat integrity and strength of character, much liked on both sidesof the house. His countless acts of private benevolence were knownonly to his wife and himself, but two large gifts give him a placeamong Australian philanthropists. In 1924 he gave £25,000 towardsthe building of the Emily McPherson school of domestic economy atMelbourne, which was so named as a tribute to his wife, and in 1929he gave a further £25,000 to the Queen Victoria hospital for womenand children, as a memorial to his mother, Jessie McPherson.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 27 July1932;Burke's Peerage, etc., 1931;Year Books of theCommonwealth of Australia, 1923-30.

MACQUARIE, LACHLAN (1761-1824), governor of New South Wales,

was born at Ulva, one of the Hebrides Islands, on 31 January1761. He was a cousin of the Lauchlan Macquarie who was visited byDr Johnson in October 1773. At an early age the boy was sent toEdinburgh to be educated at the high school. On 9 April 1777 heentered the army as an ensign in the 84th regiment of foot, and hebecame a lieutenant in the 71st regiment in January 1781 afterserving in Halifax and other parts of Nova Scotia. At the close ofthe war with the United States his regiment was sent to Jamaica. InJune 1784 Macquarie was placed on half-pay and returned toScotland. The opportunity for active service came again in November1787, when he joined the 77th regiment and went to India. Stationedat first at Bombay Macquarie was soon made a captain andsubsequently fought in the campaign against Tippoo Sahib. Afterpeace had been declared the regiment returned to Bombay, andMacquarie was given a staff appointment under Sir Robert Abercrombyas major of brigade in August 1793. Two years later he was with theexpedition for the recovery of the Dutch settlement at Cochin,which had been taken by the French, and about the beginning of 1796he was present at the taking of Colombo and Point de Galle. He hadmarried in September 1793 Jane Jarvis, and early in 1796 her healthbecame so bad that he took her for a sea voyage to China in thehope of benefiting her. She, however, died in China in July 1796 tohis great grief. In May 1796 he had become major of the 86thregiment. In the next few years he fought again against TippooSahib and held various important positions. In 180l he was with theforce sent to Egypt, and on 7 November he became deputyadjutant-general on the staff of the Earl of Cavan. On returning toIndia in July 1802 he assumed command of his regiment and becamemilitary secretary on the staff of the governor. In January 1803 hesailed for England carrying dispatches from Governor Duncan atBombay in which he was commended for his services. He arrived inMay and in July was offered an appointment as one of three officerson a military mission to Portugal. He declined on account of hiswant of knowledge of Portuguese and was given a staff appointmentin London. On 17 November 1803 a commission as lieutenant-colonelwas granted to him, and in April 1805 he returned to India to takecommand of the 86th regiment and was again appointed militarysecretary. Towards the end of the year he fought against Holkar. In1807 he returned to England and was married to his second wife,Elizabeth Henrietta Campbell. In the following year, when the newsof the deposition ofGovernor Bligh (q.v.) reachedEngland, it was decided that a new governor should be appointed andthe position was offered to Brigadier-general Nightingall. It wasalso decided to send the 73rd regiment with Macquarie in command torelieve the New South Wales Corps. Nightingall, however, fallingill was unable to go, and on 8 May 1809 Macquarie was appointedcaptain-general and governor-in-chief of New South Wales.

Macquarie sailed on 22 May and made his official landing atSydney on 31 December 1809. He had orders to reinstate Bligh forone day but this could not be done as Bligh was at Hobart. He wasin some doubt as to how he would be received, but he had broughtthe 73rd regiment with him and there was no trouble. The officersof the New South Wales Corps soon realized that their reign was atan end, though for about 18 years they had dominated and lived onthe country, in spite of the efforts of three successive governorsto control their traffic in spirits and land. Macquarie immediatelygot to work and dismissed all the persons who had been appointed tooffices since the deposition of Bligh, and replaced those who hadformerly held them. He found the country "threatened with famine;distracted by faction; the public buildings in a state ofdilapidation; the few roads and bridges almost impassable; thepopulation in general depressed by poverty; . . . the morals of thegreat mass of the population in the lowest state of debasement, andreligious worship almost entirely neglected". One of his first actswas to reduce the number of licensed public houses in Sydney from75 to 20, though very soon after their number was much increased,and he early began the vigorous building policy that was a featureof his administration. The streets were straightened and improved,new barracks were built for his regiment, and the New South WalesCorps was sent back to England. In November he began a tour of thecolony and in little more than a month was able to form someopinion of its capabilities. Unfortunately most of the good landnear Sydney was subject to flooding and no way through themountains had yet been found. Macquarie set his face againstattempted monopolies in the necessaries of life, and succeeded inpreventing the inflation of prices by importing grain from India intimes of scarcity. His one early mistake was to give him muchtrouble. He was anxious that emancipated convicts should have everyopportunity to rehabilitate themselves, and he invited some of themto his table and even appointed them as magistrates. If he had beenprudent enough to have begun with such a man as theRev. Henry Fulton (q.v.), who wasmerely a political offender, he might gradually have persuaded theofficers and free settlers to accept others. But men of the type ofMichael Massey Robinson(q.v.) were not really worthy of the notice given them, andMacquarie's well-intentioned efforts were, practically speaking,unsuccessful and only a cause of worry to him. Macquarie realizedthe necessity of providing education, and free schools for boyswere opened at Sydney and Parramatta within a few months of hisarrival. The first post-office was opened on 23 June, a largemarket place was proclaimed on 20 October 1810, and attempts weremade to keep the stream that then ran through Sydney pure. In thesame month Macquarie was able to report to the Earl of Liverpoolthat a turnpike road with a number of bridges was being constructedfrom Sydney to Hawkesbury, a distance of nearly 40 miles. He alsopressed for the evacuation of Norfolk Island, stating that it couldnever "be of the least advantage or benefit to the Britishgovernment or to this colony". In 1811 Macquarie successfullyreorganized the police of Sydney and made new regulations for themanagement of the market. He suggested to the Earl of Liverpoolthat trial by jury should be established, and that variousofficials of the court should be sent out from England. He was thenon very good terms with the judge-advocateEllis Bent (q.v.) and recommendedthat he should be made a judge. The home government was alreadyquestioning the increase in the expenditure, and in November 1812Macquarie stated that a great proportion of the expenses incurredin the first 18 months of his government had originated in causeswhich were not likely to occur again. In 1813 a way was foundthrough the Blue Mountains byGregory Blaxland (q.v.),W. C. Wentworth(q.v.) andW. Lawson(q.v.). It is possible that the importance of this feat was notfully realized at the time, for there appears to have been nopublic recognition of it. More probably there had been some quarrelwith the Blaxlands, as in the previous November Macquarie hadcomplained to Liverpool of the large amount of money that the 120men supplied to them had cost. However, on 19 November 1813,Macquarie sentG. W. Evans(q.v.) to explore beyond the mountains. In January 1814 he was ableto report to Bathurst that Evans had discovered "a beautiful andchampaign country of very considerable extent and great fertility"which . . . "will at no distant period prove a source of infinitebenefit to this colony". It was not until 10 June 1815 that it wasannounced in general orders:--"To G. BlaxIand and W. Wentworth,Esqs, and Lieutenant Lawson, of the royal veteran company, themerit is due of having with extraordinary patience and muchfatigue, effected the first passage over the most rugged anddifficult part of the Blue Mountains." This tardy recognition wasnot creditable to Macquarie, whatever cause he may have had fordisliking the Blaxlands. He has also been criticized for hisbuilding of a hospital by giving the contractors a monopoly forthree years of the traffic in spirits. A hospital, however, wasbadly needed and it was no easy problem to find the funds. In a fewyears the local revenue and port dues enabled Macquarie to enter onan immense programme of public works, which included hundreds ofmiles of roads and several military barracks and country hospitals,new barracks for the convicts in various centres, and churches inSydney and country towns. In this work he had the assistance ofFrancis Howard Greenway(q.v.) and it was unfortunate that the latter was not able to go onwith his proposed planning of Sydney. Macquarie, however, didsucceed in endowing Sydney with the botanical gardens, the domain,Hyde park and the university grounds, though the last were ofcourse not designed for that purpose.

In 1815 Macquarie came to cross purposes with both Ellis Bentthe judge-advocate andJeffery Hart Bent (q.v.), thejudge. Macquarie undoubtedly was too inclined to stand upon hisdignity, but on the other hand he was quite right in his contentionthat convicted men who had expiated their offences by serving asentence should be entitled to the rights and privileges of freeBritish subjects. Whether this should be extended to allowing a man"guilty of a crime of an infamous nature" who had consequently losthis professional standing to appear as attorney in the court was aquestion of some difficulty. Macquarie also quarrelled with theRev. Samuel Marsden(q.v.) on a similar matter. He had appointed two ex-convicts,Andrew Thompson and Simeon Lord, as magistrates, and Marsdenobjected to being associated with them and resigned his magistracy.Macquarie then announced that he "had been pleased to dispense withthe services of theReverend Samuel Marsden (q.v.)as justice of the peace and magistrate" which was treating Marsdenwith something less than justice. The position was that derogatoryaccounts of Macquarie's actions as governor had been sent to thecolonial office, and Macquarie with insufficient evidence, butpossibly correctly, thought that Marsden was responsible. Macquariein 1815 had court-martialled an assistant chaplain, Benjamin Vale.He complained to the colonial office and was severely rebuked andreminded that chaplains could be court-martialled only for offencesinvolving their character. Macquarie in his reply of 1 December1817 had suggested that he should resign--Earl Bathurst in hisletter in reply of 18 October 1818 tactfully told Macquarie thatthough it was impossible for him to abstain from pointing out"those cases in which you have either transgressed the laws oradopted an erroneous line of conduct", there had never been anyimputation upon his character or the uprightness of his intentions.He had therefore deferred submitting his resignation to the PrinceRegent until Macquarie had had an opportunity of reconsidering it.This letter never reached Macquarie (SeeH. R. of A., ser.I, vol. X, p. 291), and meanwhile various complaints against himhad found their way to Bathurst. It was decided to appointJohn Thomas Bigge (q.v.), abarrister of experience, as a commissioner to proceed to New SouthWales and report on the position. In a dispatch dated 30 January1819 Macquarie was informed of this and copies of Bigge'sinstructions were sent to him. The scope of his inquiry embracedpractically all the affairs of the colony, and Macquarie wasdirected to give him every assistance in his power. Unfortunately,though Bigge was an able and conscientious man, he had nounderstanding of Macquarie's main desire that convicts should beallowed to redeem themselves, and generally he was not overappreciative of the work done by Macquarie, who on 29 February 1820resigned his office as governor of the colony. On 1 December 1821he handed over to his successorSir Thomas Brisbane (q.v.),and in February 1822 left for England. He died at London on 1 July1824 and was buried on the island of Mull. He was survived by hiswife and one son, who died unmarried.

Macquarie was a tall, vigorous man, nearly 14 stone in weightwith a swarthy skin and penetrating grey eyes. He had been afirst-rate officer and administrator in the army, and came to hisnew office with practically the powers of a dictator. If too muchinclined to stand upon his dignity and too little inclined tocompromise where his powers were concerned, his vigorous humanepolicy came just at the right time. There had been a slightimprovement in the conditions under each of the precedinggovernors, and the time had come for a forward movement. It wasunfortunate for Macquarie that he came into conflict with Marsden,Jeffery Bent, and Bigge, who could all on occasions beunsympathetic or difficult, but his answer to all criticism is thework he did, and the general improvement that followed in thesituation of the colonists. During the 12 years Macquarie was inAustralia the population increased from 11,590 to 38,778, cattlefrom 12,442 to 102,939, sheep from 25,888 to 290,158, hogs from9,544 to 33,906 and port duties from £8000 to £28,000 a year.During his period a beginning was made in the manufacture of clothand linen, hats, stockings, boots and shoes and common pottery. Abank had been established and the state of the currency muchimproved. Two hundred and seventy-six miles of roads had beenconstructed and many churches, barracks and other buildings hadbeen completed. When Macquarie arrived in New South Wales the placewas still little better than a prison camp. When he left it was alusty infant colony with every sign of rapid growth before it.Macquarie's occasional touches of pomposity, vanity, and obstinacynow seem of little moment. He was untiring in the conscientiouscarrying out of his duties, and his innate kindliness and humanityshowed the way of escape from the general brutality of the period.His reward was the affection of the emancipists for whom he hadworked so hard, and evenJohn Macarthur (q.v.), one noteasily pleased, could say of him that he was a man of unblemishedhonour and character.

Historical Records of Australia, ser. I, vols.VII to X, ser. III, vols. I to III; A. Jose,Builders andPioneers of Australia; Marion Phillips,A ColonialAutocracy; Frank Walker,Journal and Proceedings RoyalAustralian Historical Society, vol. I, pp. 28-33; F. M. Bladen,ibid, vol. II, pp. 171-2; J. P. McGuanne,ibid, Vol.IV, pp. 29-125;ibid, vol. V, pp. 74-103; Charles H. Bertie,ibid, vol. XVI, pp. 22-51; G. A. Wood,ibid, pp.323-463; J. Dennis.ibid, vol. XXIII, pp. 412-72; M. H.Ellis,ibid, vol. XXVII, pp. 93-126; Frank Driscoll,ibid, pp. 373-433; M. H. Ellis,ibid, vol. XXVIII,pp. 375-475; John Thomas Bigge,Reports; Art in Australia,ser. I, No. 10,The Macquarie Book;The Gentleman'sMagazine, 1824, vol. II, pp. 276-7.

MACROSSAN, JOHN MURTAGH (1832-1891), politician,

was born in Donegal, Ireland, in 1832. He emigrated to Victoriain 1853 and worked for 12 years on the diggings in Victoria, NewSouth Wales and New Zealand. In 1865 he went to northernQueensland, became well-known among the miners, and in 1873 waselected a member of the legislative assembly for the Kennedydistrict. Being a representative of the miners and a ferventdemocrat, surprise has been expressed at his subsequent associationwithMcIlwraith(q.v.). He had, however, an instinctive distrust ofGriffith (q.v.), and there wasthen no Labour party. When McIlwraith offered him a place in hiscabinet in January 1879 he became secretary for public works andfor mines. In 1879 and again in 1880 he endeavoured to bring in anact for the regulation of mines without success, but in 1881 hesucceeded in passing his mines regulation act, which marked animportant advance in industrial legislation. Macrossan held thesame positions in McIlwraith's second ministry formed in June 1888.He took a strong stand on the appointment by the Imperialgovernment of Sir Henry Blake as governor of Queensland, obtainedMcIlwraith's support, and as a result Sir Henry Norman was sentinstead. In 1889 Macrossan brought in a new mines regulation act,which included provisions for a system of inspections byrepresentatives of the miners. As a northern representative, he wasa great advocate for the self-government of northern Queensland,and spoke most eloquently for this now almost forgotten cause. Hehad made a great speech when the question was brought up in 1886,and in October 1890 he brought forward a motion to bring about theseparation of the north. Sir Samuel Griffith moved an amendmentthat it was desirable to have separate legislative authorities insouthern, northern and central Queensland, which was carried. Butthe coming of the federal movement threw this question into thebackground. In January of this year Macrossan had become colonialsecretary in theMorehead (q.v.) government,and in February, with Griffith, who was leader of the opposition,he attended the conference on federation held at Melbourne. Therehe made a great impression.B. R. Wise (q.v.) called him the"second figure in the federal movement next after Sir HenryParkes";Deakin (q.v.) oncesaid of him "on the floor of the house he was almost Sir Henry'sequal, while in committee he was the superior". (B. R. Wise,TheMaking of the Australian Commonwealth, p. 83). At the 1891convention at Sydney he was one of the Queensland representatives.He was by now obviously a sick man, he had been advised by hisphysician not to attend, but thought it his duty to do so. Fourweeks after the conference opened he died, on 30 March 1891. Heleft a widow and children, who in 1925 by a gift of £2000, foundedthe John Murtagh Macrossan memorial lectureship at the universityof Queensland.

Macrossan was small of stature and of frail physique, ahard-working and able administrator, with a great grasp of detail.He was thoroughly sincere, a good speaker, and one of the bestdebaters of his time. Recognized as one of the great personalitiesof his own colony, his too early death prevented him from takingthe high place in federal politics to which he would have beenentitled.

Of his sons, Hugh Denis Macrossan (1881-1940), after adistinguished scholastic career, was called to the Queensland barin 1907. He was M.L.A. for Windsor 1912-15, was appointed a judgeof the supreme court of Queensland in 1926, and chief-justice inMay 1940. He died after a short illness on 23 June 1940, havingestablished a high reputation both as a lawyer and as a judge. Heacted as host to the Papal delegates when the foundation stone ofthe Holy Name cathedral was laid, and was made a Knight of StGregory. His younger brother, Neal Macrossan, was appointed asupreme court judge in June 1940.

The Queenslander, 4 April 1891; Foreword to W.A. Holman'sJohn Murtagh Macrossan Lecture, 1928; P.Mennell,Dictionary of Australasian Biography; B. R. Wise,The Making of the Australian Commonwealth;TheCourier-Mail, 24 and 26 June 1940;The Telegraph,Brisbane, 24 and 29 June 1940.

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